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There are no compatible tools that assess bowel function in young children, older children, and adults. This precludes clinical follow-up and longitudinal scientific research. Our aim was therefore to develop and validate a bowel function questionnaire equivalent to the pediatric (8–17 years) and adult (≥ 18 years) Groningen Defecation and Fecal Continence (DeFeC) questionnaires for children from the age of 1 month to 7 years. We developed, validated, and translated the Early Pediatric Groningen DeFeC (EP-DeFeC) questionnaire according to the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN). The EP-DeFeC incorporates different validated bowel function scoring systems, including the Rome IV criteria that are also included in the pediatric and adult DeFeC. We assessed feasibility and reproducibility by a test–retest survey. The study population (N = 100) consisted of the parents/caregivers of children whose median age was 4.0 (IQR 2.0–5.0) years. The mean interval between testing and retesting was 2.7 ± 1.1 months. None of the respondents commented on ambiguities regarding the questions. The overall median time taken to complete the EP-DeFeC was 8.7 min (IQR 6.8–11.8). The overall observed agreement was 78.9% with an overall kappa coefficient of 0.51, indicating moderate agreement.Conclusion: The EP-DeFeC is a feasible, reproducible, and validated questionnaire for assessing bowel function in children from the age of 1 month to 7 years. If used in combination with its pediatric (8–17 years) and adult (≥ 18 years) equivalents, this questionnaire enables longitudinal follow-up of bowel function from infancy to adulthood. What is Known:• Bowel function problems are common among young children.• Unfortunately, there are no compatible tools that assess bowel function in young children, older children, and adults, which precludes clinical follow-up and longitudinal scientific research. What is New:• The Early Pediatric Groningen Defecation and Fecal Continence (EP-DeFeC) questionnaire is validated to assess bowel function in children from the age of 1 month to 7 years.• If used together with its pediatric and adult equivalents, longitudinal follow-up of bowel function from infancy to adulthood becomes possible.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of screen time and sleep patterns on the sleep needs of infants and toddlers. Design and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional data were collected from 304 parents of children aged 6 to 36 months old. The screen use of children and parents was assessed with seven questions and A Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ) was used to assess infant sleep. Results: The results of this study indicate that children's adherence to the recommended sleep standards is poor. The most important criteria that caused poor sleeping were the number of awakenings at night, the duration of sleeplessness at night and the minimum total sleep time of

International audience; Early life is a critical period where gut ecosystem and functions are being established with significant impact on health. For regulatory, technical, and cost reasons, in vitro gut models can be used as a relevant alternative to in vivo assays. An exhaustive literature review was conducted to adapt the Mucosal Artificial Colon (M-ARCOL) to specific physicochemical (pH, transit time, and nutritional composition of ileal effluents) and microbial parameters from toddlers in the age range of 6 months-3 years, resulting in the Tm-ARCOL. In vitro fermentations were performed to validate this newly developed colonic model compared to in vivo toddler data. Results were also compared to those obtained with the classical adult configuration. Fecal samples from 5 toddlers and 4 adults were used to inoculate bioreactors, and continuous fermentations were performed for 8 days. Gut microbiota structure (lumen and mucus-associated microbiota) and functions (gas and short-chain fatty acids) were monitored. Clearly distinct microbial signatures were obtained between the two in vitro conditions, with lower α-diversity indices and higher abundances of infant-related microbial populations (e.g., Bifidobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae) in toddler versus adult conditions. In accordance with in vivo data, methane was found only in adult bioreactors, while higher percentage of acetate but lower proportions of propionate and butyrate was measured in toddlers compared to adults. This new in vitro model will provide a powerful platform for gut microbiome mechanistic studies in a pediatric context, both in nutritional- (e.g., nutrients, probiotics, prebiotics) and health-related (e.g., drugs, enteric pathogens) studies. KEY POINTS: • Development of a novel in vitro colonic model recapitulating the toddler environment. • Specific toddler versus adult digestive conditions are preserved in vitro. • The new model provides a powerful platform for microbiome mechanistic studies.

Introduction: In young children with early onset ataxia (EOA), quantitative rating of ataxia by the Scale for Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) is longitudinally influenced by the physiological age effect on motor coordination. To enable longitudinal quantitative interpretation of ataxia by SARA in children with EOA, the EPNS ataxia working group has previously determined SARA-scores in typically developing children (4-16 years of age). In toddlers, this information is still lacking. We therefore aimed to investigate the feasibility and reliability of SARA-scores in typically developing toddlers. Methods: In 57 typically developing toddlers (2-4 years), we aimed to determine the: 1. feasibility of SARA -scores, 2. age-related pre-requisites to obtain SARA-scores in toddlers over all domains, 3. SARA-score reliability, 4. mathematical age connection of SARA-scores in toddlers and older children. Results: In typically developing toddlers, the feasibility of SARA is strongly age-dependent (p < .000). After computing compensations for two age-related, unfeasible and therefore un-assessable kinetic subtasks and after allowing the videotaping of non-kinetic SARA sub-task performances at home, the SARA was fully reliably assessable in all (n = 57) toddlers (ICC = 0.732). From two to 16 years of age, SARA-scores were mathematically represented by one continuous, exponentially decreasing trend line approaching the adult-optimum at 16 years of age. Conclusion: In toddlers, SARA-scores are reliably assessable, by using two age-compensations and allowing the videotaping of SARA-performances partly at home. In children with EOA, these data enable longitudinal quantification and interpretation of quantitative ataxia-scores by SARA from 2 years of age throughout childhood.

Early parent-child relationship and child negative emotionality have both been studied as contributors to attachment security, but few studies have examined whether negative emotionality can moderate effects of parent-child relationship on security and whether the process is comparable across mother- and father-child dyads and different security measures. In 102 community families, we observed parent-child shared positive affect and infants' anger proneness at 7 months, and attachment security at 15 months, using observer-rated Attachment Q-Set (AQS) and a continuous measure derived from Strange Situation Paradigm (SSP). For mother-child dyads, high shared positive affect and low anger proneness were associated with AQS security. Those effects were qualified by their interaction: Variations in shared positive affect were associated with security only for relatively more anger-prone children. That effect reflected the diathesis-stress model. For father-child dyads, shared positive affect was associated with security. There were no effects for SSP security with either parent.

Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) is a well-known disorder of self-limiting paroxysmal vasospasms occurring in small arteries of the digits, in the order of skin pallor (white), followed by cyanosis (blue), ending with hyperemia (red). These designative triphasic colour changes with exposure to cold, or emotional response is diagnostic in adults. RP is a very rare phenomenon in the young paediatric population as noted by Nigrovic et al with 123 patients

Toddlers are the human stage after infancy, toddlers are one of the most important stages in the quality development of human growth. one way to develop health in toddlers is to carry out routine checks at Public Health Center. Public Health Center has not yet provided a system for selecting healthy toddlers and also requires a system for selecting healthy toddlers. Therefore a decision support system is needed to make decisions related to checking the health of toddlers. decision support system is part of a computer-based information system, which is used to make a decision, in making a decision support system the Multi Objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis (MOORA) method is used. Based on the calculations made regarding the decision to check the health of toddlers, the MOORA method uses weighting criteria and determines the type of criteria, and MOORA does not have sub-criteria weighting provisions using FMADM, FMADM weighting reduces ambiguity because the bigger the value, the better, but if the value is too large then it is not good, such as body weight. It is necessary to provide more sub-criteria so that the accuracy in ranking is better and more accurate with a scale of 0-5. The optimization value for A1 is obtained by adding the cells from A1 0.6765 + 1.0070 + 0.2626 + 0.1195 = 2.0656 and Alternatives A2, A3, A15 have the most optimal weight values ​​with optimization values ​​(2.3282).

Objective: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in very young children with significant cognitive impairment is difficult to diagnose, depriving them of the earliest opportunities for autism-specific intervention. This study delineated specific symptoms in this group, compared to symptoms in children with Global Developmental Delay (GDD) and in ASD with milder developmental delays.Method: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 2nd Edition, Toddler Module revealed symptoms in three groups of toddlers, with mean ages of 17-20 months: (1) ASD and cognitive/language functioning below the 12-month level (ASD-MA < 12 mos; n = 28), (2) GDD (n = 27), and (3) ASD and cognitive/language functioning at or above the 12-month level (ASD-MA ≥ 12 mos; n = 29). Logistic regression models were fit to control for developmental level. Results: Items in all domains (social interaction, communication, repetitive movements) discriminated ASD-MA < 12 mos from GDD. The two ASD groups, matched for age but differing on developmental level, showed strikingly similar ASD symptomatology. Conclusion: ADOS-2 symptoms differentiated ASD-MA < 12 mos from GDD, after controlling for cognitive impairment. Symptoms in the two ASD groups were minimally related to developmental level. The ADOS-2 Toddler Module successfully captured ASD symptomatology even in children whose developmental level was below the recommended ADOS-2 cutoff of 12 months, which may increase their access to early ASD-specific intervention.

Indonesia salah satu negara di dunia yang mengalami pandemi Covid-19. Pandemi Covid-19 memberikan dampak yang signifikan terhadap berbagai sektor terutama dibidang kesehatan dan sosial ekonomi masyarakat. Berdasarkan data hasil Studi Status Gizi Indonesia (2021) diketahui secara nasional bahwa status gizi balita masih tinggi yakni stunted 24,4%, wasted 7,1% dan underweight 17%. Upaya menangani masalah gizi salah satunya melalui intervensi berupa pemberian makanan tambahan (PMT) balita. Tujuan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan ibu rumah tangga dalam pembuatan makanan tambahan (PMT) balita. Metode: melalui sosialisasi dan demonstrasi pembuatan makanan tambahan (PMT) balita berbahan dasar tempe pada ibu rumah tangga. Hasil berupa terlaksananya kegiatan sosialisasi dan demonstrasi pembuatan makanan tambahan (PMT) balita berbahan tempe pada ibu rumah tangga. Adapun produk yang dihasilkan dalam kegiatan ini yakni ada tiga produk yaitu nugget tempe, pudding tempe dan brownies tempe. Dengan adanya kegiatan tersebut diharapkan dapat menambah informasi atau pengetahuan dan keterampilan ibu-ibu rumah tangga dalam menyiapkan makanan tambahan balita yang adekuat, sehat dan bergizi dalam menu sehari-hari pada masing-masing rumah tangga. Kata Kunci: Makanan Tambahan, Tempe, Balita Abstract Indonesia is one of the countries in the world experiencing the Covid-19 pandemic. The COVID- 19 pandemic has had a significant impact on various sectors, especially in the health and socio- economic sectors of the community. Based on data from the Indonesian Nutritional Status Study (2021), it is known nationally that the nutritional status of children under five is still high, namely stunted 24.4%, wasted 7.1% and underweight 17%. One of the efforts to deal with nutritional problems is through intervention in the form of supplementary feeding (PMT) for toddlers. The aim is to improve the skills of housewives in making complementary food (PMT) for toddlers. The method is through socialization and demonstration of making additional food for toddlers (PMT) based on tempeh to housewives. The results are the implementation of socialization activities and demonstrations of making additional food (PMT) for toddlers made from tempe for housewives. The products produced in this activity are three products, namely tempeh nuggets, tempeh pudding and tempeh brownies. With this activity, it is expected to increase the information or knowledge and skills of housewives in preparing adequate, healthy and nutritious additional food for toddlers in the daily menu of each household. Keywords: Supplementary Food, Tempe, Toddler &nbsp

Malnutrition is a health disorder due to a lack or imbalance of nutrients needed for growth, thinking activities and all things related to life. One of the efforts made to help meet the nutritional needs of malnourished children under five is the Recovery Supplementary Feeding (PMT) program. The purpose of this study was to analyze whether the effect of supplementary feeding with local ingredients on changes in body weight of undernourished children under five. The type of research used is pre-experimental research design with one group pre and post-test design. This research was conducted in the working area of the Nanga Public Health Center. The population in this study were all underweight children under five in the working area of the Nanga Health Center as many as 30 people, the sampling technique in this study was total sampling. Data processing is done by editing, coding, entry, tabulating and cleaning. Data analysis in this study was bivariate with Paired Test. The results showed that there was an effect of providing local-based supplementary food to changes in body weight of undernourished children under five as indicated by a p value of 0.000 < 0.05, with a pre-test Mean value (9.744) < Post-test Mean (10.022). and the value of t-count (7.409) > t-table (2005). Based on these results, it can be concluded that the provision of local-based supplementary food is effective in increasing the weight of undernourished children under five.

BACKGROUND: Neurodevelopmental impairment is a significant consequence for survivors of surgery for critical congenital heart disease. This study sought to determine if intraoperative methylprednisolone during neonatal cardiac surgery is associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes at 12 months of age and to identify early prognostic variables associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes. METHODS: A planned secondary analysis of a two-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intraoperative methylprednisolone in neonates undergoing cardiac surgery was performed. A brain injury biomarker was measured perioperatively. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III (BSID-III) were performed at 12 months of age. Two sample t-tests and generalized linear models were used. RESULTS: There were 129 participants (n=61 methylprednisolone, n=68 placebo). There were no significant differences in BSID-III scores and brain injury biomarker levels between the two treatment groups. Participants who underwent a palliative (vs. corrective) procedure had lower mean BSID-III cognitive (101±15 vs. 106±14, p=0.03) and motor scores (85±18 vs. 94±16, p

According to WHO, stunting is a condition of failure to grow. This can be experienced by children who get poor nutrition, have recurrent infections, and have insufficient psychosocial stimulation. Children are said to be stunting when their height growth does not match the world standard growth chart. The 2018 National Health Research (Riskesdas) data processed by Lokadata Beritagar.id shows that 30.8 percent of children under five in Indonesia experience stunting. Based on the Kampar Nutrition Situation Map in 2018 explained that the prevalence of toddlers is very short. In Kampar District it is 6.67% and short toddlers is 13.15%. If you look at the prevalence according to sub-districts in Kampar District, this study is an observational study using a cross-sectional design, using 105 toddlers. The study was conducted in Kualu Village. Bivariate data analysis uses the Quadratic Kai Test. The results showed that some parents in the Toddler Stunting group had a basic education of 102 respondents (92.86%), most had 70 respondents (67.87%) of labor and the income of most of the income below the regional drinking wage (

Tumbuh dan kembang anak dapat dibedakan yaitu pertumbuhan terkait dengan kuantitas yang terukur menggunakan satuan tertentu sedangkan perkembangan sangat identik dengan kemampuan tubuh berfungsi dan terampil dalam beradaptasi dengan lingkungannya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan pola asuh makan dan tumbuh kembang balita usia 2 - 5 tahun di Puskesmas Ambarawa. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu studi potong lintang menggunakan metode kuantitatif. Teknik pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara purposive samplingdanmenggunakan kuesioner tertutup terkait pola asuh makan dan menggunakan kuesioner terbuka terkait tumbuh kembang anak yaitu dengan menggunakan Denver II. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji korelasi spearman. Hasil yang didapat yaitu dari Tes Denver II menunjukan hasil yang normal. Nilai BB/U sebanyak 86,5% memiliki berat badan yang normal. Nilai TB/U sebanyak 93,8% memiliki tinggi badan yang normal. Nilai BB/TB sebanyak 66,7% memiliki gizi baik. Nilai IMT/U sebanyak 64,2% memiliki gizi baik. Hasil yang didapat dari uji statistic yaitu terdapat hubungan antara pola asuh makan dan indikator BB/ U dengan nilai p-value sebesar 0,017 < 0,05. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara pola asuh makan dan TB/ U dengan nilai p-value sebesar 0,519 > 0,05. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara pola asuh makan dan BB/ TB dengan nilai p-value sebesar 0,069 > 0,05. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara pola asih makan dan IMT-U dengan nilai p-value sebesar 0,911 > 0,05. Dari hasil diatas dapat disimpulkan terdapat hubungan antara pola asuh makan dan tumbuh kembang balita usia 2-5 tahun. The growth and development of children can be distinguished, namely growth related to a quantity that is measured using certain units, while development is very identical to the body's ability to function and be skilled in adapting to its environment. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between parenting and eating patterns and growth and development of toddlers aged 2 - 5 years at the Ambarawa Health Center. The type of research used is a cross-sectional study using quantitative methods. The sampling technique was carried out by purposive sampling and using a closed questionnaire related to parenting and eating and using an open questionnaire related to child development, namely by using Denver II. Data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation test. The results obtained from the Denver II test showed normal results. The BB/U value of 86.5% had normal weight. The TB/U value of 93.8% had normal height. The weight/height value of 66.7% had good nutrition. The IMT/U value of 64.2% has good nutrition. The results obtained from the statistical test are that there is a relationship between parenting and eating patterns and indicators of BB/U with a p-value of 0.017 0.05. There is no relationship between parenting and BB/TB with a p-value of 0.069 > 0.05. There is no relationship between feeding patterns and IMT with a p- value of 0.911 > 0.05. From the results above, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between parenting and eating habits and the growth and development of toddlers aged 2-5 years.

Background: Malnutrition is a health issue that contributes to infant morbidity and mortality. In order for toddlers' growth and development to proceed normally, it is crucial that mothers surmount these obstacles.Aims: The aim of this research is to find out how the experience of the mother in treating poor nutrition babies in the work area of Public Health Centre Air Dingin City Padang.Methods : This study employs qualitative techniques and a phenomenological approach. In-depth interviews serve as the data collection method. The number of participants in this study was four mothers selected via purposive sampling based on the criterion of having successfully treated malnourished infants to adequate nutrition. The collected data consists of a verbatim transcription of the results of the interview, which is then analyzed using the collaizi technique.Results: This study's findings include mothers' knowledge of how to treat malnourished infants, the food consumed by children, mothers' positive conduct during babysitting, emotional regulation during infant care, and support for mothers during infant care.

Toddler age is a period that lasts quickly and will not be repeated, so it is called the golden age. The incidence of growth and development disorders is currently quite high in Indonesia. The impact of not doing growth and development checks is that they cannot detect growth and development deviations in toddlers so that there are permanent deviations. The research objective was to analyze the relationship between the role of health workers and family support in early detection of toddler song development. This type of quantitative research with analytic survey design. This study used a cross sectional approach, with the sampling used was purposive sampling technique. The results of the research on the variable role of health workers obtained a positive role as many as 49 people (55.1%), while the variable family support for respondents who supported as many as 52 people (58.4%). The statistical test results obtained by the value of p = 0.013, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between the role of health workers and family support in early detection of toddler growth and development. Research on the provision of early stimulation in the first year of life is effective in increasing the mental and psychomotor development index of infants. In addition, the presence of children who experience delays during their growth and development can be caused by a lack of parental care in stimulating their growth and development. The research suggest the need for an increase in training programs in the detection of growth and development, programs routed by families and even visits to PAUD / kindergartens online or in person.

Pneumonia is one of the health problems that contribute to the mortality of toddlers. Pneumonia cases in children are determined by health history. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between age, gender, birth weight, history of breastfeeding, nutritional status, and immunization status with the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers at the Kudus Aisyiyah Hospital. The design of this study was analytic observational with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 102 patients have participated as research respondents, and sampling was done using the accidental technique. The instrument used in this study is an observation sheet prepared for toddler patients with pneumonia. Data analysis was carried out using chi-square and fisher's exact method. The results showed that 48 patients (47.1%) had pneumonia. There was a significant relationship between the age of children under five (p=0.003) and birth weight (p=0.0001) with the incidence of pneumonia. There was no relationship between gender (p=0.399), exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.495), and nutritional status (p=0.141), with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five. The age variable is associated with the pneumonia incidence in toddlers at Kudus 'Aisyiyah Hospital. Mothers are expected to pay more attention to the health of their toddlers due to their vulnerability to a variety of diseases, particularly infectious diseases. Support and counseling programs from health workers were also expected to help mothers' understanding to improve their child's health quality.

Background: Parenting interventions during the first years of life on what and/or how to feed infants during complementary feeding can promote healthy eating habits. Objectives: An intervention promoting repeated exposure to a variety of vegetables [repeated vegetable exposure (RVE); what] and an intervention promoting responding sensitively to child signals during mealtime [video-feedback intervention to promote positive parenting-feeding infants (VIPP-FI); how] were compared, separately and combined (COMBI), with an attention control condition (AC). Primary outcomes were vegetable consumption and self-regulation of energy intake; secondary outcomes were child anthropometrics and maternal feeding practices (sensitive feeding, pressure to eat). Methods: Our 4-arm randomized controlled trial included 246 first-time Dutch mothers and their infants. Interventions started when infants were 4-6 mo old and ended at age 16 mo. The present study evaluated effects at 18 (t18) and 24 (t24) mo of age. Vegetable acceptance was assessed using three 24-h dietary recalls, self-regulation of energy intake by an eating-in-the-absence-of-hunger experiment and mother-report, and maternal feeding behavior by observation and mother-report. Results: Linear mixed model and ANOVA analyses revealed no follow-up group differences regarding child vegetable intake or self-regulatory behavior. The proportion of children with overweight was significantly lower in the COMBI group, compared with the VIPP-FI group at t18 (2% compared with 16%), and with the AC group at t24 (7% compared with 20%), although this finding needs to be interpreted cautiously due to the small number of infants with overweight and nonsignificant effects on the continuous BMI z-score measure (P values: 0.29-0.82). Finally, more sensitive feeding behavior and less pressure to eat was found in the VIPP-FI and COMBI groups, compared with the RVE and AC groups, mostly at t18 (significant effect sizes: D = 0.23-0.64). Conclusions: Interventions were not effective in increasing vegetable intake or self-regulation of energy intake. Future research might usefully focus on risk groups such as families who already experience problems around feeding. This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03348176.

Objectives The present study, building on cross-sectional research showing links between mothers’ sleep, stress, and parenting, used a longitudinal design to consider (1) the temporal direction of links between mothers’ sleep and stress, (2) whether mother sleep deficits predict change in parenting across time, and (3) whether mother sleep deficits mediate the inverse association between stress and positive parenting. Design The study used repeated measures of stress, mother sleep, and positive parenting at toddler ages 30, 36, and 42 months. Setting Data were collected at 2 sites, one in the Midwest and one in the East. Participants Four hundred thirteen mother-toddler pairs were followed. Mothers were mostly married, college educated, and middle class, but there was also considerable variability between families. Measurements Stress was measured via parenting hassles, CHAOS, and role overload scales. Mother sleep was measured via actigraphy. Positive parenting was observed during the bedtime routine and rated using the HOME scale and other items. Results Mother stress and sleep were inextricably linked across toddlerhood, and worse sleep was predictive of less observed positive parenting, even when controlling for prior levels of stress and parenting. Conclusions Improving mothers’ sleep may be important in efforts to improve their parenting.

Anaphylaxis is a systemic allergic reaction that can be caused by food, drugs, insect bites, or unknown triggers in infants and toddlers. Anaphylaxis rates are increasing. Infants and toddlers may have increased exposure to known and unknown allergens, decreased ability to describe their symptoms, and an expanded differential diagnosis for consideration on presentation. The most common symptoms in these age groups are cutaneous and gastrointestinal. Age-specific language may be helpful for caregivers to identify and describe the symptoms of anaphylaxis in infants and toddlers. Long-term management of anaphylaxis includes allergy evaluation to guide avoidance and assess prognosis and education on allergic reaction management; this incorporates the prescription of epinephrine autoinjector and provision of an allergy emergency plan.

Recent literature has shown that sleep patterns are shaped during the first years of life, playing a relevant role in children’s functioning. We focused on comparing sleep patterns in infants and toddlers in Spain before and during COVID-19 home confinement to assess the immediate impact on sleep patterns. We compared data from two cross-sectional surveys from parents of 1658 children three to 36 months of age from Spain. One conducted before COVID-19 (2017–2018, n = 1380) and another during COVID-19 pandemic (March–May of 2020, n = 254). We used an internet self-administrated questionnaire using the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ) criteria in both surveys. During confinement, infants and toddlers went to sleep later (median bedtime 21:30 before confinement vs. 21:36 during confinement (p = 0.004)). More infants and toddlers showed longer sleep latencies (> 30 min) during confinement median 33.9% versus 12.3% (p 30 min during confinement.• Parental self-reported questionnaire during COVID-19 home confinement reported an overall worsening of their children’s sleep based on the BISQ criteria. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00431-022-04376-0.

Difficulty eating in children cause malnutrition, dehydration, underweight, electrolyte imbalance, impaired cognitive development, anxiety disorders, and in more severe cases can be a life-threatening condition. Tuina massage is a massage technique that can overcome eating difficulties in toddlers. The purpose of this activity is to increase the knowledge and skills of health cadres about nutritional health and Tuina massage. The service was carried out in Pasir Lor village, Karanglewas district, which was attended by 23 cadres. Data collection techniques were carried out using questionnaires about toddler nutrition and observation sheets to assess Tuina's massage skills. The results of the activity showed that the knowledge of cadres before training was mostly in the sufficient category, while the knowledge of cadres after attending the training showed that the level of knowledge of cadres was mostly in the good category. Most of the health cadres have good skills in doing Tuina massage. The training activities were effective and able to increase the knowledge and skills of cadres about toddler nutrition and developmental problems and Tuina massage.

The target number of children in early detection of child development and development in the working area of ??Puskesmas Karangrejo is 1,037 children, with details of 133 infants from 0 - 11 months and 904 children aged 12 - 72 months. Of these, the coverage for early detection until February 2020 is still low, namely at 6.7%. The purpose of the Community Service is to empower families in conducting early detection of toddler growth and development in the Karangrejo Health Center area. The method of activity is health education and empowerment of “active participation” of mothers toddler in stimulating and detecting the growth and development of their children. The result of mentoring was that there was progress in the developmental ability of 1 child who had not been able to walk at the age of 19 months, showing an increase in walking ability after 2 weeks of assistance. There was an increase in the knowledge of mothers / families about growth and development by 12.68 points. There was an increase in the frequency of implementing stimulation for child growth and development by mothers of under-five from 88.2% of mothers who had stimulated to 98.6% after mentoring. Continuity of family empowerment is needed regarding early detection of growth and development and not only involving mothers / families but also involving cadres.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scoring systems are used in the neonatal period to predict outcome in infants with neonatal encephalopathy. Our aim was to assess the relationship between three MRI scores and neurodevelopmental outcome assessed using Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition (Bayley-III), at two years in infants with neonatal encephalopathy.Term-born neonates with evidence of perinatal asphyxia born between 2011 and 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. MRI scanning was performed within the first two weeks of life and scored using Barkovich, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Neonatal Research Network (NRN), and Weeke systems by a single assessor blinded to the infants clinical course. Neurodevelopmental outcome was assessed using composite scores on the Bayley-III at two years. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to assess the association between MRI scores and Bayley-III composite scores, with postmenstrual age at scan and sex included as covariates.Of the 135 recruited infants, 90 infants underwent MRI, and of these, 66 returned for follow-up. MRI abnormalities were detected with the highest frequency using the Weeke score (Barkovich 40%, NICHD NRN 50%, Weeke 77%). The inter-rater agreement was good for the Barkovich score and excellent for NICHD NRN and Weeke scores. There was a significant association between Barkovich, NICHD NRN, and Weeke scores and Bayley-III cognitive and motor scores. Only the Weeke score was associated with Bayley-III language scores.Our findings confirm the predictive value of existing MRI scoring systems for cognitive and motor outcome and suggest that more detailed scoring systems have predictive value for language outcome.

OBJECTIVE Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) is associated with significant morbidity, smaller hippocampal volumes, and impaired neurodevelopment in preterm infants. The timing of temporary CSF (tCSF) diversion has been studied; however, the optimal time for permanent CSF (pCSF) diversion is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine whether cumulative ventricle size or timing of pCSF diversion is associated with neurodevelopmental outcome and hippocampal size in preterm infants with PHH. METHODS Twenty-five very preterm neonates (born at ≤ 32 weeks’ gestational age) with high-grade intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), subsequent PHH, and pCSF diversion with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (n = 20) or endoscopic third ventriculostomy (n = 5) were followed until 2 years of age. Infants underwent serial cranial ultrasounds from birth until 1 year after pCSF diversion, brain MRI at term-equivalent age, and assessment based on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition, at 2 years of age. Frontooccipital horn ratio (FOHR) measurements were derived from cranial ultrasounds and term-equivalent brain MRI. Hippocampal volumes were segmented and calculated from term-equivalent brain MRI. Cumulative ventricle size until the time of pCSF diversion was estimated using FOHR measurements from each cranial ultrasound performed prior to permanent intervention. RESULTS The average gestational ages at tCSF and pCSF diversion were 28.9 and 39.0 weeks, respectively. An earlier chronological age at the time of pCSF diversion was associated with larger right hippocampal volumes on term-equivalent MRI (Pearson’s r = −0.403, p = 0.046) and improved cognitive (r = −0.554, p = 0.047), motor (r = −0.487, p = 0.048), and language (r = −0.414, p = 0.021) outcomes at 2 years of age. Additionally, a smaller cumulative ventricle size from birth to pCSF diversion was associated with larger right hippocampal volumes (r = −0.483, p = 0.014) and improved cognitive (r = −0.711, p = 0.001), motor (r = −0.675, p = 0.003), and language (r = −0.618, p = 0.011) outcomes. There was no relationship between time to tCSF diversion or cumulative ventricle size prior to tCSF diversion and neurodevelopmental outcome or hippocampal size. Finally, a smaller cumulative ventricular size prior to either tCSF diversion or pCSF diversion was associated with a smaller ventricular size 1 year after pCSF diversion (r = 0.422, p = 0.040, R2 = 0.178 and r = 0.519, p = 0.009, R2 = 0.269, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In infants with PHH, a smaller cumulative ventricular size and shorter time to pCSF diversion were associated with larger right hippocampal volumes, improved neurocognitive outcomes, and reduced long-term ventriculomegaly. Future prospective randomized studies are needed to confirm these findings.

This paper reports on a design oriented study conducted in close collaboration between two researchers and three preschool teachers. Within this study, a play-based interview script was designed in accordance with theoretically driven principles. Based on this script, the preschool teachers conducted interviews with children from three preschools five times over four semesters. The focus of this paper is methodological, aiming to show how sensitive divergence in these play-based interviews lead to a strengthened research quality. Of importance is that this quality improving divergence would not have been realized without the close collaboration between researchers and preschool teachers. DUTTA

Existing literature predominantly viewed and examined the different subsystems within the family system as mediating mechanisms in relation to child outcomes. Even though family systems theory stresses that these different subsystems can offer a buffering capacity, much less attention has gone to the moderating roles that the different subsystems within the family might play. In the current study, we focus on associations between fathers’ and mothers’ sensitivity and toddler's receptive language ability and we investigated whether and to what extent the association between fathers’ and mothers’ sensitivity (i.e. the dyadic parent-child relationship) and children's receptive language ability was moderated by equal parenting involvement (i.e. the triadic coparenting relationship). Our sample consisted of 103 Dutch native families, with 103 fathers, 103 mothers and 103, 3-year-olds. Results demonstrated after controlling for child sex and educational background of the family, neither fathers’ nor mothers’ sensitivity contributed uniquely to children's receptive language ability. Furthermore, we did not find moderation between the dyadic parent-child relationship (i.e., paternal and maternal sensitivity) and the triadic coparenting relationship (i.e., equal parenting involvement) in relation to children's receptive language scores in our study. Possible explanations for our findings and future directions are discussed.

Exuberance, a profile of temperament characterized in toddlerhood by high approach motivation, positive affect, and sociability, is associated with both adaptive and maladaptive socioemotional outcomes. The aims of the current study were to introduce a novel approach/avoidance-eliciting social task, as well as longitudinally extend our understanding of toddlerhood exuberance to outcomes in middle childhood. Specifically, affect and social behavior at age seven during a high-intensity game were compared to that observed during a low-intensity freeplay task. As part of a longitudinal study, 291 infants were selected at 4 months for a wide range of reactivity to novelty. The sample was assessed repeatedly across early childhood (9, 24, and 36 months of age) and at 7 years of age. A high exuberance profile was formed with approach, positive, and sociable behaviors observed in the laboratory from 4 to 36 months. At 7 years of age, affect and social behavior were assessed during high- and low-intensity interactions with an unfamiliar peer in the laboratory. Path Analyses using structural equation models demonstrated that a high exuberance profile was associated with greater positive social behavior at age 7 during a high-intensity game, but not negative social behavior or behavior during a low-intensity freeplay task. These results illuminate the need for targeted methodology, such as high-intensity approach/avoidance-eliciting social tasks, in order to clarify the links between early temperament and adaptive or maladaptive socioemotional outcomes across development.

This study is a follow-up to Bacon and Saffran (2022), a pre-registered study testing whether 22- to 24-month-old toddlers used the perceptual cue of speaker voice to predict which object a speaker is referring to when the object is prototypically gendered (made to appear more masculine or feminine using colors, designs, and patterns). On each trial, the gender design of the target object was either Consistent (matched) or Inconsistent (mismatched) with the speaker’s voice. Bacon and Saffran (2022) found that 22- to 24-month-olds were using speaker gender and object gender; they significantly increased their looks towards the target object post-target-onset on Consistent trials compared to the Inconsistent trials (p

As child obesity rates have increased in recent decades, sleep has become an increasing prevalent area of focus in obesity research. Shorter and dysregulated sleep have been identified as risk factors for elevated weight in children (Golley et al., 2013; Snell et al., 2007; Taveras et al., 2008); however, research on how these components present within the family context is limited. To address this knowledge gap, the current study provides a descriptive approach toward understanding family sleep and toddler weight status.

Previous studies have shown that bilingual children typically score more poorly on nonword repetition (NWR) tasks than monolingual peers, which has been attributed to bilinguals’ lower proficiency in the language that the NWR task is based on. To enable fairer assessments of bilingual children, Cross-Linguistic NWR tasks (CL-NWR tasks) have been developed that are based on the linguistic properties of many languages. The aim of this study is to investigate whether young children’s performance on a CL-NWR is less dependent on existing knowledge of a specific language than performance on a Language-Specific (Dutch-based) NWR (LS-NWR). Bilingual and multilingual two- and three-year-olds (N = 216) completed a CL-NWR and LS-NWR, as well as a Dutch receptive vocabulary task. Parents reported the number of languages children spoke other than Dutch. Results of linear mixed-effect regressions showed that Dutch vocabulary scores related to performance on the CL-NWR task less strongly than to performance on the LS-NWR task. The number of non-Dutch languages spoken did not differentially relate to performance on the two tasks. These findings indicate that CL-NWR tasks – at least as used here – allow for more language-neutral NWR assessments within linguistically diverse samples, already at toddler age.

Investigating how infants first establish relationships between words is a necessary step towards understanding the qualitative shift children make to an organised and complex interconnected network of semantic relationships which characterises a mature, adult lexical-semantic system. Since little is known about the word-word associations in infants that establish this network of meanings (Arias-Trejo & Plunkett, 2009), this thesis sought to, first, document the word associations (WA)s that young monolingual and bilingual children produce and then compare these to adult WAs. A concurrent aim was to establish a database of child-specific WAs as a resource for future studies. Second, to understand how a network of meaning establishes in different groups during infancy, an online semantic priming paradigm was developed due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The aim was to see how words are organised in the emergent lexical-semantic system by replicating in-lab findings and extending these to explore different infant groups. In parallel, this paradigm was used to validate the WAs found in monolingual and bilingual children. Findings from Chapter 1 revealed that children share some of the WAs that adults exhibit in a mature lexical-semantic system. However, a large number of WAs shared by children were not represented in the WA norms of adults. This could indicate that adult norms under-represent the associations of children, as they might not capture the unique developmental stage and life experience of 3-year-olds. This research presents a resource of child-specific associated word pair stimuli for future studies. Findings from Chapter 2 indicate that lexical-semantic links might be more robust in the lexical-semantic system of a 3-year-old when they capture associative meaning compared to taxonomic meaning. Furthermore, running infant studies online can replicate in-lab findings, though it remains unclear if this is only true of certain paradigms.

Nutrition is one of the determinants of the human resources’ quality. Food served daily have to fit nutrients as needed, so it may support optimal growth and can prevent deficiency diseases, prevent poisoning, and also help prevent diseases that can interfere to children's growth. The attitude of mother in providing nutritional supplementary for children is something that can determine how to behave in providing food supplementary and family nutrition, especially for toddlers. Toddler period is characterized by a very rapid growth and development process and is accompanied by changes that require more nutrients in high quality. Food consumption has an important role in the physical growth and intelligence of children so that food consumption has a major effect on the nutritional status of children to achieve the physical growth and intelligence of children. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship among knowledge, attitudes and behavior of mothers to the nutritional status of children under five/toddlers at (Unit of Technical Implementation) UPT Public Health Centre (Puskesmas) Ajangale. This type of research is descriptive correlational research. The number of samples was 40 mothers who had toddlers. The research analysis used bivariate test. Based on the results of the study showed that there was a relationship between mothers’ knowledge in nutrition and the nutritional status of toddlers with the chi square test results obtained p-value = 0.001 p

Background: Returning to work can impact breastfeeding duration; limited data exist on how this may impact a lower income population. Methods: Data from U.S. Department of Agriculture's longitudinal study WIC Infant and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2 were used to assess breastfeeding duration ( 1 to 3 months after birth had lower odds of breastfeeding ≥12 months. Conclusions: Returning to work within 3 months after birth had a negative impact on breastfeeding for ≥12 months, particularly for those who returned full time. Efforts to support maternity leave and flexible work schedules could prolong breastfeeding durations among a low-income population. This study was a registered study at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02031978).

Toddler Growth in the Working Area of Kuok Public Health Center, Kampar Regency. The first five years of a child’s life are critical for growth and development because these years assist in generating the adult they will become. Data from WHO discovered that in developing countries, almost 45% of children under five suffer from growth and development disorders. Data from Kuok Public Health Center also demonstrated that in the last three years, there was an increase in the cases of malnutrition were 27 toddlers in 2018. Meanwhile, the were 32 cases in 2019 and 44 in 2020. This study aims to examine factors associated with toddler growth in the working area of Kuok Public Health Center, Kampar Regency. It was a cross-sectional study conducted in the working area of Kuok Public Health Center, Kampar regency, Riau Province. It was performed in January 2021. The samples are 60 toddlers aged 12-60 months with a growth chart. They were selected to be the sample of the study through consecutive sampling. A Chi-square test was administered to evaluate the bivariable. Bivariable analysis displayed a relationship among nutritional status (p-value 0.003, OR 8.321), parenting (p-value 0.003, OR 7.342), exclusive breastfeeding (p-value 0.002, OR 9.201), and parental income (p-value 0.031, OR 4.486) with the growth in toddler. In conclusion, the relationship among nutritional status, parenting, exclusive breastfeeding, and parental income with toddler growth was revealed., Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan balita merupakan masa dengan pertumbuhan yang sangat pesat dan kritis, karena pada masa inilah pembentukan kepribadian dan karakter dimulai. Menurut WHO hampir 45% balita di negara berkembang mengalami gangguan pertumbuhan. Berdasarkan data di Puskesmas Kuok masalah pertumbuhan meningkat pada 3 tahun terakhir, tahun 2018 terdapat 27 balita mengalami gizi kurang, tahun 2019 meningkat sebanyak 32 balita dan pada tahun 2020 meningkat menjadi 44 balita gizi kurang. Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis faktor yang berhubungan dengan pertumbuhan balita. Desain penelitian cross-sectional, dilakukan di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kuok Kabupaten Kampar Provinsi Riau. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari tahun 2021. Populasi seluruh balita berusia 12-60 bulan yang memiliki KMS sebanyak 1.866 dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 60 balita. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan consecutive sampling. Analisis data secara univariat dan bivariat menggunakan uji statistik chi-square. Hasil analisis bivariat terdapat hubungan antara status gizi (nilai p 0,003, OR 8,321), pola asuh orang tua (nilai p 0,003, OR 7,342), riwayat ASI eksklusif (nilai p 0,002, OR 9,201), dan pendapatan orang tua (nilai p 0,031, OR 4,486) dengan pertumbuhan balita. Kesimpulan terdapat hubungan antara status gizi, pola asuh, riwayat ASI ekslusif dan pendapatan orang tua dengan pertumbuhan balita di Wilyah Kerja Puskesmas Kuok Kabupaten Kampar.

Background Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are common early in life. The prevalence of FGIDs varies among countries but is unknown in Vietnam. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of FGIDs in healthy Vietnamese infants and young children. Methods This was a cross-sectional, observational study involving healthy infants and young children between 0 – 48 months old in Hanoi, Vietnam. A representative total of 1511 subjects completed the validated questionnaire on paediatric FGIDs. Rome IV criteria were used to define FGIDs. Results For Vietnamese infants (0–6 months) and young children (7–48 months), the prevalence of having at least one FGID was 10.0% and only 0.6% was having more than one FGID. Infantile regurgitation (9.3%) was the most prevalent FGID among infants 0—6 months of age while all other FGIDs had a low prevalence between 0—2.5%. For young children between 7 – 48 months old, functional constipation was the most common disorder at the rate of 5.6%. Association analysis revealed that the risk of infant regurgitation was significantly lower among infants with exclusively breastfeeding at 2 – 3 months and 3 – 4 months, formula initiation at 0 – 1 months, and higher paternal education level. The prevalence of functional constipation was significantly higher in male subjects, children in families with annual household income between 273,000,000 – 546,999,999 VND (or estimate around 11,800 – 23,800 USD), families with one child only, and formula feeding initiation at 1 – 2 months. Conclusions The prevalence of FGIDs in Vietnamese infants and young children is relatively low compared to the published literature using Rome IV diagnostic criteria. Infantile regurgitation was the most common FGID in Vietnamese infants while functional constipation was most prevalent among Vietnamese young children. Trial registration Netherlands Trial Registry Identifier: NL7286/NTR7495.

There are still many parents who do not have sufficient understanding in terms of toddler disease. One way to provide education is the availability of a system that can be used for consultation based on the symptoms of illness experienced by toddlers and the actions needed to overcome them. The system that will be built is an expert system that can relatively provide suggestions for solutions to children's health problems using the Case Based Reasoning (CBR) method. namely an expert system that uses case-based reasoning methods, namely looking for similarities of a disease compared to a disease that has existed before. In this study, the CBR method was combined with a weighting process using the pairwise comparison method which was within the scope of the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method. In comparing consultations with old diseases that already exist in the system, and looking for similarities from the comparison results, the Sorensen similarity algorithm is used. This study resulted in weights with 3 symptom categories, namely mild symptoms with a weight of 0.09, moderate symptoms with a weight of 0.24 and severe symptoms with a weight of 0.67 and will recommend several diseases with a similarity above 0.5 and diseases with a similarity below 0.5 will be entered into the revise table to find a solution.

How parents support social learning at the preverbal level for toddlers with autism is rarely reported, limiting the field’s understanding of factors that may influence early development of social competency. As a central challenge in autism that is resistant to intervention, preverbal social initiating is an important indicator of social motivation. This study explored parents’ application of mediated learning principles. Mediated learning theory is based on active engagement in the learning process or “learning to learn” and the Joint Attention Mediated Learning intervention applied the principles to child and parent learning. The investigation explored associations between parents’ application of mediated learning principles with unprompted initiation of joint attention for 119 toddlers with autism. Postintervention videos of unstructured parent–child interaction were used to analyze parents’ application of the principles and child initiation of joint attention. Significant differences were found between intervention and control conditions in parents’ mediation of child learning. In a multiple regression analysis of associations between parents’ application of the principles and toddler initiation of joint attention, parents’ success in applying mediated learning principles predicted toddlers’ initiation of joint attention gains. Considered individually, the strongest predictor of initiation of joint attention was the principle Giving Meaning with the principle Encouraging also showing significance. Lay abstract Little is known about what parents can do to promote initiating joint attention for their toddlers with autism. Initiating joint attention is important because it is an indicator of social motivation and is associated with later communication ability. In this study, parents applied mediated learning principles to help their toddlers engage with them socially. The principles included helping their child focus on social interaction, giving meaning to the social elements of interaction (and de-emphasizing nonsocial elements), and helping their toddlers understand their own social ability by encouraging. At the end of the intervention period, we compared two groups. One group received the Joint Attention Mediated Learning intervention and the other received community-based early intervention services. We found that the Joint Attention Mediated Learning participants applied mediated learning principles more often than the other group. Then, we explored how parents’ application of mediated learning principles related to toddler initiating joint attention and found that parents who were successful in applying the principles had toddlers who were more likely to show initiating joint attention. Our findings indicate that the mediated learning process shows promise as a way to promote early social learning, although other elements of the Joint Attention Mediated Learning intervention, such as actively engaging parents in the learning process, may have also contributed to both child and parent learning.

Young children’s communication is dependent upon caregivers’ responsiveness to their behaviors; however, little is known about the responsiveness of toddler teachers to children in their classrooms...

Early intensive behavioral interventions (EIBI) for children at elevated likelihood for a later diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (EL-ASD), are often delivered through parent-mediated models. An area of current exploration is whether changes in caregiver behaviors are a mechanism through which to improve and track child behaviors in these interventions. Toddlers and their caregivers participated in an intervention trial (randomized controlled trial) and were randomized to either a parent-mediated intervention (adapted responsive teaching; ART) or a control condition (referral to early intervention and monitoring; REIM). Changes in toddler social communication (SC) behaviors and characteristics of caregiver responsiveness (CR) were quantified over 8 months. Analyses were conducted to assess whether changes in CR mediated the relation between group (ART vs. REIM) and changes in child SC. Results of the current study indicated that caregivers who participated in a parent-mediated intervention improved in three domains of CR (contingent verbal sensitivity, responsivity, affect). CR was also found to be a mechanism through which children's SC skills improved. This work provides evidence that qualities of CR serve as mechanisms through which to improve and monitor child behaviors over the course of EIBIs. These results may lead to novel intervention targets, methods for tracking change, and tailored treatment planning for toddlers with EL-ASD. The data used in this study comes from a clinical trial that was prospectively registered with the Registry of Efficacy and Effectiveness Studies (Registry ID: 316.1v1). LAY SUMMARY: Interventions for toddlers with high likelihood for a later diagnosis of autism often include the caregiver as an active participant in the intervention. In this study, we aimed to understand qualities of caregiver responsiveness (CR) that facilitate improvements in child behaviors during intervention. Results show that increasing verbal CR and affect are ways to improve child social skills over the course of intervention.

Background:Myasthenia gravis is an extremely rare autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction. The incidence rate is 0.9-2.0 cases per 1 million children per year.Ocular myasthenia gravispresents as ptosis with extraocular motility restriction and is prone to be misdiagnosed as third nerve palsy and is difficult to diagnose in very young children. Case: A girl aged 2 years 6 months with clinical features with bilateral ptosis and was diagnosed as juvenile ocular myastenia gravis based on history, physical examination and other diagnostic proceduressuch as chest X-raywithin normal limit and no thymoma, the ice test showed positive result, electromyography (EMG) showed decrement response >10%,progstigmin test showed positive result, andserum acetylcholine receptor antibody levels was 0.43 nmol/L (reference range : positive as >0.40 nmol/L). Conclusion:Juvenile ocular myastenia gravis diagnostics can be established using simple examinations such as ice tests,prostigmin test to sophisticated examinations as systemic acetylcholinesterase antibodies. Management begins with a first-line drug, pyridostigmine, that is safe and effective. Disease monitoring and looking for etiology are very important for successful treatment.

Background: Stunting often called stunted or short, is a condition of failure to thrive due to chronic malnutrition and psychosocial stimulation and exposure to repeated infections in the First 1000 Days of Life (from fetus to child aged 2 years). Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with the incidence of stunting in the working area of the Tikson Raya Public Health Center, Banggai Laut District. The quantitative study with a case-control research design was applied. The number of samples used was 90 people with the Stratified Random Sampling technique. The data was collected by a questionnaire and analyzed by using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. Results: An association between breastfeeding (p=0.009), the timing of complementary feeding (p=0.009), history of infectious disease (p=0.001), basic health practices (p=0.000), environmental sanitation hygiene (p=0.000), knowledge of maternal nutrition (p = 0.000) with the incidence of stunting in the working area of the Tikson Raya Public Health Center, Banggai Laut District. The environmental sanitation hygiene variable was identified as the most related to the value of OR = 17.367. Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding, complementary breastfeeding, infectious diseases, basic health practices, environmental sanitation, and knowledge of maternal nutrition are associated with the incidence of stunting in toddlers in the working area of Tikson Raya Public Health Center, Banggai Laut District.

The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated nutritional problems for children under five and many Posyandu for toddlers are not operating, thus increasing delays in preventing stunting and stunting growth for toddlers. This health cadre empowerment activity is carried out because health cadres are a team in the toddler posyandu. This is done by increasing the knowledge and skills of cadres so that they can perform early detection of stunting and make referrals. This activity goes through 7 steps of serial activities, namely Preparing, Participatory Program, Asset Reinventing, Designing, Communicating, Implementing, Evaluating. Activity results: knowledge of cadres about stunting increased from a score of 70 to 90, understanding the interpretation of measurement results for toddlers so that cadres' skills in early detection of stunting increased Implication: the application of digital applications that make it easier for cadres to detect stunting early to prevent and refer.

Background This study is part of a multicountry matched-cohort study designed to estimate the risk of long-term neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) of children exposed to invasive group B Streptococcus (iGBS). The specific objective of this paper is to compare NDI across domains of iGBS survivors with a matched non iGBS group in our population. Methods Survivors of iGBS in a South Indian hospital were identified and recruited between January 2020 and April 2021. Cases were compared with age- and gender-matched non iGBS children. Participants were assessed using Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development–3rd edition (BSID-III), Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence–4th edition (WPPSI-IV), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–5th edition (WISC-V), Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd edition (BOT-2), depending on age. Results Our cohort comprised 35 GBS-exposed and 65 matched non iGBS children, aged 1–14 years. The iGBS-exposed group had 17 (48.6%) children with impairment in ≥1 domain compared to 25 (38%) in the non iGBS group (unadjusted OR, 1.51; 95% CI, .65–3.46), 9 (26%) children with “multi-domain impairment” compared to 10 (15.4%) in the non iGBS group (unadjusted OR, 1.90; 95% CI, .69–5.24), and 1 (2.9%) child with moderate to severe impairment compared to 3 (4.6%) in the non iGBS group (unadjusted OR, .60; 95% CI, .06–6.07). In the iGBS group, more children had motor impairments compared with the non iGBS group (unadjusted OR, 10.7; 95% CI, 1.19–95.69; P = .034). Conclusions Children with iGBS seem at higher risk of developing motor impairments compared with a non iGBS group.

Pneumonia toddlers is a contagious disease that are commonly found in West Sumatera Province. The purpose of this study is to determine causes of Pneumoniain Toddlers in the. The type of this study is analytic by using Spear Correlation with a non-reactive approach. The population is all sub-districts in West Sumatra Province; the samples are Pneumonia patient in toddlers in 80 sub-districts of 7 districts / cities. The results of the study shows that there is a correlation between population density (p = 0,000), exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0,000), immunization status (p = 0,000), healthy house (p = 0,000) and nutrition status (p = 0.018) toward Pneumoniain toddler in West Sumatra Province. But, there is no correlation between clean and healthy life behavior toward pneumonia.

Many toddlers are still malnourished. Poor parenting style causes the growth and development of toddlers which is also not good. Poor nutritional status of children under five, lack of or obesity is associated with poor parenting. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between maternal parenting and the nutritional status of children under five in Tarung Village, Waikabubak City, West Sumba Regency. The research design used cross sectional. The population is mothers who have 34 children under five with a sample of 31 people taken by Simple Random Sampling Technique. The research instrument uses the Google Form application and KMS Book. The results of the study prove that almost half of mothers have poor parenting and most toddlers have poor nutritional status. The results of the statistical test obtained pvalue = (0.047) < (0.05) so that it was concluded that there was a relationship between maternal parenting and the nutritional status of children under five in Tarung Village, Waikabubak City, West Sumba Regency. For further researchers, it is recommended to consider the determinant factors of nutritional status that have not been studied.

Stunting is one of the problems that hinders human development globally. In Indonesia, the incidence of stunting is around 30.8%, Banten Province 36.9% and in Tangerang Regency 38% where this is still far from the target set by WHO, which is 20%. The objective of this study is to identify the analysis of stunting among toddler in Mauk Public Health Center Tangerang District. This was an analytical survey with a case control design. The sample of this study was 132 people consisting of 66 cases and 66 control groups. Quota sampling sampling technique. The research instrument used a questionnaire. Data analysis used chi-square test. The results show that majority of respondents who did not experience stunting was 84.2%, good knowledge of the mother was 55.3%, the mother's height was not short 64.4%, not given exclusive breastfeeding was 51.5%, did not experience LBW was 72.7%, the small number of family members was 57.6%, and a low family income was 64.4%. The results of the bivariate analysis obtained knowledge (p = 0,000), history of exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0,000), number of family members (p = 0,000), family income (p = 0.029), and history of LBW (p = 0.079). The variable most associated with stunting in children under five mong toddlers was maternal height (OR = 6.00). Therefore, it is hoped that health workers will improve the MCH, Family Planning and Nutrition programs to be better in the future, with more emphasis on the stunting locus program (special stunting locations), by increasing the fulfillment of balanced nutrition during the first 1000 days of life.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children has been shown to have lower morbidity and mortality in children as compared with adults. The neurological complications related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are increasingly reported in children, yet the cerebrovascular complications are rare. We report a case of a toddler who presented with right-sided hemiparesis and motor aphasia, with an antecedent history suggestive of COVID-19 infection. The child tested negative on the nasopharyngeal swab for real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), but the serology for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay was positive. The neuroimaging showed an acute infarct in the left middle cerebral artery territory. A detailed evaluation for causes of childhood stroke was unrevealing, except for the presence of severe iron deficiency anemia (IDA). The child was diagnosed as acute ischemic stroke (AIS) most probably secondary to mild COVID-19 infection. The objective of this case report is to explain the possibility of AIS after a mild COVID-19 infection, complicated by the underlying severe IDA. Therefore, an association between COVID-19 and stroke in children needs to be emphasized and RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 as well as serological assay must be included in the workup of stroke in the young.

INTRODUCTION Small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is common in children from low-income countries and has been cross-sectionally associated with growth stunting. We sought to determine whether SIBO was associated with poor growth and neurodevelopmental in a longitudinal analysis. METHODS We measured SIBO by glucose hydrogen breath test (GHBT) at 18, 52, 78, and 104 weeks of life in a prospective longitudinal birth cohort of Bangladeshi children. Sociodemographic information and measures of enteric inflammation were analyzed as covariates. Diarrheal samples were tested for enteropathogens using polymerase chain reaction. Regression models were created using standardized mean GHBT area under the H2 curve (AUC) to determine associations with linear growth and cognitive, language, and motor scores on the Bayley-III Scales of Infant and Toddler Development at 2 years. We also investigated associations between GHBT AUC and enteropathogen exposure. RESULTS A 1-ppm increase in standardized mean GHBT AUC was associated with a 0.01-SD decrease in length-for-age Z score (P = 0.03) and a 0.11-point decrease in Bayley language score (P = 0.05) at 2 years of age in adjusted analysis. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Giardia, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi were associated with increased GHBT AUC, whereas Clostridium difficile, norovirus GI, sapovirus, rotavirus, and Cryptosporidium were associated with decreased GHBT AUC. None were consistent across all 4 time points. DISCUSSION SIBO in the first 2 years of life is associated with growth stunting and decreased language ability in Bangladeshi infants and may represent a modifiable risk factor in poor growth and neurodevelopment in low-income countries.