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Svakodnevna tendencija rasta problema vršnjačkog nasilja u školama ukazuje nam da ovom problemu treba ozbiljnije pristupiti kako bi se pronašle adekvatne metode i tehnike koje će doprineti njegovom suzbijanju. Radi boljeg razumevanja samog problema vršnjačkog nasilja u radu smo se bavili njegovim pojavnim oblicima, faktorima rizika koji doprinose njegovoj pojavi, ispitivali smo koliko je vršnjačko nasilje zastupljeno u školama, koje su karakteristike aktera vršnjačkog nasilja kao i koje se interventne i preventivne mere koriste za njegovo suzbijanje. Cilj ovog master rada bio je utvrđivanje karakteristika evidentiranih slučajeva vršnjačkog nasilja u OISŠ „Žarko Zrenjanin“ u Subotici putem kvalitativnih metoda istraživanja. Metodom teorijske analize došli smo do obrade problema vršnjačkog nasilja sa teorijskog i praktičnog aspekta, dok je deskriptivna metoda korišćena za prikaz oblika nasilja sa kojima se deca u OISŠ „Žarko Zrenjanin“ susreću kao i za prikaz interventnih i preventivnih mera koje se primenjuju u slučaju vršnjačkog nasilja. Tehnika koja je primenjena u istraživanju je intervju, a kao instrument korišćen je obrazac sa unapred definisanim redosledom pitanja koji je predstavljao osnovu za razgovor. Uzorak istraživanjaje obuhvatio sve učenike koji su bili akteri vršnjačkog nasilja u OISŠ „Žarko Zrenjanin“ u 2018. i 2019. godini. Rezultati istraživanja su nam pokazali da je u ovoj školi tokom 2019. godine zabeležen veći broj slučajeva vršnjačkog nasilja u odnosu na 2018. godinu, da su dečaci češće akteri vršnjačkog nasilja, da je fizičko nasilje dominantan oblik u zabeleženim slučajevima vršnjačkog nasilja u pomenutoj školi kao i da su pojačan vaspitni rad, individualni plan zaštite i vođenje evidencije nasilnog ponašanja interventne i preventivne mere koje se sprovode u ovoj školi kada govorimo o problemu vršnjačkog nasilja. Peer violence is showing growth every day, which tells us that we need to take this problem more seriously in order to find adequate methods and techniques that will contribute to its suppression. In order to better understand the problem of peer violence, we dealt with the manifestations of peer violence, risk factors, we examined how much peer violence is present in school, what are the characteristics of actors of peer violence, what intervention and preventive measures are used to combat it. The aim of this master thesis was to examine the characteristics of recorded cases of peer violence at school „Žarko Zrenjanin“ in Subotica through qualitative research methods. Using the method of theoretical analysis, we examined the problem of peer violence from a theoretical and practical aspect, while we used the descriptive method to show the form of violence that children encounter in school „Žarko Zrenjanin“, as well as to show interventional and preventive measures applied in cases of peer violence. The technique used in the research was an interview, and a form with a predefined sequence of questions was used as an instrument, which was the basis for the conversation. The research sample included all students who were involved in peer violence at school „Žarko Zrenjanin“ in 2018. and 2019. The results of the research showed us that in 2019 there was an increase in peer violence in this school compared to 2018, that boys are more often actors of peer violence, that physical violence is the dominant form in recorded cases of peer violence in the school and that the intensified educational work, individual protection plan and keeping records of violent behavior are intervention and preventive measures that are implemented in this school when we talk about the problem of peer violence.

Udžbenik Remontne mašine i radionička praksa napisana je prema programu predmeta istog naziva koji slušaju studenti druge godine Poljoprivrednog fakulteta smera Poljoprivredna tehnika. Udžbenik sadrži 5 poglavlja: 1. Uvod u remontne mašine i radioničku praksu, 2. Merenje i kontrola u proizvodnom mašinstvu, 3. Obrada materijala skidanjem strugotine, 4. Obrada materijala bez skidanja strugotine i 5. Tehnologija spajanja metala.

European Union’s promotion of the use of sustainable and renewable resources requires use of at least 10 % of synthesized biodiesel in liquid fuels by the year 2020. This legislation has stimulated various types of petrodiesel and bio-based component blends production, and development of methods for exact, effective and reliable quantification of biodiesel content. The method for determination of the biogenic fraction in liquid fuels by direct measurement of the 14C activity concentration via liquid scintillation counting (LSC) technique was developed in few laboratories worldwide. It is based on different 14C signatures of the two components: the biogenic component reflects the modern atmospheric 14C activity, and no 14C is present in fossil fuels. The quantity of 14C in the fuel is the criterion for bio-fuel presence. This method is regarded as fast, simple, accurate and sensitive determination procedure for the mass assessment of biogenic fraction in biofuels. Laboratory for low radioactivity at the Department of Physics, University of Novi Sad (UNS), Serbia, and Laboratory for low-level radioactivities of the Ruđer Bošković Institute (RBI) in Zagreb, Croatia have developed two different methods for biogenic fraction determination in liquid fuels [1, 2]. Both laboratories tested the stability of prepared samples by measuring the same samples after some period of time and used the same set of mixtures with the known fractions of the biogenic component, i.e. FAME produced from either sunflower oil or lard fat. The comparison revealed in general good agreement of the results and also indicated some constraints of the methods used, The RBI evaluation technique is limited by the SQP(E) values lower than 600 where the count rates of the biogenic and the fossil samples become indistinguishable. The lower the SQP(E), the larger the relative differences between the measured and the expected biogenic fraction for 600 < SQP(E) < 700. The biogenic fraction can be successfully determined at SQP(E) > 700. The two-step calibration procedure that UNS used implements quench correction and therefore offers more reliable 14C determination in fuels in comparison to one-step calibration method. The application of these calibration curves is limited to samples with chemically identical bio and fossil components. It can be used for precise biogenic fraction determination in examined fuel samples if the components of the fuel mixture are well known in advance. The obtained results showed very important limitation of used methods as the samples have to be analyzed as soon as possible after preparation in order to obtain reliable results.

European Union’s promotion of the use of sustainable and renewable resources requires use of at least 10 % of synthesized biodiesel in liquid fuels by the year 2020. This legislation has stimulated various types of petrodiesel and bio-based component blends production, and development of methods for exact, effective and reliable quantification of biodiesel content. The method for determination of the biogenic fraction in liquid fuels by direct measurement of the 14C activity concentration via liquid scintillation counting (LSC) technique was developed in few laboratories worldwide. It is based on different 14C signatures of the two components: the biogenic component reflects the modern atmospheric 14C activity, while no 14C is present in fossil fuels. The quantity of 14C in the fuel is the criterion for bio-fuel presence. A great variety of biogenic matrices in fuels results in a wide range of quenching properties of different fuel mixtures. The laboratories participating in this intercomparison study developed two different calibration techniques. The Ruđer Bošković Institute data evaluation method is based on calibration curves for purely biogenic and purely fossil liquids, and does not depend on the exact chemical composition of the organic liquid. The limits of the method are defined by the SQP of app. 690 below which the count rate of biogenic and fossil liquids become indistinguishable from one another. The University of Novi Sad data evaluation method is very dependent on the composition of the examined fuels, so the obtained results in this case were relatively good. Future investigation should also test whether this calibration method is suitable for some other fuel matrices, for example for various types of domestic oil used in everyday life. Testing advantages and limitations of the two methods will continue in the future.

A method of direct measurement of14C activity concentration via liquid scintillation counting (LSC) is recognized as good and fast method for determination of biogenic component in liquid fuels. Two laboratories that used this14C technique participated in this survey: Laboratory from University of Novi Sad (UNS), Serbia and Laboratory from Ruđer Bošković Institute (RBI), Croatia. Each laboratory used its own calibration methods on the same set of samples (produced diesel-based bio-fuels and commercially available domestic oils). From the obtained results it can be concluded that each method which uses 14C technique for determination of biogenic component in liquid fuels has its advantages and disadvantages. RBI data evaluation method is based on two calibration curves, for purely biogenic and purely fossil liquids, and the calibration does not depend on the exact chemical composition of the organic liquid. The limits of the method are defined by the SQP(E) of approximately 690. Below this value the count rates of biogenic and fossil liquids become close to each other or even indistinguishable from one another and the obtained results for biogenic fractions are not reliable. In this intercomparison UNS used two different methods, one for produced bio-diesels and the other one for domestic oils. UNS data evaluation method is very dependent on the composition of the examined fuels, so the obtained results with the "two-step" method were relatively good in the case of diesel mixtures with biogenic component. In the case of biogenic oil samples (bought on market), UNS "two-step" method did not give realistic results, and with the "one-step" method the limitation is large quenching in the samples, so for the samples with SQP(E) less than 700 this method could not give expected results. Samples prepared with liquid fuels are usually colored and the main challenge for determination of biogenic component in both laboratories is handling of highly quenched liquids.

A method of direct measurement of 14C activity concentration via liquid scintillation counting (LSC) is recognized as good and fast method for determination of biogenic component in liquid fuels. Two laboratories that used this14C technique participated in this survey: Laboratory from University of Novi Sad (UNS), Serbia and Laboratory from Ruđer Bošković Institute (RBI), Croatia. Each laboratory used its own calibration methods on the same set of samples (produced diesel-based bio-fuels and commercially available domestic oils). From the obtained results it can be concluded that each method which uses 14C technique for determination of biogenic component in liquid fuels has its advantages and disadvantages. RBI data evaluation method is based on two calibration curves, for purely biogenic and purely fossil liquids, and the calibration does not depend on the exact chemical composition of the organic liquid. The limits of the method are defined by the SQP(E) of approximately 690. Below this value the count rates of biogenic and fossil liquids become close to each other or even indistinguishable from one another and the obtained results for biogenic fractions are not reliable. In this intercomparison UNS used two different methods, one for produced bio-diesels and the other one for domestic oils. UNS data evaluation method is very dependent on the composition of the examined fuels, so the obtained results with the "two-step" method were relatively good in the case of diesel mixtures with biogenic component. In the case of biogenic oil samples (bought on market), UNS "two-step" method did not give realistic results, and with the "one-step" method the limitation is large quenching in the samples, so for the samples with SQP(E) less than 700 this method could not give expected results. Samples prepared with liquid fuels are usually colored and the main challenge for determination of biogenic component in both laboratories is handling of highly quenched liquids. Prema preporukama Evropske Unije sa ciljem da se koriste obnovljivi i održivi izvori, do 2020. godine zahteva se da se u svim tečnim gorivima koja se koriste nalazi bar 10% sintetisanog biodizela. Da bi se koncentracija biodizela mogla proveriti, nekoliko laboratorija u svetu je razvilo metode za tačnu, efikasnu i pouzdanu kvantifikaciju sadržaja biogene komponente. Direktno merenje koncentracije aktivnosti 14C tečnim scintilacionim detektorom (LSC), koje podrazumeva određivanje količine 14C u uzorku kao meru prisutnosti biogene komponente u testiranom gorivu, pokazalo se kao dobra i brza metoda. U ovoj interkomparaciji učestvovale su dve laboratorije: Laboratorija sa Univerziteta u Novom Sadu (UNS), Srbija i Laboratorija sa Instituta Ruđer Bošković (RBI), Hrvatska. Svaka laboratorija je koristila sopstveni kalibracioni metod i isti set uzoraka za interkomparaciju (proizvedena bio-goriva bazirana na dizelu i komercijalno dostupna domaća ulja). Iz dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da svaki od prikazanih metoda ima svoje prednosti i mane, što zavisi od samog sastava uzorka. RBI metod se zasniva na upotrebi dve kalibracione krive, za čisto biogena i čisto fosilna goriva, i kalibracija nije zavisna od hemijskog sastava analiziranog uzorka. Ograničenje ove metode je SQP(E) vrednost niža od 690. Ispod ove vrednosti odbroji biogene i fosilne komponente postaju veoma bliski jedan drugom i samim tim rezultati koji se dobijaju nisu pouzdani. U ovoj interkomparaciji, UNS je koristila dve različite metode kalibracije, jednu za proizvedene bio-dizele, a drugu za domaća ulja. UNS metod evaluacije izmerenih podataka u mnogome zavisi od sastava ispitivanog goriva, pa su rezultati dobijeni sa "two-step" metodom relativno dobri za smeše dizela sa biogenom komponentom. U slučaju biogenih ulja, UNS "two-step" metod nije dao realistične rezultate, zbog toga je korišćen "one-step" metoda za koji je utvrđeno ograničenje za SQP(E) parametar na 700. Uzorci koji se pripremaju sa tečnim gorivima su najčešće obojeni i najveći problem koji se javlja je korekcija na prigušenje u samom uzorku, koja mora biti detaljno sprovedena kako bi se dobio pouzdan rezultat, pa najveći izazov daljnjeg razvoja ovih metoda postaje postupak merenja biogene komponente u jako prigušenim uzorcima. Зборник радова : XXIX симпозијум ДЗЗСЦГ : Сребрно језеро, 27-29. септембар 2017. године

There are few novel methods for biogenic component determination in liquid fuels by direct measurement of 14C via liquid scintillation counting (LSC) technique. The basic idea of all used methods is the same: different 14C signatures of the biogenic and the fossil components – in the case of biogenic component there are a presence of modern 14C activity from the atmosphere and in the case of fossil fuels there should not be 14C activity in the sample. This paper presents inter-laboratory comparison between two different methods used in Laboratory for Nuclear Physics from University of Novi Sad, Serbia and in Laboratory for Low-level Radioactivities from Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Croatia. Both laboratories used the same samples, the same detectors – liquid scintillation counter Quantulus 1220 but different calibration methods. Laboratory for Low-level Radioactivities is using quenching properties of modern liquids for calibration (I. Krajcar Bronic et al, 2016) and Laboratory for Nuclear Physics is using two step method for calibration (I. Stojkovic et al, 2017).

European Union’s promotion of the use of sustainable and renewable resources requires use of at least 10 % of synthesized biodiesel in liquid fuels by the year 2020. This legislation has stimulated various types of petrodiesel and bio-based component blends production, and development of methods for exact, effective and reliable quantification of biodiesel content. The method for determination of the biogenic fraction in liquid fuels by direct measurement of the 14C activity concentration via liquid scintillation counting (LSC) technique was developed in few laboratories worldwide. It is based on different 14C signatures of the two components: the biogenic component reflects the modern atmospheric 14C activity, while no 14C is present in fossil fuels. The quantity of 14C in the fuel is the criterion for bio-fuel presence. A great variety of biogenic matrices in fuels results in a wide range of quenching properties of different fuel mixtures. The laboratories participating in this intercomparison study developed two different calibration techniques. The Ruđer Bošković Institute data evaluation method is based on calibration curves for purely biogenic and purely fossil liquids, and does not depend on the exact chemical composition of the organic liquid. The limits of the method are defined by the SQP of app. 690 below which the count rate of biogenic and fossil liquids become indistinguishable from one another. The University of Novi Sad data evaluation method is very dependent on the composition of the examined fuels, so the obtained results in this case were relatively good. Future investigation should also test whether this calibration method is suitable for some other fuel matrices, for example for various types of domestic oil used in everyday life. Testing advantages and limitations of the two methods will continue in the future.

This paper presents the results of the survey of groundwater samples from Vojvodina region, Serbia. By measuring the activity concentration of radioactive isotope tritium (half-life 12.32 years) the groundwater’s age could be estimated. Tritium is directly incorporated into the water molecule (H3HO), so it participates in the hydrological cycle and can be detected in groundwater. The presence of tritium in groundwater indicates recharge of aquifer by modern precipitation (i.e., recharge after 1952). Modern groundwater is renewable, as opposed to the older and fossil water, and in this sense it can be better utilized. On the other hand, modern groundwater is more vulnerable to contamination from the surface. It is important to know the approximate age of groundwater for better water resources planning and management. This study included 35 groundwater samples from deep wells and natural sources and 1 surface water sample from the lake, all collected in Vojvodina region from four different hydrogeological systems. In all collected samples stable isotopes δ2H and δ18O were measured in order to determine the origin of groundwater. For understanding and interpretation of the obtained results, geology and hydrogeology of researched area was taken into consideration. The main conclusion is that the groundwaters in Vojvodina region are mostly young (not older than 10 years) and that they are mostly supplied by precipitations. There is no direct connection between groundwater age and the corresponding hydrogeological system.

U radu su prikazani rezultati prvog dela istraživanja podzemnih voda sa teritorije AP Vojvodine. Merenjem koncentracije aktivnosti radioaktivnog izotopa tricijuma (period poluraspada 12.33 godina) može se odrediti starost mlađih voda. Postojanje 3H u podzemnim vodama ukazuje da se sistem prihranjivao sa vodama starim najviše 62 godine. Moguće je razlikovati podzemne vode koje su u toku poslednjih šezdesetak godina imale veze sa padavinama, od izdanskih voda koje nemaju tako brzu vodozamenu.Pored izmerene koncentracije aktivnosti tricijuma određivani su i stabilni izotopi δ2H i δ18O.

U radu su prikazani rezultati prvog dela istraživanja podzemnih voda sa teritorije AP Vojvodine. Merenjem koncentracije aktivnosti radioaktivnog izotopa tricijuma (period poluraspada 12.33 godina) može se odrediti starost mlađih voda. Postojanje 3H u podzemnim vodama ukazuje da se sistem prihranjivao sa vodama starim najviše 62 godine. Moguće je razlikovati podzemne vode koje su u toku poslednjih šezdesetak godina imale veze sa padavinama, od izdanskih voda koje nemaju tako brzu vodozamenu.Pored izmerene koncentracije aktivnosti tricijuma određivani su i stabilni izotopi δ2H i δ18O. This paper presents the results of the first part of the survey of groundwater from Vojvodina region. By measuring the activity concentration of the radioactive isotope tritium (half-life of 12.33 years) one can determine the age of young water. The presence of 3H in groundwater indicates that the system was supplied by waters that are more than 62 years old. It is possible to distinguish the subterranean waters influenced by precipitation in the last sixty years, aquifer waters that do not have such quick water exchange. Beside measured concentrations of tritium activity the ratio of stable isotopes δ2H and δ18O have been also determined.

This paper gives the results of research on the condition and needs for engines and tractors in agriculture, water management and forestry in Serbia. It was concluded that in agriculture around 408.000 of two-axle tractors, 190.000 of single-axle tractors and around 290.000 of moto tools are used, and they have all been used for more than 15 years. Annual needs for this machinery were also determined for a period from 2014 to 2020 and it includes 21.000 of two-axle tractors, 15.000 of single-axle tractors and 15.000 of moto tools, as well as 20.000 diesel engines. This way, revitalized industry could cover 80% of all requirements. . U radu su izloženi rezultati istraživanja u oblasti stanja i potreba za motorima i traktorima u poljoprivredi, vodoprivredi i šumarstvu Srbije. Utvrđeno je da poljoprivreda koristi oko 408 hiljada dvoosovinskih traktora, 190 hiljada jednoosovinskih i oko 290 hiljada motooruđa i prosečna starost preko 15 godina. Utvrđene su potrebe godišnje od 2014 do 2020 i to 21.000 dvoosovinskih traktora, 15.000 jednoosovinskih i 15.000 motooruđa kao i 20.000 dizel motora godišnje. Revitalizovana domaća industrija može da pokrije oko 80% svih potreba. .

The results of this research considered the influence of sub soiling and manure on penetrometer cone indexes were presented in this paper. Standard technology, employing plows for the basic soil tillage, was used in the production of soya bean. Four variants in to 3 repetition were implied during researching. In the first variant the soil was only plowed. In the second variant the soil subsoiled after winter barley harvesting and then plowed. In the third variant manure was spread out and then plowed and in the fourth variant the soil was subsoiled, manure was spread out and at the and soil was plowed. The same soil was subject of the two-year research, more exactly the same farming measures were applied two year continually. The cone index was measured by electronic penetrometer two times during vegetation, the first time after sowing, and the second after soya bean harvesting. The average cone index at the depth of 3.5 to 24.5 cm was used to determine the influence of subsoiler and manure. The lowest values of cone index were measured in variants where manure was spread out, which clearly indicates that the spreading the manure is an appropriate farming measure for the reduction of soil compaction. The influence of subsoiler has not lead to the significant changes in cone index relative to the first control variant for two years. Besides, after F-test ANOVA it was shown that there were not statistically significant differences at the significance threshold of 5% in neither of either variants. The largest yields were measured in variants in which livestock manure was spread out, more exactly in variants 3 and 4. In yield comparison to the control variant it was shown that in variant 2 where subsoiler was applied the yield was increased by 6.84%, in variant 3 where livestock manure was applied the yield was increased by 33.05%, and in the variant 4 where subsoiler and livestock manure were applied the yield was increased by 35.33%. U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja uticaja podrivanja i svinjskog stajnjaka na otpor prodiranja konusa penetrometra. Za proizvodnju soje primenjena je klasična tehnologija kod koje se osnovna obrada obavlja plugovima. Tokom ispitivanja obuhvaćene su četiri varijante u 3 ponavljanja. U prvoj varijanti zemljište je samo orano plugom. U drugoj varijanti zemljište je podriveno nakon ubiranja ozimog ječma, a zatim poorano. U trećoj varijanti po zemljištu rasturen je svinjski stajnjak, pa zatim zaoran i u četvrtoj varijanti zemljište je podriveno, rasturen je stajnjak, koji je potom isto zaoran. Isto zemljište je predmet dvogodišnjeg ispitivanja, odnosno iste mere primenjene su dve godine kontinualno. Otpor prodiranja konusa meren je elektronskim penetrometrom dva puta u toku vegetacije, prvi put nakon setve, a drugi put nakon ubiranja soje. Za analizu uticaja podrivanja i stajnjaka korišćen je otpor konusa na dubini od 3,5 do 24,5 cm. Najmanje vrednosti otpora konusa izmerene su u varijantama gde se primenio stajnjak, što jasno ukazuje da je unošenje stajnjaka prava agrotehnička mera za smanjenje sabijenosti zemljišta. Uticaj podrivanja i nakon dve godine primene nije doveo do značajnih promena u otporu konusa u odnosu na kontrolnu varijantu. Ipak, nakon statističke analiza pokazalo se da ni na jednoj varijanti nisu dobijene statistički značajne razlike u otporu konusa za prag značajnosti 0,05%. Najveći prinosi izmereni su isto kod varijanti gde se primenio stajnjak, odnosno na varijanti 3 i 4. Poređenjem prinosa soje vidi se da je kod varijante 2 sa podrivačem prinos povećan za 6,84%, kod varijante 3 gde je primenjen samo stajnjak povećan za 33,05%, a kod varijante 4 gde je primenjeno podrivanje i stajnjak za 35,33%.

This paper shows the results of analysis of soil compaction influence on sunflower yield on headland and inner part of a field, and chemical changes in soil. Soil compaction after sprouting was 67.70% greater on headland than in the inner part, while before harvesting, there was an increase of 13.44% in soil compaction. Large number of passages, which caused intensified soil compaction on headlands, poor conditions for the root system development, and poor microbiological activities led to yield reduction, which was 8.98% in total mass and 9.13% in dry grain mass. Chemical analysis of soil on headland and in the inner part of a field showed almost the same humus, nitrogen and other microelements concentration on headlands and in the inner part of a field. The total number of microorganisms is larger in the inner part of the field, while the number of actinomycetes is larger on headland. There are no significant differences in numbers of nitric bacteria and fungus. U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja uticaja sabijanja zemljišta na uvratinama i unutrašnjem delu parcele na prinos suncokreta, hemijske i biološke promene u zemljištu. Sabijenost zemljišta na uvratinama posle setve bila je za 67,70% veća u odnosu na unutrašnji deo, dok je povećanje sabijenosti zemljišta na uvratini pre ubiranja iznosilo 13,44%. Veliki broj prelaza doveo je do intenzivnijeg sabijanja zemljišta na uvratinama, uslovljavajući nepovoljne uslove za razvoj korenovog sistema i slabije mikrobiološke aktivnosti, radi čega smanjenje biološkog prinosa iznosi 8,98%, a mase suvog zrna 9,13%. Hemijska analiza sastava zemljišta na uvratini i unutrašnjem delu parcele pokazala je da je sadržaj humusa na uvratinama i u unutrašnjem delu pacele skoro isti, kao i sadržaj azota i ostalih makrohraniva. Ukupan broj mikrooganizama je veći u centralnom delu parcele, dok je broj aktinomiceta veći na uvratinama. Značajnije razlike u broju azotobaktera i broj gljivica ne postoje.

This paper shows the results of analysis of scientific farming measures influence on soil compaction, more exactly on cone resistance on headland and inner part of a field. Soil compaction before fertilizing was 57,27% greater on headland than in the inner part, while after harvesting, there was an increase of 50,97% in soil compaction. The results of research show that it is impossible to increase quality of land on one time period. More years are needed and using manure. U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja uticaja agrotehničkih mera na sabijenost zemljišta, odnosno otpor prodiranja konusa penetrometra na uvratini i unutrašnjem delu parcele. Sabijenost zemljišta na uvratinama pre prihrane bila je za 57,27% veća u odnosu na unutrašnji deo, dok je nakon ubiranja razlika bila manja i iznosi 50,97%. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da se ne može značajno uticati na smanjenje sabijanja zemljišta za jednu godinu. Za to je potrebno više godina i primena stajnjaka.

This paper shows the results of analysis of soil compaction influence on sunflower yield on headland and inner part of a field, chemical and biological changes in soil. During the 5 years investigation, soil compaction after sowing was 23.01% greater on headland than in the inner part, while before harvesting, there was an increase of 28.43% in soil compaction. Large number of passages, which caused intensified soil compaction on headlands, poor conditions for the root system development, and poor microbiological activities led to yield reduction, which was 33.57% in total mass and 35.25% in dry grain mass. Chemical analysis of soil on headland and in the inner part of a field showed higher humus concentration on headlands, due to poor microbiological activities. U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja uticaja sabijanja zemljišta na uvratinama i unutrašnjem delu parcele na prinos suncokreta, hemijske i biološke promene u zemljištu. Sabijenost zemljišta na uvratinama tokom 5 godina ispitivanja posle setve bila je za 23,01% veća u odnosu na unutrašnji deo, dok je povećanje sabijenosti zemljišta na uvratini pre ubiranja iznosilo 28,43%. Velik broj prelaza doveo je do intenzivnijeg sabijanja zemljišta na uvratinama, uslovljavajući nepovoljne uslove za razvoj korenovog sistema i slabije mikrobiološke aktivnosti, radi čega smanjenje biološkog prinosa iznosi 33,57%, a mase suvog zrna 35,25%. Hemijska analiza sastava zemljišta na uvratini i unutrašnjem delu parcele pokazala je da je veći sadržaj humusa na uvratinama nego u unutrašnjem delu pacele zbog slabije mikrobiološke aktivnosti.

This paper shows the results of analysis of soil compaction influence on sunflower yield on headland and inner part of a field, and chemical changes in soil. Soil compaction after sprouting was 67.70 % greater on headland than in the inner part, while before harvesting, there was an increase of 13.44 % in soil compaction. Large number of passages, which caused intensified soil compaction on headlands, poor conditions for the root system development, and poor microbiological activities led to yield reduction, which was 8.98% in total mass and 9.13% in dry grain mass. Chemical analysis of soil on headland and in the inner part of a field showed almost the same humus, nitrogen and other macroelements concentration on headlands and in the inner part of a field. U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja uticaja sabijanja zemljišta na uvratinama i unutrašnjem delu parcele na prinos suncokreta i hemijske promene u zemljištu. Sabijenost zemljišta na uvratinama posle setve bila je za 67,70 % veća u odnosu na unutrašnji deo, dok je povećanje sabijenosti zemljišta na uvratini pre ubiranja iznosilo 13,44 %. Veliki broj prelaza doveo je do intenzivnijeg sabijanja zemljišta na uvratinama, uslovljavajući nepovoljne uslove za razvoj korenovog sistema i slabije mikrobiološke aktivnosti, radi čega smanjenje biološkog prinosa iznosi 8,98 %, a mase suvog zrna 9,13 %. Hemijska analiza sastava zemljišta na uvratini i unutrašnjem delu parcele pokazala je da je sadržaj humusa na uvratinama i u unutrašnjem delu pacele skoro isti, kao i sadržaj azota i ostalih makrohraniva.

This paper shows the results of analysis of soil compaction influence on wheat yield, chemical and biological changes in a soil on headland and inner part of a field. During five years of investigation, soil compaction after sowing was 30.56% greater on headland than in the inner part, while before harvest, an increase in soil compaction was 37.65%. Large number of passages, which caused intensified soil compaction on headlands, poor conditions for the root system development, and poor microbiological activities led to yield reduction, which was 31.55% in biological yield and 26.39% in dry grain mass. Chemical analysis of soil on headland and in the inner part of a field showed higher humus concentration on headlands, due to poor microbiological activities. U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja uticaja sabijanja zemljišta na uvratinama i unutrašnjem delu parcele na prinos pšenice, hemijske i biološke promene u zemljištu. Sabijenost zemljišta na uvratinama tokom 5 godina ispitivanja posle setve bila je za 30.56% veća u odnosu na unutrašnji deo, dok je povećanje sabijenosti zemljišta na uvratini pre ubiranja iznosilo 37.65%. Velik broj prelaza doveo je do intenzivnijeg sabijanja zemljišta na uvratinama, uslovljavajući nepovoljne uslove za razvoj korenovog sistema i slabije mikrobiološke aktivnosti radi čega smanjenje biološkog prinosa iznosi 31.55%, a mase suvog zrna 26.39%. Hemijska analiza sastava zemljišta na uvratini i unutrašnjem delu parcele pokazala je da je veći sadržaj humusa na uvratinama nego u unutrašnjem delu parcele zbog slabije mikrobiološke aktivnosti.

The results of research of influence of tractor wheel on changes in soil and maize, sunflower, soybean and sugar beet yield were presented in this paper. The measurements were carried out during seeding and harvesting on headland and central part of parcels. The yield reducing on headland was established at wheat by 20.4%, maize by 30.96%, soybean by 6.99%, sunflower 30.67% and sugar beet by 30.97% in relation to central part of parcels. U radu su izloženi rezultati ispitivanja uticaja točka traktora na promene u zemljištu i prinos pšenice, kukuruza, suncokreta, soje i šećerne repe. Merenja su obavljena u vreme setve i ubiranja na uvratinama i na centralnom delu parcele. Utvrđeno je smanjenje prinosa na uvratinama kod pšenice za 20,4 %, kukuruza za 30,96 %, soje 6,99 %, suncokreta 30,67 % i kod šećerne repe za 30,97 % u odnosu na centralni deo parcele.

The results of research of analysis of influence of tractors and mobile systems on changing in soil were shown in this paper. There were established soil compaction. Afterwards, the results of research of soil compaction influence on carrying fertilizers out during growing wheat, maize, soybean and sunflower were given, through to measure quantity nutritious elements on headland and in inside of a field. U radu su prikazani rezultati analize uticaja traktora i mobilnih sistema na promene u zemljištu. Utvrđena je sabijenost zemljišta. Zatim, dati su rezultati istraživanja uticaja sabijenosti zemljišta na sadržaj hraniva u zemljištu tokom gajenja pšenice, kukuruza, suncokreta i soje, preko merenja količine hranjivih elemenata na uvratinama i centralnom delu parcele.

The aim of the study was to determine ulcer healing and relapse during 12 months after three therapeutic protocols used in three groups of patients (group 1 receiwed pantoprazole, grpup 2 received pantoprazole, amoxicillin, metronidazole, sucralfate, group 3 received amoxicilinm metronidazole and sucralfate)in duodenal ulcer patients. In conclusion, suppression of acid secretion alone allowed for successfull duodenal ulcer healing, but relapse of the disease depended on Hemocobacter pylori eradication.

Povećanje korišćenja energije u svetu,uslovilo je potrebu pronalaženja alternativnihizvora energije, koji će zadovoljiti osnovnekriterijume koji se ogledaju u obnovljivosti,ekološkoj prihvatljivosti i pouzdanostikorišćenja. Pri tome, alternativa podrazumevazamenu goriva bez promena u konstrukcijimotora. Biodizel je adekvatno rešenje jer jekompatibilan sa fosilnim gorivom, baziran naobnovljivim sirovinama, a istovremeno je iekološki prihvatljiviji od fosilnog goriva. Ciljistraživanja ove disertacije bio je da se ispitauticaj biodizela i različitih mešavina biodizelai evro dizela na performanse motora, vučnekarakteristike traktora i emisiju izduvnihgasova. Tokom istraživanja, izvršeno jenamešavanje biodizela, proizvedenog odsuncokretovog ulja, u fosilni dizel (evro dizelkvaliteta). Istraživanje uticaja biodizela,fosilnog dizela, kao i mešavina fosilnogdizela sa 7, 14, 20, 40, 60 i 80%v/v biodizela,na performanse motora, vučne karakteristikemotora i emisiju izduvnih gasova obavljeno jena traktoru John Deere 6820. Traktor jeopremljen šestocilindričnim motoromPowerTech 4V-CR snage 99 kW, prinominalnom broju obrtaja 2100 min-1 imaksimalnog obrtnog momenta 602 Nm pri1365 min-1. Motor pripada generaciji Stage II.Eksperimentalno istraživanje obavljeno je uskladu sa OECD test CODE 2. Rezultatiistraživnja performansi motora izmerenih ulaboratorijskim uslovima ukazuju dapovećanje sadržaja biodizela utiče nasmanjenje snage motora do 5.61% ipovećanje specifične potrošnje goriva do10.78%, što je manje u odnosu na očekivano.Primenom ED traktor je ostvario maksimalnusnagu od 90.45 kW, dok je primenom gorivaBD40, BD60, BD80 i BD100 utvrđenolinearno smanjenje maksimalne snage sapovećanjem učešća biodizela u mešavini.Primenom različitih vrsta goriva izmerena jemaksimalna snaga motora traktora koja jeniža 1.35, 2.59, 4.06 i 5.61% respektivno uodnosu na ED. Blago povećanje viskoznostifosilnog dizela dodavanjem do 20% biodizelapozitivno utiče na performanse motora(1.06%). Rezultati ispitivanja vučnihkarakteristika traktora ukazuju da seprimenom biodizela smanjuje vučna snaga do5.58%, a povećava specifična potrošnjagoriva do 11.95%. Povećanjem sadržajabiodizela smanjuje se emisija CO do 27.45%,emisija CO2 se blago povećava do 3.58% iemisija NOx raste do 10.14%., Increased energy use wordwide has created aneed to find alternative energy sources thatcan meet basic quality criteria such asrenewability, ecological acceptability andreliability of use. The alternative implies thepossibility of use of different fuel without anychanges made to the engine design.Compatibility of biodiesel with fossil fuelmakes it an adequate solution; its productionis based on renewable raw material and it isecologically more acceptable than fossil fuel.The aim of this dissertation was to investigatethe influence of biodiesel, and differentblends of biodiesel and eurodiesel on engineperformances, tractor traction characteristics,and exhaust gas emission. During theresearch, biodiesel made from sunflower oilwas blended with fossil diesel (euro dieselquality). John Deere 6820 tractor model wasused to analyze the effects of biodiesel, fossildiesel, and blends of fossil diesel with 7, 14,20, 40, 60 and 80%v/v of biodiesel on engineperformances, tractor traction characteristicsand exhaust gas emission. The tractor had asix cylinder engine PowerTech 4V-CR with99 kW power at 2100 min-1 optimal numberof rotations and maximum torque of 602 Nmat 1365 min-1. The engine belongs to theStage II category. The experiment wasconducted in compliance with OECD testCODE 2. The results of engine performancestested in laboratory showed that increasedshare of biodiesel in the blend reduced enginepower by up to 5.61% and increased specificfuel consumption up to 10.78%, which wasless than expected. By using ED, tractor hadmaximum power of 90.45 kW, and use ofBD40, BD60, BD80 and BD100 fuelsresulted in linear reduction of maximumpower with increased share of biodiesel in theblend. Maximum engine power measuredwith different types of fuel was lowercompared to ED by 1.35, 2.59, 4.06 and5.61%, respectively. Slight increase inviscosity of fossil diesel achieved by addingup to 20% of biodiesel had positive effects onengine performances (1.06%). The results oftested traction characteristics showed that theuse of biodiesel reduced traction by 5.58%,and increased specific fuel consumption byup to 11.95%. Increased biodiesel sharereduced the CO emission by 27.45%, CO2emission slightly increased by 3.58%, and theemission of NOx increased by 10.14%.

Povećanje korišćenja energije u svetu, uslovilo je potrebu pronalaženja alternativnih izvora energije, koji će zadovoljiti osnovne kriterijume koji se ogledaju u obnovljivosti, ekološkoj prihvatljivosti i pouzdanosti korišćenja. Pri tome, alternativa podrazumeva zamenu goriva bez promena u konstrukciji motora. Biodizel je adekvatno rešenje jer je kompatibilan sa fosilnim gorivom, baziran na obnovljivim sirovinama, a istovremeno je i ekološki prihvatljiviji od fosilnog goriva. Cilj istraživanja ove disertacije bio je da se ispita uticaj biodizela i različitih mešavina biodizela i evro dizela na performanse motora, vučne karakteristike traktora i emisiju izduvnih gasova. Tokom istraživanja, izvršeno je namešavanje biodizela, proizvedenog od suncokretovog ulja, u fosilni dizel (evro dizel kvaliteta). Istraživanje uticaja biodizela, fosilnog dizela, kao i mešavina fosilnog dizela sa 7, 14, 20, 40, 60 i 80%v/v biodizela, na performanse motora, vučne karakteristike motora i emisiju izduvnih gasova obavljeno je na traktoru John Deere 6820. Traktor je opremljen šestocilindričnim motorom PowerTech 4V-CR snage 99 kW, pri nominalnom broju obrtaja 2100 min-1 i maksimalnog obrtnog momenta 602 Nm pri 1365 min-1. Motor pripada generaciji Stage II. Eksperimentalno istraživanje obavljeno je u skladu sa OECD test CODE 2. Rezultati istraživnja performansi motora izmerenih u laboratorijskim uslovima ukazuju da povećanje sadržaja biodizela utiče na smanjenje snage motora do 5.61% i povećanje specifične potrošnje goriva do 10.78%, što je manje u odnosu na očekivano. Primenom ED traktor je ostvario maksimalnu snagu od 90.45 kW, dok je primenom goriva BD40, BD60, BD80 i BD100 utvrđeno linearno smanjenje maksimalne snage sa povećanjem učešća biodizela u mešavini. Primenom različitih vrsta goriva izmerena je maksimalna snaga motora traktora koja je niža 1.35, 2.59, 4.06 i 5.61% respektivno u odnosu na ED. Blago povećanje viskoznosti fosilnog dizela dodavanjem do 20% biodizela pozitivno utiče na performanse motora (1.06%). Rezultati ispitivanja vučnih karakteristika traktora ukazuju da se primenom biodizela smanjuje vučna snaga do 5.58%, a povećava specifična potrošnja goriva do 11.95%. Povećanjem sadržaja biodizela smanjuje se emisija CO do 27.45%, emisija CO2 se blago povećava do 3.58% i emisija NOx raste do 10.14%. Increased energy use wordwide has created a need to find alternative energy sources that can meet basic quality criteria such as renewability, ecological acceptability and reliability of use. The alternative implies the possibility of use of different fuel without any changes made to the engine design. Compatibility of biodiesel with fossil fuel makes it an adequate solution; its production is based on renewable raw material and it is ecologically more acceptable than fossil fuel. The aim of this dissertation was to investigate the influence of biodiesel, and different blends of biodiesel and eurodiesel on engine performances, tractor traction characteristics, and exhaust gas emission. During the research, biodiesel made from sunflower oil was blended with fossil diesel (euro diesel quality). John Deere 6820 tractor model was used to analyze the effects of biodiesel, fossil diesel, and blends of fossil diesel with 7, 14, 20, 40, 60 and 80%v/v of biodiesel on engine performances, tractor traction characteristics and exhaust gas emission. The tractor had a six cylinder engine PowerTech 4V-CR with 99 kW power at 2100 min-1 optimal number of rotations and maximum torque of 602 Nm at 1365 min-1. The engine belongs to the Stage II category. The experiment was conducted in compliance with OECD test CODE 2. The results of engine performances tested in laboratory showed that increased share of biodiesel in the blend reduced engine power by up to 5.61% and increased specific fuel consumption up to 10.78%, which was less than expected. By using ED, tractor had maximum power of 90.45 kW, and use of BD40, BD60, BD80 and BD100 fuels resulted in linear reduction of maximum power with increased share of biodiesel in the blend. Maximum engine power measured with different types of fuel was lower compared to ED by 1.35, 2.59, 4.06 and 5.61%, respectively. Slight increase in viscosity of fossil diesel achieved by adding up to 20% of biodiesel had positive effects on engine performances (1.06%). The results of tested traction characteristics showed that the use of biodiesel reduced traction by 5.58%, and increased specific fuel consumption by up to 11.95%. Increased biodiesel share reduced the CO emission by 27.45%, CO2 emission slightly increased by 3.58%, and the emission of NOx increased by 10.14%.

Tekovine savremene biljne proizvodnje dovele su do tzv. „osiromašenja i fizičkog zagađenja“ zemljišta što se manifestuje stalnim smanjivanjem njegove plodnosti. U istoj meri primetan je porast ukupnog i specifičnog mehaničkog otpora obrade zemljišta što se odražava na veći utoršak energije i niži kvalitet obrade. Jedini način da se poveća ukupna poljska produktivnost na ekološki održiv način, u uslovima ograničenih prirodnih resursa, je maksimiziranje efikasnosti primene određene agrotehničke mere. Iskorak u odnosu na konvencionalnu proizvodnju je svakako proizvodnja po principima precizne poljoprivrede. Preduslov za kvalitetnu primenu precizne poljoprivrede je prethodno utvrđen pouzdan sistem prikupljanja velikog broja prostorno orjentisanih podataka u polju. Merenjem otpora obrade zemljišta uz prostorno lociranje svakog dobijenog podataka, može se unaprediti i pojednostaviti proces prikupljanja poljskih informacija za potrebe naučnih istraživanja ili pak precizne poljoprivrede. Ukoliko se uspešno definišu modeli zavisnosti otpora obrade od osobina zemljišta, broj potrebnih uzoraka se može značajno smanjiti.U ovoj disertaciji prikazan je proces razvoja originalnog mernog sistema koji je nedvosmisleno pokazuju da je kao krajnji ishod dobijeno novo, potpuno originalno i funkcionalno rešenje mernog uređaja, odnosno sistema kao celine. To znači da je sistem svojim karakteristikama postigao unapred postavljene ciljeve koji se odnose na lako rukovanje, robusnost, visoku tačnost merenja, mobilnost, univerzalnost primene za različite mašine i primenjivost za potrebe precizne poljoprivredne proizodnje. S obzirom na to da su tokom eksploatacije uočeni određeni nedostaci, date su preporuke u kom pravcu bi trebalo da se kreće dalje usavršavanje postojećeg rešenja ili tokom izrade novih.namenjen za merenje otpora vuče (otpor obrade) u toku operacije obrade zemljišta sa mašinama II ili III kategorije uz geografsko lociranje svakog merenja. Razvoj sistema tekao je u sledećim fazama. Prvo je osmišljen, dizajniran i izrađen mehanički ram koji je potom opremljen dinamometrima i akvizicijskom opremom visoke tačnosti. Merni sistem bio je podvrgnut višestrukom testiranju u laboratoriji i polju. Laboratorijskim testiranjem dobijena je merna karakteristika, tj. obavljena je kalibracija mernog rama. Poljski testovi su sprovedeni kako bi se utvrdila funkcionalnost i pouzdanost mehaničke konstrukcije sa aspekta prikopčavanja, nošenja i rada sa različitim mašinama. Takođe, proveravana je verodostojnost podataka o otporima vuče poređenjem sa modelima predviđanja definisanim prema važećim standardima. Sprovedena su komparativna ispitivanja različitih mašina u različitim zemljišnim uslovima kako bi se dokazalo da je sistem sposoban da te različitosti izmeri. Vrhunac u razvojnom procesu je bilo poljsko merenje otpora vuče i fizičkih parametara zemljišta uz primenu GPS tehnologije pozicioniranja i GIS tehnologije geostatističke analize za svrhu kartiranja.Rezultati dobijeni tokom višegodišnjeg razvojnog procesa koji je podrazumevao veliki broj testiranja, Achievements of modern crop production have led to the "impoverishment and physical contamination" of soil which are manifested by the constant decrease in soil fertility. Likewise, there is an evident increase in total and specific soil mechanical resistance of tillage which are reflected in higher energy consumption and lower quality of tillage. The only way to increase the total soil crop productivity in an environmentally sustainable way, is to maximize the effectiveness of production practices. Crop production by the principles of the Precision agriculture is a breakthrough compared to conventional production. Prior to application of Precision agriculture it is necessary to establish a reliable system for collecting a large number of spatially oriented data in the field. Measuring the soil tillage resistance with each obtained data spatially located, we can improve and simplify the process of collecting field information for the purposes of scientific research or Precision agriculture. If the model is successfully defined, based on depending on the resistance and characteristics of soil, the number of required samples can be significantly reduced.In this thesis the development process of the original measurement system intended to measure the soil tillage resistance (resistance to treatment) during tillage operation with machines II or III category with the geographic location of each measurement is presented. The system was developed in the following stages. At first, mechanical frame was designed and built and after that it was equipped by dynamometers and acquisition equipment of high accuracy. The measuring system was subject of multiple testing in the laboratory and field. The result of laboratory tests is calibration characteristic of measuring system. Field tests were conducted to determine the functionality and reliability of mechanical constructions from the aspect of reconnecting, carrying and working with different machines. Also, validity of the measured draft resistance data was checked comparing it with the models which can predict the resistence according to the valid standards. Comparative studies involving the various machines and different soil conditions were also carried out. The final part of the development process is measuring the soil resistence and soil physical parameters using the GPS positioning technology and GIS geostatistical analysis technology for the purpose of mapping.The results obtained during the years of the development process which included a large number of tests clearly show that the obtained a new, completely original and functional solutionmeasuring device as well as the whole system. System characteristics achieved pre-set goals such as ease handling, robustness, high accuracy measurements, mobility, universatility of application for the various machines and applicability for precision agricultural production. During exploatation, some minor failures have been identified, and therefore proper recommendations have been given in order to improve present device.

Tekovine savremene biljne proizvodnje dovele su do tzv. „osiromašenja i fizičkog zagađenja“ zemljišta što se manifestuje stalnim smanjivanjem njegove plodnosti. U istoj meri primetan je porast ukupnog i specifičnog mehaničkog otpora obrade zemljišta što se odražava na veći utoršak energije i niži kvalitet obrade. Jedini način da se poveća ukupna poljska produktivnost na ekološki održiv način, u uslovima ograničenih prirodnih resursa, je maksimiziranje efikasnosti primene određene agrotehničke mere. Iskorak u odnosu na konvencionalnu proizvodnju je svakako proizvodnja po principima precizne poljoprivrede. Preduslov za kvalitetnu primenu precizne poljoprivrede je prethodno utvrđen pouzdan sistem prikupljanja velikog broja prostorno orjentisanih podataka u polju. Merenjem otpora obrade zemljišta uz prostorno lociranje svakog dobijenog podataka, može se unaprediti i pojednostaviti proces prikupljanja poljskih informacija za potrebe naučnih istraživanja ili pak precizne poljoprivrede. Ukoliko se uspešno definišu modeli zavisnosti otpora obrade od osobina zemljišta, broj potrebnih uzoraka se može značajno smanjiti. U ovoj disertaciji prikazan je proces razvoja originalnog mernog sistema koji je nedvosmisleno pokazuju da je kao krajnji ishod dobijeno novo, potpuno originalno i funkcionalno rešenje mernog uređaja, odnosno sistema kao celine. To znači da je sistem svojim karakteristikama postigao unapred postavljene ciljeve koji se odnose na lako rukovanje, robusnost, visoku tačnost merenja, mobilnost, univerzalnost primene za različite mašine i primenjivost za potrebe precizne poljoprivredne proizodnje. S obzirom na to da su tokom eksploatacije uočeni određeni nedostaci, date su preporuke u kom pravcu bi trebalo da se kreće dalje usavršavanje postojećeg rešenja ili tokom izrade novih.namenjen za merenje otpora vuče (otpor obrade) u toku operacije obrade zemljišta sa mašinama II ili III kategorije uz geografsko lociranje svakog merenja. Razvoj sistema tekao je u sledećim fazama. Prvo je osmišljen, dizajniran i izrađen mehanički ram koji je potom opremljen dinamometrima i akvizicijskom opremom visoke tačnosti. Merni sistem bio je podvrgnut višestrukom testiranju u laboratoriji i polju. Laboratorijskim testiranjem dobijena je merna karakteristika, tj. obavljena je kalibracija mernog rama. Poljski testovi su sprovedeni kako bi se utvrdila funkcionalnost i pouzdanost mehaničke konstrukcije sa aspekta prikopčavanja, nošenja i rada sa različitim mašinama. Takođe, proveravana je verodostojnost podataka o otporima vuče poređenjem sa modelima predviđanja definisanim prema važećim standardima. Sprovedena su komparativna ispitivanja različitih mašina u različitim zemljišnim uslovima kako bi se dokazalo da je sistem sposoban da te različitosti izmeri. Vrhunac u razvojnom procesu je bilo poljsko merenje otpora vuče i fizičkih parametara zemljišta uz primenu GPS tehnologije pozicioniranja i GIS tehnologije geostatističke analize za svrhu kartiranja. Rezultati dobijeni tokom višegodišnjeg razvojnog procesa koji je podrazumevao veliki broj testiranja Achievements of modern crop production have led to the "impoverishment and physical contamination" of soil which are manifested by the constant decrease in soil fertility. Likewise, there is an evident increase in total and specific soil mechanical resistance of tillage which are reflected in higher energy consumption and lower quality of tillage. The only way to increase the total soil crop productivity in an environmentally sustainable way, is to maximize the effectiveness of production practices. Crop production by the principles of the Precision agriculture is a breakthrough compared to conventional production. Prior to application of Precision agriculture it is necessary to establish a reliable system for collecting a large number of spatially oriented data in the field. Measuring the soil tillage resistance with each obtained data spatially located, we can improve and simplify the process of collecting field information for the purposes of scientific research or Precision agriculture. If the model is successfully defined, based on depending on the resistance and characteristics of soil, the number of required samples can be significantly reduced. In this thesis the development process of the original measurement system intended to measure the soil tillage resistance (resistance to treatment) during tillage operation with machines II or III category with the geographic location of each measurement is presented. The system was developed in the following stages. At first, mechanical frame was designed and built and after that it was equipped by dynamometers and acquisition equipment of high accuracy. The measuring system was subject of multiple testing in the laboratory and field. The result of laboratory tests is calibration characteristic of measuring system. Field tests were conducted to determine the functionality and reliability of mechanical constructions from the aspect of reconnecting, carrying and working with different machines. Also, validity of the measured draft resistance data was checked comparing it with the models which can predict the resistence according to the valid standards. Comparative studies involving the various machines and different soil conditions were also carried out. The final part of the development process is measuring the soil resistence and soil physical parameters using the GPS positioning technology and GIS geostatistical analysis technology for the purpose of mapping.The results obtained during the years of the development process which included a large number of tests clearly show that the obtained a new, completely original and functional solutionmeasuring device as well as the whole system. System characteristics achieved pre-set goals such as ease handling, robustness, high accuracy measurements, mobility, universatility of application for the various machines and applicability for precision agricultural production. During exploatation, some minor failures have been identified, and therefore proper recommendations have been given in order to improve present device.