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Nanocomposite materials may be considered as a low-risk application of nanotechnology, if the nanofillers remain embedded throughout the life-cycle of the products in which they are embedded. We hypothesize that release of free CNTs occurs by a combination of mechanical stress and chemical degradation of the polymer matrix. We experimentally address limiting cases: Mechanically released fragments may show tubular protrusions on their surface. Here we identify these protrusions unambiguously as naked CNTs by chemically resolved microscopy and a suitable preparation protocol. By size-selective quantification of fragments we establish as a lower limit that at least 95 % of the CNTs remain embedded. Contrary to classical fiber composite approaches, we link this phenomenon to matrix materials with only a few percent elongation at break, predicting which materials should still cover their CNT nanofillers after machining. Protruding networks of CNTs remain after photochemical degradation of the matrix, and we show that it takes the worst case combinations of weathering plus high-shear wear to release free CNTs in the order of mg/m 2/year. Synergy of chemical degradation and mechanical energy input is identified as the priority scenario of CNT release, but its lab simulation by combined methods is still far from real-world validation.

Derivati fulerena C60, zahvaljujući svojim jedinstvenim fizičkohemijskim i elektronskim svojstvima, koja proističu iz visoko konjugovanog π-sistema, čine zanimljive gradivne elemente u sintezama složenijih ciljnih molekula. Različitim derivatizacijama hidrofobne ugljenične sfere dobija se niz proizvoda primenljivih u hemiji materijala, supramolekulskoj i medicinskoj hemiji. Imajući u vidu povećanje rastvorljivosti, kao i promenu stereoelektronskih osobina sa povećenjem broja adenada na fulerenskom jezgru, korisna je svaka metoda višestruke derivatizacije fulerena koja se odigrava pod kontrolisanim uslovima. Prato-va reakcija jedan je od najzastupljenijih vidova kovalentne modifikacije fulerena. U njoj nastaju fuleropirolidini, proizvodi jasno definisane strukture i česti intermedijeri u složenim hemijskim tranformacijama fulerena. Ozbiljno ograničenje ove reakcije predstavlja lako i neselektivno građenje bis- i tris-pirolidinskih adukata, koji značajno umanjuju prinose i čistoću monoadukata. S druge strane, bisadukti su se pokazali korisnima u nekim sferama medicinske hemije i elektrohemije. Regioselektivno dobijanje bisadukata fulerena upotrebom posebno dizajniranih premošćenih supstrata bio je predmet interesovanja nekolicine istraživačkih grupa u proteklom periodu. U toku ovog rada sintetisan je niz alkil-premošćenih diglicina, u cilju dobijanja premošćenih bis-pirolidinskih adukata fulerena u reakciji dvostruke Prato-ve cikloadicije. U prvom delu rada, na supstratu premošćenom oktametilenskim nizom, optimizovani su reakcioni uslovi za dobijanje bisadukata. Optimalnim reakcionim uslovima podvrgnuti su i ostali supstrati, premošćeni alkil-nizovima dužine od 6 do 12 C-atoma i utvrđena je zavisnost regioselektivnosti od dužine niza. Istim reakcionim uslovima podvrgnuta su i dva supstrata koji sadrže dve, odnosno tri etarske podstrukture u mostu i ispitan je uticaj kiseonikovih atoma u linkeru na selektivnost reakcije... Due to their unique physicochemical and electronic properties, emerging from highly conjugated π-system, derivatives of the fullerene C60 are interesting building blocks in the synthesis of the more complex target molecules. Diverse derivatizations of hydrophobic carbone sphere provide a wide range of products for the use in matherial, supramolecular and medicinal chemistry. Since the increase of the number of addends on the carbon core improves the solubility and varies the stereoelectronic properties, each method of the controlable multiple derivatization of fullerenes is highly useful. Prato's reaction is one of the most common methodes for the covalent modification of fullerenes. The fulleropyrrolidines, products with well defined structures, are frequently used as intermediers in further chemical transformations of fullerenes. This reaction is limited with the easy and unselective formation of bis- and tris(pyrrolidino) adducts and, hence, decrease of the yields and the purity of monoadducts. On the other hand, bisadducts are very useful in some aspects of the medicinal and electrochemistry. During the recent period, the regioselective synthesis of the fullerene bisadducts via templated supstrates has been the topic of interest of several researcher groups. In this work, a series of alkyl-tethered diglycines were synthesized and underwent the Prato's biscycloaddition conditions in aim to obtain templated bis(pyrrolidino)fullerenes. The first part of the work refers to the optimization of the biscycloaddition conditions on the octamethylene-tethered substrate. Other diglycines, wearing from C6 to C12 alkyl-linkers, were subjected to this optimal reaction conditions and the correlation between the distribution of the regioisomers and the lenght of the linker is determined. Another two diglycines, wearing two and three oxygen atoms in the tether, underwent the same reaction conditions in aim to investigate the influence of the etheric subunits on the selectivity of the reaction...

Derivati fulerena C60, zahvaljujući svojim jedinstvenim fizičkohemijskim ielektronskim svojstvima, koja proističu iz visoko konjugovanog π-sistema, činezanimljive gradivne elemente u sintezama složenijih ciljnih molekula. Različitimderivatizacijama hidrofobne ugljenične sfere dobija se niz proizvoda primenljivih uhemiji materijala, supramolekulskoj i medicinskoj hemiji. Imajući u vidu povećanjerastvorljivosti, kao i promenu stereoelektronskih osobina sa povećenjem broja adenadana fulerenskom jezgru, korisna je svaka metoda višestruke derivatizacije fulerena kojase odigrava pod kontrolisanim uslovima.Prato-va reakcija jedan je od najzastupljenijih vidova kovalentne modifikacijefulerena. U njoj nastaju fuleropirolidini, proizvodi jasno definisane strukture i čestiintermedijeri u složenim hemijskim tranformacijama fulerena. Ozbiljno ograničenje overeakcije predstavlja lako i neselektivno građenje bis- i tris-pirolidinskih adukata, kojiznačajno umanjuju prinose i čistoću monoadukata. S druge strane, bisadukti su sepokazali korisnima u nekim sferama medicinske hemije i elektrohemije.Regioselektivno dobijanje bisadukata fulerena upotrebom posebno dizajniranihpremošćenih supstrata bio je predmet interesovanja nekolicine istraživačkih grupa uproteklom periodu.U toku ovog rada sintetisan je niz alkil-premošćenih diglicina, u cilju dobijanjapremošćenih bis-pirolidinskih adukata fulerena u reakciji dvostruke Prato-vecikloadicije. U prvom delu rada, na supstratu premošćenom oktametilenskim nizom,optimizovani su reakcioni uslovi za dobijanje bisadukata. Optimalnim reakcionimuslovima podvrgnuti su i ostali supstrati, premošćeni alkil-nizovima dužine od 6 do 12C-atoma i utvrđena je zavisnost regioselektivnosti od dužine niza. Istim reakcionimuslovima podvrgnuta su i dva supstrata koji sadrže dve, odnosno tri etarske podstruktureu mostu i ispitan je uticaj kiseonikovih atoma u linkeru na selektivnost reakcije... Due to their unique physicochemical and electronic properties, emerging fromhighly conjugated π-system, derivatives of the fullerene C60 are interesting buildingblocks in the synthesis of the more complex target molecules. Diverse derivatizationsof hydrophobic carbone sphere provide a wide range of products for the use inmatherial, supramolecular and medicinal chemistry. Since the increase of the numberof addends on the carbon core improves the solubility and varies the stereoelectronicproperties, each method of the controlable multiple derivatization of fullerenes ishighly useful.Prato's reaction is one of the most common methodes for the covalentmodification of fullerenes. The fulleropyrrolidines, products with well definedstructures, are frequently used as intermediers in further chemical transformations offullerenes. This reaction is limited with the easy and unselective formation of bis- andtris(pyrrolidino) adducts and, hence, decrease of the yields and the purity ofmonoadducts. On the other hand, bisadducts are very useful in some aspects of themedicinal and electrochemistry. During the recent period, the regioselective synthesisof the fullerene bisadducts via templated supstrates has been the topic of interest ofseveral researcher groups.In this work, a series of alkyl-tethered diglycines were synthesized andunderwent the Prato's biscycloaddition conditions in aim to obtain templatedbis(pyrrolidino)fullerenes. The first part of the work refers to the optimization of thebiscycloaddition conditions on the octamethylene-tethered substrate. Other diglycines,wearing from C6 to C12 alkyl-linkers, were subjected to this optimal reactionconditions and the correlation between the distribution of the regioisomers and thelenght of the linker is determined. Another two diglycines, wearing two and threeoxygen atoms in the tether, underwent the same reaction conditions in aim toinvestigate the influence of the etheric subunits on the selectivity of the reaction...