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Alcohol drinking is an important health-related problem and one of the major risk factors for a wide array of non-communicable diseases, while there is a lack of studies investigating environmentspecific associations between sports participation and alcohol drinking in adolescence. This study prospectively investigated the relationship between sports factors (i.e., participation in sports and competitive achievement), with the prevalence of harmful alcohol drinking (HD), and HD initiation in 14-to- 16 years old adolescents from Bosnia and Herzegovina (n = 641, 337 females, 43% living in rural community). Participants were tested over 4- time points divided by approximately 6 months, from the beginning of high school to the end of the second grade. Variables included gender, factors related to sport participation, a community of residence (urban or rural), and outcome: alcohol consumption was assessed by the AUDIT questionnaire. Results evidenced that the prevalence of HD increased over the study period from 6 to 19%, with no significant differences between urban and rural youth. Logistic regression for HD as criterion evidenced adolescents who participated in sports and then quit as being at particular risk for drinking alcohol at the study baseline. Sports factors were not correlated with HD initiation in the period between 14 and 16 years of age. It seems that the problem of alcohol drinking should be preventively targeted in all youth, irrespective of living environment. Although sports participation was not evidenced as being a factor of influence on HD initiation, results highlight the necessity of developing targeted preventive campaigns against alcohol drinking for adolescents who quit sports.

Ispitivanja primene vodonika u kliničkim uslovima su prilično nova, međutim efikasnost molekularnog vodonika u dosadašnjim kliničkim ispitivanjima je evidentna. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ispita uticaj suplementacije sa vodom obogaćenom molekularnim vodonikom (HRW) na bazalne vrednosti parametara oksidativnog stresa kod vrhunskih džudista. Eksperimentalni tretman odvijao se u dve faze. U prvoj fazi ispitanici eksperimentalne grupe (N=6) su bili suplementirani sa HRW (4g) u trajanju od 28 dana, dok je kontrolna grupa (N=6) koristila placebo. Nakon suplementacije ispitanici su imali „Washout“ period u trajanju od 28 dana, a zatim je ponovljen identičan protokol na ispitanicima u trajanju od 28 dana. U drugoj fazi eksperimentalnog tretmana ispitivani su akutni efekti suplementacije molekularnim vodonikom na acido baznu ravnotežu vrhunskih džudiskinja. U ovoj fazi studije ispitanice eksperimentalne grupe (N=4) su suplementirane sa HRW (4g) , dok je kontrolna grupa (N=4) koristila placebo. Nakon suplementacije ispitanice su imale „Washout“ period u trajanju od 4 dana, a zatim je ponovljen identičan protokol na ispitanicama pri čemu su ispitanice eksperimentalne grupe (N=4) koristile placebo, dok je kontrolna grupa (N=4) suplementirana sa HRW. Rezultati ispitivanja aktivnosti antioksidativnih enzima kod Placebo i HRW grupe ukazuju na pojavu statistički značajnih razlika u antioksidativnom statusu kod vrhunskih džudista. Odgovor organizma usled unosa HRW ogleda se u povećanju aktivnosti enzima SOD i sadržaja GSH usled sprovođenja programirane fizičke aktivnosti. Takođe, trend opadanja sadržaja MDA u HRW grupi je bio detektabilan. Primena HRW nije izazvala statistički značajne promene u biohemijsko hematološkim parametrima. Akutni efekti suplementacije sa HRW uticali su statistički značajno na redukciju akumulacije laktata kao i na povećanje pH krvi nakon primene specifičnog džudo fitnes testa (SJFT) kod vrhunskih džudistkinja. Ipak, primena suplementa nije značajno uticala na poboljšanje performansi džudistkinja. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na ergogenu antioksidantnu moć molekularnog vodonika, pri čemu su dalja istraživanja neophodna kako bi se podesili uslovi u kojima bi molekularni vodonik ispoljio svoje maksimalno delovanje i u sportu. Research of hydrogen application are quite new in clinical conditions, however the efficiency of molecular hydrogen in previous clinical studies is evident. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementation with hydrogen rich water (HRW) on baseline oxidative stress parameters in elite male judokas. Experimental treatment was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, experimental group (N=6) were supplemented daily with HRW (4g) for 28 days, while the control group (N=6) was used placebo. After supplementation intake all subjects had "washout" period for 28 days, after which the same protocol was repeated for a period of 28 days. In the second stage of experimental treatment, acute effects of supplementation with molecular hydrogen on acid base balance of elite female judokas were examined. In this phase of the study, subjects from experimental group (N=4) were supplemented daily with HRW (4g), while the control group (N=4) used placebo. After supplementation all subjects had a "washout" period for a 4 days, after which the same protocol was repeated wherein the members of the experimental group (N=4) used placebo, while the control group (N=4) was supplemented daily with HRW. The results of analyzed antioxidant enzymes activity in placebo and HRW group indicated on the occurrence of statistically significant differences in antioxidant status of elite judo athletes. Obtained results indicate that response of the body due to intake HRW is reflected in increasing levels of SOD and GSH due to the implementation of programmed physical activity. Also, trend of MDA decreasing in HRW group was detectable. In addition, application of HRW did not cause negative changes in the biochemical and hematological parameters. Acute effects of supplementation were affected to a statistically significant reduction in lactate accumulation and pH increase after applied special judo fitness test (SJFT) on the top judoka. However, use of supplements had no significant effect on improving performance in elite judokas. Obtained results confirm ergogenic antioxidant power of molecular hydrogen, wherein further studies are necessary in order to adjust the conditions in which molecular hydrogen will exerted its maximum in sport.

Ispitivanja primene vodonika u kliničkim uslovima su prilično nova, međutim efikasnostmolekularnog vodonika u dosadašnjim kliničkim ispitivanjima je evidentna. Cilj ovogistraživanja bio je da se ispita uticaj suplementacije sa vodom obogaćenom molekularnimvodonikom (HRW) na bazalne vrednosti parametara oksidativnog stresa kod vrhunskihdžudista. Eksperimentalni tretman odvijao se u dve faze. U prvoj fazi ispitanicieksperimentalne grupe (N=6) su bili suplementirani sa HRW (4g) u trajanju od 28 dana,dok je kontrolna grupa (N=6) koristila placebo. Nakon suplementacije ispitanici su imali„Washout“ period u trajanju od 28 dana, a zatim je ponovljen identičan protokol naispitanicima u trajanju od 28 dana. U drugoj fazi eksperimentalnog tretmana ispitivani suakutni efekti suplementacije molekularnim vodonikom na acido baznu ravnotežuvrhunskih džudiskinja. U ovoj fazi studije ispitanice eksperimentalne grupe (N=4) susuplementirane sa HRW (4g) , dok je kontrolna grupa (N=4) koristila placebo. Nakonsuplementacije ispitanice su imale „Washout“ period u trajanju od 4 dana, a zatim jeponovljen identičan protokol na ispitanicama pri čemu su ispitanice eksperimentalnegrupe (N=4) koristile placebo, dok je kontrolna grupa (N=4) suplementirana sa HRW.Rezultati ispitivanja aktivnosti antioksidativnih enzima kod Placebo i HRW grupeukazuju na pojavu statistički značajnih razlika u antioksidativnom statusu kod vrhunskihdžudista. Odgovor organizma usled unosa HRW ogleda se u povećanju aktivnosti enzimaSOD i sadržaja GSH usled sprovođenja programirane fizičke aktivnosti. Takođe, trendopadanja sadržaja MDA u HRW grupi je bio detektabilan. Primena HRW nije izazvalastatistički značajne promene u biohemijsko hematološkim parametrima. Akutni efektisuplementacije sa HRW uticali su statistički značajno na redukciju akumulacije laktatakao i na povećanje pH krvi nakon primene specifičnog džudo fitnes testa (SJFT) kodvrhunskih džudistkinja. Ipak, primena suplementa nije značajno uticala na poboljšanjeperformansi džudistkinja. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na ergogenu antioksidantnu moćmolekularnog vodonika, pri čemu su dalja istraživanja neophodna kako bi se podesiliuslovi u kojima bi molekularni vodonik ispoljio svoje maksimalno delovanje i u sportu., Research of hydrogen application are quite new in clinical conditions, however theefficiency of molecular hydrogen in previous clinical studies is evident. The aim of thisstudy was to investigate the effect of supplementation with hydrogen rich water (HRW)on baseline oxidative stress parameters in elite male judokas. Experimental treatment wascarried out in two phases. In the first phase, experimental group (N=6) weresupplemented daily with HRW (4g) for 28 days, while the control group (N=6) was usedplacebo. After supplementation intake all subjects had "washout" period for 28 days, afterwhich the same protocol was repeated for a period of 28 days. In the second stage ofexperimental treatment, acute effects of supplementation with molecular hydrogen onacid base balance of elite female judokas were examined. In this phase of the study,subjects from experimental group (N=4) were supplemented daily with HRW (4g), whilethe control group (N=4) used placebo. After supplementation all subjects had a"washout" period for a 4 days, after which the same protocol was repeated wherein themembers of the experimental group (N=4) used placebo, while the control group (N=4)was supplemented daily with HRW. The results of analyzed antioxidant enzymes activityin placebo and HRW group indicated on the occurrence of statistically significantdifferences in antioxidant status of elite judo athletes. Obtained results indicate thatresponse of the body due to intake HRW is reflected in increasing levels of SOD andGSH due to the implementation of programmed physical activity. Also, trend of MDAdecreasing in HRW group was detectable. In addition, application of HRW did not causenegative changes in the biochemical and hematological parameters. Acute effects ofsupplementation were affected to a statistically significant reduction in lactateaccumulation and pH increase after applied special judo fitness test (SJFT) on the topjudoka. However, use of supplements had no significant effect on improving performancein elite judokas. Obtained results confirm ergogenic antioxidant power of molecularhydrogen, wherein further studies are necessary in order to adjust the conditions in whichmolecular hydrogen will exerted its maximum in sport.

Primena biomarkera ćelijske energetike, uključujući indikatore metabolizma kreatina u krvi, je relativno novijeg datuma, gde se ovi indikatori koriste kao mogući pokazatelji stanja organizma pri maksimalno intenzivnim fizičkim aktivnostima. Cilj istraživanja je obuhvatao utvrđivanje efekata pojedinačnih epizoda aerobnog i anaerobnog vežbanja maksimalnog intenziteta na biomarkere perifernog zamora i ćelijske bioenergetike kod mladih muškaraca i žena. Istraživanje je dizajnirano tako da obuhvati populaciju fizički aktivnih muškaraca i žena, kao i populaciju aktivnih sportista. U prvom eksperimentalnom tretmanu fizički aktivni ispitanici muškog (n =12) i ženskog pola (n = 11) podvrgnuti su test protokolima aerobnog i anaerobnog opterećenja maksimalnog intenzivnog i kratkog trajanja. Tokom aerobnog test protokola ispitanici su trčali do maksimalnog voljnog otkaza na tredmil traci sa progresivnim povećanjem opterećenja. Pri anaerobnom test protokolu ispitanici su izvršili testiranje snažne izdržljivosti gornjih ekstremiteta do otkaza potiskom sa ravne klupe, uz opterećenje od 25% od njihove telesne težine. Drugi eksperimentalni tretman je sačinjen iz pre-eksperimentalnog testiranja kardiorespiratorne forme i eksperimentalne protokol sesije trčanja do maksimalnog voljnog otkaza na pokretnoj traci, pri konstantnoj individualnoj brzina trčanja na anaerobnom pragu. U ovom eksperimentalnom tretmanu bila je uključena populacija aktivnih sportista (n = 10). Pre, tokom i nakon eksperimentalnih sesija praćena je koncentracija različitih biohemijskih i hematoloških markera: guanidinosirćetna kiselina (GAA); kreatin (Cr); kreatinin (Crn); laktat (Lac); interleukin-6 (IL-6); kreatin kinaza (CK); kortizol (Cor). Rezultati prvog eksperimentalnog tretmana su utvrdili statistički značajne promene u koncentraciji GAA, Cr i Crn u ktvi pre i nakon pojedinačne epizode aerobnog i anaerobnog vežbanja maksimalnim intenzitetom. Utvrđena je i statistički značajna povezanost između vežbanjem-indukovanih promena u cirkulatornim vrednostima GAA, Cr, Crn za vreme pre, tokom i nakon drugog eksperimentalnog tretmana. Uočena je statistički značajna povezanost između promena koncentracije GAA, Cr, Crn u serumu sa tradicionalnim biomarkerima perifernog zamora (IL6, Cor, Lac, CK). Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na mogućnost primene biomarkera metabolizma kreatina u krvi prilikom praćenja i evaluacije stanja organizma tokom maksimalnih intenzivnih fizičkih aktivnosti kod mladih muškaraca i žena., The use of biomarkers of cellular bioenergetics in exercise science appears more prevalent in recent years, where these outcomes perhaps describe changes in creatine metabolism during strenuous exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of individual episodes of strenuous aerobic and anaerobic exercise on several biomarkers of peripheral fatigue and cellular bioenergetics in young men and women. The study recruited physically active men and women, and active athletes. In the first experiment, physically active men (n = 12) and women (n = 11) were subjected to strenuous aerobic and anaerobic exercise. During the aerobic test, subjects ran to exhaustion while during the anaerobic test, subjects performed repetitive bench press exercise. The second experimental treatment consisted of a pre-experimental testing of cardiorespiratory fitness, and an experimental protocol of a strenuous running session to exhaustion at constant individual running speed at the anaerobic threshold; active athletes (n = 10) were included in this experimental treatment. The blood levels of various biochemical and hematological markers were monitored before, during and after the experimental sessions, including guanidinoacetic acid (GAA); creatine (Cr); creatinine (Crn); lactate (Lac); interleukin-6 (IL-6); creatine kinase (CK); cortisol (Cor), and plethora of other physiological outcomes. We found statistically significant changes in serum GAA, Cr and Crn before and after a single session of strenuous aerobic and anaerobic exercise. A significant correlation was found between exercise-induced changes in serum GAA, Cr and Crn before, during and after the second experimental intervention. A statistically significant association was observed between changes in serum GAA, Cr, Crn and traditional biomarkers of peripheral fatigue (IL6, Cor, Lac, CK). The results of the present study suggest that biomarkers of creatine metabolism might be used as innovative tools in monitoring strenuous exercise in young men and women.

Primena biomarkera ćelijske energetike, uključujući indikatore metabolizma kreatina u krvi, je relativno novijeg datuma, gde se ovi indikatori koriste kao mogući pokazatelji stanja organizma pri maksimalno intenzivnim fizičkim aktivnostima. Cilj istraživanja je obuhvatao utvrđivanje efekata pojedinačnih epizoda aerobnog i anaerobnog vežbanja maksimalnog intenziteta na biomarkere perifernog zamora i ćelijske bioenergetike kod mladih muškaraca i žena. Istraživanje je dizajnirano tako da obuhvati populaciju fizički aktivnih muškaraca i žena, kao i populaciju aktivnih sportista. U prvom eksperimentalnom tretmanu fizički aktivni ispitanici muškog (n =12) i ženskog pola (n = 11) podvrgnuti su test protokolima aerobnog i anaerobnog opterećenja maksimalnog intenzivnog i kratkog trajanja. Tokom aerobnog test protokola ispitanici su trčali do maksimalnog voljnog otkaza na tredmil traci sa progresivnim povećanjem opterećenja. Pri anaerobnom test protokolu ispitanici su izvršili testiranje snažne izdržljivosti gornjih ekstremiteta do otkaza potiskom sa ravne klupe, uz opterećenje od 25% od njihove telesne težine. Drugi eksperimentalni tretman je sačinjen iz pre-eksperimentalnog testiranja kardiorespiratorne forme i eksperimentalne protokol sesije trčanja do maksimalnog voljnog otkaza na pokretnoj traci, pri konstantnoj individualnoj brzina trčanja na anaerobnom pragu. U ovom eksperimentalnom tretmanu bila je uključena populacija aktivnih sportista (n = 10). Pre, tokom i nakon eksperimentalnih sesija praćena je koncentracija različitih biohemijskih i hematoloških markera: guanidinosirćetna kiselina (GAA); kreatin (Cr); kreatinin (Crn); laktat (Lac); interleukin-6 (IL-6); kreatin kinaza (CK); kortizol (Cor). Rezultati prvog eksperimentalnog tretmana su utvrdili statistički značajne promene u koncentraciji GAA, Cr i Crn u ktvi pre i nakon pojedinačne epizode aerobnog i anaerobnog vežbanja maksimalnim intenzitetom. Utvrđena je i statistički značajna povezanost između vežbanjem-indukovanih promena u cirkulatornim vrednostima GAA, Cr, Crn za vreme pre, tokom i nakon drugog eksperimentalnog tretmana. Uočena je statistički značajna povezanost između promena koncentracije GAA, Cr, Crn u serumu sa tradicionalnim biomarkerima perifernog zamora (IL6, Cor, Lac, CK). Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na mogućnost primene biomarkera metabolizma kreatina u krvi prilikom praćenja i evaluacije stanja organizma tokom maksimalnih intenzivnih fizičkih aktivnosti kod mladih muškaraca i žena. The use of biomarkers of cellular bioenergetics in exercise science appears more prevalent in recent years, where these outcomes perhaps describe changes in creatine metabolism during strenuous exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of individual episodes of strenuous aerobic and anaerobic exercise on several biomarkers of peripheral fatigue and cellular bioenergetics in young men and women. The study recruited physically active men and women, and active athletes. In the first experiment, physically active men (n = 12) and women (n = 11) were subjected to strenuous aerobic and anaerobic exercise. During the aerobic test, subjects ran to exhaustion while during the anaerobic test, subjects performed repetitive bench press exercise. The second experimental treatment consisted of a pre-experimental testing of cardiorespiratory fitness, and an experimental protocol of a strenuous running session to exhaustion at constant individual running speed at the anaerobic threshold; active athletes (n = 10) were included in this experimental treatment. The blood levels of various biochemical and hematological markers were monitored before, during and after the experimental sessions, including guanidinoacetic acid (GAA); creatine (Cr); creatinine (Crn); lactate (Lac); interleukin-6 (IL-6); creatine kinase (CK); cortisol (Cor), and plethora of other physiological outcomes. We found statistically significant changes in serum GAA, Cr and Crn before and after a single session of strenuous aerobic and anaerobic exercise. A significant correlation was found between exercise-induced changes in serum GAA, Cr and Crn before, during and after the second experimental intervention. A statistically significant association was observed between changes in serum GAA, Cr, Crn and traditional biomarkers of peripheral fatigue (IL6, Cor, Lac, CK). The results of the present study suggest that biomarkers of creatine metabolism might be used as innovative tools in monitoring strenuous exercise in young men and women.