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Bu çalışma Fernette×Howard, Fernette×Chandler, Fernor×Chandler, Howard×Chandler Howard×Fernor, Fernor×Howard, Howard×Fernette ve Fernor×Fernette kombinasyonlarından elde edilmiş 155 F1 bireyin geç yapraklanma, erken yaşta meyveye yatma, erken yaprağını dökme ve kısa vejetasyon süresi yönünden, Chandler çeşidi kontrol çeşit olarak kullanılarak, değerlendirilmesi amacıyla 2017-2021 arasında Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü’ne ait Araştırma ve Uygulama bahçesinde yürütülmüştür. Yapılan değerlendirmeler sonunda F1 genotipler arasında Chandler’la aynı tarihte ve daha geç yapraklanan 137; meyve veren 110; hem Chandler’dan geç yapraklanan hem de erken meyve veren 83; vejetasyon süresi kısa, geç yapraklanan ve meyve veren 28 genotip belirlenmiştir. Yapraklanma zamanına göre gruplandırmada F1 genotiplerin %0,6’sı “Erken”, %11,5’i “Erken orta”, %35,9’u “Orta”, %39,7’si “Orta geç”, %0,6’sı “Geç” ve %11,5’i ise “Çok geç” grubunda yer almıştır. F1genotiplerin; birinci yaşta %3,2’si, ikinci yaşta %17,4’ü, üçüncü yaşta %24,5’i, dördüncü ve beşinci yaşta %52,9’u, altıncı yaşta ise %67,1’inde dişi çiçek oluşmuştur. Ayrıca F1’lerin %85’inin Chandler’dan daha kısa vejetasyon süresine sahip oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Yaprak döküm zamanına göre yapılan gruplandırmada F1 genotiplerin %2,6’sı “Erken”, %53,2’si “Orta” ve %43,6’sı “Geç” grubunda yer almıştır. F1 genotiplerde kabuklu meyve ağırlığının 7,30 g ile 21,94 g arasında, iç meyve ağırlığının 3,49 g ile 8,55 g arasında, randımanlarının %36,37 ile %57,26 arasında, kabuk kalınlığının 1,09 mm ile 2,48 mm arasında dağılım gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonunda farklı özellikler yönünden değerlendirilen genotiplerden Chandler çeşidinden +5 gün ve daha geç yapraklanan, -10 gün ve daha erken yaprak döken, erken meyveye yatma özelliğine sahip, kabuklu meyve ağırlıkları 10,65 g ile 15,22 g arasında, iç meyve ağırlıkları 4,41 g ile 6,98 g arasında olan 4 genotip (64-11,64-14, 68-1, 12-9) ümitvar olarak görülmüştür. Çalışma cevizde melezleme ıslahı ile elde edilen F1 genotiplerin değerlendirilmesi ve potansiyel olarak yeni bir melez ceviz çeşidinin ıslah edilme çalışmalarının temelini oluşturması ve ülkemizde yapılan az sayıda çalışmadan birisi olması açısından önemlidir. In the study conducted between 2017-2021 at Bursa Uludag University Horticulture Department Research and Application Center, 155 F1 individuals, which were obtained from Fernette×Howard, Fernette×Chandler, Fernor×Chandler, Howard×Chandler Howard×Fernor, Fernor×Howard, Howard×Fernette and Fernor×Fernette combinations, were aimed to evaluate and make preliminary selections in terms of late leafing, early fruiting, early defoliation and short vegetation period. Molecular characterization of some F1s were also determined. As a result, 137 genotypes, which foliate on the same date as Chandler and later; 110 genotypes which bear fruit; 83 genotypes both late leafing and early fruiting from Chandler; 28 late leafing and fruiting genotypes which have short vegetation period; 4 genotypes (64-11, 64-14, 68-1,12- 9) which stand out compared to other genotypes in terms of phenological features, were determined. According to foliation time, 0.6% of F1 genotypes were “Early”, 11.5% “Early medium”, 35.9% “Medium”, 39.7% “Mid late”, 0.6% of them were in the “Late” and 11.5% of them were in the “Too late” group. F1genotypes; female flowers were formed in 3.2% at the first age, 17.4% at the second age, 24.5% at the third age, 52.9% at the fourth and fifth age, and 67.1% at the sixth age. It was also determined that 85% of F1s had a shorter vegetation period than Chandler. In the grouping made according to the time of defoliation, 2.6% of the F1 genotypes were in the "Early", 53.2% in the "Middle" and 43.6% in the "Late" group. In F1 genotypes, the weight of the nut with shell is between 7.30 g and 21.94 g, the kernel weight varied between 3.49 g and 8.55 g, the kernel percentage varied between 36.37% and 57.26%, the shell thickness varied between 1.09 mm and 2.28 mm. In the superior 4 genotypes (64-11, 64-14, 68-1, 12-9) determined to have leafing 5 days or more, deciduous 10 days and earlier from Chandler, and early fruiting genotypes, the fruit weight varied between 10.65 g and 15.22g. It was determined that the kernel weight varied between 4.41 g and 6.98 g. Finally, this study is important in terms of obtaining and evaluating a new F1 genotype by crossbreeding in walnut and forming the basis of breeding studies of a potential new hybrid walnut variety. TAGEM - BBAD/17/A10/P02/01

В роботі розглянуті питання щодо сучасного стану агропромислової сфери України. Приведено аналіз цієї сфери з початку повномасштабної війни та шкода, яка заподіяна країною-агресором нашій державі. Обґрунтовані проблеми, які треба вирішувати для відновлення аграрного сектора економіки. The paper examines questions regarding the current state of the agroindustrial sphere of Ukraine. An analysis of this area since the beginning of the full-scale war and the damage caused by the aggressor country to our state is presented. Reasonable problems that must be solved for the restoration of the agricultural sector of the economy.

Son yıllarda tarım arazilerinin yoğun kullanımı sebebiyle toprak kaynaklı hastalık ve zararlılarla daha fazla karşılaşılmaktadır. Buna bağlı olarak aşılı fide kullanımı giderek artmaktadır. Aşılı patlıcan yetiştiriciliğinde farklı botanik sınıftaki anaçlar kullanılabilmektedir. Ancak patlıcan anaçlarının tanınmaması, UPOV'da test rehberi bulunmayan nadir türlerden biri olması ve hergeçen gün piyasaya giren anaç sayısının artması sebebiyle anaç/kalem kombinasyonları seçiminde zorluklar yaşanmakta ve kombinasyonlardaki uyumsuzluk sebebiyle bitki ve meyve morfolojisinde olumsuzluklar meydana gelmekte, kalite ve verim kayıpları ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Ayrıca anaçların kalem çeşitlere etkisi ile ilgili olarak farklı görüşler bulunmaktadır. Çalışmada farklı botanik sınıftaki anaçların kalem çeşitte meydana getirdiği değişikliklerin belirlenmesi, aşılı patlıcan yetiştiriciliğinde kullanılan patlıcan anaçlarının tanınması, aralarındaki farklılıkları belirlemede kullanılabilecek minimum kriterlerin belirlenmesi ve gözlem zamanının etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda ilk olarak 11 adet patlıcan anacının özellikleri belirlenerek anaçlar arasındaki farklar ve çeşit ayrımında kullanılabilecek minimum özellikler belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmanın ikinci kısmında 3 farklı anaç üzerine 4 farklı kalem çeşit aşılanmış olup anaç/kalem kombinasyonlarının uyumluluğu ile anacın kalem üzerindeki morfolojik etkileri belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda; birçok ülke tarafından iklim özellikleri nedeniyle belirlenemeyen S. torvum türünün meyve özellikleri de diğer tür anaçlarla karşılaştırılarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca aşılamanın meyvenin her özelliğini önemli oranda etkilemediği, her çeşidin her bir özelliğinde anaçların aşıya farklı tepki verdiği ancak genel olarak anaç/çeşit kombinasyonuna bağlı olarak aşının meyve morfolojisine özellikle uzun vejetasyon periyodunda olumlu etki yaptığı tespit edilmiştir. In recent years, due to the intensive use of agricultural lands, soil-borne diseases and pests have been encountered more. Accordingly, the use of grafted seedlings is increasing day by day. Rootstocks of different botanical classes can be used in grafted eggplant cultivation. However, due to the fact that eggplant rootstocks are not recognized, they are one of the rare species that do not have test guidelines in the UPOV, and the number of rootstocks entering the market is increasing day by day, difficulties are experienced in the selection of rootstock/scion combinations. In addition, there are different opinions about the effect of rootstocks on scion varieties. In the study, it was aimed to determine the changes caused by rootstocks in different botanical classes, to identify the eggplant rootstocks used in grafted eggplant cultivation, to determine the minimum criteria that can be used to determine the differences between them and to determine the effect of the observation dates. In this context, first of all, the characteristics of 11 eggplant rootstocks were determined, and the differences between rootstocks and the minimum characteristics that could be used in cultivar differentiation were determined. In addition, in the second part of the study, 4 different types of scion were grafted on 3 different rootstocks and the compatibility of rootstock/scion combinations and the morphological effects of the rootstocks on the scion were determined. In the results of study; the fruit characteristics of S. torvum, which could not be determined by many countries due to its climatic characteristics, were determined by comparing it with other rootstocks. In addition, it has been determined that grafting does not significantly affect every feature of the fruit, rootstocks react differently to the grafting in each feature of each variety, but generally, depending on the rootstock/scion combination, the grafting has a positive effect on fruit morphology, especially in the long vegetation period.

Monitoring genetic uniformity and identity is very important in maize breeding and seed production. Due to practical reasons, molecular and biochemical methods for the determination of genetic purity and uniformity should reliably reflect genetic differences associated with traditional morphological traits, even when they are not agriculturally important. A comparison of genetic purity and uniformity of one maize hybrid lot, based on morphological UPOV markers and the UTLIEF (Ultrathin-layer isoelectric focusing) method is performed in this research. Tested hybrid samples expressed uniform protein markers profiles, but on the other hand, unsatisfactory uniformity of morphological markers in the field, indicating some laches in seed production. Although the UTLIEF method, standardized by ISTA rules, provides enough accurate distinction between F1 seed and self-pollinated maternal seed, a "clean" isozyme or protein profile will not necessarily correlate with morphological homogeneity. It is most likely that the non-uniformity of the tested hybrid lot originates from the non-uniformity of one of the parental lines. Therefore, to establish where the laches occurred, it is necessary to perform post-control tests with reference samples of maize hybrid and parental lines, as well as, the insight into their official descriptions according to the UPOV descriptor. Thus, it is very important to require the deposition of referent samples of hybrids and varieties whose seed production is allowed in Serbia, as well as to have harmonised protocols for conduction of laboratory and field post-control tests.

Uloga antibiotika u ljudskoj i veterninarskoj medicini je neosporiva no sve je veći problem bakterijska rezistencija na nove antibiotike te njihova akumulacija u okoliš. Karbapenemski antibiotici se smatraju kao jedna od zadnjih obrana od antibiotički rezistentnih bakterija, ponajviše gram-negativnih bakterija iz Enterobacterales grupe. S druge strane, sve je više klinički patogenih bakterija koje sadrže enzime karbapenemaze, a koje spadaju u β-laktamaze te hidroliziraju peniciline, cefalosporine, monobaktame i karbapeneme. Uz kliničke sredine, uređaji za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda (UPOV) smatraju se jednim od mogućih glavnih izvora horizontalnog prijenosa gena za antibiotičku rezistenciju zbog povoljnih uvjeta u samom procesu pročišćavanja vode te omogućuju njihovo daljnje širenje u prirodni okoliš. Koristeći se kvantitativnim PCR (qPCR) praćene su abundancije 5 gena za karbapenemaze u ulaznoj (nepročišćenoj) i izlaznoj (pročišćenoj) otpadnoj vodi UPOV-a iz 7 gradova Hrvatske, u dvije sezone. Relativna abundancija gena se razlikovala između sezona i prema vrsti detektiranog gena. Tako je blaKPC-3 detektiran samo u zimi, blaNDM je detektiran u zimi te u jednom uređaju, u ulaznoj otpadnoj vodi u ljeti. U odnosu na njih, blaOXA-48 je detektiran u višoj abundanciji, u ulaznoj otpadnoj vodi u ljeti u odnosu na zimu. S druge strane, blaIMP je u obje sezone detektiran u pročišćenoj otpadnoj vodi, dok je blaVIM u ljetnim mjesecima detektiran u većini uređaja i u ulaznoj i u izlaznoj otpadnoj vodi. Stoga se može reći da su blaKPC-3, blaOXA-48 i blaNDM sporadično prisutni u uređajima za pročišćavanje otpadne vode, dok su blaIMP i blaVIM prisutni u povišenim koncentracijama u pročišćenim otpadnim vodama u odnosu na nepročišćenu. Dobiveni rezultati govore o potrebi poboljšanja UPOV uvođenjem dodatnih tretmana. Također, potrebno je uvesti monitoring gena za antibiotičku rezistenciju koji pročišćenom otpadnom vodom vrlo lako dolaze u vodene recipijente i dalje se šire okolišem.

U radu je dan osvrt na EU Projekt prikupljanja, odvodnje i pročišćavanja otpadnih voda otoka Krka, s pregledom obuhvata projekta i angažiranih dionika, trenutnim stanjem radova te dosadašnjim odstupanjima u odnosu na osnovne ugovore. Poseban naglasak je na opisu i primjeni, za hrvatsko područje nove, patentirane ACSOL® tehnologije pročišćavanja otpadnih voda. Dane su komparativne prednosti u odnosu na konvencionalne tehnologije te detaljan opis principa rada centralnog elementa tehnologije – patentiranog taložnika Soliquatora®., The paper provides an overview of the EU Project of wastewater collection, sewerage and treatment of the island of Krk, including a presentation of the project’s scope and involved stakeholders, current status of works and to-date deviations from the host contracts. A special emphasis is given to the description and implementation of the patented ACSOL® wastewater treatment technology, which is a new technology in Croatia, and its comparative advantages over conventional technologies. A detailed description of the operating principle of the technology’s central element, the patented Soliquator® settling unit, is also provided., Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet eine Bestandaufnahme des EU-Projektes zur Sammlung, Ableitung und Aufbereitung von Abwässern auf der Insel Krk einschließlich der Projektbeschreibung und Projektteilnehmerangaben, des aktuellen Standes der Projektaktivitäten und der bisherigen Abweichungen von Hauptverträgen. Besondere Betonung liegt auf der Darstellung und Anwendung der patentierten Technologie zur Aufbereitung von Abwässern ACSOL®, die in Kroatien neu ist. Die komparativen Vorteile in Bezug auf konventionelle Technologien sowie eine detaillierte Beschreibung des Betriebes der Hauptkomponente des Systems, nämlich des patentierten Absetzbeckens Soliquator®, werden dargestellt.

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar qual a relação entre os sistemas de sementes do Brasil e da Bolívia com a concretização do direito à biodiversidade e da soberania alimentar. Para tanto, se propõe verificar se o Viver Bem institucionalizado indica um sistema de sementes mais protetor da biodiversidade e alinhado com a soberania alimentar se comparado ao sistema brasileiro. A pesquisa foi realizada em três etapas: a primeira, uma pesquisa bibliográfica, revisando o conceito de bem-viver e a relação entre sistemas de sementes e direitos de propriedade intelectual; a segunda, uma pesquisa documental, analisando os sistemas de sementes do Brasil e da Bolívia de um ponto de vista normativo e documental; a terceira, realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com agentes dos sistemas de sementes, buscando compreender as experiências desses atores e o efetivo funcionamento dos sistemas de sementes. Partiu-se da teoria dos regimes alimentares para nortear as análises, especialmente sua iteração marxiana proposta por Mark Tilzey, verificando como que as relações de classe dos sujeitos ouvidos influenciam e são influenciadas pelas normas dos sistemas de sementes. Concluiu-se que os sistemas de proteção à propriedade intelectual são um elemento essencial para compreender os sistemas de sementes e que as normas previstas pela UPOV são hostis aos sistemas de sementes descentralizados; e, que o viver bem apresenta muitas possibilidades para ação política, mas que está em disputa e não conseguiu se institucionalizar no setor das sementes, não servindo como indicador de um sistema mais protetivo dos camponeses e da biodiversidade. This master thesis’ primary objective is to analise the relations between the Brazilian and the Bolivian seed systems and the right to biodiversity and to food sovereignty. In order to achieve it, the research is centered on the verification if the the Bolivian Wellbeing doctrine can be an indicator of a seed system that is more protective of the biodiversity and of the right to food than the Brazilian seed system. The research was made in three phases: the first, a bibliographical review, in order to define the concepts of wellbeing and the relation between intelectual property rights and seed systems; the second, a document research, in order to define the institutional framework within the Brazilian and Bolivian seed systems; and the third, a series of semi-strutured interview with key-participants and stakeholders involved in the seed systems. The food regime theory, as proposed by Mark Tilzey, was used as the main analytical framework for the discussions. The main results found were that the intelectual property rights are a central element in the definition of seed systems; that the UPOV-based frameworks are incompatible with decentralised and peasant based seed systems and that the wellbeing, albeit been a useful philosofical framework and a powerfull political concept, was not really enforced in the seed sector and, as such, is not a indicator of seed systems more in tune with peasants and indigenous peoples demands. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES

Patents, along with the related systems of utility models and plant breeders’ rights, are the forms of intellectual property most closely associated with technological innovation. Some form of patent system is found in essentially all modern states, and patents have become a ubiquitous feature of the global legal and technical environment. Patents and related rights are therefore highly dynamic areas of law, displaying constant evolution of doctrine simultaneously in multiple jurisdictions. The shifting diversity of national approaches offers an opportunity to consider how characteristic themes and problems of patent law have been approached from different perspectives, and lend a sense of better, worse, and alternative solutions to the problem of prompting technical innovation. Consequently, this chapter surveys particular doctrinal problems in patent law and allied laws, uses them to illustrate both broad theoretical issues endemic to such laws, and ties those issues to ongoing controversies that have attracted widespread interest.

Bu çalışmada 2018-2020 yıllarında Bursa ili, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Görükle kampüsü ekolojik koşullarında yetiştiriciliği yapılan bazı nötr gün çeşitleri (Albion, Fern, Monterey, Portola, San Andreas) ile bazı kısa gün çeşitlerinin (Aliso, Annapolis, Arnavutköy, Bursa Derekızık, Mindoir, Pineberry (Ananas), Senga Sengana, Tudla, Tufts, Yalova-416, 39) fenotipik özelliklerini ve performanslarını belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çeşitlerin ilk çiçekleneme ve hasat tarihleri kayıt edilmiş, UPOV kriterlerine göre bitki, stolon, yaprak, çiçek ve meyve özelliği olmak üzere toplam 32 özellik dikkate alınarak incelenmiştir. Meyve yükü, bitki gücü ve yapraklarda Fe noksanlığına bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan kloroz dereceleri görsel olarak belirlenmiştir. Aynı zamanda çeşitlerin meyve boyutları, meyve ağırlığı, meyve eti sertlik, titre edilebilir asitlik, suda çözünebilir kuru madde, pH değeri ve duyusal tat ve koku özelliği saptanmıştır. Çeşitlerin ilk çiçeklenme tarihleri 8 Mart-16 Nisan 2020, ilk hasat tarihlerinin 11 ile 20 Mayıs 2020 arasında değiştiği kayıt edilmiştir. Çeşitler bazında meyve ağırlığı 4,80 g ile 17,81 g, meyve boy değerleri 23,98 ile 48,75 mm, meyve en değerleri 19,93 ile 31,83 mm arasında değiştiği saptanmıştır. ‘Monterey’, ‘Portola’ çeşitleri en iri meyvelere, ‘Bursa Derekızık’, ‘Arnavutköy’, ve ‘Pineberry (Ananas)’ çeşitlerinin en küçük meyveler sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çeşitlerin suda çözünebilir kuru madde (SÇKM) miktarı %6,4 ile %9,9, titre edilebilir asitlik değeri %0,53 ile %0,91, meyve eti sertlik değeri 0,18 ile 0,69 kg/cm² arasında değişmiş en yüksek meyve eti sertliği ‘Monterey’, ‘San Andreas’, ‘Portola’, ‘Albion’ çeşitlerinde saptanmıştır. Meyve yükünün ‘39’ genotipinde çok iyi, ‘Albion’, ‘Aliso’, ‘Fern’, ‘Mindoir’, ‘Portola’, ve ‘San Andreas’ çeşitlerinde iyi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bitki gücünün ‘San Andreas’ çeşidi hariç tüm çeşitlerde iyi ya da çok iyi olduğu görülmüştür. ‘Fern’, ‘Pineberry (Ananas)’, ‘Tudla’, ‘Tufts’ çeşidinde şiddetli kloroz, ‘Albion’ çeşidinde orta şiddette, ‘Monterey’, ‘Portola’, ‘San Andreas’ çeşitlerinde hafif şiddette kloroz görülmüş, diğer çeşitlerde kloroz görülmemiştir. İncelenen özellikler dikkate alındığında verim ve kalite açısından nötr gün çeşitleri olan ‘Monterey’, ‘Portola’, ‘Albion’ ve kısa gün çeşitleri olan ‘Annapolis’ ‘Mindoir’, ‘Senga Sengana’ çeşitlerinin öne çıktığı belirlenmiştir. In this study, some neutral day varieties (Albion, Fern, Monterey, Portola, San Andreas) and some short-day varieties (Aliso, Annapolis, Arnavutköy, Bursa Derekızık, Mindoir, Pineberry (Ananas), Senga Sengana, Tudla, Tufts, Yalova-416, 39) to determine the phenotypic characteristics and performances. The first flowering and harvest dates of the cultivars were recorded, and a total of 32 characteristics, including plant, stolon, leaf, flower and fruit characteristics, were examined according to UPOV criteria. The degrees of chlorosis due to fruit load, plant power and Fe deficiency in leaves were determined visually. At the same time, fruit size, fruit weight, flesh firmness, titratable acidity, soluble dry matter, pH value and sensory taste and odor characteristics of the cultivars were determined. It was recorded that the first flowering date of the cultivars was between 8 March-16 April 2020, and the first harvest dates between 11 and 20 May 2020. On the basis of varieties, it has been determined that fruit weight varies between 4.80 g and 17.81 g, fruit height values between 23.98 and 48.75 mm, width values between 19.93 and 31.83 mm. It was determined that “Monterey”, “Portola” varieties have the largest fruits, “Bursa Derekızık”, “Arnavutköy”, and “Pineberry (Ananas)” varieties have the smallest fruits. The water soluble dry matter (TSS %) amount of the cultivars varied between 6.4% and 9.9%, titratable acidity value between 0.53% and 0.91%, fruit flesh hardness value varied between 0.18 and 0.69 kg / cm² high flesh firmness was detected in ‘Monterey’, ‘San Andreas’, ‘Portola’, ‘Albion’ varieties. It has been determined that the fruit load is very good in ‘39’ genotype, but good in ‘Albion’, ‘Aliso’, ‘Fern’, ‘Mindoir’, ‘Portola’, and ‘San Andreas’ varieties. It has been observed that the plant power is good or very good in all varieties except the ‘San Andreas’ variety. Severe chlorosis was observed in ‘Fern’ ‘Pineberry (Ananas)’, ‘Tudla’, ‘Tufts’ variety, moderate severity in ‘Albion’ variety, mild severe chlorosis in ‘Monterey’, ‘Portola’ and ‘San Andreas’ varieties, chlorosis was not observed in other varieties. Considering the characteristics examined, it has been determined that ‘Monterey’, ‘Portola’, ‘Albion’, which are neutral day varieties in terms of yield and quality, and ‘Annapolis’, ‘Mindoir’, ‘Senga Sengana’, which are short day varieties, stand out. ÇİLTAR Tarım İşletmesi LTD. ŞTİ.

Uređaji za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda (UPOV) smatraju se jednim od glavnih izvora širenja bakterija rezistentnih na antibiotike te gena odgovornih za antibiotičku rezistenciju. Kvantitativnim PCR-om (qPCR) iz uzoraka ulazne i izlazne otpadne vode iz 7 UPOV-a u Hrvatskoj kvantificirani su gene za beta laktamaze proširenog spektra (ESBL) te geni za najznačajnije oportunističke patogene, u dvije sezone. Geni odgovorni za rezistenciju na beta laktame (blaTEM i blaCTX-M-32) detektirani su u gotovo svim ispitivanim uređajima. U zimskom uzorkovanju, detektirana je niža koncentracija blaTEM gena, a gen blaCTX-M-32 nije bio detektiran u uzorcima izlazne otpadne vode. S druge strane, u ljeti, oba su gena bila kvantificirana u ulaznoj i u izlaznoj otpadnoj vodi u višim koncentracijama. Kvantifikacijom gena za oportunističke patogene, detektirani su geni za Enterococcus sp. (23S rRNA) te E. coli (yccT) u svim ulaznim otpadnim vodama, u obje sezone. Uz navedeno, Enterococcus sp. je nađen u svim izlaznim otpadnim vodama, u zimi i ljeti. S druge strane, gen secE (A. baumannii) detektiran je samo u dva uređaja, u izlaznoj otpadnoj vodi, dok je K. pneumoniae (gltA) detektiran samo u ulaznoj otpadnoj vodi uređaja, u obje sezone. Rezultati govore da UPOV može biti izvor širenja gena za antibiotičku rezistenciju te se može dogoditi selekcija određenih vrsta bakterija koje se mogu širiti dalje u okoliš.

Allium vineale L. is a wild edible Allium species. This species is collected from nature by the local people in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey and consumed as a vegetable. Aboveground organs of A. vineale plants are used in herbed cheese production in the eastern provinces. Collection from nature is not a sustainable way production of this species. A. vineale can be propagated via seeds and bulbils. It is suitable for cultivation under field and protected conditions. For agricultural production of this species, new cultivars with improved yield and quality traits have to be developed. In this study, an A. vineale germplasm was created with the aim of developing new cultivars that can be used in herbed cheese production. The accessions included in the germplasm were characterized for desired traits such as adaptability to culture conditions, agronomic characteristics and harvest uniformity. The phenotypic diversity of A. vineale accessions were examined using morphological descriptors derived from International Union for the protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV). According to the clustering and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) made by evaluation of the morphological features, the accessions were divided into two main groups based on the locations. Germplasm accessions differ from each other for leaf waxiness and color intensity. A. vineale can be distinguished from other Alliums present in the same area with thin leaves, short plant height, and multiple bulbils in the flower scapes. © 2021, Centenary University. All rights reserved.

Bu çalışma 2020 yılında Yalova Atatürk Bahçe Kültürleri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü’nde TÜBİTAK tarafından desteklenen 117G002 no.lu “Kışlık Sebze Yetiştiriciliğinde Hat ve Çeşit Geliştirme” isimli projede yer alan havuç gen havuzu geliştirme çalışmaları kapsamında, 10 genotipin yaprak özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Türkiye’de havuç yetiştiriciliğinin yaygın olarak yapıldığı illerden (Kahramanmaraş, Hatay) ve yurt dışından (Tacikistan) oluşturulmuş gen havuzu içerisinde sarı, turuncu ve mor havuç tipleri mevcuttur. Söz konusu gen havuzundaki 96 farklı bireyin çıkış oranları ve yaprak özellikleri belirlenirken UPOV ve IPGRI çeşit tanımlama formlarından faydalanılmıştır. Formlarda yer alan çıkış, olgun yaprak sayısı, yaprakta tüylülük, yaprak tipi, yaprakta bölünme, yaprak rengi, yaprak rengi yoğunluğu, yaprak duruşu, yaprak uzunluğu, petiolede antosiyanin varlığı, bitki örtüsü kriterleri incelenerek genotiplerin mevcut durumu ortaya konulmuştur. Genotiplerin olgun yaprak sayıları incelendiğinde değerlerin 6 ile 14 adet arasında değiştiği görülmüştür. Yaprak tipi ile yaprakta bölünmenin paralellik gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Hatay Moru genotipi olgun yaprak sayısı, yaprak sapında antosiyanin özellikleri bakımından en yüksek değerleri vererek dikkat çekmiştir. Hatay Moru ve Kahramanmaraş genotiplerine ait bireylerde yaprak tüylülüğünün yoğun olduğu, Atatürk Bahçe Kültürleri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsünde daha önceki çalışmalardan gen havuzuna aktarılan mor tiplerde (Genotip 3, Genotip 11, Genotip 12, Genotip 16, Genotip 20) ise yaprakta tüylülüğün çok az olduğu belirlenmiştir., This study was carried out in order to determine the Leaf characteristics of 10 genotypes within the scope of carrot gene pool Development Studies in the project 117G002 “line and variety development in winter vegetable cultivation” supported by TUBITAK at Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute in 2020. In the gene pool obtained from Turkey and abroad, yellow, orange, purple carrot types are available. UPOV and IPGRI variety identification forms were used to determine the morphological characteristics of some existing carrot genotypes in this gene pool. By examining the germination and leaf feature criteria in the forms, (number of mature leaves, leaf hairiness, leaf type, leaf division, leaf color, leaf color density, leaf position, leaf lenght, anthocyanin presence in petiole) similarities and differences between genotypes were revealed. When the mature number of sheets of the genotypes is examined, the values vary from 6 to 14. It is determined that the leaf type and the leaf split are parallel. Hatay Purple genotype has attracted attention by giving the highest values in terms of the number of mature leaves, anthocyanin properties on the petiole. It has been observed that individuals belonging to the Hatay Purple and Kahramanmaraş genotypes have dense leaf hairiness. It was determined that there is very little hairiness on the leaves in purple types transferred to the gene pool from previous studies in Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute.

La législation marocaine sur la protection des obtentions végétales a subi d’importants changements ces dernières années, celle-ci a successivement incorporé les standards de protection requis par l’Accord sur les aspects du droit de propriété intellectuelle touchant au commerce (ADPIC). Les différents éléments qui sont ainsi mis en place doivent permettre de saisir l’évolution du cadre juridique et institutionnel qui prévaut en matière de protection de ces obtentions au Maroc et d’en appréhender les conséquences potentielles sur la production et la commercialisation des variétés protégées., Journal d’Economie, de Management, d’Environnement et de Droit, Vol 3, No 2 (2020)

Estimation of the level of durum wheat germplasm genetic diversity is important for its classification and efficient use in breeding programmes. The aim of this study was to assess genetic diversity of durum wheat genotypes developed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, Serbia, with 26 morphological characteristics based on the International Union for Protection of New Varieties of Plants guidelines. The Shannon diversity index was used as an indicator of morphological diversity and it ranged from 0.283 for glaucosity of lower side of the flag leaf blade and density of hairiness of uppermost node of the culm, to 0.950 for the ear colour, with the mean value of 0.616, indicating a medium to high level of morphological diversity. On average, the diversity was higher for traits relating to generative organs than for those associated with vegetative plant organs. The 21 morphological characteristics were sufficient to distinguish unique profiles of all durum wheat genotypes. The estimation of varietal diversity and identification of morphological characteristics with the highest discriminative power were done by multiple correspondence analysis. The traits that contributed the most to the distinction of genotypes were the ear colouration, length of beak of the lower glume, lower glume shape, ear length of awns at tip relative to ear length and colour of awns. Morphological characterization using the traits with the highest discriminative power could be a useful complementary method for durum wheat germplasm classification and diversity analysis. Ocena genetičke raznolikosti germplazme tvrde pšenice je važna za njenu klasifikaciju i efikasno korišćenje u oplemenjivačkim programma. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se proceni genetička raznolikost genotipova tvrde pšenice stvorenih u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu, sa 26 morfoloških osobina prema uputstvu Međunarodne unije za zaštitu novih biljnih sorti (UPOV). Šenonov indeks diverziteta je korišćen kao indikator morfološke raznolikosti i kretao se od 0,283 za prevlaku na rukavcu zastavičara i dlakavosti vršne internodije, do 0,950 za boju klasa. Prosečna vrednost Šenonovog indeksa od 0,616 ukazuje na srednje visok nivo morfološke raznolikosti. U proseku, raznovrsnost je bila veća za osobine koje se odnose na generativne biljne organe nego za vegetativne. Utvrđeno je da je 21 morfološka osobina bila dovoljna za razlikovanje jedinstvenih profila svih genotipova tvrde pšenice. Procena sortne raznolikosti i identifikacija morfoloških osobina sa najvećim diskriminativnim vrednostima je urađena pomoću višestruke korespodentne analize. Osobine koje su najviše doprinele razlikovanju genotipova su bile: boja klasa, dužina zadnje strane glume, oblik donje glume, odnos dužine osja i klasa, kao i boja osja. Morfološka karakterizacija pomoću osobina sa najvećim diskriminativnim vrednostima može biti korisna dopunska metoda za klasifikaciju i analizu diverziteta germplazme tvrde pšenice.

Мета. Здійснити історичний аналіз практики написання назв сортів та інших позначень культурних рослин, а також розроблення відповідних міжнародних правил та рекомендацій. Результати. Потреба в унормуванні назв культурних рослин визріла в садово-ботанічному середовищі понад півтора століття тому і була реалізована розробленням Міжнародного кодексу номенклатури культурних рослин. Протягом цього періоду він розширювався й удосконалювався, і нині діє IX редакція номенклатурних правил. Цей номенклатурний кодекс не має правового статусу і базується на добровільній згоді фахівців його дотримуватися, що забезпечує номенклатурну стабільність, надзвичайно важливу в міжнародному спілкуванні, науковому і комерційному середовищі. Для забезпечення прав селекціонерів, що створюють нові сорти рослин, підписано міжнародні угоди щодо інтелектуальної власності, які мають юридичну силу. Розроблено відповідні правила, що регулюють особливості створення, реєстрації та функціювання назв сортів та торговельних марок, що стосуються сортів як комерційних об’єктів. Висновки. Правила, розроблені садівниками й ботаніками для найменування культурних рослин, мають певні розбіжності з правилами найменування сортів як об’єктів інтелектуальної власності, які варто врегулювати для гармонізації й підвищення ефективності наукової та господарської діяльності. Знання номенклатурного кодексу та документів UPOV допоможе селекціонерові у його фаховій діяльності.

Das 1995 gegründete Gemeinschaftliche Sortenamt (CPVO) verwaltet ein System zum Schutz des geistigen Eigentums an Pflanzensorten. Der gewerbliche Rechtsschutz für Pflanzensorten wird mit besonderen Herausforderungen konfrontiert, denen sich das UPOV-Übereinkommen (UPOV: Internationaler Verband zum Schutz von Pflanzenzüchtungen) angenommen hat. Das Sortenschutzsystem der Europäischen Union basiert auf dem UPOV-Übereinkommen in der Fassung von 1991. Der Beitrag erklärt – auf der Grundlage der Verordnung (EG) Nr. 2100/94 des Rates über den gemeinschaftlichen Sortenschutz sowie der Durchführungsbestimmungen – Schlüsselbegriffe des Sortenschutzsystems.

This paper reviews the most prominent changes that have taken place in the plant breeding industry in Sweden. We argue that the establishment of Intellectual Property Rights schemes creates power asymmetry in the seed value chain and has therefore been a major driver of consolidation in Sweden and internationally. Furthermore, we provide an assessment of the use of cultivars bred domestically. This has been achieved by identifying and classifying the variety owners for major crops based on the origin of the breeding station and calculating the percentage of the domestically-bred varieties used in crop production. The ratio of local varieties in relation to imported varieties is of special significance to Sweden, which has a long history of plant breeding and a challenging climate.

Este trabajo de tesis tiene por objetivo realizar un análisis de los modelos de protección de los cuales dispone la propiedad intelectual para la protección de las variedades vegetales, para este propósito se exponen a lo largo de la investigación, las semejanzas y diferencias entre el sistema de patentes, y el sistema sui generis del Derecho de Obtentor. De igual modo se establece el alcance de ambos derechos, así como las facultades que el mismo le otorga a sus titulares, sin dejar de tener en cuenta las limitaciones y vicisitudes a las cuales se pueden enfrentar los titulares de estos derechos al momento de ejercerlos. La investigación busca también establecer cuál de los dos sistemas es más favorable aplicar en el caso en concreto de Colombia, para lo cual se tienen en cuenta las características propias del país, y las implicaciones socioeconómicas que han tenido en otros países la aplicación de estas normas. The purpose of this research is to do an analysis of the models of protection that the lntellectual Property have far the plant varieties. In arder to achieve this goal, a long the tesis are exposed the similarities and differences between both the Patents System, and the sui generis system of Plant Breeders right. At the same time, the research studies the scope and content of these rights, this means, the posibilities that are given to the breeder in order to protect his rights, and the limitations and vicissitudes, that he have to deal with it at the time of doing exercise of this rights. Finally, the research wants to establish which one of these systems is more appropiate to apply in Colombia, taking into account the own features of this country, and the socioeconomic implkations that these rules have provoked in other countries. Pregrado Abogado(a)

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is broadly used as an ornamental plant in landscape gardening, but also as a potted plant and a cut flower. Since aesthetic traits, including color, are most important for newly developed ornamental plants, sunflower petal (ray floret) color has a high value for the development of new genotypes and its position on the horticulture market. The most common methodology for the evaluation of sunflower petals is based on UPOV guidelines for sunflower. By the guidelines, the color of sunflower ray florets can be described as yellowish white, light yellow, medium yellow, orange yellow, orange, purple, reddish brown and multicolored. Although there are photographs to define these color categories, the provided material does not give clear information on the color definition, especially the multicolored category. The main obstacle of this methodology is its high subjectivity and necessity of high expertise for evaluators. In order to make the process of evaluation of sunflower petal color more objective, we propose a new methodology that combines image segmentation (pixel-based classification), and UPOV sunflower guidelines for the definition of color groups (classes). Images of six sunflower genotypes (Ring of Fire, CMS1-30, Heliopa, Dwarf, Neoplanta and Pacino Gold) were used in the software analysis. Visual results of this process of image segmentation presented different colors for the examined varieties. This visual presentation serves as a guideline for an evaluator to determine whether there is more than one dominant color in the examined genotypes.

U sklopu nadogradnje uređaja za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda (UPOV) Varaždin predviđena je i rekonstrukcija kišnog preljeva na ulazu na UPOV. Projektnim rješenjem predviđena je crpna stanica s pet paralelnih crpki koje će tlačnim cjevovodom transportirati rasteretne (preljevne) količine u akumulacijsko jezero HE Čakovec (Glavni projekt u izgradnji), a koje bi se aktivirale samo kod oborina većih povratnih perioda i pojačanog oborinskog dotoka na UPOV, kada je prijamni kapacitet desnog drenažnog jarka, kao osnovnog recipijenta preljevnih količina, već ispunjen. U radu je analiziran utjecaj preljevnih količina predmetnog kišnog rasterećenja na kvalitetu prijamnika (akumulacijsko jezero HE Čakovec). U prvom koraku analizirani su pojedini fizikalno-kemijski parametri kakvoće (BPK5, KPK, TN, TP, SS, temperatura) preljevnih količina i akumulacije. Dobivenom analizom akumulacija HE Čakovec okarakterizirana je kategorijom dobrog ekološkog stanja za osnovne fizikalno-kemijske pokazatelje, što je potvrđeno i dobivenim izvatkom iz Registra vodnih tijela od strane Hrvatskih voda. Nadalje je uzimajući u obzir minimalne i maksimalne vrijednosti koncentracija u preljevnim vodama i u akumulaciji, te uz određene pretpostavke, provedena analiza utjecaja preljevnih količina kišnog rasterećenja na kvalitetu vode u akumulaciji. Na taj način prikazani su najnepovoljniji i najpovoljniji mogući scenarij u odnosu na utjecaj preljevnih količina na kvalitetu prijamnika. Rezultati pokazuju da se stanje vodnog tijela uglavnom pogoršava u umjereno stanje. Kao kritični parametar identificiran je KPK koji ne zadovoljava dobro ekološko stanje 8 od 10 analiziranih scenarija. Takvi rezultati smatraju se neprihvatljivima te dovode do zaključka da ovako planirano kišno rasterećenje ne bi bilo prihvatljivo bez dodatnih mjera (primjerice predviđanja aeratora za obogaćivanje akumulacije kisikom). Ističe se da je ova analiza dana samo kao preliminarna te uz brojne usvojene pretpostavke. Da bi se dobila preciznija slika unosa onečišćenja preporuča se upotreba detaljnog numeričkog 3D modela koji bi obuhvatio sve utjecajne parametre. Part of the Project of Reconstruction of Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Varaždin is overflow upstream of the WWTP. The design solution envisages a pumping station with five parallel pumps which will transport overflow into the accumulation lake of HPP Čakovec. Pumping station along with pumps would be activated only in case of precipitation of higher return periods and increased inflow to the WWTP, and even then only when the receiving capacity of the right drainage ditch, as the main recipient of overflow quantities, has been reached. A thesis analyses the influence of concerned overflow quantities on the quality of receiver (HPP Čakovec Accumulation Lake). First, certain physical-chemical parameters of wastewater quality (BOD5, COD, TN, TP, SS, temperature) were analysed in overflow and accumulation. With derived analysis, HPP Čakovec Accumulation Lake is characterized in the category of good ecological status for basic physical-chemical indicators. Furthermore, according to the assumed different cases, considering the minimum and maximum values of concentrations in overflow and in the lake, and with certain assumptions, the analysis of rain overflow quantities on water quality in the lake was performed. In this way, the most unfavourable and the most favourable plausible scenario is presented regarding influence of overflow quantities on receiver quality. The results show that the condition of water body generally deteriorates to a moderate state. COD was identified as a critical parameter that does not meet good ecological status in 8 of 10 analysed scenarios. Such results are considered unacceptable and lead to the conclusion that planned overflow is not acceptable without additional measures (e.g., providing aerators to enrich oxygen in accumulation). It is emphasized that this is only preliminary analysis with numerous adopted assumptions. In order to obtain a more accurate image of pollution input, it is recommended to use a detailed numerical 3D model that would include all influential parameters.

Bajam je lupinasta voćna vrsta čiji plodovi imaju široku primjenu u prehrambenoj, farmaceutskoj i kozmetičkoj industriji. U Hrvatskoj se uglavnom uzgaja na području s mediteranskom klimom, a rodnost uveliko ovisi o agroekološkim uvjetima uzgoja. Problem kod uzgoja bajama je njegova rana cvatnja (siječanj, veljača), nakon čega vrlo često dolazi do pojave mrazova koji mogu uništiti cvijet te tako onemogućiti razvoj plodova i u konačnici smanjiti prinos. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi fenologiju cvatnje triju sorata bajama: 'Ferragnese', 'Troito' i 'Tuono' uzgajanih u nasadu bajama na području Ravnih Kotara kao i samoniklih genotipova koja rastu u okolici nasada. Uz praćenje datuma početka cvatnje, pune cvatnje i završetka cvatnje utvrđen je i broj rodnih izbojka, kao i broj cvjetova po rodnom izbojku te su na temelju UPOV-a deskriptora opisani cvjetovi bajama. Sorta 'Tuono' najranije je započela s cvatnjom (04. ožujka), dva dana kasnije sorta 'Troito', kao i samonikli genotipovi II i III, dok je sorta 'Ferragnese' najkasnije započela s cvatnjom (08. ožujka). Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na razlike u početku i vremenu trajanja cvatnje, kao i broju cvjetova po rodnom izbojku. Almond is a fruit-tree species whose fruits are widely used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In Croatia, it is mainly grown in the areas with Mediterranean climate, with production being largely dependent on agro-ecological growing conditions. The problem with almond cultivation is its early flowering (January, February), after which frosts often occur which can destroy the flower and thus prevent the development of the fruit and ultimately reduce the yield. The aim of this study was to determine the phenology of flowering of three almond cultivars 'Ferragnese', 'Troito' and 'Tuono' grown in a plantation in the area of Ravni kotari, as well as wild genotypes growing in the vicinity. In addition to monitoring the date of the start of flowering, full flowering and the end of flowering, the number of bearing shoots as well as the number of flowers per shoot were determined. The almond flowers were described based on the UPOV descriptor. The 'Tuono' variety started flowering at the earliest (March 4th), two days later the 'Troito' cultivar, as well as the wild genotypes II and III, while the cultivar 'Ferragnese' began to bloom at the latest (March 8th). The results of the study indicate differences in the onset and duration of flowering, as well as the number of flowers per bearing shoots.

U radu je opisana problematika vezana uz generiranje i zbrinjavanje mulja s UPOV-a (uređaja za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda) u Hrvatskoj. Poseban osvrt je dan na mogućnost i opravdanost korištenja pepela dobivenog spaljivanjem mulja. Naglasak je stavljen na ugradnju pepela u betonskoj industriji, pri proizvodnji cementnog morta i betona. U radu su opisani rezultati do sada provedenih istraživanja u okviru svjetske prakse, s primarnim osvrtom na utjecaj ugradnje pepela na karakteristike cementnog morta i betona.

Understanding genetic diversity of wheat germplasm is important for its identification, classification and efficient use in breeding. The aim of this study was to assess genetic diversity of 152 wheat varieties developed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Serbia, during the last 50 years, with 15 morphological characteristics based on UPOV (International Union for Protection of New Varieties of Plants) guidelines. The Shannon diversity index was used as an indicator of morphological diversity and it ranged from 0.63, for the seasonal type, to 1.49, for the hairiness on convex surface on the apical rachis segment, with the mean value of 1.10, indicating a high morphological diversity. On average, the diversity was higher for traits relating to generative organs than for those associated with vegetative organs. The 15 morphological characteristics were sufficient to distinguish unique profiles of all 152 wheat varieties. Besides, the estimation of wheat varietal diversity and identification of morphological characteristics with the highest discriminative power were done by homogeneity analysis (HOMALS). The traits that contributed the most to the distinction of varieties were the presence of scurs or awns on ears, shoulder width of lower glumes, beak length of lower glumes and seasonal type. Although the first two dimensions contributes to only 20% of the total variability of categorical data, the methods grouped the varieties with the same categories of the most discriminative traits. Morphological characterization using the traits with the highest discriminative power could be a useful complementary method for comprehensive wheat germplasm classification and diversity analysis.

TEZ12756 Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2019. Kaynakça (s. 69-73) var. XIII, 75 s. :_res. (bzs. rnk.), tablo ;_29 cm. Bu çalışmada, Alata Bahçe Kültürleri Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü karpuz gen havuzunda bulunan 11 adet hat ve bu hatlardan resiprokal olarak elde edilen melezlerin tohum karakterlerinin F1 aşamasında kalıtımı araştırılmıştır. Tohumlarda UPOV’a göre; büyüklük (çok küçük, küçük, orta, büyük, çok büyük), kabukta zemin rengi (beyaz, krem, yeşil, kırmızı, kızıl kahve, kahverengi, siyah), kabuğun ikincil rengi (yok, var), kabuğun ikincil renginin dağılım şekli (nokta, parça, nokta ve parça), zemin rengi ile ikincil rengin alan ilişkisi (küçük, orta, büyük), hilumda leke (yok, var), kenarda leke (yok, var), tohum sayısı (adet/kg meyve), meyve başına tohum ağırlığı (g/meyve), 1000 dane ağırlığı (g), tohum eni (mm), tohum boyu (mm), tohum kalınlığı (mm) ve tohum renk ölçümleri incelenmiş ve bu parametreler için heterozis değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Yapılan gözlemlerde; 2 hat ve 5 melezde siyah renk, 3 hat ve 8 melezde kahverengi renk, 1 hatta kızıl kahve renk ve 1 hatta beyaz renk oluştuğu, 5 hat ve 9 melezde büyük tohum, 1 hat ve 4 melezde küçük tohum ve 1 hatta çok küçük tohum oluştuğu, 2 hat ve 4 melezde hilumda leke oluştuğu ve tüm hat ve melezlerde tohum kenarında leke oluşmadığı gözlemlenmiştir. Kahverengi tohum renginin beyaz üzerine baskın olduğu ve ayrıca siyah tohum renginin kahverengi ve beyaz tohum renkleri üzerine baskın olduğu bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; meyve başına tohum ağırlığı bakımından Y-2-2 × Y-55 melezi, tohum sayısı bakımından Y-2-2 × Y-55 melezi, 1000 dane ağırlığı (g) bakımından Y-55 × Y-45 melezi, tohum eni (mm) bakımından Y-45 hattı, tohum boyu (mm) bakımından Y-45 × Y-55 melezi ve tohum kalınlığı (mm) bakımından Y-21 hattının üstün olduğu tespit edilmiştir. In this study, 11 lines in the watermelon germplasm of Alata Horticulture Research Institute Directorate and the inheritance of seed characters of reciprocal hybrids obtained from these lines were investigated. According to UPOV; size (very small, small, medium, large, very large), ground color of testa (white, cream, green, red, red brown, brown, black), secondary color of testa (absent, present), type of distribution of secondary color of testa (in dots only, in dots and in patches, in patches only), area of secondary color in relation to that of ground color (small, medium, large), patches at hilum (absent, present), patches at margin (absent, present), number of seeds (seed/kg fruit), seed weight (g/fruit), 1000 grain weight (g), seed width (mm), seed length (mm), seed thickness (mm) and seed color measurements were examined and heterosis values were calculated for these parameters. Observations made; black color in 2 lines and 5 hybrids, brown color in 3 lines and 8 hybrids, one red brown color and 1 line white color, big seeds in 5 lines and 9 hybrids, small seeds in 1 line and 4 hybrids and 1 line very small seeds, patches at hilum in 2 lines and 4 hybrids and no patches at margin of the seed. It was found that brown seed color dominates over white and black seed color dominates over brown and white seed colors. According to the results of the research; Y-2-2 × Y-55 hybrid in terms of seed weight per fruit, Y-2-2 × Y-55 hybrid in terms of seed number, Y-55 × Y-45 hybrid in terms of 1000 grain weight, in terms of seed width (mm) Y-45 lines, Y-45 × Y-55 hybrid in terms of seed length (mm) and Y-21 line in seed thickness (mm) was found to be superior. Bu Çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi Tarafından Desteklenmiştir. Proje no: FYL-2018- 11210.

ÖZETYüksek Lisans TeziKENDİLENMİŞ MISIR HATLARININ MOLEKÜLER VEMORFOLOJİK KARAKTERİZASYONUAbdurrahman Eşref ÖZBEYTekirdağ Namık Kemal ÜniversitesiFen Bilimleri EnstitüsüTarla Bitkileri Anabilim DalıDanışman : Prof. Dr. Kayıhan Z. KORKUTSakarya Mısır Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü tarafından geliştirilmiş olan 30 kendilenmiş mısır hattı morfolojik ve moleküler olarak tanımlanmıştır. Morfolojik tanımlamada 34 özellik (UPOV) ele alınmış ve hatların Kümeleme Analizi sonucunda iki gruba ayrıldığı görülmüştür. Yine Temel Bileşenler Analizi ile yapılan değerlendirmede gözlemlenen 34 karakter yerine 18 karakterin popülasyonu açıklamaya yeterli olacağı görülmüştür. Moleküler analiz çalışmaları 25 SSR markörü ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Toplam allel sayısı 121, ortalama allel sayısı 4.84 bulunmuş olup, allel sayısı 2 ile 7 arasında değişmiştir. Polimorfizm bilgi içeriği ortalama 0.59 olarak hesaplanmış olup, 0.15 ile 0.78 arasında değişmiştir. Moleküler analizler sonucu yapılan Kümeleme Analizinde hatların üç gruba ayrıldığı görülmüştür. Elde Hatlar arası benzerlik katsayıları 0.08 ile 0.78 arasında değişmiştir. Morfolojik ve moleküler veriler arasında tam bir bağlantı bulunamamıştır. Her iki dendogram da incelendiğinde birçok hattın farklı gruplar altında dağılım gösterdiğini görmekteyiz. Bu çalışma ile elde edilen veriler, yapılacak melez kombinasyonlarında kullanılarak daha verimli melez kombinasyonlarının oluşturulmasına katkı sağlayabilir. Melez kombinasyonlarında kullanılacak hatların sadece morfolojik olarak değil, artık günümüzde yoğun olarak kullanılan moleküler yöntemlerle de değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir.Anahtar kelimeler: Mısır, kendilenmiş hat, SSR, UPOV, Temel Bileşenler Analizi ABSTRACTMSc. ThesisMOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOJICAL CHARACTERISATIONOF MAIZE INBRED LINESAbdurrahman Eşref ÖZBEYTekirdağ Namık Kemal UniversityGraduate School of Natural and Applied SciencesDepartment of Field CropsSupervisor : Prof. Dr. Kayıhan Z. KORKUTThe 30 inbred maize lines, which were improved by the Sakarya Maize Research Institute, were identified as morphological and molecular. 34 morphological characters (UPOV) were studied and the lines were divided into three groups as a result of clustering analysis.According to the principal component analysis, it was observed that 18 characters would be sufficient to explain the population instead of the 34 characters. Molecular analysis studies were performed with 25 SSR markers. The total number of alleles was 121, the average allel number was 4.84, and the allele number varied between 2 and 7. The polymorphism information content (PIC) was calculated as 0.59 and ranged between 0.15 and 0.78. As a result of molecular analysis, it was seen that the lines were divided into four groups. The similarity coefficients between the lines varied between 0.08 and 0.78. There isn't any significant link between morphological and molecular data. When both dendograms are examined, many lines are distributed under different groups. The data obtained with this study will contribute to more efficient hybrid combinations. The lines to be used in hybrid combinations should be evaluated not only morphologically but also with molecular methods which are used extensively today.Keywords : Maize, inbred line, SSR, UPOV, principal component analysis 70

Several African countries and regional organizations are investing in the establishment of a plant variety protection system modeled on the UPOV 1991 Convention, which currently provides the strongest, international standard for plant variety protection. Whereas proponents argue that strong protection of breeder's rights will incentivize breeding and the introduction of new varieties for farmers, opponents fear that the proposed legal framework is unsuitable for African countries as it may hamper traditional farming practices of using and exchanging farm-saved seed. These informal or farmer-managed seed systems supply more than 80% of the total food crop seed used by farmers. The challenge for African countries is to strike a balance between protecting the interests of breeders through the incentive function of plant breeder's rights for the commercial market, and the leeway that needs to be provided to smallholder farmers that depend on informal sources for their seed security and survival. And to do so in a practical and legally enforceable manner. This paper explores how African countries and regional organizations can establish such balance through a differentiated approach to plant variety protection, which sets different levels of protection for different crops in relation to different categories of farmers.

Genetska čistoća sjemena odnosi se na postotak onečišćenja sjemenom ili genetskim materijalom drugih kultivara ili vrsta. Kontrola genetske čistoće kultivara provodi se na temelju morfoloških svojstava sjemena, kemijskim te molekularnim metodama. U radu je provedeno određivanje genetske čistoće kemijskim testom na uzorcima zrna 40 genotipova pšenice. Za utvrđivanje genetske čistoće korišten je fenolni test prema UPOV-om pravilniku za DUS ispitivanja pšenice. Navedena metoda temelji se na obojenosti perikarpa pšenice te procjeni ujednačenosti obojenih zrna. Očitavanje obojenosti se temeljilo na skali od 0 do 9, pri čemu su svi genotipovi pokazivali određen stupanj obojenosti perikarpa. U ispitivanom uzorku, ocjene obojenosti su se kretale od 1 (jedan genotip) do 9 (12 genotipova), dok je za ukupno 32, 5% genotipova utvrđena srednje slaba do vrlo slaba obojenost zrna. Ujednačenost obojenja je bila u prihvatljivom rasponu te su svi genotipovi ocijenjeni kao genetski čisti.

Ovim radom se ukazuje na probleme koji se pojavljuju prilikom provođenja postupaka javne nabave za složene građevinske projekte, konkretno za uređaje za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda, po modelu „projektiranje – izvođenje“. Provedeno je istraživanje tržišta na način da su prikupljeni i obrađeni dostupni podatci o provedenim postupcima nabave istog predmeta nabave, provedena je analiza upita za pojašnjenjem i izjavljenih žalbi te je napravljena SWOT analiza za provedene postupke javne nabave. Također su prikupljeni i obrađeni dostupni podatci o gospodarskim subjektima uključenim u postupke sličnih predmeta nabave, odnosno potencijalnim ponuditeljima te je provedena anketa gospodarskih subjekata. Na osnovu rezultata provedenog istraživanja izrađen je prijedlog modela postupka nabave za složene građevinske projekte kojim se predlaže provedba postupka nabave u dvije faze. U sklopu prve faze proveo bi se postupak nabave za usluge projektiranja i ishodovanja dozvola te izrade projektantskog troškovnika. Po završetku prve faze, na osnovu dobivenih projekata i projektantskog troškovnika, pristupilo bi se provedbi postupka nabave za izvođenje radova, dobavu i ugradnju opreme, ispitivanje uređaja i puštanje u rad te provedbi postupka za usluge nadzora. Valorizacija provedenih postupaka javne nabave i predloženog modela prikazuje prednosti i mane pojedinih modela, a njihova komparacija ukazuje na moguće značajno pojednostavljivanje provedbe postupaka nabave primjenom predloženog modela. Na taj bi se način smanjilo vrijeme trajanja provedbe postupka, izbjegli bi se nepotrebni troškovi za naručitelje te bi se povećao broj uspješno realiziranih postupaka.

Türkiye'de bugüne kadar yapılan ceviz seleksiyonlarında, dünya standartlarında üstün vasıflı meyve özelliklerine sahip, ümit var tipler ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Ceviz genetik kaynaklarının toplanması ve muhafaza edilmesinde birinci derecede sorumlu olan Atatürk Bahçe Kültürleri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü'nde bu çalışmalardan elde edilen birçok ümitvar tip, Ceviz Genetik Kaynakları Parselinde koruma altına alınmıştır. Bu araştırmada, ceviz genetik kaynakları parselinde bulunan ve henüz uluslararası standartta tanımlama çalışmaları yapılmamış olan genotiplere yer verilmiştir. Marmara bölgesinden 24, Akdeniz Bölgesinden 5, Karadeniz Bölgesinden 7, Doğu Anadolu Bölgesinden 3, Güneydoğu Anadolu, Ege ve İç Anadolu Bölgelerinden de 1'er adet olmak üzere, toplam 42 adet yerli ceviz genotipinin iki yıl süreyle yapılan morfolojik, fenolojik gözlemleri ve pomolojik analizleri 36 ayrı UPOV kriterlerine göre tanımlanmıştır. İncelenen ceviz genotiplerinde meyve ağırlıkları 7.48-26.17 g, iç ağırlıkları 4.44-15.26 g, iç oranları % 29.76-74.80 ve kabuk kalınlıkları 0.36-1.74 mm arasında bulunmuştur. Ayrıca genotipler arasındaki genetik benzerliği ortaya çıkarmak amacıyla ISSR DNA moleküler markör tekniği uygulanmıştır. Kullanılan 25 adet ISSR primerinden toplam 196 bant elde edilmiş, bunların 156 adedi polimorfik bulunmuştur. Genotiplerin benzerlik indeksi ise 0,21 ile 0,83 oranı arasında değişmiştir. Salto/6 ile 144/84 genotipleri birbirlerine en yakın, Franquette ile 65/C116 ise genetik olarak birbirine en uzak genotipler olduğu tespit edilmiştir, In Turkey, walnut selections made so far, revealed promising types with world class superior quality fruits. Many promising types obtained from the studies in Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute, primarily responsible for collecting and maintaining walnut genetic resources, are protected in Walnut Genetic Resources Parcel. This study includes genotypes in walnut genetic resources parcels that were not identified yet as international standard. The two-year morphological, phenological and pomological analyzes of a total of 42 indigenous walnut genotypes, 24 from the Marmara region, 5 from the Mediterranean Region, 7 from the Black Sea Region, 3 from the Eastern Anatolia Region and 1 from the Aegean and Central Anatolia regions, were defined according to 36 separate UPOV criteria. 7.48-26,17 g of fruit weights, 4.44-15.26 g of kernel weights, 29.76-74.80 % of kernel percentage and 0.36-1.74 mm of shell thicknesses were recorded in the walnut genotypes examined. In addition, the ISSR DNA molecular marker technique was applied to reveal genetic relationship among the genotypes. Out of 25 ISSR primers used, a total of 196 bands were obtained, of which 156 were found polymorphic. The similarity index of genotypes ranged from 0.21 to 0.83. Salto/6 and 144/84 are closely related genotypes, whereas Franquette and 65/C116 were found to be genetically most distant genotypes.

Najvažnije svojstvo sjemenske kvalitete jest njegova genetska čistoća. Genetska čistoća odnosi se na postotak onečišćenja sjemenom ili genetskim materijalom drugih kultivara ili vrsta. Kontrola čistoće kultivara osim fenotipskih i molekularnim metodama provjerava se i kemijskim metodama. U radu je provedena kemijska metoda određivanja čistoće sjemenskoga materijala fenolnim testom. Korištena je metoda je preuzeta i odrađena prema UPOV-om pravilniku za DUS ispitivanja pšenice. Metoda se temelji na obojenosti perikarpa pšenice te procjeni ujednačenosti obojenih zrna. U radu je ispitivano 20 genotipova pšenice. Očitavanje obojenosti se temeljilo na skali od 0 do 9, pri čemu su svi genotipovi pokazivali određen stupanj obojenosti perikarpa. Ocjene obojenosti su se kretale od 1 (jedan genotip) do 9 (osam genotipova). Ujednačenost obojenja je bila u prihvatljivom rasponu te su svi genotipovi ocijenjeni kao genetski čisti., The most important feature of the seed quality is its genetic purity. Essentially, genetic purity of seeds ensures plants in the crop desired properties. Genetic purity refers to the percentage of contamination by seeds or genetic material of other varieties or species. In this thesis chemical control method for genetic purity of cultivars using phenol method. The phenol method was concuted according to UPOV guidelines for DUS testing. Method is based on the color quantification of the wheat pericarp and on the assesment of seed color uniformity. Investigation was carried out on 20 different wheat genotypes. Reading of results was measured according to the coloration grade, on a scale from 0 to 9. All genotypes showed certain degree of pericarp coloration. Coloration grades were from 1 (one genotype) to 9 (eight genotypes). Color uniformity of tested seeds was in accetable range thus all genotypes were characterised as genetically pure.

Afield study has been conducted at Al-Mishkhab rice research station(Najaf Governorate) in 2011 rice season to study the morphological relationship and distribution of eight rice varieties(Anber33, Jasmine, Furat1, Barnamaj4, Mishkhab1, Mishkhab2, Anber Abbasiya, Anber Al-baraka). Transplanting method has been used for planting in rows(30×20)cm distance between seedlings into plots (5×5)m size. The study has been designed using RCBD in three replications. The recommended fertilizer has been added. At rice cycle, the weeds are removed by hand for three time. The UPOV description of 27 morphological characters has been used. The results obtained show that seven out of the twenty seven studied characters could be distinguish between the eight varieties. The rest of the characters, show less variability among the eight varieties. Genetic similarity based on morphological characters showed that genetic similarity degree ranged from (0.81 to o.98). The genetic similarity between Anber abasiya, Barnamaj4, Mishkhab2, and Furat1 varieties were (0.93). There is a variability between Anber33 and Jasmine with other varieties which appear similarity at the distant is(0.91), these varieties are different as separate branches than the other. The Mishkhab1 and Anber Al- baraka appear similarity as a separate group at distant (0.98).

Between 2008 and 2009, we researched Shandong where is central vegetable production area in china, in orderto clarify the presence of Farmers' Privilege - right of peasant self propagating vegetable seeds and the signifi canceof its management structure. Production costs statistical analysis and management research revealed the followingpoints:1. They use F1 seeds in most of the vegetable production.2. Therefore, there is no effective self-seed, they use vegetative propagation methods to increase seedling.3. We could actually see is the ways that they cut side shoots from growing vegetables and grafted them torootstock. This way seems to be versatile.4. This propagating way for the case of expensive foreign seed, has certain cost saving effect.5. But that effect is small for advanced horticultural management. Because it has relatively low seedling cost ratioagainst large investment.6. And if the market becomes more competitive, this method will be very likely to disappear because of the risk ofquality loss and pests.

Between 2008 and 2009, we researched Shandong where is central vegetable production area in china, in orderto clarify the presence of Farmers' Privilege - right of peasant self propagating vegetable seeds and the signifi canceof its management structure. Production costs statistical analysis and management research revealed the followingpoints:1. They use F1 seeds in most of the vegetable production.2. Therefore, there is no effective self-seed, they use vegetative propagation methods to increase seedling.3. We could actually see is the ways that they cut side shoots from growing vegetables and grafted them torootstock. This way seems to be versatile.4. This propagating way for the case of expensive foreign seed, has certain cost saving effect.5. But that effect is small for advanced horticultural management. Because it has relatively low seedling cost ratioagainst large investment.6. And if the market becomes more competitive, this method will be very likely to disappear because of the risk ofquality loss and pests.

To get the protection for essentially derived variety, the initial variety must be a protected first, because the dependence can onlyexist in relation to protected variety. While determining whether a variety is EDV or not, it is to be noted that, an EDV can bedirectly derived from the initial variety or from any variety that itself is predominantly derived from the initial variety. Hencethere can be "cascade" of derivations. In determining the cascade of derivation, it should be noted that each EDV shall only bedependent on one, the protected initial variety; a cascade of dependence shall not exist. This principle of dependence has beenintroduced to better protect the breeder of the initial variety and not those having made just derivations. More recently, based onthe general opinion of its members, ISF moved to the definition of only one threshold that would divide the scale of conformityinto two parts: below the threshold there would be no presumption of essential derivation, above the threshold there would bepresumption of essential derivation and the burden of proof of non predominant derivation would fall on the breeder of theputative essentially derived variety. The threshold will certainly vary from species to species, depending on the existing geneticvariability within the species and the established breeding procedures. To eliminate the ‘copycat breeding’ or ‘cosmetic breeding’,the concept of ‘essential derivation’ was included in the revised UPOV convention Act (UPOV, 1991).This paper thereforefocuses on the imminent challenges to the breeders and the responsibilities they need to shoulder to respect and promote the IPand plant variety protection in India to usher in an era of incentives and benefit sharing for the plant breeders.

Agriculture is among the most risk-prone sectors in the economies of Central Asia. Production shocks from weather, pests and diseases and adverse movements in agricultural product and input prices not only impact farmers and agri-business firms, but can also strain government finances. Some of these risks are small and localized and can be managed by producers. Others are the result of more severe, exogenous shocks outside agriculture that require a broader response. Failure to respond adequately to these more severe risks leads to a perpetual cycle of ‘shock-recovery-shock’ which reinforces poverty traps and compromises long-term growth. A broad-based program to improve livestock productivity is recommended to strengthen the resilience of livestock production systems and rangeland use in Kazakhstan. Proposed interventions include measures to: (i) reverse degradation of water, soil and vegetation cover; (ii) safeguard the long-term viability of rangeland ecosystems, while ensuring sustainable access to grazing land; and (iii) strengthen livestock services (veterinary, animal health, feed and fodder supply, destocking, water and grazing access, and weather and market information). These measures will enable farmers to manage their resources better, to respond to climate and market signals and to protect their resource base in times of drought. The recommendations developed under these three solution areas continue the underlying emphasis on mitigation as the foundation for risk management. They also highlight the mutually reinforcing benefits of measures to improve crop and livestock productivity for both risk management and sector growth.

TEZ10793 Tez (Doktora) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2016. Kaynakça (s. 295-310) var. xxx, 328 s. : res. (bzs. rnk.), tablo ; 29 cm. Domates genotiplerinin tuza dayanımı fizyololojik ve morfolojik olarak incelenirken, agronomik olarak verim ve meyve kalite özellikleri değerlendirilerek UPOV kriterlerine göre morfolojik karakterizasyon yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, bitki büyümesini takip etmek için bitki yeşil aksam yaş ve kuru ağırlıkları, bitki gövde çapı ve boyu, yaprak alanı indeksi, yeşil aksamda tuzdan etkilenmenin 0-5 skalasına göre değerlendirilmesi, tuza dayanımı ortaya çıkarmak için fizyolojik olarak domates bitkilerinde; yaprak su potansiyeli, yaprak ozmotik potansiyeli, yaprak sıcaklığı, yaprak stoma iletkenliği, yapraklarda SPAD metre ile kloroz durumunun belirlenmesi, yaprak hücrelerinde membran zararlanması, bitki Na, K, Ca, Cl, K/Na, Ca/Na içerikleri ve sulama suyu randımanı parametreleri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca toplam verim, meyve sayısı ve domates meyvelerinde; meyve ortalama ağırlığı, meyve çapı ve boyu, meyve sertliği, meyvede suda çözünebilir kuru madde miktarı, meyvede titre edilebilir asitlik, meyve C vitamini, meyve pH ve meyve EC içeriği gibi meyve kalite özellikleri de incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonunda tuza dayanıklılık bakımından incelenen morfolojik, fizyolojik, agronomik ve pomolojik tüm özellikler değerlendirildiğinde seçilerek denemeye alınan 9 adet domates genotipi kendi arasında en toleranslıdan duyarlıya doğru Tom23, Tom148, Tom18, Tom209, Tom26, Tom106, Tom150, Tom161 ve Tom29 şeklinde sıralanmaktadır. Salt tolerance of tomato genotypes when examined through the physiological and morphological, also as agronomic yield and fruit quality characteristics were evaluated and morphological characterization was made according to the criteria of UPOV. The study to monitoring the plant growth; the plant wet and dry weights, stem diameter and length, leaf area index, evaluation of 0-5 scale were examined for revealing salt tolerance in tomato plants; leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, leaf temperature, leaf stomatal condactivity, determination leaf chlorosis with SPAD meter, membran injury index, plant Na, K, Ca, Cl, K/Na and Ca/Na contents and using water efficiency parameters investigated as physiological. Furthermore fruit quality characteristics such as total yield, number of fruit, the average fruit weight, fruit diameter and length, fruit hardness, the amount of fruit soluble solid, fruit titratable acidity, fruit vitamin C, fruit pH and EC contents were also investigated. At the end of the study, in terms of resistance to salt all the examined properties such as morphological, physiological and pomological properties were evaluated; 9 tomato genotypes which were selectively taken to trial, among the most tolerant towards their sensitiveness are ranked as Tom23, Tom148, Tom18, Tom209, Tom26, Tom106, Tom150, Tom161 and Tom29. Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje No: 113O185 ve ZF2013D6.

Ispitivan je potencijal korištenja pepela dobivenog spaljivanjem mulja s UPOV-a kao zamjenskog cementnog materijala. Pepeo je dobiven spaljivanjem mulja s jednog od UPOV-a u Hrvatskoj u laboratorijskim uvjetima te je potom korišten kao zamjena za dio cementa (20%) u proizvodnji cementnog morta i betona. U radu su prikazani kemijski sastav te neka fizikalna svojstva pepela generiranog na različitim temperaturama spaljivanja. U odnosu na različite analizirane temperature spaljivanja, zaključeno je da je sa stajališta pogodnosti za primjenu pepela u cementnim materijalima optimalna temperatura spaljivanja 900°C. Korištenje pepela u cementnim materijalima uzrokuje pad obradivosti kreiranih mješavina što se uspješno nadoknađuje dodatkom superplastifikatora. Mješavine s dodanim pepelom pokazuju manji pad čvrstoća u odnosu na referentnu mješavinu (bez pepela), ali se dobiveni rezultati mogu ocijeniti kao zadovoljavajući sa stajališta zadovoljenja tehničkih kriterija promatranih prvenstveno kroz mehaničke karakteristike dobivenih mješavina (tlačna i čvrstoća na savijanje).

Ce mémoire se divise en deux parties. La première est une analyse des droits respectifs de trois acteurs-clés du secteur des semences au regard de la propriété intellectuelle végétale (obtentions et brevets). La deuxième partie consiste en un examen économique de l'efficacité de ces règles de droits au regard des objectifs du législateur. Master [120] en droit, Université catholique de Louvain, 2016

Several African countries and regional organisations are investing in the establishment of a plant variety protection system modelled on the UPOV 1991 Convention, which currently provides the strongest, international standard for plant variety protection. Whereas proponents argue that strong protection of breeder’s rights will incentivize breeding and the introduction of new varieties for farmers, opponents fear that the proposed legal framework is unsuitable for African countries as it may hamper traditional farming practices of using and exchanging farm-saved seed. These informal or farmer-managed seed systems supply more than 80% of the total food crop seed used by farmers. The challenge for African countries is to strike a balance between protecting the interests of breeders through the incentive function of plant breeder’s rights for the commercial market, and the leeway that needs to be provided to smallholder farmers that depend on informal sources for their seed security and survival. And to do so in a practical and legally enforceable manner. This paper explores how African countries and regional organisations can establish such balance through a differentiated approach to plant variety protection, which sets different levels of protection for different crops in relation to different categories of farmers.

U radu je opisan postupak automatizacije procesa strojne dehidracije mulja pomoću uređaja za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda u Suhopolju. Dan je kratak uvod u temu s opisom principa rada postrojenja, te popis osnovnih tehnoloških postupaka uređaja za pročišćavanje otpadne vode. Opisan je postupak izrade električnih shema na osnovu kojih se izrađuje električni ormar koji se postavlja u samo postrojenje. Detaljno je opisan postupak izrade tropolnih shema za sastavljanje ormara sa opisom najvažnije opreme koja se koristi u svrhu automatizacije i zaštite pojedinih procesa postrojenja. Izrađeno je softvesko rješenje za izradu upravljačkog programa PLC-a i sučelja čovjek-stroj. Opisan je rad programibilnog kontrolera, te je detaljno opisan postupak izrade upravljačkog programa s opisom pojedinih funkcija koje se automatiziraju, od zgušnjivača mulja i dobavnih crpki do spiralne prese za strojnu dehidraciju mulja. Opisana je izrada sučelja čovjek-stroj (HMI) s popratnim slikama svih zaslona koji se pojavljuju unutar aplikacije.

U radu je opisana problematika vezana uz generiranje i zbrinjavanje mulja s UPOV-a (uređaja za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda) u Hrvatskoj. Poseban osvrt je dan na mogućnost i opravdanost korištenja pepela dobivenog spaljivanjem mulja. Naglasak je stavljen na ugradnju pepela u betonskoj industriji, pri proizvodnji cementnog morta i betona. U radu su opisani rezultati dosada provedenih istraživanja u okviru svjetske prakse, s primarnim osvrtom na utjecaj ugradnje pepela na karakteristike cementnog morta i betona., Problems relating to disposal of sludge accumulating at waste-water treatment plants (WWTP) in Croatia are described in the paper. The possibility and adequacy of using ash obtained through incineration of sludge is considered. A special emphasis is placed on the significance of ash in concrete industry during production of cement mortar and concrete. Results of worldwide research conducted so far are described, with indications about the ways in which ash use influences properties of cement mortar and concrete.

Agricultural diversification is one way of meeting the future challenges associated with climate change and population growth, making farmers’ access to a diversity of high-yielding, good quality cultivars critical. In this paper we provide an overview of the seed system in the Nordic region from the 1950 to the present. The emphasisis on breeding businesses and their production of cultivars. Key primary sources have been the national variety lists, other written sources on plant breeding, and a survey. We document how enterprises have merged and how this consolidation process has affected the production of new cultivars and led to an emphasis on major crops, resulting in the abandonment of breeding activities for several other crops. The results are discussed in relation to structures and in the broader context of agrobiodiversity issues in peripheral regions of the world.

Continued usage of morphological data to describe agronomical important genotypes indicates that those data retain popularity as descriptors of plant species. However, the need is arising for their more detailed description by laboratory-based biochemical and molecular methods. The standardization of those techniques has been achieved by ISTA and UPOV through DUS testing that is the basis of the system of protection of Plant Breeders Rights. Not only by morphological characterization but also by combining morphological, biochemical and molecular aspects in identification and description of agronomical important genotypes, it is possible to reveal their unique genetic profiles e.g. fingerprints. In this review we summarized the techniques that proved to be successfully applied in biochemical and molecular characterization of agronomical important genotypes. Obtaining their unique genetic profiles due to application of those methods, it is now possible to precisely characterize them with most certainty and reproducibility. Stalna upotreba morfoloških podataka u opisu agronomski važnih genotipova ukazuje na činjenicu da su ovi podaci zadržali popularnost deskriptora biljnih vrsta. Međutim javlja se potreba njihovog detaljnijeg opisa, laboratorijski baziranim, biohemijskim i molekularnim metodama. Standardizacijom ovih novih tehnika u svetu, zbog njihovih brojnih mogućnosti u oblasti identifikacije genotipova, gde se ustanovljavaju standardi za njihovu zaštitu, bave se međunarodne organizacije ISTA (International Seed Testing Association) i UPOV (Union pur la Protection des Obtenious Vegetales). Rezultat ovih nastojanja da se standardizuju tehnike za identifikaciju genotipova su DUS (Distinctness, Uniformity, Stability) testovi koji predstavljaju osnovu za deskripciju biljnih vrsta i genotipova u svrhu sistema zaštite intelektualne svojine biljnih oplemenjivača (Protection of Plant Breeders Rights - PBR). Ovakva svojevrsna standardizacija novih metoda polako postaje i naša svakodnevnica. Kombinacijom morfoloških, biohemijskih i molekularnih podataka može se postići sveobuhvatna karakterizacija agronomski značajnih biljnih vrsta i genotipova. Primenom novih tehnika moguće je otkriti njihov jedinstveni genetički profil i dobiti ličnu kartu (fingerprinting) svakog agronomski važnog genotipa. U ovom radu prikazan je pregled tehnika koje su se pokazale uspešne pri primeni biohemijske i molekularne karakterizacije agronomski važnih genotipova. Otkrivanjem njihovog jedinstvenog genetičkog profila, zahvaljujući primeni ovih metoda, sada je moguća njihova precizna karakterizacija sa visokim nivoom reproducibilnosti i pouzdanosti.

In view of a wide use of alternative plant variety protection systems in Asia, in this paper I critically analyse whether the UPOV system is the only effective sui generis protection that is compatible with Article 27(3)(b) of TRIPS. This article provides an overview of the UPOV Convention and Article 27(3)(b), and critically analyses whether, nowadays, the 1991 Act of the upov Convention is the only effective sui generis protection of plant varieties.

Показано особливості використання різних маркерних систем у селекції високогетерозисних гібридів кукурудзи. Встановлено недостатньо високі значення асоціацій між генетичною дивергенцією, розрахованою за дескрипторами UPOV, та індексами гетерозису. Показано, що більш тісні асоціації між константами СКЗ та індексами гетерозису спостерігаються при аналізі гібридів, отриманих за діалельною схемою схрещувань. Доведено доцільність використання SSR маркерної системи для підбору батьківських компонентів при отриманні високогетерозисних гібридів кукурудзи., Показаны особенности использования различных маркерных систем в селекции высокогетерозисных гибридов кукурузы. Установлены недостаточно высокие значения ассоциаций между генетической дивергенцией, рассчитанной по дескрипторам UPOV, и индексами гетерозиса. Показано, что более тесные ассоциации между константами СКС и индексами гетерозиса наблюдаются при анализе гибридов, полученных в диаллельной схеме скрещиваний. Доказана целесообразность использования SSR маркерной системы для подбора родительских компонентов при получении високогетерозисних гибридов кукурузы., In breeding programs for maize, an important issue is the optimal selection of parental components. The initial material must have a sufficient level of divergence. According to the genetic concept of heterosis significant contribution to the formation of heterosis effect made heterozygous loci. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the effects of heterosis in maize and genetically divergence of breeding material revealed using UPOV descriptor’s, combining ability and by molecular genetic markers. As the material for this study were 60 inbred lines and experimental hybrids obtained in topcross and dialell crosses. It was conducted correlation analysis between levels of heterosis and relatedness, based on the UPOV methodology, constants of SCA and genetic distances calculated with RAPD and SSR- systems. As a result, it was established, that divergence based on UPOV descriptors is unsufficient for reliable mating component selection. It was shown that a close association between constants of SCA and indexes of heterosis observed in the analysis for hybrids obtained from dialell crosses.The possibility of using SSR marker system for selection of parental components for maize hybrids was concluded. It was established the discretization level of genetic distances, which provides a high level of association between genetic distance and reproductive heterosis. For our samples, this one was more than 0,019 for SSR marker system. Analysis of the experimental data was showed promising use of DNA fingerprinting for practical breeding programs for creating of maize hybrids with high heterosis level. Molecular genetic markers allow to select genetically different initial material for the selection of pairs for crosses.

in Penser une démocratie alimentaire Volume II – Proposition Lascaux entre ressources naturelles et besoins fondamentaux, F. Collart Dutilleul et T. Bréger (dir), Inida, San José, 2014, pp. 209-223. 9782918382096; International audience; At the International meetings organized by the Lascaux program in Nantes in November 2012, the researchers listened to NGOs and to associations or organizations of the civil society. This text is a synthesis, written by members of the Lascaux program, of the analyses presented by a set of organizations based on the introductory report from Robert Brac de la Perrière, coordinator of the organization Biodiversity Exchanges and Diffusion of Experiments (BEDE) and one of the administrators of the Network Semences Paysannes (Farm Seeds). Seeds and more largely plant varieties are the first agricultural inputs. They are at the base of agriculture, and thus at the base of food. At the same time, they become more and more an object and a challenge of intellectual property. For many observers, peasants and NGOs, the influence of the seed companies on the elaboration of the industrial property law on seeds and varieties raises concerns, especially since the resulting international intellectual property law tends to be reinforced and to spread.; Lors des Rencontres internationales organisées par le programme Lascaux à Nantes en novembre 2012, les chercheurs se sont mis à l'écoute des ONG et des associations ou organisations de la société civile. Le texte qui suit est une synthèse, faite par des membres du programme Lascaux, des analyses présentées par un ensemble d'organisations à partir du rapport introductif émanant de Robert Brac de la Perrière, coordinateur de l'organisation Biodiversité : Echanges et Diffusion d'Expériences (BEDE) et l'un des administrateurs du Réseau Semences Paysannes (RSP).Les semences et plus largement les variétés végétales constituent les premiers intrants agricoles. Elles sont à la base de l’agriculture, et donc de l’alimentation. Elles constituent de plus en plus à la fois un objet et un enjeu de propriété intellectuelle. Pour de nombreux observateurs, paysans et ONG, l’influence des entreprises semencières sur l’écriture du droit de la propriété industrielle sur les semences et les variétés suscite d'autant plus d'inquiétudes que le droit international de la propriété intellectuelle qui en est issu tend à se renforcer et à se généraliser.

International audience; The quality of ornamental plants can be appraised with several types of criteria: tolerance to biotic andabiotic stresses, development potentialities and aesthetics. This last criterion, aesthetic quality, is spe-cific to ornamental plants and objective measurements are required. Three methodologies for measuringaesthetic quality have been proposed. The first involves classical measurements of morphological fea-tures, such as flower number and diameter or leaf size. The second is based on sensory methods recentlyadapted to ornamental plants. The third, used by the International Union for the Protection of New Vari-eties of Plants (UPOV) for distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) tests, is based on morphologicalcharacteristics calibrated on specific reference varieties. The aim of this work was to compare thesethree methodologies for assessing some flowering and foliage characteristics of rosebushes. Six plantsfrom 10 rose varieties identified by UPOV as reference varieties were cultivated for two years in a green-house and outdoors in Angers, France. They were measured and photographed weekly during flowering.Photographs of the plants in full bloom were submitted to a panel of judges for sensory assessment.The results of the three assessment methodologies were compared. Sensory and morphometric mea-surements were highly correlated and sensory measurements confirmed UPOV scales, whereas somemorphometric measures diverged slightly from UPOV scales. We discuss the advantages, disadvantagesand complementarity of these three methodologies.