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Key to West Palaearctic Hoplocampa species (imagines) Note: The male of cantoti is unknown. The male of brevis is extremely rare: we were unable to locate any specimens. Hoplocampa tadshikistanica is so far only known from the type series collected in Tadzhikistan, and is thus extra-limital, but is included because it might occur in the West Palaearctic. Hoplocampa sogdiana Zhelochovtsev, 1976 is not included, because no specimens were available for examination, and the original description is not very informative. It is also only known from the type series collected in Tadzhikistan, from Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC (= oxyacantha auct.) (Zhelochovtsev 1976). 1 a Base of metafemur clearly black on all surfaces; metacoxa completely black; metatrochanter mainly black (Figs 7–8).............................................................................. 2 - aa Metafemur completely pale, or at most with an indistinct fuscous spot on basal ventral face; metacoxa usually at least apically pale; metatrochanter usually mainly pale (Figs 13, 14, 10) [only exception: rare ♂ colour form of plagiata from Massif Central and Pyrenees]................................................. 3, Published as part of Liston, Andrew, Prous, Marko & Vårdal, Hege, 2019, A review of West Palaearctic Hoplocampa species, focussing on Sweden (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae), pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 4615 (1) on page 8, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4615.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3995252, {"references":["Zhelochovtsev, A. N. (1976) Materialy po faune pilil'shhikov i rogohvostov srednej Azii, I. [Materials on the fauna of sawflies and woodwasps of Central Asia, I.]. Sbornik trudov Zoologicheskogo Muzeja MGU, 15, 3 - 73."]}

Hoplocampa phantoma Zinovjev, 1993 Hoplocampa phantoma Zinovjev, 1993: 31–33. Holotype ♀, not examined, in ZISP. Type locality: Russia [Far East], Khabarovsk Terr., Khekhtsir, 24 km S Khabarovsk. Note. The characters in the key, and our illustrations, are from specimens collected in the Russian Far East. According to Zinovjev (1993), the specimens from Sverdlovsk oblast [W. Palaearctic] differ from Far Eastern ones, in having a shorter ovipositor (the lower end of the range given below), and slight [unspecified] differences in the male genitalia. Additional description. Body length: 3.3–3.8mm. Clypeus narrowly and deeply emarginate. Pale body colour yellowish. Female: Valvula 3 and valvifer 2 combined length in lateral view 1.03–1.31 as long as metafemur without trochantellus. Lancet: Fig. 80. Male: penis valve: Figs 98–99. Total number of specimens examined: 9. Similar species. Superficially similar to alpina, especially in coloration, from which it is externally distinguishable only in the female sex: see key. The lancet of phantoma (Fig. 80) is narrower in relation to its length than that of alpina (Fig. 77), and phantoma has rows of ctenidial teeth on annuli ca. 1–7 (alpina: rows of teeth only on basal 2–3 annuli). The penis valve of phantoma (Figs 97–98) differs markedly in the profile of the valviceps and some details, such as the gap in the dorsal sclerotised strut just anterior of the valviceps apex, from all other West Palaearctic Hoplocampa species. Life history. Host plants: unknown, but Zinovjev (1993) considered that these could be Sorbus species; perhaps S. sibirica in the Urals, and S. amurensis in the Far East. Distribution. Russia. Northern Urals (Sverdlovsk oblast), and the Far East (Zinovjev 1993). Occurrence in Sweden: not recorded, and not expected. Specimens examined. Russia: Primorskiy Kray; 8♀ (DEI-GISHym83552) 1♂ (DEI-GISHym83553), Sa- marka 70 km N, Chuguyevka, Gordeyevskaya Mt., + 44.76667°N + 134.21667°E, 29.05.1993, leg. A. Taeger (SDEI)., Published as part of Liston, Andrew, Prous, Marko & Vårdal, Hege, 2019, A review of West Palaearctic Hoplocampa species, focussing on Sweden (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae), pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 4615 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4615.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3995252, {"references":["Zinovjev, A. G. (1993) Two new species of Nematinae (Hymenoptera Tenthredinidae) from the Eastern Palaearctic. Russian Entomological Journal, 2 (2), 31 - 35."]}

Hoplocampa ariae Benson, 1933 Hoplocampa (Hoplocampa) ariae Benson, 1933: 255–256. Holotype ♀, not examined, in BMNH. Type locality: England, Sur- rey, Box Hill. Additional description. Body length: 4.5–6.5mm. Clypeus narrowly and deeply emarginate. Pale colour creamywhite to testaceous. Female: the following may be more or less fuscous, or black: antenna above, sunken parts of meso- and metapostnotum, tarsi, apex of metatibia, apex of valvula 3. Lancet: Fig. 78. Male: the following may be more or less fuscous, or black: anterior of median mesoscutal lobe, meso- and metapostnotum, tarsi, apex of metatibia, basal and apical margins of abdominal terga 1–3, sometimes also a spot in middle of these terga, and a small lateral spot each side. Penis valve: Fig. 96. Total number of specimens examined: 10. Similar species. Most similar are Hoplocampa alpina and phantoma (see key, and under alpina). Very pale specimens of crataegi, from southern Europe, are also similar, but in crataegi the radius is darker than the other venation, whereas in ariae and alpina all venation is equally pale. The lancet of ariae (Fig. 78) is closely similar to that of alpina (Fig. 77) and crataegi (Fig. 79), but the ventralmost ctenidial tooth on the middle annuli is situated more dorsally in ariae than in alpina. The most reliable difference between the lancets of ariae and phantoma is the presence of ctenidial teeth on annular sutures ca. 1–3 in the former, and on ca. 1–7 in the latter. The penis valves of ariae (Fig. 96) and phantoma (Figs 98–99) are clearly different in overall shape, and ariae has a group of long setae on the apex of the valviceps, which are absent in phantoma. The penis valves of ariae and alpina (Fig. 94) are also similar, but ariae has a more obtuse valviceps apex and larger group of apical setae, which are also longer. Life history. Host plant: Sorbus aria (Pschorn-Walcher & Altenhofer 2000). Distribution. Central Europe, England and Ireland (Taeger et al. 2006). Occurrence in Sweden: no records, but might occur on naturalised Sorbus aria, or potentially on the related, native S. intermedia, S. rupicola, or S. norvegica. Specimens examined. Germany: Bavaria: 1♀ (DEI-GISHym19230), Trimbach, Trimburg, 14.05.2004, leg. Liston (SDEI). 3♀ (including DEI-GISHym19229, 83551), NW Regensburg, Deuerling, 24.05.2004, leg. Lis- ton (SDEI). Italy: 1♀ 3♂ (BC-ZSM-HYM06414–06415, 07203–07204), 26 km SW Cuneo, Lago della Rovina, 17.06.2009 (ZSM). United Kingdom: 1♀ 1♂ (DEI-GISHym83574), England, Buckinghamshire, Aston Clinton, 06.06.1953, leg. R. B. Benson (SDEI)., Published as part of Liston, Andrew, Prous, Marko & Vårdal, Hege, 2019, A review of West Palaearctic Hoplocampa species, focussing on Sweden (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae), pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 4615 (1) on page 12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4615.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3995252, {"references":["Benson, R. B. (1933) Four new species of nematine sawflies from Britain (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Stylops, 2 (2), 255 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1993. tb 00962. x","Pschorn-Walcher, H. & Altenhofer, E. (2000) Langjahrige Larvenaufsammlungen und Zuchten von Pflanzenwespen (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) in Mitteleuropa. Linzer biologische Beitrage, 32 (1), 273 - 327.","Taeger, A., Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D. (2006) European Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) - A Species Checklist for the Countries. In: Blank, S. M., Schmidt, S. & Taeger, A. (Eds.), Recent Sawfly Research: Synthesis and Prospects. Goecke & Evers, Keltern, pp. 399 - 504."]}

Hoplocampa chamaemespili Masutti & Covassi, 1980 Hoplocampa chamaemespili Masutti & Covassi, 1980: 222–225. Holotype ♀, not examined, in MSNV. Type locality: Italy,Alpi Carniche, Sappada, Monte Lastroni SE. Additional description. Body length: 5.5–6.0mm. Clypeus narrowly and deeply emarginate. Pale body colour orange-brown. Anterior of median mesoscutal lobes broadly black. Inner and outer areas of lateral mesoscutal lobes broadly black (Fig. 75). Mesoscutellum largely pale, appendage entirely black. Female: dorsum of abdominal terga 1–6 black. Valvula 3 in lateral view pale, dorso-apically more or less black. Lancet: Fig. 82. Male: penis valve: Fig. 97. Total number of specimens examined: 9. Similar species. Only Hoplocampa plagiata is likely to be confused with H. chamaemespili. In direct comparison, they can usually be distinguished as follows [but see notes under plagiata on a very dark colour form of that species, only known from France (Massif Central and Pyrenees)]: - Lateral mesoscutal lobe with internal and external black areas (Fig. 75). Mesoscutellar appendage entirely black. ♀: Occiput entirely dark. Sawteeth of lancet small, rather flat (Fig. 82). ♂: penis valve distally with group of long setae; valviceps distally acute (Fig. 97)............................................................................. chamaemespili - Lateral mesoscutal lobe nearly completely pale, except for sutures (Fig. 76). Mesoscutellar appendage at least pale in middle. ♀: Occiput largely pale, except around foramen magnum. Sawteeth of lancet large, strongly protruding (Fig. 88). ♂: penis valve distally without group of long setae; valviceps distally obtuse (Fig. 107).................................... plagiata Life history. Host plant: Sorbus chamaemespilus (Masutti & Covassi, 1980). Biology: Masutti & Covassi (1980). Distribution. Northern Italy: Monte Baldo, Dolomites, Carnic pre-Alps, and Western Julian Alps (Provinces Trento e Verona, Bolzano, Belluno, Pordenone, and Udine): Masutti & Covassi (1980) and records below. So far only found in the upper montane and subalpine zones, between approximately 1400–1900. Schedl (2017) published a record under the name chamaemespili of a female and male, illustrated with dorsal habitus images of both specimens, from Austria, Carinthia, Dobratsch, Schüttenwald, 700– 900m. These specimens are H. plagiata, based on his illustrations. Occurrence in Sweden: not recorded, and not expected. Specimens examined. Italy: 6♀ (including DEI-GISHym11128, BC-ZSM-HYM11306) 3♂ (including BC- ZSM-HYM11307), Monte Baldo, ca. 1800 m, 24– 26.06.2004 (SDEI, ZSM)., Published as part of Liston, Andrew, Prous, Marko & Vårdal, Hege, 2019, A review of West Palaearctic Hoplocampa species, focussing on Sweden (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae), pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 4615 (1) on page 14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4615.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3995252, {"references":["Masutti, L. & Covassi, M. (1980) Contributo alla conoscenza delle Hoplocampa Hartig italiane e descrizione di H. chamaemespili n. sp. (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Redia. Giornale di Entomologia, 63, 221 - 247.","Schedl, W. (2017) Zweite Erganzung zur Checkliste der Symphyta (lnsecta: Hymenoptera) Osterreichs. Linzer biologische Beitrage, 49 (2), 1157 - 1162."]}

Hoplocampa cantoti Chevin, 1986 Hoplocampa cantoti Chevin, 1986: 21–23. Holotype ♀, not examined, in CBGP. Type locality: France, Eure-et-Loir, forêt de Dreux. Additional description. Body length: 3.5mm. Clypeus broadly and shallowly emarginate. Female: Scape and pedicel black, underside of flagellum reddish. More or less gena, malar space and supraclypeal area pale (whitish). Metacoxa black with ventro-apical edge pale. Trochanters and femora entirely reddish. Valvula 3 black. The Swiss and Bulgarian specimens have pronotum, tegulae, and abdomen entirely black, whereas in the French specimens [according to original description] tegulae and posterior angles of pronotum are reddish, and underside of abdomen slightly reddish. Lancet: Figs 92–93. Male: unknown. Total number of specimens examined: 10. Similar species. Based on external characters, could be confused with minuta, chrysorrhoea, or fulvicornis: see key. The lancet (Fig. 92) has a highly distinctive shape, among W. Palaearctic species resembling only chrysorrhoea (Fig. 90). As illustrated by Chevin (1986), we found differences between these two species in the gross morphology of the lancets: narrower in chrysorrhoea, and apex curved somewhat upwards in chrysorrhoea, but straight in cantoti. Life history. Host plants: not known for certain. The Bulgarian specimens were mostly swept from Prunus spinosa, and sometimes from P. domestica growing among these. Chevin (1986) suggested that the host is Prunus mahaleb, which is a characteristic component of the woody vegetation of the two known French localities. Howev- er, Prunus mahaleb was not seen close to the Bulgarian localities, and is not recorded at the Swiss locality (infoflora 2017). Therefore, we suppose that the host is Prunus spinosa. Distribution. Bulgaria (Varna Province), France (Départements Eure-et-Loire, Indre-et-Loire), Switzerland (Canton Jura). Occurrence in Sweden: not recorded, and not expected. Specimens examined. Bulgaria: Varna Province: 1♀ (DEI-GISHym84161), Tsonevo 5km S, 100m, N42.982° E27.451°, 02.iv.2018, leg. Liston & Prous (SDEI); 1♀ (DEI-GISHym88748), Tsonevo 5km S, 100m, N42.982° E27.451°, 03.iv.2018, leg. Liston & Prous (SDEI); 5♀ (DEI-GISHym88769), Dolni Chiflik 2km SE, 50m, N42.983° E27.743°, 05.iv.2018, leg. Liston & Prous (SDEI); 1♀ (DEI-GISHym88854), Dolni Chiflik 2km SE, 50m, N42.983° E27.743°, 13.iv.2018, leg. Liston & Prous (SDEI); 1♀, Tsonevo 5km S, 100m, N42.982° E27.451°, 06.iv.2018, leg. Liston & Prous (SDEI). * Switzerland: 1♀ (BC-ZSM-HYM10947), Canton Jura, Gemeinde Montmelon, Les Oeu- ches, 440m asl, + 47.35172°N + 7.16793°E, 22.04.2009, leg. B. Peter (ZSM) [locality confirmed by the collector: differs slightly from that on label]., Published as part of Liston, Andrew, Prous, Marko & Vårdal, Hege, 2019, A review of West Palaearctic Hoplocampa species, focussing on Sweden (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae), pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 4615 (1) on pages 13-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4615.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3995252, {"references":["Chevin, H. (1986) Hoplocampa cantoti, espece nouvelle proche d' H. chrysorrhoea (Klug) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Cahiers des Naturalistes, Bulletin des Naturalistes Parisiens, New Series, 42, 21 - 24."]}

Hoplocampa tadshikistanica Muche, 1986 Hoplocampa tadshikistanica Muche, 1986: 195–196. Holotype ♂, examined, GBIF-GISHym2445, in ZMHUB. Type local- ity: Tadshik SSR, Hissar Mountains, Romit Gorge. Note. A slide preparation of two lancets and a lance, with the handwritten inscription by Muche “ Hoplocampa tadshikistanica Muche Holotypus ♀ ” and a printed label “GBIF-GISHym2445” obviously does not belong to the male holotype. Additional description. Body length: 2.3–3.0mm (after Muche 1986). Clypeus widely and deeply emarginate. Pale body colour orange-brown. Head largely pale. Dorsum of thorax and abdomen largely black (terga 1–8); sides and underside pale except for dark anepimeron. Legs pale except for clearly blackened metatarsi and apices of metatibiae; in female other legs more or less similarly dark. Venation pale, except for slightly darkened base of pterostigma. Female: somewhat darker than the male. Black on head are small patch around ocelli, the postocellar area, and antenna more or less dorsally and apically. Dorsum of thorax entirely dark, except for yellow tegulae and nearly entire pronotum. Apex of valvula 3 darkened. Valvulae 3 in dorsal view less than 2 × as long as basal width. Lancet: Fig. 86. Male: Head entirely pale except for small ocellar fleck. Mesoscutal lobes laterally slightly pale; posterior edge of mesoscutellum somewhat pale. Penis valve: Fig. 104. Total number of specimens examined: 3. Similar species. Externally, the most similar species is crataegi. Males of tadshikistanica are easily distinguished by their darkened metatarsi and apices of metatibiae from crataegi, with completely pale legs. Lancets of these two species are quite similar, but the sawteeth of crataegi (Fig. 79) are more acutely hooked, with a larger number of serrulae. We have not examined tadshikistanica penis valves, but if the drawing by Muche (1986, fig. 1) (reproduced here as Fig. 104) is accurate, then they are clearly different from those of any of the other species which we treat. Life history. Host plant: perhaps Cotoneaster, from which the type series was collected. Distribution. Tadshikistan (only known from the type series). Specimens examined. Tadshikistan: 1♀ (DEI-GISHym31786) 1♂ (DEI-GISHym31787), Hissar Mts, Romit Gorge, 1600m asl, 14.05.1985, leg. W. H. Muche (ZMHUB)., Published as part of Liston, Andrew, Prous, Marko & Vårdal, Hege, 2019, A review of West Palaearctic Hoplocampa species, focussing on Sweden (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae), pp. 1-45 in Zootaxa 4615 (1) on pages 23-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4615.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3995252, {"references":["Muche, W. H. (1986) Hoplocampa tadshikistanica sp. n. aus Mittelasien (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae). Reichenbachia, Zeitschrift fur entomologische Taxonomie, 23 (36), 195 - 196."]}

A brief history of entomology at the Swedish Museum of Natural History for the period 1915-1923 is presented in chronicle form. The time circumscription has its background in a recent 100th anniversary of the current museum building, for which there was work on an anniversary book, which has not appeared, and this is based on a contribution originally intended for that book. It concerns primarily the Entomology department (which ended as a unit in 2013 when it was part of a fusion into a Zoology department) but also includes the Entomological Society of Stockholm to the extent it has been based at the museum, as well as insect-related work in other museum departments. The chronicle gives plenty of examples of research and researchers, other staff and routines, collection growth and management, collecting expeditions and publications, work environment issues and everyday life at the department.

First records from Sweden of eight sawfly taxa are presented: Arge annulata Konow, 1891 (Argidae), Allantus cingillipes (Kontuniemi, 1947), Allantus melanarius (Klug, 1818), Apethymus cereus (Klug, 1818), Dolerus liogaster schneideri Kiaer, 1898, Fenusella hortulana (Klug, 1818), Monophadnus spinolae (Klug, 1816), and Tenthredo mandibularis Fabricius, 1804 (Tenthredinidae). The problematic taxonomic status of Arge annulata is discussed, and it is recorded for the first time from Germany and Estonia. For Heptamelus dahlbomi (Thomson, 1870) (Heptamelidae): a lectotype is designated for Caenoneura dahlbomi, H. ussuriensis Malaise, 1931 is placed as its junior synonym, Athyrium distentifolium recorded as a new host, and additional distribution data are presented, including the first records from Austria. A lectotype is designated for Heptamelus magnocularis Malaise, 1931, and this species briefly compared with H. dahlbomi. De första fynden i Sverige av följande åtta växtstekeltaxapresenteras: Arge annulata (Konow,1891) (Argidae), Allantus cingillipes (Kontuniemi,1947), Allantus melanarius (Klug, 1818),Apethymus cereus (Klug, 1818), Dolerus liogasterschneideri Kiaer, 1898, Fenusella hortulana (Klug, 1818), Monophadnus spinolae (Klug,1816), och Tenthredo mandibularis Fabricius,1804 (Tenthredinidae). En diskussion av denproblematiska taxonomiska status för Arge annulata ges och första fynden av arten i Tysklandoch Estland rapporteras. Vad gäller Heptamelusdahlbomi (Heptamelidae) utses lektotyp förCaenoneura dahlbomi Thomson, 1870 och Heptamelusussuriensis Malaise, 1931 placeras somjunior synonym för H. dahlbomi. Dessutom rapporterasnya utbredningsdata, däribland förstafynd i Österrike, samt en ny värd, Athyrium distentifolium, för H. dahlbomi. En lektotyp utses även för Heptamelus magnocularis Malaise, 1931 och denna art jämförs med H. dahlbomi.

Hur kan en liten insekt manipulera ett stort träd till att bygga ett hus fyllt med mat till sin avkomma? Den gåtan finns ännu inget svar på. Men genom att studera gallsteklar kan man i alla fall börja få förståelse för dessa mästerliga manipulatörers spännande liv.

aquilonis subgroup Other European taxa occur in the Carpathian Mountains and the Alps (Vikberg 2003), but only a single species is known in northern Europe. E. myrsiniticola, although it resembles aquilonis in adult morphology and was included by Vikberg (2003) in his aquilonis group, belongs to the viminalis subgroup according to genetic data. Euura aquilonis (Benson, 1941) comb. nov. Pontania aquilonis Benson, 1941. Published as a "new name" for Pontania herbaceae sensu Malaise, 1921a. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Vikberg (2003), BMNH [examined]. Type locality: Sweden, Torne Träsk area. Eupontania aquilonis (Benson, 1941): Vikberg (2003). Pontania algida Benson, 1941: 134 –136. Described: ♀. Holotype, ♀, BMNH [examined]. Type locality: Scotland, Perthshire, Breadalbane Mountains near Killin. Synonymy by Vikberg (2003). Pontania polaris: Kopelke (1989b); misidentification. Pontania (Eupontania) polaris: Zinovjev (1993b); misidentification. Variability. Female: Body length: 3.4–5.3mm. Supraclypeal area, outer orbits, upper inner orbits and lateral vertex brown, to completely black. Femora mainly pale, to mainly black. Male: 3.3–4.9mm. No significant colour variability in specimens examined. Total number of specimens examined: 34. Genetic data. Nyman et al. (2000) already published a tree that shows aquilonis placed outside the crassipes and viminalis subgroups. COI barcoding permits unequivocal identification of E. aquilonis, with the nearest neighbouring sequences (about 4% different) being those of the E. crassipes subgroup. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix herbacea, S. polaris, and their hybrid (Vikberg 2003). Biology: Hakkarainen et al. (2005), Kopelke (1989b), Roininen et al. (2002), Vikberg (2003). Distribution. North Europe (Scotland, Norway, Sweden, Finland), Central Europe (Slovakia, Tatra Mts) (Vikberg 2003). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Torne Lappmark (Malaise 1921a, Vikberg 2003). Material examined: Torne Lappmark (galls and reared adults)., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on page 87, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Vikberg, V. (2003) Taxonomy of the species of Eupontania crassipes - and aquilonis - groups (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). Entomologica Fennica, 14 (3), 129 - 172.","Benson, R. B. (1941) On some Pontania species, with a revision of the proxima and herbaceae groups (Hym., Symphyta). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series B: Taxonomy, 10 (8), 131 - 136. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1941. tb 00707. x","Malaise, R. (1921 a) Beitrage zur Kenntnis schwedischer Blattwespen. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 40 (2 - 4), 97 - 128.","Kopelke, J. - P. (1989 b) Mittel- und nordeuropaische Arten der Gattung Pontania Costa 1859 aus der herbaceae - und polaris - Gruppe (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 69 (1 - 3), 41 - 72.","Zinovjev, A. G. (1993 b) Subgenera and Palaearctic species groups of the subgenus Pontania, with notes on the taxonomy of some European species of the viminalis - group (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 2 (1), 145 - 154.","Hakkarainen, H., Roininen, H. & Virtanen, R. (2005) Negative impact of leaf gallers on arctic-alpine dwarf willow, Salix herbacea. Polar Biology, 28 (8), 647 - 651.","Roininen, H., Danell, K., Zinovjev, A., Vikberg, V. & Virtanen, R. (2002) Community structure, survival and mortality factors in arctic populations of Eupontania leaf gallers. Polar Biology, 25, 605 - 611."]}

Euura laeta (Brischke, 1883) Cryptocampus laetus Brischke, 1883b: 204–205. Described: ♀, ♂, larva, gall, recorded host: Salix viminalis. Type material thought to have been destroyed, with most of the rest of Brischke's collection (Blank & Taeger 1998). Type locality: not mentioned, but presumably Danzig area, now in Poland. Authorship of the species name often wrongly attributed to Zaddach or Zaddach & Brischke. Euura (Gemmura) viminalis Kopelke, 2001: 220 –221. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix viminalis. Holotype, ♀, SMF [examined]. Type locality: Czech Republic, Skalička near Hranice na Moravě. Synonymy by Liston et al. (2006). Notes. Prior to Liston et al. (2006) the name laetus or laeta was wrongly applied to the species now known as E. subgemma. Euura mucronata: Křístek (1972), Urban (1995); misidentification. Notes on types and taxonomy. C. laetus. The taxonomy and nomenclature of this species was last discussed by Liston et al. (2006), who concluded, based mainly on the biological data presented in the original description (Brischke 1883b) and subsequently published figures (Brischke 1884: plate I(8): figs 9a–9f), that the species name had been widely misapplied to a morphologically similar taxon on the same Salix host species. This second taxon was given the name subgemma. Although the original description of adult morphology of C. laetus is partly ambiguous, e.g. the body length given ("♀: L. 4,8— 4,1 mm. ♂ L. 5, 4, 3 — 4,1 mm ") is somewhat larger than in the laeta specimens that we examined, the biological data correspond unequivocally to that taxon, not subgemma. Accordingly, designation of a neotype for C. laetus is not necessary. Apart from the different positions of the galls of E. laeta and E. subgemma, Urban (1992b) described and illustrated morphological characters that distinguish their larvae. Although he found that the size ranges of the larvae overlapped (possibly because the larvae were not sexed), the body lengths of adults which we examined are distributed in two discrete size classes according to species. These differences support the status of E. laeta and E. subgemma as separate species. Genetic data are available for E. subgemma but not E. laeta. Variability. Female: Body length: 2.9–4.0mm. Clypeus entirely pale to almost completely black. Inner orbits narrowly pale-lined next to eye to completely black. Antennal flagellum nearly entirely pale, except basally, to nearly completely black. Male: 3.0– 3.7mm. Lower inner orbits pale to level of toruli; pale colour sometimes extending above this. Antennal flagellum entirely pale to basally infuscate on upper surface. Total number of specimens examined: 15. Genetic data. No data available. Similar species. Female; particularly similar in external morphology and colouration to E. subgemma, which also has S. viminalis as a host, but their lancets are substantially different, and the body lengths of each fall in two discrete ranges which do not overlap (see key). Male; not distinguishable from other nominal taxa in the mucronata subgroup. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix viminalis (Kopelke 2001). Biology: Křístek (1972), Urban (1995). Distribution. Central Europe and southern parts of North Europe, such as Denmark and Kaliningrad Region of Russia (Taeger et al. 2006). Occurrence in Sweden: not recorded, but possibly present., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on pages 61-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Brischke, C. G. A. (1883 b) Beobachtungen uber die Arten der Blatt- und Holzwespen von C. G. A. Brischke, Hauptlehrer a. D. in Langfuhr und Dr. Gustav Zaddach weiland Professor in Konigsberg. Zweite Abtheilung. Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig, New Series, 5 (4), 201 - 328. [1881 - 1883]","Blank, S. M. & Taeger, A. (1998) Comments on the taxonomy of Symphyta (Hymenoptera) (Preliminary studies for a catalogue of Symphyta, part 4). In: Taeger, A. & Blank, S. M. (Eds.), Pflanzenwespen Deutschlands (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Kommentierte Bestandsaufnahme. Goecke & Evers, Keltern, pp. 141 - 174.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2001) Die Artengruppen von Euura mucronata und E. laeta in Europa (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 81 (1 - 2), 191 - 225.","Kristek, J. (1972) Die Blattwespen Euura laeta und Euura mucronata in den Korbweidenanlagen Mahrens. Prirodovedne Prace Ustavu Ceskoslovenske Akademie Ved v Brne. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Academie Scientiarum Bohemoslovacae, 6 (4), 1 - 96.","Urban, J. (1995) Mortalitat der Blattwespen-Arten Euura laeta und E. mucronata infolge physiologischer Ursachen und durch Abwehr-Uberwallungswachstum der Wirtspflanzen-Gewebe (Symphyta: Tenthredinidae). Entomologia Generalis. Journal for Scientific Entomology, 20 (1 - 2), 103 - 121.","Brischke, C. G. A. (1884) Beobachtungen uber die Arten der Blatt- und Holzwespen von C. G. A. Brischke, Hauptlehrer a. D. in Langfuhr und Dr. Gustav Zaddach, Professor in Konigsberg, mitgetheilt von Brischke aus Zaddach's Manuscripten. (Schluss). Schriften der physikalisch-okonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg, 24, 121 - 173. [1883]","Urban, J. (1992 b) Moznosti rozliseni housenic pilatek Euura laeta Zadd. et Brischke a Euura mucronata Htg. (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Possibilities of differentiating Euura laeta Zadd. et Brischke and Euura mucronata Htg. (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) sawfly larvae. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae, Sbornik Vysoke skoly zemedelske v Brne (rada C), Facultas silviculturae-Spisy fakulty lesnicke, 61 (6), 63 - 81."]}

Euura samolad (Malaise, 1921) Pontania samolad Malaise, 1921a: 117 –119. Described: ♀, ♂, larva, gall, recorded host: Salix lapponum. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006), NHRS [NHRS-HEVA000003551; examined]. Type locality: Sweden, Torne Träsk area. Pontania (Pontania) samolad: Viitasaari & Vikberg (1985). Pontania (Eupontania) samolad: Zinovjev (1993b). Eupontania samolad (Malaise, 1921): Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006). Euura (Eupontania) samolad: Noblecourt (2016). Notes on types and taxonomy. See below (Genetic data). Variability. Female: Body length: 3.2–6.2mm. Pronotum dorsally extensively pale, to completely black. Metafemora completely pale, to extensively fuscous. All abdominal sterna and downturned flanks of terga pale, to nearly wholly black. Male: 2.7–4.8mm. Female and male: inner and outer orbits, lateral vertex and supraclypeal area pale, to completely black. Total number of specimens examined: 17. Genetic data. The short BOLD COI barcode sequence will not separate saliciscinereae from the other eleven North European species with closely similar barcodes (acutifoliae, arcticornis, brevicornis, etc.), but differences in ITS2, and longer COI sequences, support its status as a separate species (Leppänen et al. 2014). Bionomics. Host plants: Salix lapponum (Vikberg & Zinovjev 2006), S. lapponum × phylicifolia (Kopelke 1991). Biology: Kopelke (1991), Nyman & Julkunen Tiitto (2000), Roininen et al. (2002). Distribution. North Europe (Scotland, Scandinavia, Finland, N. Russia), France (Massif Central: Lacourt 2001) possibly also E. Siberia and the northern parts of the Russian Far East (Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev 1995). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Jämtland, Torne Lappmark (Benander 1969). Material examined: Jämtland., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on pages 98-99, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Malaise, R. (1921 a) Beitrage zur Kenntnis schwedischer Blattwespen. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 40 (2 - 4), 97 - 128.","Viitasaari, M. & Vikberg, V. (1985) A checklist of the sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Finland. Notulae Entomologicae, 65, 1 - 17.","Zinovjev, A. G. (1993 b) Subgenera and Palaearctic species groups of the subgenus Pontania, with notes on the taxonomy of some European species of the viminalis - group (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 2 (1), 145 - 154.","Noblecourt, T. (2016) Liste systematique des Hymenopteres Symphytes de France. Office National des Forets, Cellule d´etudes entomologiques, Quillan, 94 pp.","Kopelke, J. - P. (1991) Die Arten der viminalis - Gruppe, Gattung Pontania O. Costa 1859, Mittel- und Nordeuropas (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 71 (1 - 3), 65 - 128.","Nyman, T. & Julkunen Tiitto, R. (2000) Manipulation of the phenolic chemistry of willows by gall-inducing sawflies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97 (24), 13184 - 13187. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 230294097","Roininen, H., Danell, K., Zinovjev, A., Vikberg, V. & Virtanen, R. (2002) Community structure, survival and mortality factors in arctic populations of Eupontania leaf gallers. Polar Biology, 25, 605 - 611.","Lacourt, J. (2001) Note faunistique concernant quelques especes de Tenthredinidae rares ou nouvelles pour la France (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Bulletin mensuel de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon, 70 (9), 217 - 233. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / linly. 2001.11406","Zhelochovtsev, A. N. & Zinovjev, A. G. (1995) Spisok pilil'shhikov i rogohvostov (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) fauny Rossii i sopredel'nyh territorij. I. [A list of the sawflies and horntails (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of the fauna of Russia and adjacent territories. I.]. Entomologicheskoe obozrenie, 74 (2), 395 - 415. [in Russian, abstract in English]","Benander, P. (1969) Om nagra Pontania - arter och deras cecidier (Hym. Symphyta). Opuscula Entomologica, 34 (1 - 2), 90 - 94."]}

Euura lanatae Malaise, 1921 Euura lanatae Malaise, 1921: 105 –106. Described: ♀, ♂, larva, gall, recorded host: Salix lanata. Lectotype, designated below. Type locality: Sweden, Torne Träsk area. Euura (Gemmura) lanatae: Viitasaari & Vikberg (1985). Nematus (Euura) lanatae: Zhelochovtsev (1988). Euura (Gemmura) boreoalpina Kopelke, 2001: 197 –201. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix glauca. Holotype, ♀, SMF [examined]. Type locality: Norway, Hordaland, Vikafjell near Viksøyri. Preoccupied in Euura by E. boreoalpina (Lindqvist, 1961). Syn. nov. Euura glaucatumida Kopelke in Prous et al. 2014: 53, replacement name for E. boreoalpina Kopelke. Notes on types and taxonomy. E. lanatae. Lectotype, ♀, hereby designated: "2", "Torne Tr. Malaise", "Type", " Euura lanatae (ex gall) n. sp." [Malaise's handwriting], "Typus" [red], "NHRS-HEVA000003490", "Lectotype ♀ Euura lanatae Malaise, 1921 des. A. Liston 2016" [red], "DEI-GISHym21299", NHRS. Paralectotypes: 5♀, 4♂, same data as lectotype, with labels "DEI-GISHym21299[–21308]" and “NHRS-HEVA000003491[-3499]”, NHRS. Kopelke (2001) referred in error to the existence of a holotype. The original description of lanatae refers to a type series of 13 females and 8 males. The whereabouts of the missing specimens are unknown. E. glaucatumida is not morphologically distinguishable from E. lanatae. The colour of the tegulae and metafemora, indicated to differ between the two nominal species by Kopelke (2001), is variable in specimens reared from both hosts. On average, specimens reared from S. lanata are larger than those from S. glauca, but this may only be a result of the larger buds of the former host. Kopelke (2001) described and figured the penis valve of E. lanatae as lacking the small notch between the base of the valvispina and the distal lobe of the paravalva, whereas the notch should be present in E. boreoalpina. In the specimens examined, we found this character to display a continuous spectrum of variability (Figs 297–301), that was not correlated with host plant differences. Specimens of both segregates share a very similar COI barcode, and broader population-genetic analyses have thus far failed to find significant differences between the forms (Nyman 2002, Leppänen et al. 2014). Accordingly, we regard them as conspecific. Variability. Female: Body length: 3.3–4.5mm. Clypeus medially black to completely pale. Outer orbit continuously pale to completely black. Tegula white, through brown, to black. Cerci pale to black. Male: 3.4– 4.3mm. Lower inner orbits completely white to completely black. Tegula white, through brown, to black. Total number of specimens examined: ca. 70. Genetic data. COI barcode not distinguishable from those of E. hastatae, E. lappo, and E. sp. [Salix myrsinites]. Similar species. Female; can be confused with E. venusta, but the shape of sawsheath in dorsal view (more evenly tapering in lanatae), and the frequently dark brown or black tegula (yellow in venusta) distinguish them. Male; not distinguishable from other nominal taxa in the subgroup. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix lanata (Malaise 1921a), S. glauca (Kopelke 2001). Possibly Salix calcicola (Benson 1962), if the Canadian specimens referred to are conspecific with E. lanatae. Biology: Malaise (1921a), Kopelke (2001). Distribution. North Europe (but not British Isles), north to N. Finnmark in Norway; Central Europe (Alps); in Russia probably east at least to the Taymyr Peninsula (E. mucronata on S. glauca: Roininen & Danell 1997). Possibly also North America (Benson 1962). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Norrbotten, Lycksele Lappmark, Lule Lappmark, Torne Lappmark (Malaise 1921a, Haris 2009). Material examined: Härjedalen, Lule Lappmark, Torne Lappmark. Euura lappo Malaise, 1921 Euura lappo Malaise, 1921a:106 –108. Described: ♀, ♂, larva, gall, recorded host: Salix lapponum. Lectotype, designated below. Type locality: Sweden, Torne Träsk area. Euura (Gemmura) lappo: Kopelke (1999). Notes on types and taxonomy. E. lappo. Lectotype, ♀, hereby designated, NHRS; labels "3", "Torne Tr. Malaise", "Type", " Euura lappo n. sp. Malaise", " Euura saliceti Fall. O. Conde det. 1937", "Typus" [red], " Euura lappo Mal. Kopelke det.", "NHRS-HEVA000003467", "Lectotype ♀ Euura lappo Malaise, 1921 des. A. Liston 2016" [red], "DEI-GISHym21309",. Paralectotypes: 11♀, 6♂, same data as lectotype, with labels "DEI-GISHym21310[– 21326]" and “NHRS-HEVA000003468[–]NHRS-HEVA000003484”, NHRS. Kopelke (2001) referred in error to the existence of a holotype. The original description refers to a type series of 17♀ and 14♂. The whereabouts of the missing specimens are unknown. Although morphologically very similar to several other nominal taxa in the mucronata subgroup, E. lappo differs biologically from these (except E. lanatae) in remaining inside the gall to overwinter. Furthermore, Nyman (2002), in an analysis of seven variable enzyme loci, found that E. lappo belonged to a separate lineage from a lineage comprising E. myrsinifoliae and E. hastatae. The validity of E. lappo is also supported by genetic differences in longer mitochondrial COI and nuclear ITS2 sequences (Leppänen et al. 2014). Variability. Female: Body length: 3.7–4.6mm. Male: 3.1–3.8mm. Female and male: specimens reared by J.-P. Kopelke and E. Heibo from several localities in Norway are much darker than any other bud-galling Euura species so far examined: e.g. metafemora almost entirely black, whereas they are at least apically extensively pale in the other taxa. However, the leg and head coloration of the type specimens is much paler than these Norwegian specimens. Total number of specimens examined: 28. Genetic data. COI barcode not distinguishable from those of E. hastatae, E. lanatae, and E. sp. [Salix myrsinites]. Similar species. Female; externally not distinguishable from others in the subgroup, except laeta, lanatae, and subgemma, or from E. testaceipes and venusta. Male; not distinguishable from other nominal taxa in the subgroup. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix lapponum (Malaise 1921a, Kopelke 2001). Biology: Kopelke (2001). Distribution. North Europe (but not British Isles), north to N. Finnmark in Norway. Possibly also Central Europe (Czech Republic: Beneš 1968b; galls of E. mucronata on S. lapponum). Occurrence in Sweden: only known from the Torne Träsk area (Malaise 1921a)., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on pages 62-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Viitasaari, M. & Vikberg, V. (1985) A checklist of the sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Finland. Notulae Entomologicae, 65, 1 - 17.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2001) Die Artengruppen von Euura mucronata und E. laeta in Europa (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 81 (1 - 2), 191 - 225.","Lindqvist, E. (1961) Die Pontopristia - Arten Finnlands (Hym., Tenthr.). Notulae Entomologicae, 41, 69 - 79.","Nyman, T. (2002) The willow bud galler Euura mucronata Hartig (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae): one polyphage or many monophages? Heredity, 88, 288 - 295. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / sj. hdy. 6800042","Malaise, R. (1921 a) Beitrage zur Kenntnis schwedischer Blattwespen. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 40 (2 - 4), 97 - 128.","Benson, R. B. (1962) Holarctic sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology Series, 12 (8), 379 - 409.","Roininen, H. & Danell, K. (1997) Mortality factors and resource use of the bud-galling sawfly, Euura mucronata (Hartig), on willows (Salix spp.) in arctic Eurasia. Polar Biology, 18 (5), 325 - 330.","Kopelke, J. - P. (1999) Gallenerzeugende Blattwespen Europas - Taxonomische Grundlagen, Biologie und Okologie (Tenthredinidae: Nematinae: Euura, Phyllocolpa, Pontania). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 212, 1 - 183.","Benes, K. (1968 b) Prispevek k poznani halek pilatek Krkonos (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Opera Corcontica. Krkonosske prace, 5, 247 - 251."]}

Euura acutiserra (Lindqvist, 1949) Pontania acutiserra Lindqvist, 1949: 66 –68. Described: ♀, ♂. Holotype, ♀, FMNH [examined]. Type locality: Finland, Utsjoki, Outakoski. Phyllocolpa acutiserra: Benson (1960a). Pontania (Phyllocolpa) acutiserra: Viitasaari & Vikberg (1985). Nematus (Phyllocolpa) acutiserra: Zhelochovtsev (1988). Euura acutiserra: Prous et al. (2014). Variability. Female: Body length: 3.7–4.0mm. Male: 3.6–4.0mm. Female and male: no significant variability in colour pattern. Total number of specimens examined: 17. Genetic data. COI barcodes in BOLD of four E. acutiserra specimens from Norway and Finland with approx. 0.2% intraspecific variability diverge by a minimum of about 3.0% from the morphologically most similar north European species, E. leucapsis. The European E. acutiserra barcodes nest within a BIN containing sequences of seven Canadian specimens under the name Phyllocolpa excavata: the most similar of these sequences to a European specimen differs by about 1.0%. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix lapponum (Kopelke 2007b),? S. glauca (Vikberg 1970, Zinovjev 1999). The record from S. glauca in Vikberg (1970) is based on a single specimen reared by E. Peltonen. Possibly the Salix species was misidentified, or S. glauca is a rarely used host. Males of E. acutiserra are rare (Vikberg 1970, Kopelke 2007b): apart from the single male paratype, we examined two males reared by Kopelke. Biology: Kopelke (2007b), Zinovjev & Vikberg (1998). Distribution. North Europe (Kopelke 2007a), possibly including Scotland (Benson 1958; but the identity of the single specimen needs checking, because neither recorded host is known at its collection site), Russia (Yakutia: Popov 2011). Recorded in Canada (Benson 1962), but determination requires checking; see also above, under Genetic data. Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Jämtland (Haris 2009), Västerbotten (Kopelke 2007b), Lycksele Lappmark, Torne Lappmark (Haris 2009). Material examined: Hälsingland, Jämtland, Lule Lappmark, Norrbotten, Torne Lappmark. Euura anglica (Cameron, 1877) comb. nov. Nematus anglicus Cameron, 1877a: 173. Described: ♀. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (2007a), BMNH [not examined]. Type locality: [?] England. Phyllocolpa anglica (Cameron, 1877): Benson (1960a), Vikberg (2010a). Nematus (Phyllocolpa) anglicus: Zhelochovtsev (1988). Pontania (Phyllocolpa) anglica: Zinovjev (1993b). Nematus nigrolineatus Cameron, 1879 [mandatory correction of incorrect original spelling nigro-lineatus]: 108–110. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix viminalis. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (2007a), BMNH [not examined]. Type locality: England, Worcester. Synonymy with anglica by Benson (1940b). Pontania fibulata Konow, 1901a: 84. Described: ♀, ♂. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (2007a), SDEI [examined]. Type locality: Czech Republic, Moravia. Synonymy with anglica by Vikberg (2010a). Phyllocolpa scotaspis: Kopelke 2007c; misidentification. Notes on types and taxonomy. See remarks under E. scotaspis. Variability. Female: Body length: 3.6–3.9mm. Male: 3.5–3.8mm. Female and male: supraclypeal area and lateral vertex pale marked to completely black. Total number of specimens examined: 12. Genetic data. A COI barcode for a single specimen from the Netherlands is nearly identical to sequences of E. leucapsis. Similar species. External morphology and colour pattern resembles E. leucapsis. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix viminalis, S. dasyclados (Vikberg 2010a). Biology: Benander (1969) Distribution. Central Europe and British Isles (Taeger et al. 2006), southern parts of Scandinavia (Benander 1969), Russian Far East (Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev 1995). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Skåne (Benander 1969, Coulianos & Holmåsen 1991). Euura destricta (MacGillivray, 1923) comb. nov. Pontania destricta MacGillivray, 1923: 168 –169. Described: ♀. Lectotype, ♀, INHS [examined], designated by Frison (1927). Type locality: U.S.A., Alaska, Katmai. Pontania apicifrons Malaise, 1931b: 33 –34. Described: ♀, ♂. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (2007a), NHRS [NHRS- HEVA 000005013; examined]. Type locality: Russia, Kamtchatka. Pontania apicifrons var. punctifrons Malaise, 1931b: 34. Described: sex not stated. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (2007a), NHRS [NHRS-HEVA000005014; examined]. Type locality: Russia, Kamtchatka. According to Taeger et al. (2010) an infrasubspecific name and therefore unavailable. Name preoccupied in Euura by Pachynematus punctifrons Malaise, 1921 (Malaise 1921b). Pontania carinifrons Benson, 1940b: 209 –211. Described: ♀, ♂, recorded host: Salix pentandra. Holotype, ♀, BMNH [examined]. Type locality: Scotland, Roxburghshire, Newcastleton. Syn. nov. Phyllocolpa carinifrons: Taeger et al. (2010). Pontania excavata: Coulianos & Holmåsen (1991); misidentification. Phyllocolpa excavata: Benson (1960a); misidentification. Pontania (Phyllocolpa) excavata: Viitasaari & Vikberg (1985); misidentification. Nematus (Phyllocolpa) excavatus: Zhelochovtsev (1988); misidentification. Phyllocolpa plicaglauca Kopelke, 2007a: 99 –100. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded hosts: Salix glauca and glaucosericea. Holotype, ♀, SMF [examined]. Type locality: Norway, Finnmark, N.- Varanger, Reppen. Syn. nov. Notes on types and taxonomy. P. destricta. MacGillivray (1923) stated neither the number of specimens in the type series, nor made any reference to a specimen as the primary type. Zinovjev & Smith (2000) wrongly referred to the single extant specimen in INHS as the holotype. Other North American specimens examined: U.S.A.: Alaska, 1♀, Sealer's Is., 10.07.1965, D. M. DeLong, USNM. Oregon, 1♂, Union Co., Red Bridge St. Pk. 10 mi. E Starkey, 26.05.1984, D. R. Smith, USNM; 1♀, Deschutes Co., Tumalo St. Pk. 2 mi. W Tumalo, 0 4.06.1984, D. R. Smith, USNM. California, 1♀, Placer Co., 1 mi W of Baxter, 3800', 0 8.06.1980, L. G. Bezark, USNM. New York, 1♀, Franklin Co., 5mi. E of Tupper Lake, Malaise Trap, 0 9.06.1983, D. R. Smith, USNM. Canada: British Columbia, 1♀, Rogers Pass, creek margin, Glacier N. Park, 30.06.1968, W. W. Wirth, USNM. Alberta, 1♀, 17 mi. S Seebe, Kananaskis For. Exp. Sta., 04– 06.06.1978, D. R. Smith, USNM. Quebec, 1♀, James Bay Hwy km 221, sweeping, 06– 08.06.1985, H. Goulet & D. R. Smith, USNM; 1♀, James Bay Hwy km 335, Malaise trap, 08– 19.06.1985, H. Goulet & D. R. Smith, USNM. P. apicifrons. Additional type material examined: Paralectotypes 3♀, 3♂, NHRS. P. plicaglauca. Kopelke (2007a) stated that "The morphological characters of the new species plicaglauca do not correspond with any other species of this group". The conspicuous carina along the antennal hollows, in our opinion unique to a single taxon amongst the European gall-makers, is not mentioned. Nor is this described for the segregate that he called carinifrons. His illustrations of the lancets and penis valves of carinifrons and plicaglauca show these to be practically identical. The very similar morphology and coloration of the nominal taxa destricta, apicifrons, carinifrons and plicaglauca, combined with the congruence of COI sequence data for these, have led us to conclude that they are conspecific. The species has already been considered by some authors to have a Holarctic distribution (e.g. Benson 1958, Smith 1979), and the names destricta (type locality: Katmai, Alaska) and excavata (type locality: Colorado) have sometimes been used for European populations. Zinovjev & Smith (2000) doubted whether excavata and destricta are conspecific. Kopelke (2007a) rejected the hypothesis that carinifrons is conspecific with any of the Nearctic taxa, arguing that carinifrons cannot occur in N. America, where Salix pentandra grows only as an introduced species. However, since carinifrons seems to have more than one host, and one of these, S. glauca, is widespread in North America, this argumentation is not convincing. After examining all relevant types, we agree with Zinovjev & Smith (2000), that excavata and destricta are not conspecific. See below under E. megacephala for further discussion. Variability. Female: Body length: 4.1–4.9mm. The apex of valvula 3 in lateral view is usually quite obtuse, but not infrequently more acute, both in specimens reared from S. pentandra and S. glauca. Male: 3.7–4.4mm. Female and male: The colour pattern and morphology of this species, including surface sculpture, are remarkably stable throughout most of its range. The primary types of destricta, apicifrons and carinifrons differ only slightly in the extent of pale on the femora, pronotum, and lateral vertex. Total number of specimens examined: 52. Genetic data. BOLD barcode data for 21 European and Canadian specimens under the names Phyllocolpa excavata and P. carinifrons share the same BIN. Intraspecific variability within this BIN is approximately 1.6%, attributable largely to the Canadian specimens (Alberta, Manitoba, British Columbia). Four specimens from Finland (GenBank accession EU083959), Sweden, Norrbotten (DEI-GISHym20679), Scotland (DEI- GISHym5032) and Canada, Manitoba (10PROBE-21909) have an identical barcode. The nearest neighbouring European species, with a minimum of 2% difference, is E. leucapsis. Similar species. Morphologically, including their lancets, E. destricta strongly resembles species of the ischnocera complex. The latter lack the carina along the antennal hollows, and annular suture 2 has a fully developed band of ctenidia: Fig. 28 (ctenidia very few, or absent, on annular suture 2 in E. destricta: Fig. 29). Bionomics. Host plants: main hosts are Salix pentandra (Kopelke 2007a, as Phyllocolpa carinfrons), Salix phylicifolia (Vikberg 1970, as Pontania excavata), and Salix glauca (Kopelke 2007a, as P. plicaglauca). S. myrtilloides and S. lapponum are probably additional, perhaps infrequently used hosts (below). Kopelke (2007a) rejected Vikberg's record of S. phylicifolia as a host at Kilpisjärvi, northern Finnish Lapland, because he held P. carinifrons to be strictly monophagous on S. pentandra. Females from Kilpisjärvi, reared from S. phylicifolia, are morphologically indistinguishable from specimens reared from S. pentandra, S. glauca and S. lapponum. Furthermore, several E. destricta were collected by sweeping at subalpine levels near Abisko, Swedish Lapland, at a site where no S. pentandra occurs. Here, S. phylicifolia, S. glauca and /or S. lapponum may be the hosts. That S. myrtilloides is also a host is indicated by sequence data, identical to samples from S. pentandra and S. glauca, for a larva (AS _ Euura _species_ Salix _ myrtilloides, leg. Nyman) collected in Finland from this host Three females and five males reared by Kopelke from S. lapponum and determined by him partly as P. acutiserra, partly as P. plicalapponum, are morphologically indistinguishable from destricta reared from other hosts. These specimens are all from a single locality: Norway, S. Trøndelag, Meldal. In view of this, the possibility of misidentification of the willow should be borne in mind, and use of S. lapponum as a host by E. destricta therefore requires confirmation. Biology: Kopelke (2007a). Distribution. Central and North Europe including Britain and Ireland (Taeger et al. 2006), north to Kilpisjärvi in Finland; E. Siberia and Russian Far East (Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev 1995); N. America (northern Canada, and U.S.A., south to California, in the Sierra Nevada Mountains). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Skåne (Benander 1969), Halland (Andersson 1955: as P.? leucaspis [sic!] on S. pentandra), Jämtland, Västerbotten (Haris 2009), Torne Lappmark (Coulianos & Holmåsen 1991). Material examined: Ångermanland, Västerbotten, Torne Lappmark., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on pages 72-75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Lindqvist, E. (1949) Neue nordische Blattwespen. Notulae Entomologicae, 28, 65 - 86. [1948]","Benson, R. B. (1960 a) A new genus for the leaf-edge-rolling Pontania (Hym., Tenthredinidae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 96 (21), 59 - 60.","Viitasaari, M. & Vikberg, V. (1985) A checklist of the sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Finland. Notulae Entomologicae, 65, 1 - 17.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2007 b) The European species of the genus Phyllocolpa, part II: the leucapsis - group (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 87 (2), 149 - 161.","Vikberg, V. (1970) The genus Pontania O. Costa (Hym., Tenthredinidae) in the Kilpisjarvi district, Finnish Lapland. Annales Entomologici Fennici, 36 (1), 10 - 24.","Zinovjev, A. G. & Vikberg, V. (1998) On the biology of the Nematinae with hiding larvae (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae). Beitrage zur Entomologie, 48 (1), 145 - 155.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2007 a) The European species of the genus Phyllocolpa, part I: the leucosticta - group (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 87 (1), 75 - 109.","Benson, R. B. (1958) Hymenoptera, Symphyta. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, 6 (2 c), 139 - 258.","Popov, A. A. (2011) Synopsis of dendro-tamnobiotic sawflies of the family Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Yakutia. Trudy Russkogo jentomologicheskogo obshhestva, 82, 77 - 88.","Benson, R. B. (1962) Holarctic sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology Series, 12 (8), 379 - 409.","Cameron, P. (1877 a) Notes on British Tenthredinidae and Cynipidae. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 13 (152), 173 - 178.","Vikberg, V. (2010 a) On the taxonomy of Phyllocolpa scotaspis (Forster, 1854) and Phyllocolpa anglica (Cameron, 1877) and notes on the species groups of Phyllocolpa (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). Sahlbergia, 15 (2), 3 - 13.","Zinovjev, A. G. (1993 b) Subgenera and Palaearctic species groups of the subgenus Pontania, with notes on the taxonomy of some European species of the viminalis - group (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 2 (1), 145 - 154.","Cameron, P. (1879) On some new or little known British Hymenoptera. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London for the Year 1879, 1, 107 - 119.","Benson, R. B. (1940 b) A new British leaf-rolling sawfly of the genus Pontania Costa on Salix pentandra L. (Hym., Symphyta). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 76 (1), 209 - 212.","Konow, F. W. (1901 a) Revision der Nematiden Gattung Pontania Costa. (Hym.). Zeitschrift fur systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie, 1 (2), 81 - 91.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2007 c) The European species of the genus Phyllocolpa, part III: the species-groups of crassispina, scotaspis, and piliserra (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 87 (2), 163 - 183.","Benander, P. (1969) Om nagra Pontania - arter och deras cecidier (Hym. Symphyta). Opuscula Entomologica, 34 (1 - 2), 90 - 94.","Zhelochovtsev, A. N. & Zinovjev, A. G. (1995) Spisok pilil'shhikov i rogohvostov (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) fauny Rossii i sopredel'nyh territorij. I. [A list of the sawflies and horntails (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of the fauna of Russia and adjacent territories. I.]. Entomologicheskoe obozrenie, 74 (2), 395 - 415. [in Russian, abstract in English]","Coulianos, C. - C. & Holmasen, I. (1991) Galler: en falthandbok om gallbildningar pa vilda och odlade vaxter. Interpublishing, Stockholm, 317 pp.","MacGillivray, A. D. (1923) Saw-flies of the Katmai Expedition to Alaska. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 31 (4), 163 - 171.","Frison, T. H. (1927) List of the insect types in the collections of the Illinois State Natural History Survey and the University of Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 16 (4), 137 - 309.","Malaise, R. (1931 b) Entomologische Ergebnisse der schwedischen Kamtchatka Expedition 1920 - 1922. (35. Tenthredinidae). [Separatum]. Arkiv for Zoologi, 23 [1931 - 1932] (2 [A 8]), 1 - 68.","Taeger, A., Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D. (2010) World Catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Zootaxa, 2580, 1 - 1064.","Malaise, R. (1921 b) Beitrage zur Kenntnis schwedischer Blattwespen. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 41 (1), 1 - 20.","Zinovjev, A. G. & Smith, D. R. (2000) Types of sawflies described in the genus Pontania A. Costa (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) in the Illinois Natural History Survey. Proceedings of the entomological Society of Washington, 102 (4), 852 - 861.","Smith, D. R. (1979) Suborder Symphyta. In: Krombein, K. V., Hurd, P. D., Smith, D. R. & Burks, B. D. (Eds.), Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. Vol. 1. Symphyta and Apocrita (Parasitica). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D. C., pp. 3 - 137.","Andersson, H. (1955) Hallandska zoocecidier. Opuscula Entomologica, 20, 132 - 148."]}

Euura hastatae Malaise, 1921 Euura lappo var. hastatae Malaise, 1921: 108 –109. Described: ♀, ♂, larva, gall, recorded host: Salix hastata. Lectotype, designated below. Type locality: Sweden, Torne Träsk area. Kopelke (2001) referred in error to the existence of a holotype. Euura (Gemmura) hastatae: Kopelke (1999). Notes on types and taxonomy. E. lappo var. hastatae. Lectotype, ♀, hereby designated, NHRS; labels "78", "Torne Tr. Malaise", " Euura lappo var. hastatae ", "Paratypus" [red], " Euura saliceti Fall. O. Conde det. 1937", " Euura mucronata Hartig det. V. Vikberg", " Euura hastatae Mal. Kopelke det. 1999", "NHRS-HEVA000003485", "Lectotype ♀ Euura lappo var. hastatae Malaise, 1921 des. A. Liston 2016" [red], "DEI-GISHym21295". Paralectotypes: 1♀ ("DEI-GISHym21296", "NHRS-HEVA000003487"), 2♂ ("DEI-GISHym21297", "NHRS- HEVA000003486" & "..21298", "NHRS-HEVA000003488"), other labels similar to lectotype, NHRS. Kopelke (2001) referred in error to the existence of a holotype. The original description refers to a type series of 6♀ and 3♂. The whereabouts of the missing specimens are unknown. Variability. Female: Body length: 3.5–4.2mm. Male: 3.0– 4.5mm. Lower inner orbits pale to completely black. Female and male: Tegula pale to black. Total number of specimens examined: 11. Genetic data. E. hastatae cannot be identified using COI sequences, but appears to be distinct based on nuclear ITS2 sequences (Leppänen et al. 2014). Similar species. Female not distinguishable from others in this subgroup, using external morphological characters, except laeta, lanatae, and subgemma. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix hastata (Malaise 1921). Biology: Kopelke (2001). Distribution. Central Europe (Alps, Carpathians) (Kopelke 2001, Beneš 2014) and North Europe, north to N. Finnmark in Norway (Kopelke 2001). Occurrence in Sweden: published records: Torne Lappmark, Torne Träsk area (Malaise 1921, Kopelke 2001). Material examined: Torne Lappmark., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on page 61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Kopelke, J. - P. (2001) Die Artengruppen von Euura mucronata und E. laeta in Europa (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 81 (1 - 2), 191 - 225.","Kopelke, J. - P. (1999) Gallenerzeugende Blattwespen Europas - Taxonomische Grundlagen, Biologie und Okologie (Tenthredinidae: Nematinae: Euura, Phyllocolpa, Pontania). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 212, 1 - 183.","Benes, K. (2014) Additions to the Czech list of Euura Newman, 1837 (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae, 99 (1), 69 - 75."]}

Euura proxima (Serville, 1823) Nematus proximus Serville, 1823: 69. Described: ♀. Syntypes probably lost or destroyed (Lacourt 2000). Type locality: near Paris. Euura proxima: Prous et al. (2014). Nematus proximus Lepeletier, 1823: 67 –68. Described: ♀. Syntypes are the same as for N. proximus Serville. Type locality: near Paris. Pontania proxima: Konow (1901a). Pontania (Pontania) proxima: Viitasaari & Vikberg (1985). Nematus (Pontania) proximus: Zhelochovtsev (1988). Nematus gallicola Stephens, 1835: 36. Described: adult, sex not stated. Syntypes may be in BMNH [not examined]. Type locality: near London. According to Cameron (1877a), potential syntypes belong to " N. [Nematus] Vallisnieri and a Cryptocampus ". Nematus vallisnierii Hartig, 1837: 205 –207. Described: ♀, larva, gall, recorded host: Weiden [Salix]. Lectotype, ♀, designated below. Type locality: Berlin area ["hiesiger Gegend "]. Nematus redii Contarini, 1852: 129 –130, plate V. Described: ♀, recorded host: Salix fragilis. There is no record of extant type material. Type locality: northern Italy. Note: reared from Salix × fragilis; the illustration of galls on the plate confirms that these belong to E. proxima. Pontania gallicola Costa, 1852 [this is a separatum from the journal issued in 1854]: 1–17, 1 plate. Described: ♀, larva, gall, recorded host: Salix russelliana [= S. × fragilis]. There is no record of extant type material. Type locality: near Naples. Secondary homonym of Nematus gallicola Stephens, 1835. Note: the galls illustrated on the plate definitely belong to E. proxima. Messa hyalina Norton, 1864: 8. Described: ♀. Holotype, ♀, ANSP [not examined]. Type locality: New Jersey. Synonymy with P. proxima by Benson (1960b). Euura flavipes Cameron, 1885: 211 –212. Described: ♀, ♂. Syntypes possibly in BMNH [not examined]. Type locality: Scotland, Rannoch and Clydesdale. Synonymy with P. proxima by Benson (1958). Pontania daedala MacGillivray, 1921: 33 –34. Described: ♀. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Frison (1927), INHS [not examined]. Type locality: Ithaca, New York. Synonymy with P. proxima by Zinovjev & Smith (2000). Pontania capreae (on S. alba, S. × fragilis): Wahlgren 1951; misidentification. Notes on types and taxonomy. N. vallisnierii. The lectotype and paralectotypes were labelled as such by Kopelke in 1990, but the designation was not published. Lectotype, ♀, hereby designated, ZSM; labels "Cotype" [red], " Nematus vallisnierii Htg. Th. Hartig det.", " Pontania capreae L. E. Clément det.", " Pontania proxima Lep. ♀ Conde det.", "GBIF-GISHym3454", "Lectotypus N. vallisnierii Htg. 1837 det. Kopelke 1990", " Pontania ♀ proxima (Lep.) Kopelke det. 1990", "Lectotype ♀ Nematus vallisnierii Hartig, 1837 des. Liston 2016". 6♀ paralectotypes, labels similar to lectotype, ZSM. See below, under E. triandrae, for discussion of taxonomic status. Variability. Female: Body length: 2.9–4.6mm. Lateral vertex with obscure brown fleck, to black. Male: 3.2mm [only one specimen examined]. Total number of specimens examined: 28. Genetic data. Insufficient data is available. Good quality COI barcode sequences are available only for two specimens. Their nearest neighbour, differing by about 2.1%, is the sequence of a single E. triandrae. All specimens are from Finland. Similar species. Morphologically not clearly distinguishable from E. triandrae. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix alba, S. × fragilis, S. × rubens, S. babylonica (Kopelke 2005; a rarely used host, or misidentified, according to Zinovjev 1999), S. blanda (Halstead 2001), Salix × meyeriana (= Salix pentandra × euxina), S. euxina (Zinovjev 2011), S. fragilis × pentandra (Mol 2013), S. excelsa (Özay 1997). According to Zinovjev (1999: Table 5), rare records (e.g. Conde 1938) of proxima group galls from S. pentandra are probably attributable to E. proxima, because this willow belongs in the subgenus Salix, like the other host species of E. proxima, whereas E. bridgmanii is restricted to hosts of subgenus Vetrix. Biology: Al-Saffar & Aldrich (1997), Carleton (1939), Higton (1991), Ivanova-Kasas (1959), Kehl et al. (2010), Kehl & Rambold (2010), Kopelke (1985), Niklas (1955), Slepian & Gabaraeva (1976, 1978, 1981), Slepian & Gurevich (1976). Parthenogenetic species with very rare males (Benson 1958, Kopelke 1999). Distribution. South, Central and North Europe (Taeger et al. 2006), north to southern Finland (Kangas 1985), Caucasus (Muche 1973), Yakutia (Popov 2011). Introduced to N. America, Australia and New Zealand (Muggeridge 1931, Benson 1962, Schmidt & Smith 2009). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Skåne, Öland (Wahlgren 1951), Gotland, Närke (Haris 2009), Västergötland (Lundberg 1963, 1966), Uppland (Wahlgren 1951), Dalarna, Ångermanland (Coulianos & Holmåsen 1991). Material examined: Skåne., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on pages 84-85, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Lacourt, J. (2000) Liste des especes de la famille des Tenthredinidae decrites par J. G. Audinet-Serville, en Mai 1823 et par A. L. M. Le Peletier Comte de Saint-Fargeau, en Aout 1823, avec designation de lectotypes [Hymenoptera, Symphyta]. Revue francaise d'Entomologie, New Series, 22 (2 - 3), 77 - 108.","Konow, F. W. (1901 a) Revision der Nematiden Gattung Pontania Costa. (Hym.). Zeitschrift fur systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie, 1 (2), 81 - 91.","Viitasaari, M. & Vikberg, V. (1985) A checklist of the sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Finland. Notulae Entomologicae, 65, 1 - 17.","Stephens, J. F. (1835) Illustrations of British Entomology; or, a Synopsis of Indigenous Insects: containing their generic and specific distinctions; with an account of their metamorphosis, times of appearance, localities, food, and economy, as far as practicable. Mandibulata. Vol. 7. Baldwin & Cradock, London, 312 pp., pls. XXXV - XLVII.","Cameron, P. (1877 a) Notes on British Tenthredinidae and Cynipidae. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 13 (152), 173 - 178.","Hartig, T. (1837) Die Aderflugler Deutschlands mit besonderer Berucksichtigung ihres Larvenzustandes und ihres Wirkens in Waldern und Garten fur Entomologen, Wald- und Gartenbesitzer. Die Familien der Blattwespen und Holzwespen nebst einer allgemeinen Einleitung zur Naturgeschichte der Hymenopteren. Erster Band. Haude und Spener, Berlin, xiv + 416 pp., pls. I - VIII.","Costa, A. (1852) Storia della Tentredine produttrice delle galle delle foglie del Salcio (Salix Russelliana). Stabilimento Tipografico del Tramater, Napoli, 17 pp. [Separatum of: Atti dell' Accademia Pontaniana, 6 [1854], 281 - 295, 1 pl.]","Norton, E. (1864) Notes on Tenthredinidae, with descriptions of new species in the collection of the Entomological Society. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, 3, 5 - 16.","Benson, R. B. (1960 b) Studies in Pontania (Hym., Tenthredinidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology Series, 8, 369 - 384.","Cameron, P. (1885) A monograph of the British phytophagous Hymenoptera (Tenthredo, Sirex and Cynips, Linne). Vol. 2. Ray Society, London, vi + 233 pp., 27 pls.","Benson, R. B. (1958) Hymenoptera, Symphyta. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, 6 (2 c), 139 - 258.","MacGillivray, A. D. (1921) New species of Nematinae- (Hymenoptera). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 29 (1), 27 - 35.","Frison, T. H. (1927) List of the insect types in the collections of the Illinois State Natural History Survey and the University of Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 16 (4), 137 - 309.","Zinovjev, A. G. & Smith, D. R. (2000) Types of sawflies described in the genus Pontania A. Costa (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) in the Illinois Natural History Survey. Proceedings of the entomological Society of Washington, 102 (4), 852 - 861.","Wahlgren, E. (1951) Cecidiologiska anteckningar. VI. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 72 (1 - 4), 84 - 156.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2005) The species of the Pontania proxima group in Europe (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 85, 85 - 95.","Halstead, A. (2001) The sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of Buckingham Palace Garden. The London Naturalist. The Journal of the London Natural History Society, 80 (Supplement), 279 - 282.","Zinovjev, A. G. (2011) Salix × meyeriana (= Salix pentandra × S. euxina) - a forgotten willow in Eastern North America. Phytotaxa, 22 (1), 57 - 60.","Mol, A. (2013) Galvormende bladwespen op wilg in Nederland (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen, 39, 15 - 34.","Ozay, F. S. (1997) Marmara bolgesindi sogutlerde zarar yapan Bocekler. The Harmful Insects on Willows in Marmara Region. Teknik Bulten No. 183 T. C. Orman Bakanligi kavak ve hizli gelisen tur orman agaclari arastirma Enstitusu. Poplar and Fast Growing Forest Trees Research Institute, Ismit, 150 pp.","Conde, O. (1938) Ostbaltische Tenthredinoidea IV. Notulae Entomologicae, 18, 10 - 20.","Al-Saffar, Z. Y. & Aldrich, J. C. (1997) Factors influencing the survival of Pontania proxima that attack crack willow Salix fragilis. Proceedings of the Irish Academy, 97 B (3), 219 - 223.","Carleton, M. (1939) The biology of Pontania proxima Lep., the Bean Gall Sawfly of willows. The Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 40, 575 - 624.","Higton, R. N. (1991) Studies in gall induction with special reference to the Pontania - Salix system. Doctoral dissertation, University of Oxford, Oxford, xxii + 327 pp.","Ivanova-Kasas, D. M. (1959) Die embryonale Entwicklung der Blattwespe Pontania capreae L. (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Allgemeine Zoologie und Physiologie der Tiere, 77, 193 - 228.","Kopelke, J. - P. (1985) Uber die Biologie und Parasiten der gallenbildenden Blattwespenarten Pontania dolichura (Thoms. 1871), P. vesicator (Bremi 1849) und P. viminalis (L. 1758) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Faunistisch-okologische Mitteilungen, 5 (11 / 12), 331 - 344.","Niklas, O. F. (1955) Untersuchungen zur Okologie der Weidengallen-Blattwespen Nematus [Pontania] proximus Lepeletier und N. vesicator Bremi. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 5, 129 - 152.","Slepian, E. I. & Gabaraeva, N. I. (1976) Morphology of the tracheal system of the larvae of willow redgall sawfly Pontania proxima (Lepel.) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) with reference to their mode of life. Entomological Review, 55 (3), 30 - 36.","Slepian, E. I. & Gabaraeva, N. I. (1978) Morphological and histological features of the gut, malpighian tubes and salivary glands of Pontania proxima larvae (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) in connection with their mode of life. Entomological Review, 57 (3), 333 - 338.","Slepian, E. I. & Gabaraeva, N. I. (1981) Structure and development of the gall formed by the larva of the sawfly Pontania proxima (Lepel.) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) on the leaves of the willow Salix fragilis L. Entomological Review, 60 (3), 55 - 65.","Slepian, E. I. & Gurevich, L. S. (1976) Dynamics of organic acids in leaf tissues of Salix fragilis L. in the process of gall formation caused by Pontania proxima (Lepel.) [in Russian]. Biologitscheskije Nauki, 8, 87 - 90.","Kopelke, J. - P. (1999) Gallenerzeugende Blattwespen Europas - Taxonomische Grundlagen, Biologie und Okologie (Tenthredinidae: Nematinae: Euura, Phyllocolpa, Pontania). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 212, 1 - 183.","Kangas, J. K. (1985) Palkaneen Sahapistiaisfauna 1953 - 1983. Palkane-Seuran julkaisuja, 5, 1 - 113.","Muche, W. H. (1973) 4. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Symphyten des Kaukasus (Hymenoptera). Faunistische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 4 (10), 77 - 97.","Popov, A. A. (2011) Synopsis of dendro-tamnobiotic sawflies of the family Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Yakutia. Trudy Russkogo jentomologicheskogo obshhestva, 82, 77 - 88.","Muggeridge, J. (1931) Notes on three insect pests. Willow-leaf saw-fly, cyclamen weevil and cutworm. New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, 42, 231 - 235.","Benson, R. B. (1962) Holarctic sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology Series, 12 (8), 379 - 409.","Schmidt, S. & Smith, D. R. (2009) Selandriinae, a subfamily of Tenthredinidae new to Australia, and a review of other Australian Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Australian Journal of Entomology, 48, 305 - 309. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.2009.00710. x","Lundberg, J. (1963) Cecidiestudier. Opuscula entomologica, 28, 70 - 80.","Lundberg, J. (1966) Zoocecidier fran Vastergotland II. Opuscula entomologica, 31, 133 - 146.","Coulianos, C. - C. & Holmasen, I. (1991) Galler: en falthandbok om gallbildningar pa vilda och odlade vaxter. Interpublishing, Stockholm, 317 pp."]}

Euura hastatavora Vikberg, 2014 Pontania hastatae Vikberg, 1970: 17 –18. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix hastata. Holotype, ♀, FMNH [examined]. Type locality: Finland, Kilpisjärvi, Saana. In Euura, the name hastatae Vikberg is proccupied by E. hastatae Malaise, 1921. Euura hastatavora Vikberg in Prous et al. 2014: 53, replacement name for P. hastatae Vikberg. Pontania (Pontania) hastatae: Viitasaari & Vikberg (1985). Pontania (Eupontania) hastatae: Lacourt (1999). Eupontania hastatae: Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006). Variability. Female: Body length: 3.3–5.4mm. Outer orbits, upper inner orbits and lateral vertex brown, to black. Tegula pale, to black. Pronotum narrowly pale margined, to completely black. Male: 2.8–5.3mm. Female and male: metafemur nearly entirely pale, to nearly entirely black. Total number of specimens examined: 8. Genetic data. Although the short BOLD COI barcode sequence will not separate hastatavora from the other eleven North European species with closely similar barcodes (acutifoliae, arcticornis, brevicornis, etc.), longer COI, and ITS2 sequences are distinctive and support the validity of this taxon (Leppänen et al. 2014). Bionomics. Host plants: Salix hastata (Vikberg 1970). Biology: Kopelke (1991). Distribution. Central Europe (Alps), North Europe (Scandinavia and N. Russia) (Kopelke 1991), Siberia (Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev 1995). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Torne Lappmark (Vikberg 1970). Euura kriechbaumeri (Konow, 1901) comb. nov. Pontania kriechbaumeri Konow, 1901a: 83 (key). Lectotype, ♂, designated by Zinovjev (1985), SDEI [examined]. Type locality: Germany, Frankfurt / Main. Pontania (Eupontania) kriechbaumeri: Zinovjev (1985). Eupontania kriechbaumeri: Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006). Nematus lanificus: in litteris name, mentioned by Kriechbaumer (1876: 67), used by Bremi for specimens reared from pilose galls on S. elaeagnos. ?= Pontania crassivalvis Konow, 1901a: 83 (key). Lectotype, ♀, designated by Zinovjev (1985), SDEI [examined]. Type locality: Austria or northern Italy, Tyrol. Tentative synonymy by Zinovjev (1985). Notes on types and taxonomy. The lectotype of P. kriechbaumeri, in very poor condition, is pinned together with two densely hairy galls on a short length of leaf-blade that has characters fitting S. elaeagnos (narrow, dense white felt on underside, down-rolled and entire margins). There therefore seems to be little doubt about the identity of the host, or the lectotype. The mention by Kriechbaumer (1876) of N. lanificus Bremi in connection with a detailed description of galls on S. incana (= elaeagnos) could be considered to have made the name lanificus available, with Kriechbaumer as author. However, in this case Article 23.9 of the Code (ICZN 1999) must be applied: the senior synonym (N. lanificus) has not been used as a valid name after 1899, and the junior synonym (P. kriechbaumeri) has been used for a particular taxon, as its presumed valid name, in at least 25 works, published by at least 10 authors in the immediately preceding 50 years and encompassing a span of not less than 10 years. Accordingly, lanificus is nomen oblitum, and kriechbaumeri nomen protectum, and the latter remains in use as valid. Genetic data. The COI barcode of E. kriechbaumeri is apparently sufficiently distinctive for determination, with a minimum divergence of 1.7% from the group of species which share closely similar barcodes (acutifoliae, arcticornis, brevicornis, etc.). Variability. Female: Body length: 2.8–5.4mm. Upper outer and inner orbits partly brown to completely black. Male: 3.1–4.8mm. Pronotum narrowly pale margined to completely black. Femora basally fuscous to completely pale. Total number of specimens examined: 23. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix elaeagnos is thought to be the only host (Kopelke 2003a). Biology: Kopelke (1991). Distribution. Central and South Europe; most northerly records along river systems with catchments in the Alps. Salix elaeagnos does not now occur naturally in Hesse, the location of the type locality. However, the possibility cannot be excluded that the lectotype originated on a planted host. Occurrence in Sweden: no records, and not expected. Euura myrsiniticola (Kopelke, 1991) comb. nov. Pontania myrsiniticola Kopelke, 1991: 116 –118. Described: ♀, ♂, larva, gall, recorded host: Salix myrsinites. Holotype, ♀, SMF [examined]. Type locality: Norway, S.- Trøndelag, Dovrefjell. Pontania (Eupontania) myrsiniticola: Zinovjev (1993b). Eupontania myrsiniticola: Vikberg (2003). Notes on types and taxonomy. Because of shared morphological characters, Vikberg (2003) placed myrsiniticola in what he called the aquilonis species group. Adult morphology of the included species resembles that of the crassipes subgroup, but the larvae of the aquilonis group are morphologically closer to those of the viminalis subgroup. Sequence data indicates that myrsiniticola should be included in the viminalis subgroup, and that it is a distinct species (Leppänen et al. 2014). Variability. Female: Body length: 2.4–4.6mm. Lateral vertex slightly brown to completely black. Male: 3.0– 3.3mm. No significant variability observed. Total number of specimens examined: 13. Genetic data. Although the short BOLD COI barcode sequence will not separate myrsiniticola from the other eleven North European species with closely similar barcodes (acutifoliae, arcticornis, brevicornis, etc.), ITS2 sequences are distinctive and support the validity of this taxon (Leppänen et al. 2014). Bionomics. Host plants: Salix myrsinites (Kopelke 1991). Biology: Kopelke (1991), Nyman & Julkunen Tiitto (2000), Roininen et al. (2002). Distribution. Scotland, Norway, Sweden, and Finland (Taeger et al. 2006), Russia; Kolguyev Island (Roininen et al. 2002). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Jämtland, Edsåsdalen (Benander 1969, as P. crassipes on S. myrsinites), Torne Lappmark, Abisko area (Baudyš 1926, as Pontania viminalis on S. myrsinites), Abisko area, Jukkasjärvi and Nuolja (Julin 1936, as Pontania sp. on S. myrsinites). Material examined: Torne Lappmark. Euura myrtilloidica (Kopelke, 1991) comb. nov. Pontania myrtilloidica Kopelke, 1991: 119 –120. Described: ♀, ♂, larva, gall, recorded host: Salix myrtilloides. Holotype, ♀, SMF [examined]. Type locality: Norway, Finnmark, S.- Varanger, Vaggatem. Eupontania myrtilloidica (Kopelke, 1991): Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006). Notes on types and taxonomy. Zinovjev (1999) stated that E. myrtilloidica is very similar to E. pedunculi, and Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006) considered that they might be conspecific. Based on examination of the available specimens, we disagree with this. Firstly, there are small morphological differences between these two segregates. Females have upper antennal hollow slightly sculptured and setose (entirely smooth and glabrous in pedunculi), and the metafemur may be partly dark (often entirely pale in pedunculi). The flagellomeres of male myrtilloidica are shorter than those of pedunculi. Secondly, there is possibly a genetic difference, in the COI barcode region (see below). Variability. Female: Body length: 2.8–4.9mm. Head except for labrum and more or less clypeus completely black, to pale on upper outer and inner orbits, lateral vertex, and supraclypeal area. Upper pronotum extensively pale to completely black. Femora entirely pale, to extensively fuscous. All abdominal sterna and downturned parts of terga completely yellow, to nearly completely black. Male: 2.2–3.8mm. Dorsal margin of pronotum narrowly pale, to completely black. Total number of specimens examined: 14. Genetic data. Only a single specimen of myrtilloidica, from Germany, has been barcoded (BOLD: DEI- GISHym11086). This sequence is very similar to those of the eleven other northern European species which in BOLD share the same BIN (arcticornis, hastatavora, samolad, etc.). Bionomics. Host plants: Salix myrtilloides (Kopelke 1991). Biology: Kopelke (1991), Liston & Späth (2005a), Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006). Distribution. Has only been recorded at a very few sites in S. Germany, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and N. Russia (Liston & Späth 2005a, Vikberg & Zinovjev 2006). Occurrence in Sweden: material examined; galls of the E. viminalis group type on S. myrtilloides (no adults reared) found at two localities: Norrbotten, Kaunisvaara 2 km N, 170 m., +67.40000 +23.34500, 0 7.06.2014, vid. Liston. Torne Lappmark, Kiruna, near airport, 450 m., +67.84000 +20.35000, 25.08.2013, vid. Liston (Fig. 326). These records are tentatively ascribed to E. myrtilloidica. Euura nivalis (Vikberg, 1970) comb. nov. Pontania nivalis Vikberg, 1970: 14 –17. Described: ♀, ♂, larva, gall, recorded host: Salix glauca. Holotype, ♀, FMNH [examined]. Type locality: Finland, EnL: Kilpisjärvi, Leutsuvaara. Pontania (Pontania) nivalis: Viitasaari & Vikberg (1985). Eupontania nivalis (Vikberg, 1970): Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006). Notes on types and taxonomy. Partly separable using COI data, but not ITS2 sequences (Leppänen et al. 2014). Variability. Female: Body length: 4.0– 6.2mm. Antennal flagellum apically and ventrally more or less brown, to entirely black. Clypeus laterally pale to entirely pale. Pronotum with margin yellow lined to completely black. Tegula yellow to completely black. Male: 4.4–5.6mm. Anterior and posterior edge of metafemur lined with black, to nearly whole metafemur black. Total number of specimens examined: 18. Genetic data. The short BOLD COI barcode sequence will not separate nivalis from the other eleven North European species with closely similar barcodes (acutifoliae, arcticornis, brevicornis, etc.). Bionomics. Host plants: Salix glauca (Vikberg 1970, Kopelke 1991). Biology: Barstad & Nilsson (2012, 2015), Kopelke (1991), Nyman & Julkunen Tiitto (2000), Roininen et al. (2002). Distribution. Central Europe (Alps), North Europe (Scandinavia, Finland, N. Russia) (Kopelke 1991), Siberia (Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev 1995), and arctic Canada (Hjältén et al. 2003). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Uppland, Jämtland, Norrbotten (Haris 2009), Lule Lappmark, Torne Lappmark (Vikberg 1970)., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on pages 93-95, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Vikberg, V. (1970) The genus Pontania O. Costa (Hym., Tenthredinidae) in the Kilpisjarvi district, Finnish Lapland. Annales Entomologici Fennici, 36 (1), 10 - 24.","Viitasaari, M. & Vikberg, V. (1985) A checklist of the sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Finland. Notulae Entomologicae, 65, 1 - 17.","Lacourt, J. (1999) Repertoire des Tenthredinidae ouest-palearctiques (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Memoires de la Societe Entomologique de France, 3, 1 - 432.","Kopelke, J. - P. (1991) Die Arten der viminalis - Gruppe, Gattung Pontania O. Costa 1859, Mittel- und Nordeuropas (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 71 (1 - 3), 65 - 128.","Zhelochovtsev, A. N. & Zinovjev, A. G. (1995) Spisok pilil'shhikov i rogohvostov (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) fauny Rossii i sopredel'nyh territorij. I. [A list of the sawflies and horntails (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of the fauna of Russia and adjacent territories. I.]. Entomologicheskoe obozrenie, 74 (2), 395 - 415. [in Russian, abstract in English]","Konow, F. W. (1901 a) Revision der Nematiden Gattung Pontania Costa. (Hym.). Zeitschrift fur systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie, 1 (2), 81 - 91.","Zinovjev, A. G. (1985) K sistematike pilil'shhikov roda Pontania O. Costa (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Podrod Eupontania subg. n. [On the taxonomy of the sawfly genus Pontania O. Costa (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Subgenus Eupontania subg. n.]. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 132, 3 - 16.","Kriechbaumer, J. (1876) Ueber die Nematusgallen an Weidenblattern und ihre Erzeuger. Correspondenz-Blatt des Zoologisch- Mineralogischen Verein (e) s in Regensburg, 30 (5), 66 - 74.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2003 a) Gall-forming Nematinae, their willow hosts (Salix spec.) and biological strategies (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae: Euura, Phyllocolpa, Pontania). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 82 (1 / 2), 163 - 189.","Zinovjev, A. G. (1993 b) Subgenera and Palaearctic species groups of the subgenus Pontania, with notes on the taxonomy of some European species of the viminalis - group (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 2 (1), 145 - 154.","Vikberg, V. (2003) Taxonomy of the species of Eupontania crassipes - and aquilonis - groups (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). Entomologica Fennica, 14 (3), 129 - 172.","Nyman, T. & Julkunen Tiitto, R. (2000) Manipulation of the phenolic chemistry of willows by gall-inducing sawflies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97 (24), 13184 - 13187. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 230294097","Roininen, H., Danell, K., Zinovjev, A., Vikberg, V. & Virtanen, R. (2002) Community structure, survival and mortality factors in arctic populations of Eupontania leaf gallers. Polar Biology, 25, 605 - 611.","Benander, P. (1969) Om nagra Pontania - arter och deras cecidier (Hym. Symphyta). Opuscula Entomologica, 34 (1 - 2), 90 - 94.","Baudys, E. (1926) Gallen von verschiedenen Standorten, II. Marcellia, Rivista Internazionale di Cecidologia, 27, 83 - 88.","Julin, E. (1936) Contributions a la connaissance des zoocecidies de la Laponie septentrionale. Botaniska Notiser, 1936 (6), 539 - 562.","Liston, A. D. & Spath, J. (2005 a) Pontania myrtilloidica Kopelke, 1991 in Central Europe. Entomologische Zeitschrift, 115 (5), 205 - 208.","Hjalten, J., Roininen, H., Danell, K. & Price, P. W. (2003) Distribution and oviposition preference of galling sawflies in arctic Canada. Polar Biology, 26 (12), 768 - 773."]}

Euura triandrae (Benson, 1941) Pontania triandrae Benson, 1941: 131 –132. Described: ♀, gall, recorded host: Salix triandra. Holotype, ♀, BMNH [not examined]. Type locality: England, N. Somerset, Bristol. Euura triandrae: Beneš (2015b). Notes on types and taxonomy. Carleton (1939) first conducted oviposition experiments on this taxon, which showed that females reared from Salix triandra would not readily oviposit on S. × fragilis, and that when they did, galls were undersized, larval mortality high, and the few adults reared were undersized and weak, and would not lay eggs on the "wrong" host. Furthermore, she found phenological differences between sawfly samples reared from these two hosts. Her results led to the tentative conclusion that proxima and triandrae might represent "biological races" of the same species, with the caveat that further investigation was required. Kopelke (2003a, 2005) performed similar trials with both E. triandrae and E. proxima on a larger number of Salix species, and similarly recorded that only the "normal" host species was used by the respective females. Benson (1941) stated that proxima and triandrae were distinguishable by the length of the ovipositor sheath relative to the length of the metatibia, and the length of valvula 3 relative to the combined length of metatarsomeres 1+2. In both cases, the index was stated to be larger in proxima. In seven females reared from S. triandra and six from S. × fragilis we obtained indices of ovipositor sheath length / head width of respectively 0.98–1.14 (mean 1.03) and 0.93–1.27 (mean 1.07). It was not possible to measure the leg parts suggested by Benson, because these could not be seen clearly in most of the available specimens. Nevertheless, we suspect that ovipositor length is not a suitable character for separating these species. Kopelke (2005: 87) in his identification key mentioned the following diagnostic characters for distinguishing proxima from triandrae (character state of the latter in parentheses): sawsheath in dorsal view triangular (sawsheath in dorsal view almost evenly rounded); saw slightly curved only in the basal part (saw slightly S-shaped); ctenidea starting at the 2nd annulus (ctenidea starting at the 1st annulus); saw consisting of 23–24 annuli (saw consisting of 24–25 annuli); head and mesonotum with slight microsculpture, mostly not dotted (head and mesonotum with slight microsculpture, normally finely dotted). In the specimens available for examination, we could not detect differences between the two segregates for any of these characters, except for the number of annuli of the lancet. However, the lancets of proxima (two specimens from Finland) had 24 and 25 annuli, while triandrae (one specimen from England) had 22 annuli. Ctenidia were present from annulus 2 in all three specimens. We conclude that these two taxa are in practice not morphologically separable. Carleton (1939) and Benson (1941, 1958) observed that the appearance of the galls of these nominal species differ. Such differences may be a result of physiological and chemical differences in the respective host species (Beneš 1968a) and are therefore not necessarily of taxonomic value with respect to the gall-maker. Carleton (1939) undertook no-choice oviposition trials, in which females reared from S. triandra were offered S. fragilis for oviposition, and vice versa. Zinovjev (1999: 207), commenting on the results of Carleton's oviposition tests, wrote that "All galls that developed on S. triandra [induced by females reared from S. fragilis] retained shape and colour typical for galls on S. fragilis, although they were undersized". Carleton (1939) did not however provide such a clear statement of differences: she merely noted (p. 595) that "[galls induced by females reared from S. fragilis] were pale greenish-yellow and never became red on the upper surface as in normal galls". Vikberg (1970) has already proposed the formal synonymy of triandrae with proxima. However, the differences in host choice certainly speak for some degree of genetic segregation. Whether these nominal taxa should be regarded as host plant races, or separate species, cannot at present be decided. For the moment, it seems desirable to retain the name triandrae, because of the rather large number of biological studies that have previously treated these segregates as separate species. Variability. Female: Body length: 2.9–4.5mm. Lateral vertex with obscure brown fleck, to black. Male: none examined. Total number of specimens examined: 13. Genetic data. See above, under E. proxima. Similar species. Morphologically not clearly distinguishable from E. proxima (see there). Bionomics. Host plant: Salix triandra (Benson 1941, Kopelke 2005). Biology: Carleton (1939; as P. proxima on S. triandra), Hjältén et al. (2007), Leitch (1994; as P. proxima on S. triandra), Magnus (1914; as P. proxima on S. amygdalina), Niemi (2006), Price (2003), Rey (1967, 1968; as P. proxima on S. triandra). Distribution. Central and North Europe north to N. Trøndelag in Norway (Kopelke 2005). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Skåne (Coulianos & Holmåsen 1991), Norrbotten, Torne älv (Wahlgren 1929). Material examined: Dalarna., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on pages 85-86, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Benson, R. B. (1941) On some Pontania species, with a revision of the proxima and herbaceae groups (Hym., Symphyta). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series B: Taxonomy, 10 (8), 131 - 136. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1941. tb 00707. x","Benes, K. (2015 b) Siropasi blanokridli (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) chranene krajinne oblasti Krivoklatsko. Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of the Krivoklatsko Protected Landscape Area (Central Bohemia). Bohemia centralis, 33, 143 - 173.","Carleton, M. (1939) The biology of Pontania proxima Lep., the Bean Gall Sawfly of willows. The Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 40, 575 - 624.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2003 a) Gall-forming Nematinae, their willow hosts (Salix spec.) and biological strategies (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae: Euura, Phyllocolpa, Pontania). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 82 (1 / 2), 163 - 189.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2005) The species of the Pontania proxima group in Europe (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 85, 85 - 95.","Benson, R. B. (1958) Hymenoptera, Symphyta. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, 6 (2 c), 139 - 258.","Benes, K. (1968 a) Galls and larvae of the European species of genera Phyllocolpa and Pontania (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Acta entomologica bohemoslovaca, 65 (2), 112 - 137.","Vikberg, V. (1970) The genus Pontania O. Costa (Hym., Tenthredinidae) in the Kilpisjarvi district, Finnish Lapland. Annales Entomologici Fennici, 36 (1), 10 - 24.","Hjalten, J., Niemi, L., Wennstrom, A., Ericson, L., Roininen, H. & Julkunen-Tiitto, R. (2007) Variable responses of natural enemies to Salix triandra phenotypes with different secondary chemistry. Oikos. Acta Oecologica Scandinavica, 116 (5), 751 - 758.","Leitch, I. J. (1994) Induction and development of the bean gall caused by Pontania proxima. In: Williams, M. A. J. (Ed.), Plant Galls. Organisms, Interactions, Populations. The Systematics Association Special Volume No. 49. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 283 - 300.","Magnus, W. (1914) Die Entstehung der Pflanzengallen verursacht durch Hymenopteren. G. Fischer, Jena, 160 pp., 4 pls.","Niemi, L. (2006) Spatial patterns in the interaction between Salix triandra and associated parasites. Doctoral Dissertation, Umea University, Umea, 29 pp.","Rey, L. (1967) Les premiers stades de developpement de la galle de Pontania proxima Lep. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France, 114 (3 - 4), 80 - 95.","Rey, L. (1968) La galle de Pontania proxima Lep.: stades ulterieurs du developpement. Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France, 115 (5 - 6), 413 - 424.","Coulianos, C. - C. & Holmasen, I. (1991) Galler: en falthandbok om gallbildningar pa vilda och odlade vaxter. Interpublishing, Stockholm, 317 pp.","Wahlgren, E. (1929) Cecidiologiska anteckningar. II. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 50, 103 - 122."]}

ischnocera complex It does not seem possible to distinguish females of this complex morphologically. They display characteristic tendencies in coloration, correlated with host association, but coloration is sometimes highly variable within series reared from the same Salix species, and overlaps broadly in every case with the range of colour pattern in some other segregates. Neither the species differences given by Kopelke (2007a) in the morphology of valvula 3, nor the length of the metatibial spurs were detected in the material examined. Differences in penis valve morphology possibly distinguish the males, according to Kopelke (2007a), but the variability of these characters has not been thoroughly checked. Colour pattern of the males seems to be more stable than that of females. All taxa, as well as E. oblita, but possibly excepting E. plicalapponum, have nearly identical COI barcodes. E. oblita is however not included in the complex, because it is clearly distinguishable by its very long antennae, extremely pale colour pattern in the female, as well as larval morphology. Benson (1958), Zinovjev (1999), and many other authors treated this complex (without E. oblita) as a single species, under the name leucapsis Tischbein. Zinovjev (1999) additionally recorded Salix atrocinerea, S. aurita and S. starkeana as hosts of Phyllocolpa leucapsis auct. [= ischnocera complex], but these hosts are not mentioned by Kopelke (2007a). Salix caprea is probably also used as a host (see under Bionomics of E. prussica and E. cyrnea). Finally, P. leucapsis auct., as well as P. puella [= E. oblita], were recorded as separate species which both have S. fragilis, S. alba, and S. triandra as hosts (Beneš 1968a: 119). Possibly the six nominal species listed below are conspecific, but we retain them provisionally as valid until more complete genetic data is available, and a study of their larval morphology has been made. Adults of this complex are rather abundant in Sweden, but because of the difficulties mentioned above, we are only able to list a few definite records for species based on the material that we have seen. Euura ischnocera (Thomson, 1863) comb. nov. Nematus ischnocerus Thomson, 1863: 638. Described: ♀, ♂. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (2007a), MZLU [examined]. Type locality: Sweden, Norrland. Pontania ischnoceros [sic]: Konow (1890). Phyllocolpa ischnocera (Thomson, 1863): Kopelke (1990b). Nematus leucostigmus Cameron, 1876c: 308. Described: ♀. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (2007a), BMNH [not examined]. Type locality: Scotland, Rannoch. Synonymy by Kopelke (2007a). Variability. Female: Body length: 3.4–3.9mm. Ratio of length flagellomere 2 / height of eye 0.86-0.93. Male: 3.2– 4.2mm. Female and male: within wider geographic regions, the colour pattern seems very stable, but specimens from the Alps have a much more extensively pale head, pronotum and femora than those from northern Europe. The pterostigma is usually entirely pale, but can be apically more or less darkened. Total number of specimens examined: 14. Genetic data. COI barcodes of species of this complex, as well as E. oblita, are highly similar, and not useful for identification. Similar species. Females are most similar to the other segregates with typically extensively dark orbits: E. plicalapponum, E. plicaphylicifolia. Bionomics. Host plant: Salix myrsinifolia (Kopelke 2007a). Biology: Kopelke (2007a). Distribution. Central Europe (mainly Alps) and northern Europe, including Scotland (Kopelke 2007a, Liston et al. 2012). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Västerbotten, Torne Lappmark (Kopelke 2007a).

Euura purpureae (Cameron, 1884) Nematus purpureae Cameron, 1884: 80. Described: adult [sex not stated], larva, gall, recorded host: Salix purpurea. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (2007a), BMNH [not examined]. Type locality: England, Worcester. Pontania purpureae: Konow (1890). Phyllocolpa purpureae: Benson (1960a). Nematus (Phyllocolpa) purpureae: Zhelochovtsev (1988). Tubpontania purpureae: Vikberg (2010b). Euura purpureae: Prous et al. (2014). Euura acuminata Enslin, 1915: 339. Described: ♀. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (2007a), ZSM [examined]. Type locality: Germany, Saxony, Meissen [" Merseburg " probably given in error by Enslin]. Synonymy with purpureae by Kopelke (2007c). Variability. Female: Body length: 3.0– 4.3mm. Male: 3.4–3.9mm. Total number of specimens examined: 41. Genetic data. The COI barcodes of five E. purpureae from Austria, France, and Morocco share the same BIN with the only successfully sequenced specimen of E. cyrnea (paratype from Corsica). Nevertheless, divergence of E. purpureae from E. cyrnea is a minimum of about 1.9%. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix purpurea (Kopelke 2007c, Vikberg 2010b). Biology: Benander (1966), Beneš (2015a), Stritt (1938), Vikberg (2010b), Zinovjev & Vikberg (1999). Distribution. North Africa (Lacourt 1999), and through most of Europe north to southern Sweden (Vikberg 2010b). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Skåne (Benander 1966), Halland (Andersson 1955: Pontania sp. making spirally twisted gall on S. purpurea), Västergötland (Wahlgren 1960), Uppland (Coulianos & Holmåsen 1991). Material examined: Skåne., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on page 68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Cameron, P. (1884) A new species of Nematus from England. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 21 (244), 80.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2007 a) The European species of the genus Phyllocolpa, part I: the leucosticta - group (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 87 (1), 75 - 109.","Konow, F. W. (1890) Catalogus Tenthredinidarum Europae. (Hymenopterorum XVI familiae.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1890 (2), 241 - 255.","Benson, R. B. (1960 a) A new genus for the leaf-edge-rolling Pontania (Hym., Tenthredinidae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 96 (21), 59 - 60.","Vikberg, V. (2010 b) European species of Tubpontania gen. nov., a new genus for species of the Pontania crassispina group (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). Zootaxa 2620, 1 - 28.","Enslin, E. (1915) Die Tenthredinoidea Mitteleuropas IV. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1915 (Beiheft 4), 311 - 412.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2007 c) The European species of the genus Phyllocolpa, part III: the species-groups of crassispina, scotaspis, and piliserra (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 87 (2), 163 - 183.","Benander, P. (1966) Kullabergs Vaxtsteklar. Kullabergs Natur, 11, 1 - 31.","Benes, K. (2015 a) Czech species of the gall-making sawflies of the genera Phyllocolpa, Tubpontania and Pontania (Hymenoptera, Nematinae). Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae, 100 (1), 137 - 156.","Stritt, W. (1938) Die Wiederentdeckung der Blattwespe Pontania purpureae Cam. Arbeiten uber morphologische und taxonomische Entomologie aus Berlin-Dahlem, 5 (8), 249 - 252.","Zinovjev, A. G. & Vikberg, V. (1999) The sawflies of the Pontania crassispina - group with a key for the genera of the subtribe Euurina (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Entomologica scandinavica, 30 (3), 281 - 298. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631200 X 00129","Lacourt, J. (1999) Repertoire des Tenthredinidae ouest-palearctiques (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Memoires de la Societe Entomologique de France, 3, 1 - 432.","Andersson, H. (1955) Hallandska zoocecidier. Opuscula Entomologica, 20, 132 - 148.","Wahlgren, E. (1960) Cecidiologiska anteckningar. XII. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 81 (1 - 2), 11 - 21.","Coulianos, C. - C. & Holmasen, I. (1991) Galler: en falthandbok om gallbildningar pa vilda och odlade vaxter. Interpublishing, Stockholm, 317 pp."]}

Euura atra (Jurine, 1807) Pteronus ater Jurine, 1807: Plate 6, Fig. 9. Described: ♀. Type locality: not mentioned, but supposedly Central Europe (Zinovjev & Vikberg 2006). Type material [not examined] thought to be lost or destroyed (Zinovjev & Vikberg 2006). Cryptocampus ater: Brischke (1883b). Euura atra: Westwood (1839). Euura (Euura) atra (Jurine, 1807): Viitasaari & Vikberg (1985). Nematus (Euura) ater: Zhelochovtsev (1988). Nematus angustus Hartig, 1837: 222 –223. Described: ♀, ♂, recorded host: Salix viminalis. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (1996), ZSM [examined]. Type locality: Germany, Berlin area. Syn. nov. Euura angusta: Cameron (1885). Cryptocampus angustus: Konow (1890). Euura (Euura) angusta: Kopelke (1996). Euura salicicola E. A. Smith, 1879: 41 –42. Described: ♀, ♂, larva, pupa, recorded host: Salix alba. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Zinovjev & Vikberg (2006), USNM [examined]. Type locality: Peoria, Illinois [USA]. Synonymy with E. atra by Zinovjev & Vikberg (2006). Cryptocampus helveticus Zaddach, 1883 [in Brischke 1883b]: 205–206. Described: ♀, ♂. Syntypes in ETH Zurich [examined]. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (2001: 192). Type locality: Gotthard [Switzerland]: see clarification below. Synonymy with E. atra by Kopelke (2001). Euura nigra Provancher, 1888: 346 –347. Described: ♀. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Gahan & Rohwer (1917), Laval University, Quebec [not examined]. Type locality: Cap Rouge [Canada, Quebec]. Primary homonym of Euura orbitalis var. nigra Norton, 1867. Notes on types and taxonomy. The colour characters mentioned by Kopelke (1996) as distinguishing angusta from atra, are probably the result of originally black body parts fading to brown in the only adult specimens of angusta that he was able to examine (the type series). Other differences mentioned by Kopelke (1996, 2006), such as the shape of valvula 3 in lateral view, its setation, and the denser pubescence on the inner orbits, were not observed in the material examined (lectotype and eight paralectotypes of N. angustus). Kopelke (1996) found galls on S. viminalis at only a single locality, and did not rear adults from them. The scarcity of records by other authors of the E. atra group from this willow species, and the congruence in morphology between atra and angusta, lead us to think that S. viminalis is merely a rarely used, secondary host of E. atra. We accordingly treat E. angusta as a synonym of E. atra. In designating the lectotype and a single male paralectotype of C. helveticus, Kopelke (2001) did not mention if any label data was available, such as locality. However, Zaddach [in Brischke 1883b] stated "Ich erhielt 7 Exemplare aus dem Züricher Museum durch Heer, 3♂ waren gezogen von Bremi aus Gallen vom Kattensee [Katzensee, near Zürich, Switzerland], l♂ gefangen, 2♀ und l♂ aus Gallen vom Gotthard [Switzerland]". It follows that the lectotype is from Gotthard. Variability. Female: Body length: 3.5–5.3mm. Antennal flagellum apically extensivly pale to completely black. Tegula pale (whitish) to black. Male: 2.9–4.9mm. Female and male: all specimens examined from central and northern Europe have completely black coxae, trochanters and trochantelli. In specimens from Cyprus and Crete, these are extensively pale. The antennal hollows of the latter specimens are also markedly less sculptured, and therefore more shiny. Number of specimens examined: 35. Genetic data. Apparently distinguishable by COI barcoding from all other species of the subgroup for which data is available. Roininen et al. (1993b) presented allozyme data which substantiate that E. atra has a rather distinctive genotype within the subgroup, and that populations on S. alba and S. × fragilis are conspecific. Similar species. Because E. atra is found principally in climatically milder, lowland regions, often in river valleys, the species of the atra subgroup with which it is most likely to co-occur is E. salicispurpureae. Females of atra can usually be separated from salicispurpureae by the relative proportions of cerci and ovipositor sheath: see key. Other species in the subgroup have either a markedly boreo-montane distribution, or are largely restricted (E. weiffenbachiella) to heath or marshland habitats. Males of the atra subgroup are not morphologically separable. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix alba, S. × fragilis (Kopelke 1996), S. × rubens (= alba × fragilis) (Kopelke et al. 2003); rarely on Salix viminalis (Hartig 1837, Kopelke 1996), with only a single record of use of this host in Fennoscandia: Norway, Nord-Trøndelag (Fjelddalen 1992; as E. atra). Records from " S. babylonica " (e.g. Wong et al. 1976) possibly relate to hybrids of that species with S. alba and S. × fragilis. Biology: Kopelke et al. (2003), MacCall et al. (1972), Price et al. (1997), Roininen et al. (1993b: as E. atra on S. alba and S. fragilis), Urban (1992a). This species usually does not form galls: larvae simply tunnel along the shoots, for a short distance (Wong et al. 1976, Kopelke 1996, Zinovjev & Vikberg 2006). Distribution. South, Central and North Europe, including British Isles, north to Sweden and Finland (Taeger et al. 2006). May reach Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan in the East (Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev 1995), but many earlier records require confirmation. Introduced to North America (Wong et al. 1976). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; previous published records of E. atra from Sweden may refer to several species. Without checking voucher specimens, or if information on the host plant species is lacking, the identity of the sawfly species involved is not clear. Material examined: Öland., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on pages 57-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Brischke, C. G. A. (1883 b) Beobachtungen uber die Arten der Blatt- und Holzwespen von C. G. A. Brischke, Hauptlehrer a. D. in Langfuhr und Dr. Gustav Zaddach weiland Professor in Konigsberg. Zweite Abtheilung. Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig, New Series, 5 (4), 201 - 328. [1881 - 1883]","Westwood, J. O. (1839) Synopsis of the Genera of British Insects. In: Westwood, J. O. [1838 - 1840]. An Introduction to the modern Classification of Insects; founded on the natural habits and corresponding organisation of the different families. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London, pp. 49 - 80.","Viitasaari, M. & Vikberg, V. (1985) A checklist of the sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Finland. Notulae Entomologicae, 65, 1 - 17.","Hartig, T. (1837) Die Aderflugler Deutschlands mit besonderer Berucksichtigung ihres Larvenzustandes und ihres Wirkens in Waldern und Garten fur Entomologen, Wald- und Gartenbesitzer. Die Familien der Blattwespen und Holzwespen nebst einer allgemeinen Einleitung zur Naturgeschichte der Hymenopteren. Erster Band. Haude und Spener, Berlin, xiv + 416 pp., pls. I - VIII.","Kopelke, J. - P. (1996) Die Euura atra - und amerinae - Gruppe in Nord- und Mitteleuropa (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 76 (1 / 2), 93 - 113.","Cameron, P. (1885) A monograph of the British phytophagous Hymenoptera (Tenthredo, Sirex and Cynips, Linne). Vol. 2. Ray Society, London, vi + 233 pp., 27 pls.","Konow, F. W. (1890) Catalogus Tenthredinidarum Europae. (Hymenopterorum XVI familiae.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1890 (2), 241 - 255.","Smith, E. A. (1879) Natural History of Euura salicicola. The North American Entomologist, 1 (6), 41 - 43. [1879 - 1880]","Kopelke, J. - P. (2001) Die Artengruppen von Euura mucronata und E. laeta in Europa (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 81 (1 - 2), 191 - 225.","Provancher, L. (1888) [Symphyta] In: Provancher, L. (Ed.), Additions et Corrections au. Vol. II. de la faune entomologique de Canada traitant des Hymenopteres. C. Darveau, Quebec, pp. 346 - 355. [1885 - 1889]","Gahan, A. B. & Rohwer, S. A. (1917) Lectotypes of the species of Hymenoptera (except Apoidea) described by Abbe Provancher. Canadian Entomologist, 49 (11), 391 - 400.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2006) Description of the female of Euura myrtilloides Kopelke 1996, with a key to the European species of the atra - group (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 86 (1), 75 - 84.","Roininen, H., Vuorinen, J., Tahvanainen, J. & Julkunen Tiitto, R. (1993 b) Host preference and allozyme differentiation in shoot galling sawfly, Euura atra. Evolution, 47 (1), 300 - 308.","Fjelddalen, J. (1992) Bladvepsslekten Euura (Hym. Tenthredinidae) (Gnagskader pa planter- 5). Insekt-Nytt, 17 (2), 23 - 25.","Wong, H. R., Melvin, J. C. E. & Drouin, J. A. (1976) Damage by a willow shoot-boring sawfly in Alberta. Tree Planters' Notes, 27 (4), 18 - 20.","MacCall, C. D., Titus, F. A. & Rose, A. H. (1972) A Willow shoot-boring sawfly, Euura atra (Jurine). Bi-Monthly Research Notes, 28 (2 / 3), 8.","Price, P. W., Roininen, H. & Tahvanainen, J. (1997) Willow tree shoot module length and the attack and survival pattern of a shoot-galling sawfly, Euura atra (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Entomologica Fennica, 8, 113 - 119.","Urban, J. (1992 a) Pilatka Euura atra Jur. (Symphyta, Tenthredinidae) - doposud malo znamy skudce vrb ve vrbovych prutnicich. Euura atra Jur. (Symphyta, Tenthredinidae): a little known insect pest of willows in osier plantations. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae, Sbornik Vysoke skoly zemedelske v Brne (rada C), Facultas silviculturae-Spisy fakulty lesnicke, 61 (5), 43 - 61.","Zhelochovtsev, A. N. & Zinovjev, A. G. (1995) Spisok pilil'shhikov i rogohvostov (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) fauny Rossii i sopredel'nyh territorij. I. [A list of the sawflies and horntails (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of the fauna of Russia and adjacent territories. I.]. Entomologicheskoe obozrenie, 74 (2), 395 - 415. [in Russian, abstract in English]"]}

E. proxima group = Pontania Costa, 1852, in part Diagnosis. Adult. In lateral view right mandible gradually tapering, left one with swollen base and thin, blade-like apex. Vein 2r-m normally present in both fore wings. Supraclypeal area entirely glabrous, or with at most 1–5 setae. Antenna moderately long: ♀ about as long, or slightly longer, than costa of fore wing; ♂ longer than costa of fore wing. Cercus short: about 3× as long as maximal width and reaching back only to about middle of valvula 3. Medial and basal annuli with flat ventral edge (serrulae not clearly developed). Antennal hollow nearly entirely glabrous and shiny. Penis valve: ventrally with small spines; base of valvispina ventrally clearly divided from lobe on which it arises by an incision or at least a right-angled turn. Larva. Third abdominal segment with 4 dorsal annulets. Suranal plate with widely separated pseudocerci. Gall. In leaves. Rather flat; "coffee bean" shaped. Developed only above the leaf-blade, or projecting on both sides. Not usually touching midrib. Phenology. Usually bivoltine, or even trivoltine, depending on climatic conditions. Notes. Compared to other gall-inducing Euura, species of this group exhibit some unusual biological traits. Unlike nearly all other West Palaearctic species, they reproduce by thelytokous parthenogenesis (Carleton 1939, Kopelke 2005). Males have occasionally been obtained in large scale rearings, at a ratio of one to several hundreds, and are therefore likely to be rare in nature. On the other hand, Carleton (1939: 592) pointed out that the number of males could be underestimated in rearings, if the males leave their galls earlier than females and galls are picked shortly before they mature. If, however, thelytoky is accepted as normal in the European members of this group, then the conventional tests of species limits are difficult to apply, e.g. there is no possibility of attempting to mate opposite sexes of different segregates. Larvae in the fourth, or sometimes an earlier instar, make a hole in the gall, usually on its underside, through which they eject the excrement. The larvae sometimes temporarily leave the gall through this hole to feed externally on the leaf-blade (Kopelke 1999). Further, whereas all but a few species in other species groups are univoltine, members of the proxima group are bi- or even trivoltine at localities where the growing season is sufficiently long. Zinovjev (1999) noted that the host specificity of some sawflies in this group is not as narrow as is the rule in, for example, the viminalis group: E. bridgmanii is recorded from numerous species in various sections of Salix subgenus Vetrix.

Euura auritae Kopelke, 2000 Euura (Euura) cinereae Kopelke, 1996: 102. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix cinerea. Holotype, ♀, SMF [examined]. Type locality: Finland, Joensuu. Preoccupied in Euura by Nematus cinereae Thomson, 1871 (= Euura saliciscinereae (Retzius)). Syn. nov. Euura (Euura) auritae Kopelke, 2000: 160 –162. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix aurita. Holotype, ♀, SMF [examined]. Type locality: Norway, N.- Trøndelag, Malm. Euura (Euura) lapponica Kopelke, 1996: 106. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix lapponum. Holotype, ♀, SMF [examined]. Type locality: Norway, Nordland, Korgfjellet. Preoccupied in Euura by Pontania lapponica Malaise, 1921 (= E. crassipes (Thomson)). Syn. nov. Euura salicislapponicae Kopelke in Prous et al. 2014: 53, replacement name for E. lapponica Kopelke. Notes on types and taxonomy. Kopelke (1996) described the underside of valvula 3 of E. cinereae in lateral view as concave, and stated that this is unique amongst the nominal taxa previously treated as E. atra. The ventral edge of valvula 3 of the holotype is quite strongly concave, but of eight further specimens labelled as reared from S. cinerea, only one has valvula 3 somewhat concave: in one other this edge is straight, and in the remaining six convex. The lancets of these specimens are not as strongly curved as described or illustrated by Kopelke (1996) and are in this respect not clearly distinguishable from those of other nominal taxa (this can be seen in the illustrations of the lancets published by Kopelke 2006). In particular, we found no morphological differences between specimens reared from S. aurita, S. cinerea, and S. lapponum. Therefore, we treat the three nominal taxa associated with these hosts as conspecific. Variability. Female: Body length: 3.3–5.5mm. Antennal flagellum apically extensively pale to completely black. Upper hind angle of pronotum pale to completely dark. Tegula yellow to black. Male: 2.6–5.2mm. Female and male: outer orbits and lateral vertex somewhat brown to completely black. Total number of specimens examined: 37. Genetic data. No COI barcoding data are available for specimens reared from S. aurita and S. cinerea. Roininen et al. (1993b) presented allozyme data which show that there is no significant differentiation between E. auritae and E. salicislapponicae. Similar species. Females are most similar to E. atra, which may also have pale tegulae. They can usually be distinguished by the different distribution of ctenidia on the lancet (see key). Males of the atra subgroup are not morphologically separable. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix aurita (Kopelke 2000, 2002; Roininen et al. 2001), S. lapponum (Kopelke 1996), S. atrocinerea, S. ? bebbiana × atrocinerea (Zinovjev 2010: these hosts only recorded in N. America), S. ? cinerea (Kopelke 1996), S. ? starkeana (below). According to Roininen et al. (2001) the host from which the types of E. cinereae were reared was misidentified and is really S. aurita. Kopelke (2002) rejected this opinion and repeated that S. cinerea is the correct host. On balance, we find the interpretation of Roininen et al. (2001) more plausible. Zinovjev (2010) reached the same conclusion, and questioned whether E. auritae uses S. cinerea as a host. Galls made by a species of the atra subgroup have been found on S. starkeana at many localities in southern Finland by Nyman and Vikberg. The adults are very similar to those of auritae, and possibly conspecific. Biology: Kopelke (1996), Roininen et al. (1993b: as E. atra on S. cinerea and S. lapponum). Distribution. Central and North Europe (Taeger et al. 2006), north to Finland and N. Trøndelag in Norway. Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Halland (Andersson 1955: E. atra on Salix aurita), Uppland (Wahlgren 1951: recorded a female E. atra reared from a gall on Salix cinerea, which may belong to this species), Lule Lappmark, Torne Lappmark (Malaise 1921a, Coulianos & Holmåsen 1991, both as E. atra on S. lapponum)., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on page 59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Kopelke, J. - P. (2000) Euura auritae sp. n. - ein neuer Gallenerzeuger der atra - Gruppe in Europa (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 80 (1 / 2), 159 - 163.","Kopelke, J. - P. (1996) Die Euura atra - und amerinae - Gruppe in Nord- und Mitteleuropa (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 76 (1 / 2), 93 - 113.","Thomson, C. G. (1871) Hymenoptera Scandinaviae. Tom. 1. (Tenthredo et Sirex Lin.). H. Olsson, Lund, 342 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9332","Kopelke, J. - P. (2006) Description of the female of Euura myrtilloides Kopelke 1996, with a key to the European species of the atra - group (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 86 (1), 75 - 84.","Roininen, H., Vuorinen, J., Tahvanainen, J. & Julkunen Tiitto, R. (1993 b) Host preference and allozyme differentiation in shoot galling sawfly, Euura atra. Evolution, 47 (1), 300 - 308.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2002) The host plants of Euura cinereae Kopelke, 1996 and E. auritae Kopelke, 2000 (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Entomologica Fennica, 13 (3), 134 - 138.","Roininen H., Tahvanainen, J., Vikberg, V. & Zinovjev, A. (2001) Salix aurita - the correct food plant for Euura cinereae Kopelke, 1996 (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Entomologica Fennica, 12, 129 - 130.","Zinovjev, A. G. (2010) An European Gall-Making sawfly, Euura cinereae Kopelke (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) on Salix atrocinerea Brotero, an Invasive Willow in Eastern Massachusetts. Proceedings of the entomological Society of Washington, 112 (2), 242 - 346.","Andersson, H. (1955) Hallandska zoocecidier. Opuscula Entomologica, 20, 132 - 148.","Wahlgren, E. (1951) Cecidiologiska anteckningar. VI. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 72 (1 - 4), 84 - 156.","Malaise, R. (1921 a) Beitrage zur Kenntnis schwedischer Blattwespen. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 40 (2 - 4), 97 - 128.","Coulianos, C. - C. & Holmasen, I. (1991) Galler: en falthandbok om gallbildningar pa vilda och odlade vaxter. Interpublishing, Stockholm, 317 pp."]}

Euura collactanea (Förster, 1854) Nematus collactaneus Förster, 1854a: 299 –300. Described: ♀, gall [but the gall seems to belong to E. weiffenbachiella], recorded host: Salix repens. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (1991), ZSM [examined]. Type locality: Krefeld. Pontania collactanea: Konow (1901a). Pontania (Pontania) collactanea: Viitasaari & Vikberg (1985). Nematus (Pontania) collactanea: Zhelochovtsev (1988). Eupontania collactanea: Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006). Euura (Eupontania) collactanea: Noblecourt (2016). Nematus deficiens Förster, 1854a: 318 –319. Described: ♂. Lectotype, ♂, designated by Kopelke (1991), ZSM [examined]. Type locality: Krefeld. Synonymy with P. collactanea by Weiffenbach (1962). Nematus crassipes var. vacciniellus Cameron, 1876d: 190 –191. Described: ♀, ♂, recorded host: Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Syntypes possibly in BMNH [not examined]. Type locality: Scotland. Synonymy with collactanea by Benson (1958). Nematus xanthostylos Zaddach, 1884 [in Brischke 1884]: 131. Described: ♀. Holotype, ♀, thought to have been destroyed, with most of the rest of Brischke's collection (Blank & Taeger 1998). Type locality: " Damhof " [Ostpreußen, probably Dammhof; now Russia, Kalingrad area, Cholmogorowka]. Synonymy with collactanea by Konow (1901b). Pontania viminalis var. lugubris Enslin, 1918a: 732 –733. Described: ♂. Lectotype, ♂, designated by Kopelke (1991), ZSM [examined]. Type locality: "Altdorf [near Nürnberg] 1916 e larva Dr. Enslin leg." [lectotype label]. [det. as P. viminalis by Kopelke [Kopelke 1991], det. as P. collactanea Förster by Zinovjev 1996]. Syn. nov. Pontania collactanea relicta Weiffenbach, 1962: 129 –130, 133. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix repens. Holotype, ♀, Museum Oldenburg [not examined]. Type locality: Germany, Oldenburg, Poggenpohlsmoor. Synonymy with P. collactanea by Kopelke (1991). Eupontania collactanea rosmarinifoliae Vikberg & Zinovjev, 2006: 259 –260. Described: ♀, ♂, recorded hosts: Salix repens rosmarinifoliae and S. repens repens. Holotype, ♀, FMNH (examined). Type locality: Finland, South Häme: Janakkala, Punkka. Syn. nov. Nematus helicinus: Thomson (1871); misidentification. See Vikberg (2003). Notes on types and taxonomy. E. collactanea rosmarinifoliae differs from the nominal subspecies only in its darker coloration of the fore wing stigma and body. The name was proposed for populations occurring in Finland and northern Russia. Such dark specimens have not so far been found in Sweden. No strict monophagy on Salix repens repens respectively S. repens rosmarinifolia is indicated by data for either putative subspecies: Central European populations use both S. repens and S. rosmarinifolia as hosts. The record of P. collactanea rosmarinifoliae from the Czech Republic, based only on herbarium specimens of galls on S. rosmarinifolia, is accordingly inadmissible. In view of the generally very wide range of variance in colour pattern in species of the viminalis group, and a tendency in several species towards darker coloration in northern populations, there seems little justification for recognising two subspecies of collactanea. Accordingly, they are treated here as synonyms. Variability. Female: Body length: 2.4–4.8mm. Outer and inner orbits extensively pale, or almost entirely black. Dorso-posterior margins of pronotum pale, to black. Femora entirely pale, to basally fuscous. Male: 2.9– 4.9mm. All femora partly black and metafemur nearly entirely so, to pro- and mesofemur black basally with metafemur entirely yellow. Total number of specimens examined: 20. Genetic data. The short BOLD COI barcode sequence will not separate collactanea from the other eleven North European species with closely similar barcodes (acutifoliae, arcticornis, brevicornis, etc.). Bionomics. Host plants: Salix repens repens, S. repens rosmarinifolia (Kopelke 2003a, Vikberg & Zinovjev 2006). Biology: Hanapi & Askew (1991), Kopelke (1991). Distribution. Central and North Europe, including the British Isles (Taeger et al. 2006), north to Lake Ladoga in Russian Karelia (Vikberg & Zinovjev 2006). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Skåne (Wahlgren 1944, as Pontania viminalis on Salix repens), Halland (Andersson 1955), Öland (Benander 1966), Uppland (Coulianos & Holmåsen 1991). Material examined: Skåne. Euura glabrifrons (Benson, 1960) comb. nov. Pontania glabrifrons Benson, 1960b: 375 –377. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix lanata. Holotype, ♀, BMNH [not examined]. Type locality: Sweden, Torne Lappmark, Torne Träsk district. Pontania (Pontania) glabrifrons: Viitasaari & Vikberg (1985). Nematus (Pontania) glabrifrons: Zhelochovtsev (1988). Pontania (Eupontania) glabrifrons: Lacourt (1999). Eupontania glabrifrons: Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006). Notes on types and taxonomy. Genetic data supports the status of glabrifrons as a distinct species. Variability. Female: Body length: 3.6–5.6mm. Upper outer and inner orbits brown lined to entirely black. Tegula brown to black. Pronotum black, rarely with pale margin. Male: 3.7–4.0mm. Female and male: anterior and posterior edge of femur lined with black to femur nearly entirely black. Total number of specimens examined: 76. Genetic data. Although the short BOLD COI barcode sequence will not separate glabrifrons from the other eleven North European species with closely similar barcodes (acutifoliae, arcticornis, brevicornis, etc.), longer COI, and ITS2 sequences are distinctive (Leppänen et al. 2014). Bionomics. Host plants: Salix lanata (Benson 1960b). Biology: Barstad & Nilsson (2012, 2015), Olofsson & Strengbom (2000), Roininen et al. (2002). Distribution. Norway, Sweden, Finland and N. Russia (Taeger et al. 2006), W. Siberia,?E. Siberia and?N. Russian Far East (Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev 1995). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Jämtland (Benander 1969), Lule Lappmark (Coulianos & Holmåsen 1991), Lycksele Lappmark (Haris 2009), Torne Lappmark (Coulianos & Holmåsen 1991). The specimen tentatively identified by R. B. Benson as this species from Skåne, Kullaberg, mentioned by Benander (1966), is a misidentification of E. pedunculi (see Benander 1969). Material examined: Torne Lappmark., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on pages 92-93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Forster, A. (1854 a) Neue Blattwespen. Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereines der preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens, Neue Folge, 1, 265 - 350, pls. IV - VII.","Kopelke, J. - P. (1991) Die Arten der viminalis - Gruppe, Gattung Pontania O. Costa 1859, Mittel- und Nordeuropas (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 71 (1 - 3), 65 - 128.","Konow, F. W. (1901 a) Revision der Nematiden Gattung Pontania Costa. (Hym.). Zeitschrift fur systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie, 1 (2), 81 - 91.","Viitasaari, M. & Vikberg, V. (1985) A checklist of the sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Finland. Notulae Entomologicae, 65, 1 - 17.","Noblecourt, T. (2016) Liste systematique des Hymenopteres Symphytes de France. Office National des Forets, Cellule d´etudes entomologiques, Quillan, 94 pp.","Weiffenbach, H. (1962) Tenthredinidenstudien II. (Hym.). Mitteilungen der Munchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 52, 123 - 145.","Cameron, P. (1876 d) Descriptions of five new, or little known, species of British Tenthredinidae. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 12, 189 - 193. [1875]","Benson, R. B. (1958) Hymenoptera, Symphyta. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, 6 (2 c), 139 - 258.","Brischke, C. G. A. (1884) Beobachtungen uber die Arten der Blatt- und Holzwespen von C. G. A. Brischke, Hauptlehrer a. D. in Langfuhr und Dr. Gustav Zaddach, Professor in Konigsberg, mitgetheilt von Brischke aus Zaddach's Manuscripten. (Schluss). Schriften der physikalisch-okonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg, 24, 121 - 173. [1883]","Blank, S. M. & Taeger, A. (1998) Comments on the taxonomy of Symphyta (Hymenoptera) (Preliminary studies for a catalogue of Symphyta, part 4). In: Taeger, A. & Blank, S. M. (Eds.), Pflanzenwespen Deutschlands (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Kommentierte Bestandsaufnahme. Goecke & Evers, Keltern, pp. 141 - 174.","Konow, F. W. (1901 b) Revision der Nematiden Gattung Pontania Costa. (Hym.). Zeitschrift fur systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie, 1 (3), 127 - 136.","Enslin, E. (1918 a) Die Tenthredinoidea Mitteleuropas VII. (Schluß). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, [1917] (Beiheft 7), 663 - 790.","Thomson, C. G. (1871) Hymenoptera Scandinaviae. Tom. 1. (Tenthredo et Sirex Lin.). H. Olsson, Lund, 342 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9332","Vikberg, V. (2003) Taxonomy of the species of Eupontania crassipes - and aquilonis - groups (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). Entomologica Fennica, 14 (3), 129 - 172.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2003 a) Gall-forming Nematinae, their willow hosts (Salix spec.) and biological strategies (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae: Euura, Phyllocolpa, Pontania). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 82 (1 / 2), 163 - 189.","Hanapi, S. B. & Askew, R. R. (1991) The biology of the sawfly Pontania collactanea (Forster) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 127, 29 - 34.","Wahlgren, E. (1944) Cecidiologiska anteckningar. V. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 65, 50 - 121.","Andersson, H. (1955) Hallandska zoocecidier. Opuscula Entomologica, 20, 132 - 148.","Benander, P. (1966) Kullabergs Vaxtsteklar. Kullabergs Natur, 11, 1 - 31.","Coulianos, C. - C. & Holmasen, I. (1991) Galler: en falthandbok om gallbildningar pa vilda och odlade vaxter. Interpublishing, Stockholm, 317 pp.","Benson, R. B. (1960 b) Studies in Pontania (Hym., Tenthredinidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology Series, 8, 369 - 384.","Lacourt, J. (1999) Repertoire des Tenthredinidae ouest-palearctiques (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Memoires de la Societe Entomologique de France, 3, 1 - 432.","Olofsson, J. & Strengbom, J. (2000) Response of galling invertebrates on Salix lanata to reindeer herbivory. Oikos. Acta Oecologica Scandinavica, 91 (3), 493 - 498.","Roininen, H., Danell, K., Zinovjev, A., Vikberg, V. & Virtanen, R. (2002) Community structure, survival and mortality factors in arctic populations of Eupontania leaf gallers. Polar Biology, 25, 605 - 611.","Zhelochovtsev, A. N. & Zinovjev, A. G. (1995) Spisok pilil'shhikov i rogohvostov (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) fauny Rossii i sopredel'nyh territorij. I. [A list of the sawflies and horntails (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of the fauna of Russia and adjacent territories. I.]. Entomologicheskoe obozrenie, 74 (2), 395 - 415. [in Russian, abstract in English]","Benander, P. (1969) Om nagra Pontania - arter och deras cecidier (Hym. Symphyta). Opuscula Entomologica, 34 (1 - 2), 90 - 94."]}

Euura arcticornis (Konow, 1904) Pontania arcticornis Konow, 1904: 230 –231. Described: ♀, ♂. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006), FMNH [examined]. Type locality: Russia, Kanin Peninsula. Pontania (Eupontania) arcticornis: Zinovjev (1985). Pontania (Pontania) arcticornis: Viitasaari & Vikberg (1985). Nematus (Pontania) arcticornis: Zhelochovtsev (1988). Eupontania arcticornis: Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006). Euura arcticornis: Prous et al. (2014). Pontania phylicifoliae Forsius, 1919: 165 –168. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix phylicifolia. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006), RFT [examined]. Type locality: Finland, Helsinki. Synonymy with P. arcticornis by Lindqvist (1955). Pontania viminalis var. hepatimaculae Malaise, 1921: 115 –117. Described: ♀, ♂, larva, gall, recorded host: Salix phylicifolia. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006), NHRS [NHRS-HEVA000003513; examined]. Type locality: Sweden, Torne Träsk area. Synonymy with P. phylicifoliae by Forsius (1932). Variability. Female: Body length: 3.0– 4.9mm. Head extensively pale on supraclypeal area, inner and outer orbits and lateral vertex, to nearly completely black. All abdominal sterna and downturned parts of terga completely yellow, to nearly completely black. Male: 3.5–3.8mm. Total number of specimens examined: 30. Genetic data. Although there is no distinct barcode sequence, E. arcticornis is apparently identifiable using nuclear ITS2 sequences (Leppänen et al. 2014). Bionomics. Host plants: Salix phylicifolia (Vikberg & Zinovjev 2006), S. lapponum × phylicifolia (Kopelke 1991). Biology: Barstad & Nilsson (2012, 2015), Kopelke (1991), Nyman & Julkunen Tiitto (2000), Roininen et al. (2002). Distribution. North Europe including northern parts of the British mainland (Benson 1958), throughout Fennoscandia (Vikberg & Zinovjev 2006), and N. Russia (Kanin Peninsula: Konow 1904). Also recorded in Yakutia (Popov 2011). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Västergötland (Wahlgren 1959), Jämtland, Torne Lappmark (Coulianos & Holmåsen 1991). Material examined: Jämtland, Lycksele Lappmark, Torne Lappmark., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on page 91, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Konow, F. W. (1904) Neue palaartische [sic!] Chalastogastra. Zeitschrift fur systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie, 4 (4), 226 - 231.","Zinovjev, A. G. (1985) K sistematike pilil'shhikov roda Pontania O. Costa (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Podrod Eupontania subg. n. [On the taxonomy of the sawfly genus Pontania O. Costa (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Subgenus Eupontania subg. n.]. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 132, 3 - 16.","Viitasaari, M. & Vikberg, V. (1985) A checklist of the sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Finland. Notulae Entomologicae, 65, 1 - 17.","Forsius, R. (1919) Kleinere Mitteilungen uber Tenthredinoiden I. Meddelanden af Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 45 (1918 - 1919), 165 - 169. [Separatum]","Lindqvist, E. (1955) Beitrag zur Kenntnis einiger nordischen Blattwespen (Hym., Tenthredinoidea). Notulae Entomologicae, 35, 137 - 144.","Forsius, R. (1932) Kleinere Mitteilungen uber Tenthredinoiden V. Notulae Entomologicae, 12 (1), 15 - 18.","Kopelke, J. - P. (1991) Die Arten der viminalis - Gruppe, Gattung Pontania O. Costa 1859, Mittel- und Nordeuropas (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 71 (1 - 3), 65 - 128.","Nyman, T. & Julkunen Tiitto, R. (2000) Manipulation of the phenolic chemistry of willows by gall-inducing sawflies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97 (24), 13184 - 13187. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 230294097","Roininen, H., Danell, K., Zinovjev, A., Vikberg, V. & Virtanen, R. (2002) Community structure, survival and mortality factors in arctic populations of Eupontania leaf gallers. Polar Biology, 25, 605 - 611.","Benson, R. B. (1958) Hymenoptera, Symphyta. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, 6 (2 c), 139 - 258.","Popov, A. A. (2011) Synopsis of dendro-tamnobiotic sawflies of the family Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Yakutia. Trudy Russkogo jentomologicheskogo obshhestva, 82, 77 - 88.","Wahlgren, E. (1959) Cecidiologiska anteckningar. XI. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 79 (3 - 4), 201 - 215.","Coulianos, C. - C. & Holmasen, I. (1991) Galler: en falthandbok om gallbildningar pa vilda och odlade vaxter. Interpublishing, Stockholm, 317 pp."]}

Euura plicadaphnoides (Kopelke, 2007) Phyllocolpa plicadaphnoides Kopelke, 2007a: 97 –99. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix daphnoides. Holotype, ♀, SMF [examined]. Type locality: Austria, Salzburg, Obertauern. Euura plicadaphnoides: Liston (2015). Variability. Female: Body length: 3.4–5.5mm. Outer margin of inner orbits partly black to narrowly but continuously pale. Upper outer orbits partly pale to outer orbits continuously pale. Ratio of length flagellomere 2 / height of eye 1.00-1.03. Male: 3.2–4.3mm. Upper outer orbits and lateral vertex clearly pale to almost black. Total number of specimens examined: 11. Genetic data. COI barcodes of species of this complex, as well as E. oblita, are highly similar, and not useful for identification. Similar species. Females are most similar to the other segregates with typically extensively pale orbits: E. polita, E. prussica. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix daphnoides,? S. acutifolia (Kopelke 2007a). Biology: Kopelke (2007a). Distribution. Published records are from Alpine areas of Central Europe (Austria and Switzerland: Kopelke 2007a), as well as lowland areas in the Czech Republic (Beneš 2015a) and Germany (Liston 2015). Kopelke (2007a) noted that galls similar to those on S. daphnoides were found on S. acutifolia in Lithuania, but no specimens were reared. Occurrence in Sweden: no records, but should be looked for where its host(s) occurs. Euura plicalapponum (Kopelke, 2007) comb. nov. Phyllocolpa plicalapponum Kopelke, 2007a: 100 –101. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix lapponum. Holotype, ♀, SMF [examined]. Type locality: Norway, Finnmark: S.- Varanger, Faerdesmyra. Variability. Female: Body length: 3.5–4.4mm. Ratio of length flagellomere 2 / height of eye 0.84-0.93. Male: not examined. Female and male: too few specimens were examined to allow an assessment of variability. Total number of specimens examined: 5. Genetic data. COI barcodes of species of this complex, as well as E. oblita, are generally highly similar, and not useful for identification. However, the single sequence available for E. plicalapponum differs markedly from the sequences of the other members of the complex. The tissue sample was from a larva, which was perhaps not correctly identified. Similar species. Females are most similar to the other segregates with typically extensively dark orbits: E. ischnocera, E. plicaphylicifolia. Bionomics. Host plant: Salix lapponum (Kopelke 2007a). Biology: Kopelke (2007a). Distribution. Only recorded from Scotland (Liston et al. 2012) and Norway (Kopelke 2007a). Apparently a rather uncommon species: many of the specimens from Norway identified by Kopelke as this species are E. acutiserra. Occurrence in Sweden: no published records, but can be assumed to be present. Euura plicaphylicifolia (Kopelke, 2007) comb. nov. Phyllocolpa plicaphylicifolia Kopelke, 2007a: 101 –102. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix phylicifolia. Holotype, ♀, SMF [examined]. Type locality: Norway, S.- Trøndelag: Dovrefjell, Grønbakken. Variability. Female: Body length: 2.9–4.4mm. Ratio of length flagellomere 2 / height of eye 0.79-1.04. Male: 3.6– 4.1mm. Female and male: small brown area on lateral vertex may be absent. Extent of pale on lower inner orbits and malar space variable. Distal ca. half of metafemur pale to nearly whole femur black. Total number of specimens examined: 5. Genetic data. COI barcodes of species of this complex, as well as E. oblita, are highly similar, and not useful for identification. Similar species. Females are most similar to the other segregates with typically extensively dark orbits: E. ischnocera, E. plicalapponum. Bionomics. Host plant: Salix phylicifolia (Kopelke 2007a). Biology: Kopelke (2007a). Distribution. Only previously recorded from Scotland (Liston et al. 2012), and Norway (Kopelke 2007a). Occurrence in Sweden: no published records, but can be assumed to be present., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on pages 79-80, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Kopelke, J. - P. (2007 a) The European species of the genus Phyllocolpa, part I: the leucosticta - group (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 87 (1), 75 - 109.","Liston, A. D. (2015) New records and host plants of Symphyta (Hymenoptera) for Germany, Berlin and Brandenburg. Contributions to Entomology. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 65 (2), 383 - 391.","Benes, K. (2015 a) Czech species of the gall-making sawflies of the genera Phyllocolpa, Tubpontania and Pontania (Hymenoptera, Nematinae). Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae, 100 (1), 137 - 156."]}

mucronata subgroup COI barcode data has not yet been obtained for all species in this subgroup. Barcodes of the North European taxa for which data is available form three clusters: [E. lanatae, E. sp. on S. myrsinites, E. lanatae, E. lappo, and E. hastatae], [E. myrsinifoliae, and E. mucronata], and [E. subgemma]. Within the first two clusters, the short, BOLDlength barcodes of individual species are practically not distinguishable., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, V��rdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on pages 60-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880

Euura brevicornis (Förster, 1854) Nematus brevicornis Förster, 1854a: 335 –336. Described: ♀. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006), ZSM [examined]. Type locality: Germany, near Aachen. Eupontania brevicornis: Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006). Pontania (Eupontania) brevicornis: Taeger et al. (2010). Euura brevicornis: Beneš (2015b). Nematus foersteri André, 1880: 152, unnecessary replacement name for N. brevicornis. Nematus congruens Förster, 1854a: 346 –347. Described: ♂. Lectotype, ♂, designated by Kopelke (1991), ZSM [examined]. Type locality: Germany, near Aachen. Synonymy with E. brevicornis by Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006). Pontania carpentieri Konow, 1907: 133 –134. Described: ♀, ♂; no type material has been located in the SDEI, where most of Konow's collection is deposited. Type locality: France, Amiens. Synonymy with E. brevicornis by Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006). Pontania pedunculi: Kopelke (1991); misidentification. Variability. Female: Body length: 3.2–4.6mm. Male: 2.8–4.8mm. Femora completely pale, to fuscous on anterior and posterior edges. Female and male: head usually yellow with large black ocellar patch extending to toruli, to nearly entirely black with only lateral vertex and upper orbits obscurely brown. Total number of specimens examined: 8. Genetic data. The short BOLD COI barcode sequence will not separate brevicornis from the other eleven North European species with closely similar barcodes (acutifoliae, arcticornis, collactanea, etc.). Bionomics. Host plants: Salix cinerea (Vikberg & Zinovjev 2006), S. cinerea × caprea (Beneš 2015a), and rarely on S. aurita (Zinovjev 1999). Biology: Kopelke (1991), Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006). Distribution. Central and North Europe, north to S. Finland (Vikberg & Zinovjev 2006). Distribution in detail is unclear, because of taxonomic and nomenclatural confusion. E. brevicornis was reported from the British Isles by Liston et al. (2012), but these specimens have now been re-identified as E. pedunculi. Accordingly, E. brevicornis must be deleted from the faunal list of the British Isles. Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Skåne (Benander 1966; the specimens identified as Pontania arcticornis are probably the morphologically very similar E. brevicornis, because the host of P. arcticornis does not occur at that locality). Material examined: Härjedalen., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on pages 91-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Forster, A. (1854 a) Neue Blattwespen. Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereines der preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens, Neue Folge, 1, 265 - 350, pls. IV - VII.","Taeger, A., Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D. (2010) World Catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Zootaxa, 2580, 1 - 1064.","Benes, K. (2015 b) Siropasi blanokridli (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) chranene krajinne oblasti Krivoklatsko. Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of the Krivoklatsko Protected Landscape Area (Central Bohemia). Bohemia centralis, 33, 143 - 173.","Andre, E. (1880) Species des Hymenopteres d'Europe & d'Algerie. 1 (5). L'Auteur, Beaune (Cote-d'Or), pp. 97 - 160, catalogue pp. 9 - 16. [1879 - 1882]","Kopelke, J. - P. (1991) Die Arten der viminalis - Gruppe, Gattung Pontania O. Costa 1859, Mittel- und Nordeuropas (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 71 (1 - 3), 65 - 128.","Konow, F. W. (1907) Zwei neue Tenthrediniden. (Hym.). Zeitschrift fur systematische Hymenopterologie und Dipterologie, 7 (2), 132 - 134.","Benes, K. (2015 a) Czech species of the gall-making sawflies of the genera Phyllocolpa, Tubpontania and Pontania (Hymenoptera, Nematinae). Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae, 100 (1), 137 - 156.","Benander, P. (1966) Kullabergs Vaxtsteklar. Kullabergs Natur, 11, 1 - 31."]}

Euura leucosticta (Hartig, 1837) Nematus leucostictus Hartig, 1837: 202. Described: adult [sex not stated]. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (2007a), ZMHUB [examined]. Type locality: " Germania ". Pontania leucostica: Konow (1890). Phyllocolpa leucosticta: Benson (1960a). Pontania (Phyllocolpa) leucosticta: Viitasaari & Vikberg (1985). Nematus (Phyllocolpa) leucostictus: Zhelochovtsev (1988). Euura leucosticta: Beneš (2015b). Nematus klugii Gimmerthal, 1844: 37. Described: ♀. Holotype, ♀: it is not known, whether the specimen still exists. Type locality: Latvia, near Riga. Synonymy with leucosticta by Konow (1905). Nematus erythropygus Förster, 1854a: 309 –310. Described: ♀. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (2007a), ZSM [examined]. Type locality: Germany, near Aachen. Syn. nov. Phyllocolpa erythropyga: Kopelke (2007a). Euura erythropyga: Beneš (2015b). Nematus crassulus Thomson, 1863: 630 –631. Described: ♀, ♂. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (2007a), ZMLU [examined]. Type locality: Norway, Norrbotten, Småland, Öland, Blekinge and Skåne [from original description: lectotype without indication of locality]. Synonymy with leucosticta by Konow (1897). Nematus sharpi Cameron, 1876c: 191 –192. Described: ♀. Syntypes possibly in BMNH [not examined]. Type locality: probably Scotland. Synonymy with N. leucostictus by Dalla Torre (1894). Pontania ischnoceros var. nigrifrons Konow, 1897: 174 –177. Described: ♀, ♂. Lectotype, ♂, designated by Kopelke (2007a), SDEI [examined]. Type locality: Germany, Teschendorf in Mecklenburg. Synonymy with leucosticta by Kopelke (2007a). Pontania auberti Zirngiebl, 1957: 173 –174. Described: ♀. Holotype, ♀, Musée Zoologique Cantonale, Lausanne [not examined]. Type locality: Algeria, Saida. Synonymy with leucosticta by Lacourt (1997). Notes on types and taxonomy. Kopelke (2007a) treated leucosticta and erythropyga as separate species, monophagous respectively on S. caprea and S. aurita. According to his key (Kopelke 2007a: 83), erythropyga differs from leucosticta in its more narrowly pale posterior margin of the pronotum, broader valvulae 3 in dorsal view, shorter cerci, ctenidia present on lancet from annulus 2 (3 in leucosticta), and a very slight difference in the outline of the paravalva of the penis valve. All these characters vary somewhat in the material studied, and do not correlate with the host plant from which they were reared. Accordingly, we treat these nominal taxa as synonymous. Variability. Female: Body length: 3.8–5.5mm. Male: 3.8–4.6mm. Female and male: lower inner orbits, outer orbits and lateral vertex mainly pale to nearly completely black; extent of pale on pronotum variable. Total number of specimens examined: ca. 100. Genetic data. The 24 COI barcode sequences available on BOLD under the names Phyllocolpa leucosticta and P. erythropyga, from Italy and Portugal north to Finland, form a single BIN with intraspecific variability of about 1.1%. Nearest European barcoding neighbour, about 6.6% different, is E. polita. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix aurita, S. caprea (Kopelke 2007a) and S. cinerea (below). Three specimens, from separate rearing batches collected on Salix cinerea at three German localities were reared by J.-P. Kopelke and determined by him as Phyllocolpa prussica, but they clearly belong to leucosticta. Biology: Kopelke (2007a). Distribution. Nearly throughout Europe north to Finnmark (Taeger et al. 2006, Kopelke 2007a), Turkey, Transcaucasus (Benson 1968), North Africa (Lacourt 1999), Central Asia (Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev 1995), Yakutia (Popov 2011). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Skåne (Benander 1966), Blekinge, Småland, Öland, Närke, Dalarna, Gästrikland, Jämtland (Haris 2009), Västerbotten (Kopelke 2007a). Material examined: Skåne, Småland, Västergötland, Uppland, Dalarna, Torne Lappmark., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on pages 76-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Hartig, T. (1837) Die Aderflugler Deutschlands mit besonderer Berucksichtigung ihres Larvenzustandes und ihres Wirkens in Waldern und Garten fur Entomologen, Wald- und Gartenbesitzer. Die Familien der Blattwespen und Holzwespen nebst einer allgemeinen Einleitung zur Naturgeschichte der Hymenopteren. Erster Band. Haude und Spener, Berlin, xiv + 416 pp., pls. I - VIII.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2007 a) The European species of the genus Phyllocolpa, part I: the leucosticta - group (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 87 (1), 75 - 109.","Konow, F. W. (1890) Catalogus Tenthredinidarum Europae. (Hymenopterorum XVI familiae.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1890 (2), 241 - 255.","Benson, R. B. (1960 a) A new genus for the leaf-edge-rolling Pontania (Hym., Tenthredinidae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 96 (21), 59 - 60.","Viitasaari, M. & Vikberg, V. (1985) A checklist of the sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Finland. Notulae Entomologicae, 65, 1 - 17.","Benes, K. (2015 b) Siropasi blanokridli (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) chranene krajinne oblasti Krivoklatsko. Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of the Krivoklatsko Protected Landscape Area (Central Bohemia). Bohemia centralis, 33, 143 - 173.","Konow, F. W. (1905) Hymenoptera. Fam. Tenthredinidae. Genera Insectorum, 29, 1 - 176.","Forster, A. (1854 a) Neue Blattwespen. Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereines der preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens, Neue Folge, 1, 265 - 350, pls. IV - VII.","Thomson, C. G. (1863) Entomologiska bidrag. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens forhandlingar, 19 (10), 611 - 639. [1862]","Konow, F. W. (1897) Neue palaearctische Tenthrediniden. Wiener entomologische Zeitung, 16 (6), 173 - 187.","Cameron, P. (1876 c) On some new or little known British Hymenoptera. Proceedings (& Transactions) of the Natural History Society of Glasgow, 2, 304 - 315. [1869 - 1875]","Dalla Torre, C. G. de (1894) Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 1. Tenthredinidae incl. Uroceridae (Phyllophaga & Xylophaga). Engelmann, Leipzig, [6] + viii + 459 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10348","Zirngiebl, L. (1957) Neue nordafrikanische Blattwespen (Hym., Tenthr.). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 30 (2), 171 - 174.","Lacourt, J. (1997) Le genre Pontania Costa, 1852 en Afrique du Nord avec description de deux nouvelles especes (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Revue francaise d'Entomologie, New Series, 19 (1 - 2), 27 - 31.","Benson, R. B. (1968) Hymenoptera from Turkey, Symphyta. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology Series, 22 (4), 111 - 207.","Lacourt, J. (1999) Repertoire des Tenthredinidae ouest-palearctiques (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Memoires de la Societe Entomologique de France, 3, 1 - 432.","Zhelochovtsev, A. N. & Zinovjev, A. G. (1995) Spisok pilil'shhikov i rogohvostov (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) fauny Rossii i sopredel'nyh territorij. I. [A list of the sawflies and horntails (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of the fauna of Russia and adjacent territories. I.]. Entomologicheskoe obozrenie, 74 (2), 395 - 415. [in Russian, abstract in English]","Popov, A. A. (2011) Synopsis of dendro-tamnobiotic sawflies of the family Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Yakutia. Trudy Russkogo jentomologicheskogo obshhestva, 82, 77 - 88.","Benander, P. (1966) Kullabergs Vaxtsteklar. Kullabergs Natur, 11, 1 - 31."]}

Euura virilis (Zirngiebl, 1955) Pontania femoralis var. virilis Zirngiebl, 1955: 67 –68. Described: ♀, ♂, larva, gall, recorded host: Salix sp. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (1990b), ZSM [examined]. Type locality: Germany, Rhineland-Palatinate, Naturschutzgebiet Dannstadt. Pontania virilis: Kopelke (1990b); new status. Euura virilis: Beneš (2015b). Pontania rifana Lacourt, 1973: 190 –192. Described: ♀. Holotype, ♀, JLLP [not examined]. Type locality: Morocco, Rif, Djebel Tidighine. Synonymy with P. virilis by Kopelke (1990b). Variability. Female: Body length: 2.9–4.5mm. Male: 2.7–3.3mm. Adults from further south in Europe tend to be much paler than, for example, those from the north of Germany. Reared females from the French Pyrenees (leg. E. Heibo) are themselves variable in colour; in the palest, the whole clypeus, supraclypeal area, pronotum, mesepisternum apart from sterno-pleural black patch, part of mesoscutellum, entire femur and most of apex and sterna of abdomen are yellow-brown. North African specimens are intermediate in colour to those from the Pyrenees and N. Germany. Total number of specimens examined: 30. Genetic data. The COI barcode of a single specimen identified as virilis (GenBank accession EU084002, from Germany) diverges from the next nearest of other dolichura group species by approximately 4.9% (see also Nyman et al. 2007). However, newer COI sequences of dolichura group larvae collected from S. purpurea (which should therefore be E. virilis), locate at two different positions in the tree (Nyman, unpublished). Bionomics. Host plants: Salix purpurea (Kopelke 1994), S. viminalis × purpurea (Beneš 2015a). Biology: Kopelke (1985, as P. dolichura), Zirngiebl (1955). Distribution. North Africa (Morocco: Lacourt 1999), through most of South and Central Europe (Taeger et al. 2006), north to Schleswig-Holstein in Germany (Blank et al. 2001) and Estonia (Taeger et al. 2006). Occurrence in Sweden: no records from Fennoscandia, but presence in southern Sweden possible., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on page 72, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Zirngiebl, L. (1955) Entomologische Miscellen II. Folge. Pfalzer Heimat, 6 (2), 65 - 69.","Kopelke, J. - P. (1990 b) Der taxonomische Status von Pontania dolichura (Thomson 1871) (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 70 (4 - 6), 271 - 279.","Benes, K. (2015 b) Siropasi blanokridli (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) chranene krajinne oblasti Krivoklatsko. Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of the Krivoklatsko Protected Landscape Area (Central Bohemia). Bohemia centralis, 33, 143 - 173.","Lacourt, J. (1973) Deux nouvelles especes de Nematinae du Maroc (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles et Physiques du Maroc, 53 (1 - 2), 189 - 192.","Kopelke, J. - P. (1994) Die Arten der Pontania dolichura - Gruppe in Mittel- und Nordeuropa (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 74 (1 - 2), 127 - 145.","Benes, K. (2015 a) Czech species of the gall-making sawflies of the genera Phyllocolpa, Tubpontania and Pontania (Hymenoptera, Nematinae). Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae, 100 (1), 137 - 156.","Kopelke, J. - P. (1985) Uber die Biologie und Parasiten der gallenbildenden Blattwespenarten Pontania dolichura (Thoms. 1871), P. vesicator (Bremi 1849) und P. viminalis (L. 1758) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Faunistisch-okologische Mitteilungen, 5 (11 / 12), 331 - 344.","Lacourt, J. (1999) Repertoire des Tenthredinidae ouest-palearctiques (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Memoires de la Societe Entomologique de France, 3, 1 - 432.","Blank, S. M., Deters, S., Drees, M., Janicke, M., Jansen, E., Kraus, M., Liston, A. D., Ritzau, C. & Taeger, A. (2001) Symphyta. In: Dathe, H. H., Taeger, A. & Blank, S. M. (Eds.), Verzeichnis der Hautflugler Deutschlands (Fauna Germanica 4). Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte, Beiheft, 7, pp. 8 - 27."]}

Euura myrsinifoliae Kopelke, 2001 Euura (Gemmura) myrsinifoliae Kopelke, 2001: 218. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix myrsinifolia. Holotype, ♀, SMF [examined]. Type locality: Austria, Salzburg, Tauernpass, Obertauern. Euura (Gemmura) phylicifoliae Kopelke, 2001: 220. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix phylicifolia. Holotype, ♀, SMF [examined]. Type locality: Norway, Finnmark, N.- Varanger, Tana Bru. Name preoccupied in Euura by Pontania phylicifoliae Forsius (= E. arcticornis). Syn. nov. Euura salicisphylicifoliae Kopelke, 2014, in Prous et al. (2014): 53, replacement name for E. phylicifoliae Kopelke. Notes on types and taxonomy. Morphologically, the nominal species myrsinifoliae and salicisphylicifoliae cannot be separated. Neither were differences found in allozymes, or COI and ITS2 sequences in northern Fennoscandian material of these segregates (Nyman 2002, Leppänen et al. 2014). Accordingly, we treat these taxa as synonyms. Variability. Female: Body length: 2.4–4.2mm. Clypeus medially black to entirely pale. Supraclypeal area pale to black. Pronotum completely black to narrowly pale-margined. Tegula fuscous to pale yellow. Femora completely yellow to nearly entirely fuscous. Entire underside of abdomen yellow to completely black. Male: 3.5– 3.9. No significant variability in colour pattern. Total number of specimens examined: 11. Genetic data. COI barcode not distinguishable from those of E. mucronata, and E. nigritarsis. Similar species. Female; externally not distinguishable from others in the subgroup, except laeta, lanatae, and subgemma, or from testaceipes and venusta. Male not distinguishable from other nominal taxa in the subgroup. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix myrsinifolia, S. phylicifolia (Kopelke 2001). Biology: Kopelke (2001). Distribution. Central and North Europe, north to Finnmark in Norway (Kopelke 2001); in Russia probably east at least to the Taymyr Peninsula (E. mucronata on S. phylicifolia: Roininen & Danell 1997). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Torne Lappmark (Kopelke 2001)., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Kopelke, J. - P. (2001) Die Artengruppen von Euura mucronata und E. laeta in Europa (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 81 (1 - 2), 191 - 225.","Nyman, T. (2002) The willow bud galler Euura mucronata Hartig (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae): one polyphage or many monophages? Heredity, 88, 288 - 295. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / sj. hdy. 6800042","Roininen, H. & Danell, K. (1997) Mortality factors and resource use of the bud-galling sawfly, Euura mucronata (Hartig), on willows (Salix spp.) in arctic Eurasia. Polar Biology, 18 (5), 325 - 330."]}

Euura viminalis group = Pontania Costa, 1852, in part = Eupontania Zinovjev, 1985 Diagnosis. Adult. In lateral view both mandibles similar (more or less gradually tapering to apex). Vein 2r-m normally present in both fore wings. Supraclypeal area densely setose. Antenna short to long: ♀ shorter than length of fore wing costa, to as long as combined length of fore wing costa and pterostigma; ♂ shorter than costa to longer than combined length of costa and pterostigma. Cercus moderately long: about 3.5���6.0�� as long as maximal width, and in dorsal view reaching back at least to middle of valvula 3. Medial and basal annuli with flat ventral edge (serrulae not clearly developed). Penis valve ventrally with small spines; base of valvispina ventrally clearly divided from lobe on which it arises by an incision or at least a right-angled turn. Larva. Third abdominal segment with 3 or 4 dorsal annulets. Suranal plate with minute pseudocerci placed very close together. Gall. In leaves. Always attached to midrib: very rarely, a female may oviposit by mistake into lateral veins (Fig. 327), but larvae in such galls fail to reach maturity. Spherical, or bladder-shaped, or irregularly pyriform. Developed only below the leaf-blade, or projecting on both sides. Phenology. Most species strictly univoltine, but E. vesicator and E. viminalis bivoltine, where climate allows., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, V��rdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on pages 86-87, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Costa, A. (1852) Storia della Tentredine produttrice delle galle delle foglie del Salcio (Salix Russelliana). Stabilimento Tipografico del Tramater, Napoli, 17 pp. [Separatum of: Atti dell' Accademia Pontaniana, 6 [1854], 281 - 295, 1 pl.]","Zinovjev, A. G. (1985) K sistematike pilil'shhikov roda Pontania O. Costa (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Podrod Eupontania subg. n. [On the taxonomy of the sawfly genus Pontania O. Costa (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Subgenus Eupontania subg. n.]. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 132, 3 - 16."]}

Euura cyrnea (Liston, 2005) Pontania cyrnea Liston, in Liston & Späth 2005b: 4 –6. Described: ♀. Holotype, ♀, ZSM [examined]. Type locality: France, Corsica, Corti, Santo Pietro di Venacu. Tubpontania cyrnea: Vikberg (2010b). Euura cyrnea: Beneš (2015b). Pontania joergenseni Enslin, 1916: 17. Described: [name proposed for specimens of Pontania pedunculi Konow nec Hartig]. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Zinovjev & Vikberg (1999), SDEI [examined]. Type locality: Germany, Mecklenburg- Vorpommern, Teschendorf. Primary homonym of Pontania joergenseni Strand, 1908. Synonymy with P. cyrnea by Vikberg (2010b). Pontania (Phyllocolpa) joergenseni: Viitasaari & Vikberg (1985). Nematus (Pontania) joergenseni: Zhelochovtsev (1988). Phyllocolpa anomaloptera: Kopelke (2007c); misidentification. Notes on types and taxonomy. P. cyrnea. A technical problem concerning the lancet of the holotype was discussed by Vikberg (2010b: 7). Variability. Female: Body length: 3.4–5.2mm. Male: 3.5–4.2mm. Total number of specimens examined: 15. Genetic data. The COI barcode of the only sequenced specimen of E. cyrnea (paratype from Corsica) shares the same BIN as five E. purpureae from Austria, France, and Morocco. Nevertheless, divergence of E. cyrnea from the nearest E. purpureae amounts to about 1.9%. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix caprea (Kopelke 2007c, Vikberg 2010b). Biology: Beneš (2015a), Vikberg (2010b), Zinovjev & Vikberg (1999: as joergenseni). The galls illustrated by Mol (2013: fig. 6) were definitely not caused by E. cyrnea: they show the characters typical of the ischnocera complex of the E. oblita group. Distribution. South, Central and North Europe north to Nordland in Norway (Kopelke 2007c). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Skåne, Småland (Haris 2009), Bohuslän (Vikberg 2010b), Närke (Haris 2009). Material examined: Småland, Västmanland. Euura nitidinota (Vikberg, 2010) comb. nov. Tubpontania nitidinota Vikberg, 2010b: 20 –22. Described: ♀, ♂, larva, gall, recorded host: Salix phylicifolia. Holotype, ♀, FMNH [examined]. Type locality: Finland, North Savo, Nilsiä, Syvärinranta. Variability. Female: Body length: 2.9–4.5mm. Male: unknown. Total number of specimens examined: 4. Genetic data. None available. Similar species. Resembles E. nudipectus in external morphology. The lancets (E. nudipectus, Fig. 38; E. nitidinota, Fig. 39) are also very similar, except that the distal cypsellae are shallower and less rounded in E. nitidinota. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix phylicifolia is definitely a host, but possibly other willow species may also be used (Vikberg 2010b). Biology: no data available. Distribution. Only known from North Europe (Sweden, Finland, Russia) (Vikberg 2010b). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Lycksele lappmark (Vikberg 2010b). Euura nudipectus (Vikberg, 1965) comb. nov. Pontania nudipectus Vikberg, 1965: 54 –57. Described: ♀, ♂, larva, gall, recorded host: Salix phylicifolia. Holotype, ♀, FMNH [examined]. Type locality: Finland, PK, Kitee. Pontania (Phyllocolpa) nudipectus: Viitasaari & Vikberg (1985). Nematus (Phyllocolpa) nudipectus: Zhelochovtsev (1988). Phyllocolpa nudipectus: Kopelke (1999). Tubpontania nudipectus: Vikberg (2010b). Pontania arctophilae: Vikberg (1962); misidentification. Variability. Female: Body length: 3.3–4.2mm. Male: 2.9–3.8mm. Total number of specimens examined: 12. Genetic data. Nearest COI barcode neighbour is E. purpureae, with about 4.3% divergence. Similar species. Resembles E. nitidinota in external morphology. The lancets (E. nudipectus, Fig. 38; E. nitidinota, Fig. 39) are also very similar, except that the distal cypsellae are deeper and more rounded in E. nitidinota. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix phylicifolia (Kopelke 2007c, Vikberg 2010b). Biology: Vikberg (2010b), Zinovjev & Vikberg (1999). Distribution. Only recorded in North Europe: Norway, Sweden, Finland, northern Russia (Vikberg 2010b), and Estonia (1 Fem., Raplamaa, Jõeääre, 30 m., +58.81700 +24.45800, 0 8.06.2015, M. Prous, SDEI). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Jämtland, Västerbotten, Norrbotten, Torne Lappmark (Haris 2009). Material examined: Härjedalen, Torne Lappmark., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on pages 67-68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Liston, A. D. & Spath, J. (2005 b) New data on the sawfly fauna of Corsica with the description of a new species Pontania cyrnea sp. n. (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Nachrichtenblatt der Bayerischen Entomologen, 54 (1 / 2), 2 - 7.","Vikberg, V. (2010 b) European species of Tubpontania gen. nov., a new genus for species of the Pontania crassispina group (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). Zootaxa 2620, 1 - 28.","Benes, K. (2015 b) Siropasi blanokridli (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) chranene krajinne oblasti Krivoklatsko. Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of the Krivoklatsko Protected Landscape Area (Central Bohemia). Bohemia centralis, 33, 143 - 173.","Enslin, E. (1916) Blattwespengallen (Fortsetzung.). Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift, 10 (4), 17 - 19.","Zinovjev, A. G. & Vikberg, V. (1999) The sawflies of the Pontania crassispina - group with a key for the genera of the subtribe Euurina (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Entomologica scandinavica, 30 (3), 281 - 298. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631200 X 00129","Strand, E. (1908) 212 Jorgensen, P., De danske arte af bladhvepseslaegten Pontania Costa. (Chalastogastra). In: Entomol. meddelelser, 2 R. III. 2. H. S. 113 - 126. Taf. III. Zoologisches Zentralblatt, 15, 158.","Viitasaari, M. & Vikberg, V. (1985) A checklist of the sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Finland. Notulae Entomologicae, 65, 1 - 17.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2007 c) The European species of the genus Phyllocolpa, part III: the species-groups of crassispina, scotaspis, and piliserra (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 87 (2), 163 - 183.","Benes, K. (2015 a) Czech species of the gall-making sawflies of the genera Phyllocolpa, Tubpontania and Pontania (Hymenoptera, Nematinae). Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae, 100 (1), 137 - 156.","Mol, A. (2013) Galvormende bladwespen op wilg in Nederland (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). Nederlandse Faunistische Mededelingen, 39, 15 - 34.","Vikberg, V. (1965) Pontania nudipectus sp. n. (Hym. Tenthredinidae), a new leaf-roller from Eastern Fennoscandia. Annales Entomologici Fennici, 31, 53 - 60.","Kopelke, J. - P. (1999) Gallenerzeugende Blattwespen Europas - Taxonomische Grundlagen, Biologie und Okologie (Tenthredinidae: Nematinae: Euura, Phyllocolpa, Pontania). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 212, 1 - 183.","Vikberg, V. (1962) Some sawflies new to Finland (Hym., Tenthredinidae). Annales Entomologici Fennici, 28 (1), 47."]}

Euura salicispurpureae Kopelke, 2014 Euura purpureae Kopelke, 1996: 107 –109. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix purpurea. Holotype, ♀, SMF [examined]. Type locality: Switzerland, Valais, Oberwald. Preoccupied in Euura by E. purpureae (Cameron, 1884). Euura salicispurpureae Kopelke in Prous et al. 2014: 53, replacement name for E. purpureae Kopelke. Variability. Female: Body length: 2.6–4.4mm. Tegula pale to black. Male: 2.9–4.9mm. Female and male: outer orbits and lateral vertex somewhat brown to completely black. Total number of specimens examined: 17. Genetic data. COI barcode not distinguishable from those of E. myrtilloides, E. salicislapponicae, and E. weiffenbachiella. Similar species. See under E. atra. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix purpurea (Kopelke 1996), S. purpurea × viminalis (Liston & Späth 2004), S. purpurea × silesiaca (Beneš 2013). Biology: Kopelke (1996), Kopelke et al. (2003). Distribution. North Africa, South and Central Europe, north to Denmark (Taeger et al. 2006). Occurrence in Sweden: not recorded, but may occur., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on page 60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Kopelke, J. - P. (1996) Die Euura atra - und amerinae - Gruppe in Nord- und Mitteleuropa (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 76 (1 / 2), 93 - 113.","Cameron, P. (1884) A new species of Nematus from England. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 21 (244), 80.","Liston, A. D. & Spath, J. (2004) Bemerkenswerte Blattwespenfunde im Unteren Isartal (Niederbayern) (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Pamphiliidae). Nachrichtenblatt der Bayerischen Entomologen, 53 (3 / 4), 51 - 57.","Benes, K. (2013) Siropasi blanokridli (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) ceske casti Krkonos. Opera Corcontica. Krkonosske prace, 50, 35 - 80."]}

Euura scotaspis (Förster, 1854) Nematus scotaspis Förster, 1854a: 307 –308. Described: ♀. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (2007a), ZSM [examined]. Type locality: Germany, near Aachen. Pontania scotaspis: Konow (1890). Phyllocolpa scotaspis: Benson (1960a). Nematus (Phyllocolpa) scotaspis: Zhelochovtsev (1988). Euura (Phyllocolpa) scotaspis: Noblecourt (2016). Nematus westermanni Boheman, 1852: 173 –174. Described: adult, sex not specified. Syntypes probably lost: could not be located at NHRS. Type locality: Sweden, Skåne, Fågelsång. Syn. nov. Nematus westermanni Thomson, 1863: 615 –616. Described: ♀, ♂. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (2007a), MZLU [examined]. Type locality: southern Skåne. Junior primary homonym of N. westermanni Boheman. Notes on types and taxonomy. N. westermanni Boheman. Blank et al. (2009) stated that it is not possible to identify this taxon from its description. However, the described coloration and “Scutellum convexum, nigrum, punctulatum” actually fits E. scotaspis very well. N. westermanni Boheman is a nomen oblitum with respect to N. scotaspis Förster (nomen protectum), because the former has not been used as a valid name after 1899, whereas the latter has been used as valid in at least 25 works, published by at least 10 authors in the immediately preceding 50 years and encompassing a span of not less than 10 years (ICZN 1999: 23.9.1). N. scotaspis. Kopelke (2007a) designated as lectotype a specimen which belongs to this taxon, but the description, as well as biological and distributional data in his subsequent paper (Kopelke 2007c) are all based on misidentified specimens of E. anglica (Vikberg 2010a). Variability. Female: Body length: 4.6–5.7mm. Colour pattern constant in examined specimens. Male: 4–5mm [according to Benson 1958]. Total number of specimens examined: 8. Genetic data. None available. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix viminalis, S. schwerinii; latter in the E. Palaearctic (Vikberg 2010a). According to Beneš (2015a), S. dasyclados is also a host. Biology: Benander (1969). Distribution. Central and North Europe, north to Skåne (Taeger et al. 2006), Afghanistan (MZLU, examined), Russia (Yakutia) (Popov 2011). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Skåne: (Benander 1969, Coulianos & Holmåsen 1991). Material examined: Skåne., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on page 78, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Forster, A. (1854 a) Neue Blattwespen. Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereines der preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens, Neue Folge, 1, 265 - 350, pls. IV - VII.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2007 a) The European species of the genus Phyllocolpa, part I: the leucosticta - group (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 87 (1), 75 - 109.","Konow, F. W. (1890) Catalogus Tenthredinidarum Europae. (Hymenopterorum XVI familiae.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1890 (2), 241 - 255.","Benson, R. B. (1960 a) A new genus for the leaf-edge-rolling Pontania (Hym., Tenthredinidae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 96 (21), 59 - 60.","Noblecourt, T. (2016) Liste systematique des Hymenopteres Symphytes de France. Office National des Forets, Cellule d´etudes entomologiques, Quillan, 94 pp.","Boheman, C. H. (1852) Entomologiska Anteckningar under en resa i Sodra Sverige. 1851. Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 1852, 53 - 210.","Thomson, C. G. (1863) Entomologiska bidrag. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens forhandlingar, 19 (10), 611 - 639. [1862]","Blank, S. M., Taeger, A., Liston, A. D., Smith, D. R., Rasnitsyn, A. P., Shinohara, A., Heidemaa, M. & Viitasaari, M. (2009) Studies toward a World Catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Zootaxa, 2254, 1 - 96.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2007 c) The European species of the genus Phyllocolpa, part III: the species-groups of crassispina, scotaspis, and piliserra (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 87 (2), 163 - 183.","Vikberg, V. (2010 a) On the taxonomy of Phyllocolpa scotaspis (Forster, 1854) and Phyllocolpa anglica (Cameron, 1877) and notes on the species groups of Phyllocolpa (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). Sahlbergia, 15 (2), 3 - 13.","Benson, R. B. (1958) Hymenoptera, Symphyta. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, 6 (2 c), 139 - 258.","Benes, K. (2015 a) Czech species of the gall-making sawflies of the genera Phyllocolpa, Tubpontania and Pontania (Hymenoptera, Nematinae). Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae, 100 (1), 137 - 156.","Benander, P. (1969) Om nagra Pontania - arter och deras cecidier (Hym. Symphyta). Opuscula Entomologica, 34 (1 - 2), 90 - 94.","Popov, A. A. (2011) Synopsis of dendro-tamnobiotic sawflies of the family Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Yakutia. Trudy Russkogo jentomologicheskogo obshhestva, 82, 77 - 88.","Coulianos, C. - C. & Holmasen, I. (1991) Galler: en falthandbok om gallbildningar pa vilda och odlade vaxter. Interpublishing, Stockholm, 317 pp."]}

Euura amerinae group = Euura Newman, 1837 sensu stricto Diagnosis. Adult. In lateral view both mandibles similar (more or less gradually tapering to apex). Vein 2r-m always absent in both fore wings. Supraclypeal area densely setose. Antenna very short: ♀ shorter than costa of fore wing; ♂ not longer than costa of fore wing. Cercus at least 8�� as long as medial width and reaching back at least nearly to apex of valvula 3. Lancet: long in relation to its height, tapering only slightly, and more or less curved. Penis valve ventrally without small spines. Larva. Third abdominal segment with 3 dorsal annulets. Suranal plate without pseudocerci. Gall. In buds, twigs, leaf-petioles or leaf-midribs. Many authors (e.g. Enslin 1915, Tullgren 1919) have reported that larvae of the species that leave their galls after they have finished feeding often bore into the twigs of the host to overwinter. The emergence of adults from twigs therefore does not necessarily mean that the larvae fed there, i.e. they may belong to any species of this group, not just those of the atra subgroup. Phenology. All species are univoltine., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, V��rdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on page 54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Newman, E. (1837) Notes on Tenthredinina. The Entomological Magazine, 4 [1836 - 1837] (3), 258 - 263.","Enslin, E. (1915) Die Tenthredinoidea Mitteleuropas IV. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1915 (Beiheft 4), 311 - 412.","Tullgren, A. (1919) Om ett for odlingen av korgpil viktigt skadedjur. Euura laeta Zadd. Meddelanden N: o 180 fran Centralanstalten for forsoksvasendet pa jordbruksomradet, Entomologiska avdelningen N: o 31, Linkoping, 1919, 1 - 12."]}

E. dolichura group = Pontania Costa, 1852, in part Diagnosis. Adult. In lateral view right mandible gradually tapering, left one with swollen base and thin, blade-like apex. Vein 2r-m normally present in both fore wings. Supraclypeal area densely setose. Antenna moderately long: ♀ about as long, or slightly longer, than costa of fore wing; ♂ longer than costa of fore wing. Cercus long: about 6× as long as basal width and reaching back to apex of valvula 3. Lancet: not tapering very strongly from base to apex; slightly sinuate. Medial annular sutures straight and nearly vertical; medial and basal annuli with more or less clearly developed serrulae. Antennal hollow entirely pilose and dull. Penis valve ventrally without small spines; base of valvispina ventrally clearly divided from lobe on which it arises by an incision, or at least a right-angled deflection. Larva. Third abdominal segment with 4 dorsal annulets. Suranal plate with widely separated pseudocerci. Gall. In leaves. Only developed above the leaf-blade. Usually elongate ("sausage-shaped"), rarely globose; often occurring in pairs, one on each side of the midrib. Phenology. All species strictly univoltine. Notes. A number of Salix species in addition to those mentioned below have been recorded in northern Europe as hosts of this group in earlier literature. They may represent misidentifications, as yet unrecognised galler species, or secondary hosts of the nominal species listed below. Examples of such unclarified records from Sweden are Pontania femoralis on S. cinerea in Uppland (Wahlgren 1951) and Pontania femoralis on S. polaris in Torne Lappmark (Vassijaure) (Palm 1923). Other dolichura group / host plant species combinations mentioned in the literature from other parts of northern Europe, and which might occur in Sweden, are from Salix arbuscula (Benson 1958, Kopelke 2003a, Trail 1889), S. aurita (Benson 1935), S. cinerea (Zinovjev 1999), S. hastata (Zinovjev 1999), S. herbacea (Zinovjev 1999), S. lanata (Benson 1958), S. myrsinites (Benson 1954), and S. viminalis (Zinovjev 1999). Although Kopelke (1994) stated that the species of this group are strictly monophagous, Beneš (2015a: 146) noted that a female reared from a gall on Salix myrsinites (Slovakia, High Tatra Mts) oviposited (in captivity) both on S. retusa and S. purpurea, on which galls and larvae subsequently developed. A further case in the dolichura group of successful development of galls on an atypical host was mentioned by Zinovjev (1999: 211). According to Zinovjev (1999), the species of this group studied by Kopelke (1986) "might be associated with entire willow sections rather than particular species" and they "may just appear to be monophagous: in particular regions, host plants of these sawflies are the only representatives of their sections". This may be the case in Europe, where each of the nominal species recognised by Kopelke (1986, 1994), as well as the two European taxa added by Vikberg & Zinovjev (2014), has a recorded host that following Skvortsov (1999) belongs to a Section of Salix different from Sections used by any other European dolichura group segregate. Kopelke (1994: 130) illustrated more or less different shapes of the clypeus in seven species of the dolichura group, including four species that occur in Scandinavia. We were unable to find consistent differences in this character between series of reared specimens of these species. Perhaps the shape of the emargination is variable. In any case, the perception of the shape of the emargination and the proportions of the parts of the clypeus lateral to this is greatly altered both by the angle at which it is viewed and by distortion in dried specimens. Vikberg & Zinovjev (2014) stated that the ratio of the length of the lamnium of the lancet to head width can be used as an aid to identification of females of the dolichura group. They plotted this relationship for a few individuals of five Palaearctic nominal species, and the ranges of these ratios mostly did not overlap. However, the ratios of three of the most widespread northern European nominal taxa were not included: E. dolichura, E. glaucae and E. nigricantis. Once these are included, large overlaps occur between several species. The character is therefore of limited practical value for identification. On external morphological characters, most nominal species in this group are scarcely distinguishable. The shape of the metatarsal claws was mentioned by Vikberg & Malinen (2012) as a character that might be of potential use in recognising some species: in particular to distinguish the male of E. dolichura from the others. It may be possible to separate virilis, only potentially occurring in Scandinavia, from those definitely known there by its more extensively pale coloration. On the other hand, two other nominal taxa (E. elaeagnocola (Kopelke, 1994) comb. nov., transferred from Pontania, and E. helveticae (Kopelke, 1994)) that are at present only known from Central Europe, share the paler colour pattern of virilis. Furthermore, some specimens of E. femoralis from the British Isles are also very pale (Vikberg & Malinen 2012). One might therefore question whether these differences are of taxonomic significance. They might simply represent clinal variability, recognised in many other sawfly species, with more southern populations tending to be paler. Based on COI and Cytb sequences, genetic differences among species within the group are in many cases very small (Nyman et al. 2007), and barcode data at BOLD for 15 specimens under the names virilis, dolichura, glaucae, nigricantis and lapponicola can hardly be interpreted, because it is frequently not clear how the samples were identified and in what sense the names were used. Euura bigallae (Vikberg & Zinovjev, 2014) comb. nov. Pontania bigallae Vikberg & Zinovjev, 2014: 4 –7. Described: ♀, ♂, larva, gall, recorded hosts: Salix caprea and S. starkeana ssp. cinerascens. Holotype, ♀, FMNH [examined]. Type locality: Finland, Kainuu (Kn): Hyrynsalmi. Variability. Female: Body length: 3.4–4.4mm. Male: 3.3–3.7mm. Total number of specimens examined: 3. Genetic data. None available. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix caprea and Salix starkeana ssp. cinerascens (Vikberg & Zinovjev 2014) and hybrids of these (Kokkonen 2000). Biology: Kokkonen (2000: as species P1; undescribed sp. of the dolichura group), Vikberg & Zinovjev (2014). The galls of this species are unique in the West Palaearctic: round, paired galls developed only above the leaf blade. Distribution. Definite records so far were only from Norway, Finland and northern Russia, but possibly occurs also in Central Europe (Vikberg & Zinovjev 2014). Occurrence in Sweden: material examined; Västerbotten., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on pages 69-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Costa, A. (1852) Storia della Tentredine produttrice delle galle delle foglie del Salcio (Salix Russelliana). Stabilimento Tipografico del Tramater, Napoli, 17 pp. [Separatum of: Atti dell' Accademia Pontaniana, 6 [1854], 281 - 295, 1 pl.]","Wahlgren, E. (1951) Cecidiologiska anteckningar. VI. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 72 (1 - 4), 84 - 156.","Palm, B. (1923) Aufzeichnungen uber Zoocecidien. I - III. Svensk botanisk tidskrift, 17, 30 - 61.","Benson, R. B. (1958) Hymenoptera, Symphyta. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, 6 (2 c), 139 - 258.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2003 a) Gall-forming Nematinae, their willow hosts (Salix spec.) and biological strategies (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae: Euura, Phyllocolpa, Pontania). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 82 (1 / 2), 163 - 189.","Trail, J. W. H. (1889) The Galls of Norway. Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 17, 201 - 219. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03746608909468345","Benson, R. B. (1935) The high mountain sawflies of Britain (Hymenoptera Symphyta). The Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 83, 23 - 39.","Benson, R. B. (1954) British sawfly galls of the genus Nematus [Pontania] on Salix. (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Journal of the Society of British Entomology, 4 (9), 206 - 211.","Kopelke, J. - P. (1994) Die Arten der Pontania dolichura - Gruppe in Mittel- und Nordeuropa (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 74 (1 - 2), 127 - 145.","Benes, K. (2015 a) Czech species of the gall-making sawflies of the genera Phyllocolpa, Tubpontania and Pontania (Hymenoptera, Nematinae). Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae, 100 (1), 137 - 156.","Kopelke, J. - P. (1986) Zur Taxonomie und Biologie neuer Pontania - Arten der dolichura - Gruppe (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 67 (1 - 3), 51 - 71.","Vikberg, V. & Zinovjev, A. (2014) Three new species of the Pontania dolichura group from Europe and Siberia (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). w-album, 18, 3 - 15.","Skvortsov, A. K. (1999) Willows of Russia and Adjacent Countries. Taxonomical and Geographical Revision. University of Joensuu, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Report Series, Biology, Joensuu, 307 pp.","Vikberg, V. & Malinen, P. (2012) On the identity of Pontania dolichura (Thomson, 1871) and Pontania femoralis (Cameron, 1876) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). Sahlbergia, 18 (1), 25 - 39.","Kokkonen, K. (2000) Mixed significance of plant vigor: two species of galling Pontania in a hybridizing willow complex. Oikos. Acta Oecologica Scandinavica, 90 (1), 97 - 106."]}

Euura weiffenbachiella Liston & Vikberg, nom. nov. Euura weiffenbachii Ermolenko in Zerova, Dyakonchuk & Ermolenko, 1988: 48 –49. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix rosmarinifolia. Syntypes, ♀ and ♂, SIZK [not examined]. Type locality: Ukraine, near Kiev, Romanivka District. Euura weiffenbachiella nom. nov. is proposed for E. weiffenbachii Ermolenko, preoccupied in Euura by Pteronidea weiffenbachi Lindqvist, 1958 [E. piliserra (Thomson, 1863)]. Euura (Euura) weiffenbachii Ermolenko: Kopelke (1996). Variability. Female: Body length: 4.6–5.5mm. Tegula brown to black. Male: 3.6–6.1mm. Female and male: outer orbits and lateral vertex somewhat brown to completely black. Total number of specimens examined: 19. Genetic data. COI barcode not distinguishable from those of E. myrtilloides, E. salicislapponicae, and E. salicispurpureae. Similar species. Its robust and usually large body are helpful in recognising this taxon. Females are otherwise most similar to E. myrtilloides: see key for distinguishing characters. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix repens, S. rosmarinifolia (Kopelke 2003a). Biology: Enslin (1918b; as E. atra on S. repens), Kopelke (1996), Roininen et al. (1993b: as E. atra on S. rosmarinifolia), Weiffenbach (1992). Enslin (1918b) and Weiffenbach (1992) both remarked on two different basic shapes of gall caused by this species: either spindle-shaped, with the shoot remaining straight, or very strongly developed on one side of the shoot, and causing it to bend, like a miniature gall of E. amerinae. We assume that the reason for this is a difference in the way oviposition takes place, and that the different-looking galls are caused by the same species. Distribution. Central and North Europe (Taeger et al. 2006), east to Yakutia (Popov 2011). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Skåne (Kullaberg; Benander 1966, as E. atra on Salix repens), Öland (Coulianos & Holmåsen 1991, as E. atra on Salix repens). Material examined: Skåne.

Euura polita (Zaddach, 1883) Nematus politus Zaddach, 1883 [in Brischke 1883a]: pl. I(7):14 [larva, host]; text description in Brischke 1884: 167–168 [♀, ♂]. Described: ♀, ♂, larva, recorded host: Salix helix. Neotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (2007a), SMF [examined]. Type locality: Germany, Hesse: Wetterau, Ortenberg I (Nidder). Phyllocolpa polita: Kopelke (2007a). Euura polita: Prous et al. (2014). Nematus sieboldii Zaddach, 1884 [in Brischke 1884]: 171–172. Described: ♀. Syntypes stated by Zaddach to have been received from ZMHUB, but have not been located there (Kopelke 2007a). Type locality: Danzig. Synonymy with Phyllocolpa polita by Kopelke (2007a). Pontania leucapsis var. connata Enslin, 1915: 347. Described: adult, sex not specified. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (2007a), ZSM [examined]. Type locality: Germany, Gotha. Synonymy with Phyllocolpa polita by Kopelke (2007a). Variability. Female: Body length: 2.8–4.0mm. Ratio of length flagellomere 2 / height of eye 0.88-1.00. Male: 2.9– 3.8mm. No significant variability in colour pattern of specimens examined. Total number of specimens examined: 12. Genetic data. COI barcodes of species of this complex, as well as E. oblita, are highly similar, and not useful for identification. Similar species. Females are most similar to the other segregates with typically extensively pale orbits: E. plicadaphnoides, E. prussica. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix purpurea (Kopelke 2007a), Salix purpurea × silesiaca (Beneš 2015a). Biology: Beneš (1968a; as Phyllocolpa leucapsis), Kopelke (2007a). Distribution. Mainly in Central Europe (Kopelke 2007a), but also Greece: 1 fem., 11.5.2007, Nom. Evritania, Karpenisi E 4km, Agios Nikolaos, 900 m., 38.91666°N 21.78333°E, leg. Liston (SDEI) [first record from Greece]. Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Skåne (Benander 1966, as Pontania leucapsis reared from Salix purpurea), Västergötland (Wahlgren 1960, as galls of Pontania leucapsis on S. purpurea)., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on pages 80-81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Brischke, C. G. A. (1883 a) Beobachtungen uber die Arten der Blatt- und Holzwespen von C. G. A. Brischke, Hauptlehrer a. D. in Langfuhr und Dr. Gustav Zaddach Professor in Konigsberg, mitgeteilt von Brischke aus Zaddach's Manuscripten. Schriften der physikalisch-okonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg, 23, 127 - 200, Tafel I (7). [1882]","Brischke, C. G. A. (1884) Beobachtungen uber die Arten der Blatt- und Holzwespen von C. G. A. Brischke, Hauptlehrer a. D. in Langfuhr und Dr. Gustav Zaddach, Professor in Konigsberg, mitgetheilt von Brischke aus Zaddach's Manuscripten. (Schluss). Schriften der physikalisch-okonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg, 24, 121 - 173. [1883]","Kopelke, J. - P. (2007 a) The European species of the genus Phyllocolpa, part I: the leucosticta - group (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 87 (1), 75 - 109.","Enslin, E. (1915) Die Tenthredinoidea Mitteleuropas IV. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1915 (Beiheft 4), 311 - 412.","Benes, K. (2015 a) Czech species of the gall-making sawflies of the genera Phyllocolpa, Tubpontania and Pontania (Hymenoptera, Nematinae). Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae, 100 (1), 137 - 156.","Benes, K. (1968 a) Galls and larvae of the European species of genera Phyllocolpa and Pontania (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Acta entomologica bohemoslovaca, 65 (2), 112 - 137.","Benander, P. (1966) Kullabergs Vaxtsteklar. Kullabergs Natur, 11, 1 - 31.","Wahlgren, E. (1960) Cecidiologiska anteckningar. XII. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 81 (1 - 2), 11 - 21."]}

aquilonis subgroup Other European taxa occur in the Carpathian Mountains and the Alps (Vikberg 2003), but only a single species is known in northern Europe. E. myrsiniticola, although it resembles aquilonis in adult morphology and was included by Vikberg (2003) in his aquilonis group, belongs to the viminalis subgroup according to genetic data. Euura aquilonis (Benson, 1941) comb. nov. Pontania aquilonis Benson, 1941. Published as a "new name" for Pontania herbaceae sensu Malaise, 1921a. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Vikberg (2003), BMNH [examined]. Type locality: Sweden, Torne Träsk area. Eupontania aquilonis (Benson, 1941): Vikberg (2003). Pontania algida Benson, 1941: 134 –136. Described: ♀. Holotype, ♀, BMNH [examined]. Type locality: Scotland, Perthshire, Breadalbane Mountains near Killin. Synonymy by Vikberg (2003). Pontania polaris: Kopelke (1989b); misidentification. Pontania (Eupontania) polaris: Zinovjev (1993b); misidentification. Variability. Female: Body length: 3.4–5.3mm. Supraclypeal area, outer orbits, upper inner orbits and lateral vertex brown, to completely black. Femora mainly pale, to mainly black. Male: 3.3–4.9mm. No significant colour variability in specimens examined. Total number of specimens examined: 34. Genetic data. Nyman et al. (2000) already published a tree that shows aquilonis placed outside the crassipes and viminalis subgroups. COI barcoding permits unequivocal identification of E. aquilonis, with the nearest neighbouring sequences (about 4% different) being those of the E. crassipes subgroup. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix herbacea, S. polaris, and their hybrid (Vikberg 2003). Biology: Hakkarainen et al. (2005), Kopelke (1989b), Roininen et al. (2002), Vikberg (2003). Distribution. North Europe (Scotland, Norway, Sweden, Finland), Central Europe (Slovakia, Tatra Mts) (Vikberg 2003). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Torne Lappmark (Malaise 1921a, Vikberg 2003). Material examined: Torne Lappmark (galls and reared adults).

Euura acutifoliae (Zinovjev, 1985) Pontania (Eupontania) acutifoliae Zinovjev, 1985: 14 –16. Described: ♀, ♂, larva, gall, recorded host: Salix acutifolia. Holotype, ♀, ZIN [not examined]. Type locality: Russia, Gor'kiy. Nematus (Pontania) acutifoliae: Zhelochovtsev (1988). Eupontania acutifoliae: Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006). Euura acutifoliae: Liston (2015). Pontania acutifoliae daphnoides Zinovjev, 1993a: 47 –49. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix daphnoides ssp. daphnoides. Holotype, ♀, SMF [examined]. Type locality: Switzerland, Valais, Ursental, Realp. Syn. nov. Eupontania acutifoliae daphnoides: Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006). Pontania acutifoliae daphnoides forma baltica Zinovjev, 1993a: 38. Infrasubspecific and therefore unavailable name. Eupontania acutifoliae baltica Vikberg & Zinovjev, 2006: 260 –261. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix daphnoides var. pomeranica . Holotype, ♀, ZIN [examined]. Type locality: Russia, Sestroretsk (north-west of St Petersburg). The name baltica is preoccupied in Euura by Pteronus balticus Enderlein, 1908. Syn. nov. Notes on types and taxonomy. P. acutifoliae. Examined: 3♀, 1♂ paratypes (SMF). E. acutifoliae baltica. Examined: 1♂ paratype (SMF). Morphological differences between acutifoliae and daphnoides are exhibited mainly in the relative dimensions of the antenna, ovipositor and compound eyes (Zinovjev, 1993a). The two segregates are associated with different host Salix species that are considered to be closely related. Introgression between these willow taxa is widespread in the Baltic Region, with the hybrid populations often referred to as S. daphnoides var. pomeranica. The sawfly taxon described as E. acutifoliae baltica is associated with willow populations in this introgression zone, and has morphological characters intermediate to the populations treated as acutifoliae acutifoliae and acutifoliae daphnoides (Zinovjev, 1993a). We interpret the existence of this intermediate form, which occurs widely and commonly in the area of host introgression, as indicating that there is no significant reproductive barrier between the sawfly populations on "pure" populations of each of the parent host species. Although geographic differentiation of the sawfly populations obviously exists, we do not consider that these should formally be accorded subspecific status. Accordingly, we treat these three nominal taxa as synonymous. Variability. Female: Body length: 4.0– 6.8mm. Male: 3.8–6.1mm. Variability related to geographic provenance is discussed in detail by Zinovjev (1993a). Total number of specimens examined: 17. Genetic data. The short BOLD COI barcode sequence will not separate acutifoliae from the other eleven North European species with closely similar barcodes (acutifoliae, arcticornis, brevicornis, etc.). Bionomics. Host plants: Salix acutifolia (Zinovjev 1985), Salix daphnoides (Zinovjev 1993a). Biology: Zinovjev (1985, 1993a). Distribution. Central and northern Europe, including Finland (Vikberg & Zinovjev 2006), Russia, and Ukraine (Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev 1995). Occurrence in Sweden: no records, but should be looked for where its hosts occur., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on page 90, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Zinovjev, A. G. (1985) K sistematike pilil'shhikov roda Pontania O. Costa (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Podrod Eupontania subg. n. [On the taxonomy of the sawfly genus Pontania O. Costa (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Subgenus Eupontania subg. n.]. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademii Nauk SSSR, 132, 3 - 16.","Liston, A. D. (2015) New records and host plants of Symphyta (Hymenoptera) for Germany, Berlin and Brandenburg. Contributions to Entomology. Beitrage zur Entomologie, 65 (2), 383 - 391.","Zinovjev, A. G. (1993 a) Geograficheskaja izmenchivost' Pontania acutifoliae (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) i vozmozhnost' parallel'noj jevoljucii galloobrazovatelja i rastenija-hozjaina. [Geographic variation of Pontania acutifoliae (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) and possibility of parallel evolution of the gall-maker and its host-plant.] Zoologicheskij Zhurnal, 72, 36 - 50. [translated in Entomological Review, 73 (1), 142 - 155.]","Enderlein, G. (1908) Biologisch-faunistische Moor- und Dunen-Studien. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis biosynocischer Regionen in Westpreußen. Bericht des Westpreussischen Botanisch-Zoologischen Vereins, 30, 54 - 238, 1 map. [1907]","Zhelochovtsev, A. N. & Zinovjev, A. G. (1995) Spisok pilil'shhikov i rogohvostov (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) fauny Rossii i sopredel'nyh territorij. I. [A list of the sawflies and horntails (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of the fauna of Russia and adjacent territories. I.]. Entomologicheskoe obozrenie, 74 (2), 395 - 415. [in Russian, abstract in English]"]}

Euura saliciscinereae (Retzius, 1783) Tenthredo saliciscinereae Retzius, 1783: 73 [by indication on Degeer 1771: p. 1013, tab. 38 figs 26–31]. Syntypes, ♀ and ♂, probably lost or destroyed [see Vikberg & Zinovjev 2006]. The neotype of Nematus gallarum [see below] is hereby designated as neotype of Tenthredo saliciscinereae. Type locality: Sweden, near Uppsala. See Blank et al. (2009) on availability of the name. Pontania saliciscinereae: Blank et al. (2009). Pontania (Eupontania) saliciscinereae: Taeger et al. (2010). Euura (Eupontania) saliciscinereae: Noblecourt (2016). Tenthredo salicis Christ, 1791: 453. Described by indication on Degeer (1771, t. 38 f. 26–31). Primary homonym of Tenthredo salicis Linnaeus, 1758 [Euura salicis (L.)]. Nematus gallarum Hartig, 1837: 220 –221 Described by indication on Götze 1779: p. 274, tab. 38 figs 26–31. Neotype, ♀, designated by Vikberg & Zinovjev 2006, NHRS [examined]. Type locality: Sweden, Uppland, Norrtälje. Secondary homonym in Euura of Tenthredo gallarum Latreille, 1804 [= E. amerinae]. Synonymy with saliciscinereae by Blank et al. (2009). Nematus acerosus Hartig, 1840 [mandatory correction of incorrect original spelling acerosum]: 26. Described: ♀. Lectotype, ♀, designated below, ZSM [examined]. Type locality: northern Germany. Synonymy with Pontania viminalis by Beneš et al. (1981). Syn. nov. Nematus saliceti Förster, 1854a: 336 –338. Described by indication on Degeer (1771: p. 1013, tab. 38 figs 26–31) and Hartig (1837: 220, n. 55) [the latter based on indication of the same taxon in Degeer's work] and also ♀ syntypes collected near Aachen. The latter should be in the ZSM, but are thought to be lost. Kriechbaumer (1876) treated N. saliceti as a synonym of N. gallarum, Dalla Torre (1894) as a synonym of N. viminalis (L.). Both these opinions were probably based on Förster's citation of the work of Degeer, which is now considered to refer to E. saliciscinereae, but was interpreted in various different ways by earlier authors. Described by indication on the same work, the neotype of Nematus gallarum (see above) is also the neotype of N. saliceti Förster. Nematus aestivus Thomson, 1863: 638. Described: ♀, ♂. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (1991), MZLU [examined]. Type locality: Sweden, Jämtland, Skalstugan. Synonymy with gallarum by Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006). Pontania (Eupontania) aestiva: Zinovjev (1993b). Nematus cinereae Thomson, 1871: 160 –161. New name for T. saliciscinereae Retzius. ? Pontania harrisoni Benson, 1940a: 91 –94. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix purpurea and its hybrids. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006), BMNH [examined]. Type locality: Scotland, Roxburghshire, Newcastleton. Pontania (Eupontania) aestiva harrisoni: Zinovjev (1993b). Pontania varia Kopelke, 1991: 121 –124. Described: ♀, ♂, larva, gall, recorded hosts: Salix nigricans, S. nigricans ssp. alpicola, and diverse hybrids. Holotype, ♀, SMF [examined]. Type locality: Switzerland, Valais, Les Hauderes. Synonymy with gallarum by Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006). Pontania norvegica Kopelke, 1991: 120 –121. Described: ♀, ♂, larva, gall, recorded host: Salix borealis and diverse hybrids. Holotype, ♀, SMF [examined]. Type locality: Norway, Troms, Ramfjorden. Synonymy with aestivus by Zinovjev (1993b). Notes on types and taxonomy. N. acerosus. Lectotype, ♀, hereby designated, ZSM; labels: "Type" [red], "acerosum n.", " Nematus acerosus Th. Hartig det.", " Pontania viminalis ♀ E. Clément det.", " Nematus viminalis L. ♀ O. Conde det. 1939", "GBIF-GISHym3188", "Sammlung Th. Hartig", " Euura saliciscinereae (Retzius) ♀ det. A. Liston 2016", " Lectotype Nematus acerosum Hartig, 1840 des. A. Liston 2016". The lectotype has long antennae (approx. 2x as long as width of head), largely black metafemora and in dorsal view rather narrow valvulae 3. This character combination, in conjunction with the provenance of the lectotype, only fits E. saliciscinereae. Accordingly, we treat acerosus as its synonym. P. harrisoni. Kopelke (1999) assumed that the actual host was S. phylicifolia × purpurea, and placed harrisoni as a synonym of arcticornis. Probably he based this decision partly on the irregular shape of the galls of harrisoni (as in arcticornis). On the other hand, Zinovjev (1993b) stated that the hosts were " Salix purpurea and its hybrids with Salix viminalis " and treated harrisoni as a subspecies of aestiva [current name saliciscinereae]. Vikberg & Zinovjev (2006) treated it as a (British) subspecies of gallarum [= saliciscinereae]. Both sexes of E. harrisoni differ from typical E. saliciscinereae by their longer antennae and longer pubescence on the frons, as well as by the dark inner orbits and malar spaces of the male (Zinovjev 1993b). It does not seem unlikely that the British population represents a geographical form of saliciscinereae, but we do not think that it is at present justifiable to treat harrisoni formally as a subspecies, without much stronger data on their relationships. Variability. Female: Body length: 2.8–5.4mm. Coloration extremely variable. The palest specimens are from Germany (Black Forest), but some specimens from Norway (S-Trøndelag) are nearly as pale. The pale German specimens have: head yellow except for patch around ocelli reaching forwards to toruli and back to cover postocellar area; upper surface of antennal flagellum basally black; scape and pedicel black; entire pronotum and tegula pale; lateral margin of median mesoscutal lobe pale; two large spots on anterior of mesoscutellum (leaving a black anchor-shaped marking); nearly whole upper half of mesepisternum pale; legs entirely pale except for bases of coxae and more or less tarsomeres 2–5; all abdominal sterna and downturned flanks of terga pale. The darkest specimens are from northern Norway (e.g. the holotype of P. norvegica): pale are only clypeus and labrum, tegula, distal ca. fifth of femora, part of hypopygium and valvifer 2. Male: 3.0– 5.3mm. Colour pattern darker than female and less variable. Antennal flagellum nearly entirely pale, to entirely black. Supraclypeal area and malar space partly pale to entirely black. Upper outer orbit partly pale to entirely black. Pronotum pale margined to entirely black. Tegula pale to black. Femora entirely pale to partly infuscate. Abdominal sterna entirely pale to entirely black except for pale sternum 9. Total number of specimens examined: 22. Genetic data. The short BOLD COI barcode sequence will not separate saliciscinereae from the other eleven North European species with closely similar barcodes (acutifoliae, arcticornis, brevicornis, etc.), but it is distinct in ITS2 sequences (Leppänen et al. 2014). Bionomics. Host plants: Salix myrsinifolia (Vikberg & Zinovjev 2006), including the synonymous forms / subspecies borealis and alpicola (Zinovjev 1994, Leppänen et al. 2014). Biology: Nyman & Julkunen Tiitto (2000; as P. aestiva on S. borealis), Zinovjev (1994, as P. aestiva). Distribution. Central and North Europe (Kopelke 1991), to the Urals (Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev 1995). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Skåne (Wahlgren 1944, as Pontania viminalis on Salix nigricans), Västergötland (Lundberg 1966, as P. viminalis on S. nigricans), Dalarna (Vikberg & Zinovjev 2006). Material examined: Dalarna, Västerbotten., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on pages 97-98, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Retzius, A. J. (1783) Caroli De Geer [...] Genera et species insectorum e generosissimi auctoris scriptis extraxit, digessit, latine quoad partem reddidit, et terminologiam insectorum Linneanam addidit. Siegfried Lebrecht Crusius, Leipzig, 252 pp.","Degeer, C. (1771) Memoires pour servir a l'histoire des insectes. Vol. 2. (1 re & 2 me partie). P. Hesselberg, Stockholm, x + 1176 pp., 43 pls. [x + 616 pp., pls. 1 - 15; 560 pp., pls. 16 - 43]","Blank, S. M., Taeger, A., Liston, A. D., Smith, D. R., Rasnitsyn, A. P., Shinohara, A., Heidemaa, M. & Viitasaari, M. (2009) Studies toward a World Catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Zootaxa, 2254, 1 - 96.","Taeger, A., Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D. (2010) World Catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Zootaxa, 2580, 1 - 1064.","Noblecourt, T. (2016) Liste systematique des Hymenopteres Symphytes de France. Office National des Forets, Cellule d´etudes entomologiques, Quillan, 94 pp.","Christ, J. L. (1791) Naturgeschichte, Klassification und Nomenclatur der Insekten vom Bienen, Wespen und Ameisengeschlecht; als der funften Klasse funfte Ordnung des Linneischen Natursystems von den Insekten: Hymenoptera. Mit hautigen Flugeln. Hermann, Frankfurt a. M., 535 pp.","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae, per regna tria naturae secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus 1. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm, 824 pp.","Hartig, T. (1837) Die Aderflugler Deutschlands mit besonderer Berucksichtigung ihres Larvenzustandes und ihres Wirkens in Waldern und Garten fur Entomologen, Wald- und Gartenbesitzer. Die Familien der Blattwespen und Holzwespen nebst einer allgemeinen Einleitung zur Naturgeschichte der Hymenopteren. Erster Band. Haude und Spener, Berlin, xiv + 416 pp., pls. I - VIII.","Latreille, P. A. (1804) [Tenthredo; Urocerus]. In: Par une Societe de Naturalistes et d'Agriculteurs (Eds.), Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, appliquee aux Arts, Pricipalement a l'Agriculture et a l'Economie rurale et domestique. Vol. 22. Deterville, Paris, pp. 35 - 43 + 518 - 523.","Hartig, T. (1840) Hymenopterologische Mittheilungen vom Forstrathe Dr. Th. Hartwig. [sic!]. Entomologische Zeitung, 1 (2), 19 - 28.","Benes, K., Viitasaari, M. & Vikberg, V. (1981) Revision of the genus Sharliphora Wong (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Annales Entomologici Fennici, 47 (1), 43 - 50.","Forster, A. (1854 a) Neue Blattwespen. Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereines der preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens, Neue Folge, 1, 265 - 350, pls. IV - VII.","Kriechbaumer, J. (1876) Ueber die Nematusgallen an Weidenblattern und ihre Erzeuger. Correspondenz-Blatt des Zoologisch- Mineralogischen Verein (e) s in Regensburg, 30 (5), 66 - 74.","Dalla Torre, C. G. de (1894) Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 1. Tenthredinidae incl. Uroceridae (Phyllophaga & Xylophaga). Engelmann, Leipzig, [6] + viii + 459 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10348","Thomson, C. G. (1863) Entomologiska bidrag. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens forhandlingar, 19 (10), 611 - 639. [1862]","Kopelke, J. - P. (1991) Die Arten der viminalis - Gruppe, Gattung Pontania O. Costa 1859, Mittel- und Nordeuropas (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 71 (1 - 3), 65 - 128.","Zinovjev, A. G. (1993 b) Subgenera and Palaearctic species groups of the subgenus Pontania, with notes on the taxonomy of some European species of the viminalis - group (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 2 (1), 145 - 154.","Thomson, C. G. (1871) Hymenoptera Scandinaviae. Tom. 1. (Tenthredo et Sirex Lin.). H. Olsson, Lund, 342 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9332","Benson, R. B. (1940 a) Further sawflies of the genus Pontania Costa (Hym., Symphyta) in Britain. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 76 (1), 88 - 94.","Kopelke, J. - P. (1999) Gallenerzeugende Blattwespen Europas - Taxonomische Grundlagen, Biologie und Okologie (Tenthredinidae: Nematinae: Euura, Phyllocolpa, Pontania). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 212, 1 - 183.","Zinovjev, A. G. (1994) Taxonomy and biology of two related species of gall-making sawflies from the Pontania viminalis - group (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Entomologica scandinavica, 25 (2), 231 - 240.","Nyman, T. & Julkunen Tiitto, R. (2000) Manipulation of the phenolic chemistry of willows by gall-inducing sawflies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97 (24), 13184 - 13187. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 230294097","Zhelochovtsev, A. N. & Zinovjev, A. G. (1995) Spisok pilil'shhikov i rogohvostov (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) fauny Rossii i sopredel'nyh territorij. I. [A list of the sawflies and horntails (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of the fauna of Russia and adjacent territories. I.]. Entomologicheskoe obozrenie, 74 (2), 395 - 415. [in Russian, abstract in English]","Wahlgren, E. (1944) Cecidiologiska anteckningar. V. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 65, 50 - 121.","Lundberg, J. (1966) Zoocecidier fran Vastergotland II. Opuscula entomologica, 31, 133 - 146."]}

Euura bridgmanii (Cameron, 1883) Nematus bridgmanii Cameron, 1883: 193 –194. Described: ♀, ♂, recorded host: sallow [Salix caprea]. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Benson (1940a), Castle Museum, Norwich [not examined]. Type locality: England, Norwich, Brundall. Pontania bridgmani [sic]: Konow (1890). Pontania (Pontania) bridgmanii: Viitasaari & Vikberg (1985). Nematus (Pontania) bridgmanii: Zhelochovtsev (1988). Euura bridgmanii: Shinohara & Hara (2015). Pontania kirchneri Zirngiebl, 1959: 22 –26. Described: ♀, larva, gall, recorded host: Salix aurita. Holotype, ♀, ZSM [not examined]. Type locality: Germany, Birkenheide, Dürkheimer Bruch. Synonymy by Beneš (1968a). Pontania obscura Kopelke 2005: 89 –90. Described: ♀, gall, recorded host: Salix foetida and S. waldsteiniana. Holotype, ♀, SMF [examined]. Type locality: Switzerland, Wallis, Obergoms, Binntal. Syn. nov. Euura abdita Kopelke in Prous et al. 2014: 53, replacement name for P. obscura Kopelke. Pontania capreae (on S. caprea): Wahlgren (1951), Andersson (1955); misidentification. Notes on types and taxonomy. The slight but constant morphological differences to proxima and triandrae (arrangement of setae on valvula 3; colour of femora), coupled with different host associations, and a possible differentiation in COI sequences (but based on too few specimens), support the status of bridgmanii as a valid species. Note that the figure of the lancet of bridgmanii by Kopelke (2005: 89) is not accurate, in that annulus 1 is shown to be about as long as high (actually higher than long, as in proxima and triandrae), and that no pores are indicated on the lower parts of the radix or basal ca. annuli 1–10 of the lamnium (pores are present in similar numbers, and similarly distributed in all three taxa). No morphological characters which will separate E. abdita from E. bridgmanii were found. Neither were genetic differences detected. Accordingly, we treat them as conspecific. Weiffenbach (1989) described a male specimen under the name bridgmanii. Unlike the scarcely emarginate clypeus of the specimen of proxima that we examined, he stated that the clypeus of bridgmanii was deeply emarginate, almost to its top. Variability. Female: Body length: 2.6–3.8mm. Lateral vertex with obscure brown fleck, to black. Dorsoposterior angle of pronotum pale, to black. Male: not examined. Total number of specimens examined: 33. Genetic data. COI barcode sequences are available for ten specimens from France, Austria, and Germany. Distance to the nearest neighbour, E. proxima, is approximately 1.1%. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix aurita, S. caprea, S. cinerea, S. atrocinerea, S. appendiculata (Kopelke 2005), S. starkeana (Nyman et al. 2006), S. phylicifolia (Benson 1958, Hjaltén et al. 2000), S. silesiaca (Beneš 2015a), and S. hastata (Zinovjev 1999). Biology: Kopelke (2005), Zirngiebl (1959). Distribution. Central and North Europe north to Troms (Kopelke 2005), Transcaucasia (Benson 1968). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Skåne (Wahlgren 1951), Blekinge (Wahlgren 1953, as P. capreae on S. caprea), Halland (Andersson 1955), Uppland, Dalarna (Wahlgren 1951), Västergötland (Wahlgren 1962; Lundberg 1963, 1966), Jämtland (Benander 1969), Lule Lappmark (Julin 1936, as P. capreae on S. caprea). Material examined: Skåne, Öland, Västmanland, Härjedalen, Västerbotten, Norrbotten., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on pages 83-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Cameron, P. (1883) Descriptions of new genera and species of Hymenoptera. (The) Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1883 (2), 187 - 197.","Benson, R. B. (1940 a) Further sawflies of the genus Pontania Costa (Hym., Symphyta) in Britain. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 76 (1), 88 - 94.","Konow, F. W. (1890) Catalogus Tenthredinidarum Europae. (Hymenopterorum XVI familiae.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1890 (2), 241 - 255.","Viitasaari, M. & Vikberg, V. (1985) A checklist of the sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Finland. Notulae Entomologicae, 65, 1 - 17.","Shinohara, A. & Hara, H. (2015) Taxonomic Notes and New Distribution and Host Plant Records for Sawflies and Woodwasps (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Japan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Series A (Zoology), 41 (3), 171 - 184.","Zirngiebl, L. (1959) Eine neue, bisher verkannte Blattwespe. Pontania Kirchneri n. sp. Pfalzer Heimat, 10 (1), 22 - 26. [reprint pagination 1 - 4]","Benes, K. (1968 a) Galls and larvae of the European species of genera Phyllocolpa and Pontania (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Acta entomologica bohemoslovaca, 65 (2), 112 - 137.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2005) The species of the Pontania proxima group in Europe (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 85, 85 - 95.","Wahlgren, E. (1951) Cecidiologiska anteckningar. VI. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 72 (1 - 4), 84 - 156.","Andersson, H. (1955) Hallandska zoocecidier. Opuscula Entomologica, 20, 132 - 148.","Weiffenbach, H. (1989) Beschreibung der bisher unbekannten Geschlechter zweier Taxa aus der Unterordnung der Symphyten (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae und Cephidae). Entomofauna. Zeitschrift fur Entomologie, 10 (22), 333 - 338.","Nyman, T., Zinovjev, A. G., Vikberg, V. & Farrel, B. D. (2006) Molecular phylogeny of the sawfly subfamily Nematinae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Systematic Entomology, 31, 569 - 583.","Benson, R. B. (1958) Hymenoptera, Symphyta. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, 6 (2 c), 139 - 258.","Hjalten, J., Ericson, L. & Roininen, H. (2000) Resistance of Salix caprea, S. phylicifolia, and their F 1 hybrids to herbivores and pathogens. Ecoscience, 7 (1), 51 - 56.","Benes, K. (2015 a) Czech species of the gall-making sawflies of the genera Phyllocolpa, Tubpontania and Pontania (Hymenoptera, Nematinae). Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae, 100 (1), 137 - 156.","Benson, R. B. (1968) Hymenoptera from Turkey, Symphyta. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology Series, 22 (4), 111 - 207.","Wahlgren, E. (1953) Cecidiologiska anteckningar. VII. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 74 (3), 137 - 151.","Wahlgren, E. (1962) Cecidiologiska anteckningar. XIV. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 83 (3 - 4), 199 - 207.","Lundberg, J. (1963) Cecidiestudier. Opuscula entomologica, 28, 70 - 80.","Lundberg, J. (1966) Zoocecidier fran Vastergotland II. Opuscula entomologica, 31, 133 - 146.","Benander, P. (1969) Om nagra Pontania - arter och deras cecidier (Hym. Symphyta). Opuscula Entomologica, 34 (1 - 2), 90 - 94.","Julin, E. (1936) Contributions a la connaissance des zoocecidies de la Laponie septentrionale. Botaniska Notiser, 1936 (6), 539 - 562."]}

Euura daphnoidica Kopelke, 2001 Euura (Gemmura) daphnoidica Kopelke, 2001: 201 –210. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix daphnoides. Holotype, ♀, SMF [examined]. Type locality: Switzerland, Valais, Obergoms, Obergesteln. Variability. Female: Body length: 4.4–4.7mm. Lateral vertex black to pale marked. Male: 4.0–4.0. Pronotum completely black to pale on upper posterior angle. Total number of specimens examined: 6. Genetic data. No data available. Similar species. Female not morphologically distinguishable from E. myrsinifoliae. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix daphnoides (Kopelke 2001). Biology: Kopelke (2001). Distribution. Central Europe (Austria, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany), north to Denmark (Nielsen 1905; as C. saliceti on S. daphnoides). Occurrence in Sweden: not recorded, but might occur., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on page 61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Kopelke, J. - P. (2001) Die Artengruppen von Euura mucronata und E. laeta in Europa (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 81 (1 - 2), 191 - 225.","Nielsen, J. C. (1905) De danske Cryptocampus - Arters Biologi. Tidsskrift for Skovvaesen, 17, 256 - 272."]}

Euura weiffenbachiella Liston & Vikberg, nom. nov. Euura weiffenbachii Ermolenko in Zerova, Dyakonchuk & Ermolenko, 1988: 48 –49. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix rosmarinifolia. Syntypes, ♀ and ♂, SIZK [not examined]. Type locality: Ukraine, near Kiev, Romanivka District. Euura weiffenbachiella nom. nov. is proposed for E. weiffenbachii Ermolenko, preoccupied in Euura by Pteronidea weiffenbachi Lindqvist, 1958 [E. piliserra (Thomson, 1863)]. Euura (Euura) weiffenbachii Ermolenko: Kopelke (1996). Variability. Female: Body length: 4.6–5.5mm. Tegula brown to black. Male: 3.6–6.1mm. Female and male: outer orbits and lateral vertex somewhat brown to completely black. Total number of specimens examined: 19. Genetic data. COI barcode not distinguishable from those of E. myrtilloides, E. salicislapponicae, and E. salicispurpureae. Similar species. Its robust and usually large body are helpful in recognising this taxon. Females are otherwise most similar to E. myrtilloides: see key for distinguishing characters. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix repens, S. rosmarinifolia (Kopelke 2003a). Biology: Enslin (1918b; as E. atra on S. repens), Kopelke (1996), Roininen et al. (1993b: as E. atra on S. rosmarinifolia), Weiffenbach (1992). Enslin (1918b) and Weiffenbach (1992) both remarked on two different basic shapes of gall caused by this species: either spindle-shaped, with the shoot remaining straight, or very strongly developed on one side of the shoot, and causing it to bend, like a miniature gall of E. amerinae. We assume that the reason for this is a difference in the way oviposition takes place, and that the different-looking galls are caused by the same species. Distribution. Central and North Europe (Taeger et al. 2006), east to Yakutia (Popov 2011). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Skåne (Kullaberg; Benander 1966, as E. atra on Salix repens), Öland (Coulianos & Holmåsen 1991, as E. atra on Salix repens). Material examined: Skåne., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on page 60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Lindqvist, E. (1958) Neue palaarktische Pteronidea - Arten (Hym., Tenthredinoidea). Notulae Entomologicae, 37 (4), 92 - 117.","Thomson, C. G. (1863) Entomologiska bidrag. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens forhandlingar, 19 (10), 611 - 639. [1862]","Kopelke, J. - P. (1996) Die Euura atra - und amerinae - Gruppe in Nord- und Mitteleuropa (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 76 (1 / 2), 93 - 113.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2003 a) Gall-forming Nematinae, their willow hosts (Salix spec.) and biological strategies (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae: Euura, Phyllocolpa, Pontania). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 82 (1 / 2), 163 - 189.","Enslin, E. (1918 b) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Tenthredinoidea V (Hym.). Entomologische Mitteilungen, 7 (4 - 6), 77 - 80.","Roininen, H., Vuorinen, J., Tahvanainen, J. & Julkunen Tiitto, R. (1993 b) Host preference and allozyme differentiation in shoot galling sawfly, Euura atra. Evolution, 47 (1), 300 - 308.","Weiffenbach, H. (1992) Euura weiffenbachi Ermolenko 1987, eine fur Deutschland neue Euura (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). Mitteilungen des Internationalen Entomologischen Vereins e. V. Frankfurt / M., 17 (1), 5 - 9.","Popov, A. A. (2011) Synopsis of dendro-tamnobiotic sawflies of the family Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Yakutia. Trudy Russkogo jentomologicheskogo obshhestva, 82, 77 - 88.","Benander, P. (1966) Kullabergs Vaxtsteklar. Kullabergs Natur, 11, 1 - 31.","Coulianos, C. - C. & Holmasen, I. (1991) Galler: en falthandbok om gallbildningar pa vilda och odlade vaxter. Interpublishing, Stockholm, 317 pp."]}

Euura testaceipes (Brischke, 1883) Cryptocampus testaceipes Brischke, 1883b: 209. Described: ♀, ♂, larva, gall, recorded host: Salix fragilis. Type material thought to have been destroyed, with most of the rest of Brischke's collection (Blank & Taeger 1998). Type locality: not explicitly stated, but according to a comment in the introduction probably Prussia, near Danzig (now Poland, Gdansk). Authorship of the species name often wrongly attributed to Zaddach, or Zaddach & Brischke. Euura testaceipes: Benson (1958). Euura (Euura) testaceipes: Viitasaari & Vikberg (1985). Nematus (Euura) testaceipes: Zhelochovtsev (1988). Euura cynips Newman, 1837: 260. Described: ♀, ♂, recorded host: Salix sp. Types probably lost or destroyed (Liston & Prous 2014). Type locality: London area. With respect to C. testaceipes, E. cynips is a nomen oblitum (Liston et al. 2006). Variability. Female: Body length: 3.8–4.7mm. Pronotum mainly yellow to pale only on dorsal margin. Male: 3.2mm [only one specimen examined]. Total number of specimens examined: 10. Genetic data. Nearest neighbours in COI barcoding are E. amerinae (minimum divergence about 1.1%), and E. venusta (minimum divergence about 3.2%). Similar species. Female; morphologically very similar to venusta. See key for details. Male; only distinguished from venusta by the colour of the metafemur. However, we have examined very few males of either species, and it is not clear whether this character is reliable. Comments. The male of this species was unknown to Benson (1958). Perhaps it only occurs rarely. We examined a single male: Zucht [reared], Litauen, nr. Rociskiai, Kopelke 9.8.2006, S. fragilis Mittelrippe (SMF). Bionomics. Host plants: Salix alba, S. × fragilis (Kopelke 2003a), S. triandra (Benson 1958), S. babylonica (Malaise 1921a; possibly relates to hybrids of alba or × fragilis with babylonica), S. × blanda (Wahlgren 1959; as S. elegantissima). Kopelke (1999) mentions several other host records published by previous authors under the name testaceipes. These may have originated through misidentification (partly with venusta ?). Unclarified is Kopelke's own record of galls on Salix lapponum, tentatively attributed to E. testaceipes, from Norway, Oppland. These were not reared. In view of the primarily lowland and southern distribution of E. testaceipes compared to the relatively upland and northern range of venusta, the galls on S. lapponum seem more likely to belong to venusta (or a further, undescribed species). Biology: Kopelke (2003a). Distribution. Central and North Europe, north to Finland, southern Norway and Sweden (Taeger et al. 2006, Haris 2009). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Skåne (Wahlgren 1944), Västergötland (Lundberg 1966), Bohuslän, Uppland (Wahlgren 1944), Lycksele Lappmark (Haris 2009). Material examined: Skåne. Euura venusta (Brischke, 1883) Cryptocampus venustus Brischke, 1883b: 206 –207. Described: ♀, ♂, larva, gall, recorded hosts: Salix aurita and capraea [sic]. Type material thought to have been destroyed, with most of the rest of Brischke's collection (Blank & Taeger 1998). Type locality: Prussia; Weichselmünde, Brösen und Jäschkenthale (now in Poland, near Gdansk). Authorship of the species name often wrongly attributed to Zaddach or Zaddach & Brischke. Euura venusta: Enslin (1915). Euura (Euura) venusta: Viitasaari & Vikberg (1985). Nematus (Euura) venustus: Zhelochovtsev (1988). Cryptocampus pullulus Brischke, 1883b: 207. Unavailable name: mentioned by Brischke as a manuscript name given by Zaddach to specimens that Brischke considered conspecific with C. venustus Brischke. Cryptocampus brevicornis Brischke, 1883b: 210 –211. Described: ♀, ♂, recorded hosts: Salix aurita and capraea [sic]. Type material thought to have been destroyed, with most of the rest of Brischke's collection (Blank & Taeger 1998). Type locality: same as for C. venustus, because Brischke wrote ".. ich erzog sie [C. brevicornis] mit venustus aus denselben Gallen". Junior secondary homonym in Euura of Nematus brevicornis Förster, 1854. Comments. The male of this species was unknown to Benson (1958). We examined five males reared from galls collected by Kopelke from S. caprea in Norway, Nordland, Lofoten (SMF). Variability. Female: Body length: 3.3–5.0mm. Malar space partly pale to completely black. Lateral vertex brown marked to completely black. Male: 3.4–4.0mm. Malar space partly pale to completely black. Lower inner orbits pale to completely black. Total number of specimens examined: 16. Genetic data. Nearest neighbour COI barcodes to E. venusta (2 specimens from France, one from Finland) are of E. testaceipes and E. amerinae with divergences of respectively about 3.2% and 2.8%. Similar species. Female; morphologically most similar to testaceipes. Male; only distinguished from testaceipes by the colour of the metafemur. However, we have examined very few males of either species, and it is not clear whether this character is reliable. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix aurita, S. caprea (Kopelke 2003a), S. lapponum [in Giant Mountains, Czech Republic] (Beneš 1968b), S. silesiaca [in Carpathians] (Beneš 2013), rarely S. cinerea (Vikberg & Zinovjev 2006), S. atrocinerea (Scotland, Perths., Doll, Craig Rennet, 25.08.1994, 1 ♀, reared K. P. Bland). Perhaps, but rarely, on S. lapponum in Scandinavia: see under testaceipes. Biology: Kopelke (2003a). Distribution. Central and North Europe (Taeger et al. 2006), Caucasus (Armenia), Russian Far East (Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev 1995). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Skåne (Wahlberg 1951), Halland (Andersson 1955), Västergötland (Lundberg 1966), Södermanland, Uppland, Hälsingland, Norrbotten (Wahlberg 1951), Lycksele Lappmark (Haris 2009), Torne Lappmark (Wahlberg 1951), north to Torne Träsk area (Malaise 1921a, 1931a). Material examined: Öland, Småland, Uppland, Västmanland, Torne Lappmark., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on pages 56-57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Brischke, C. G. A. (1883 b) Beobachtungen uber die Arten der Blatt- und Holzwespen von C. G. A. Brischke, Hauptlehrer a. D. in Langfuhr und Dr. Gustav Zaddach weiland Professor in Konigsberg. Zweite Abtheilung. Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig, New Series, 5 (4), 201 - 328. [1881 - 1883]","Blank, S. M. & Taeger, A. (1998) Comments on the taxonomy of Symphyta (Hymenoptera) (Preliminary studies for a catalogue of Symphyta, part 4). In: Taeger, A. & Blank, S. M. (Eds.), Pflanzenwespen Deutschlands (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Kommentierte Bestandsaufnahme. Goecke & Evers, Keltern, pp. 141 - 174.","Benson, R. B. (1958) Hymenoptera, Symphyta. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, 6 (2 c), 139 - 258.","Viitasaari, M. & Vikberg, V. (1985) A checklist of the sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Finland. Notulae Entomologicae, 65, 1 - 17.","Newman, E. (1837) Notes on Tenthredinina. The Entomological Magazine, 4 [1836 - 1837] (3), 258 - 263.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2003 a) Gall-forming Nematinae, their willow hosts (Salix spec.) and biological strategies (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae: Euura, Phyllocolpa, Pontania). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 82 (1 / 2), 163 - 189.","Malaise, R. (1921 a) Beitrage zur Kenntnis schwedischer Blattwespen. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 40 (2 - 4), 97 - 128.","Wahlgren, E. (1959) Cecidiologiska anteckningar. XI. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 79 (3 - 4), 201 - 215.","Kopelke, J. - P. (1999) Gallenerzeugende Blattwespen Europas - Taxonomische Grundlagen, Biologie und Okologie (Tenthredinidae: Nematinae: Euura, Phyllocolpa, Pontania). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 212, 1 - 183.","Wahlgren, E. (1944) Cecidiologiska anteckningar. V. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 65, 50 - 121.","Lundberg, J. (1966) Zoocecidier fran Vastergotland II. Opuscula entomologica, 31, 133 - 146.","Enslin, E. (1915) Die Tenthredinoidea Mitteleuropas IV. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1915 (Beiheft 4), 311 - 412.","Benes, K. (1968 b) Prispevek k poznani halek pilatek Krkonos (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Opera Corcontica. Krkonosske prace, 5, 247 - 251.","Benes, K. (2013) Siropasi blanokridli (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) ceske casti Krkonos. Opera Corcontica. Krkonosske prace, 50, 35 - 80.","Zhelochovtsev, A. N. & Zinovjev, A. G. (1995) Spisok pilil'shhikov i rogohvostov (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) fauny Rossii i sopredel'nyh territorij. I. [A list of the sawflies and horntails (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of the fauna of Russia and adjacent territories. I.]. Entomologicheskoe obozrenie, 74 (2), 395 - 415. [in Russian, abstract in English]","Andersson, H. (1955) Hallandska zoocecidier. Opuscula Entomologica, 20, 132 - 148.","Malaise, R. (1931 a) Insektfaunan inom Abisko Nationalpark II. 5. Vaxtsteklar - Tenthredinidae. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens skrifter i naturskyddsarenden, 17, 54 - 68."]}

Euura anomaloptera (Förster, 1854) Nematus anomalopterus Förster, 1854a: 308 –309. Described: ♀. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (2007a), ZSM [examined]. Type locality: Germany, near Aachen. Phyllocolpa anomaloptera: Kopelke (2007c). Tubpontania anomaloptera: Vikberg (2010b). Euura anomaloptera: Prous et al. (2014). Amauronematus maidli Zirngiebl, 1937: 336 –337. Described: ♀. Holotype, ♀, NHMW [examined]. Type locality: Istria. Synonymised with Phyllocolpa anomaloptera by Kopelke (2007c). Nematus (Pontania) tuberculatus Benson, 1953: 151 –152. Described: ♀, ♂, recorded host:? Salix atrocinerea. Holotype, ♀, BMNH [examined]. Type locality: Ireland, Cavan, Lough Mentis. Synonymy with N. anomalopterus by Vikberg (2010b). Pontania tuberculata: Benson (1958). Pontania (Phyllocolpa) tuberculata: Vikberg (1982). Variability. Female: Body length: 3.0– 4.9mm. Male: 3.0– 4.4mm. Total number of specimens examined: 24. Genetic data. Nearest neighbours in COI barcoding are E. cyrnea and E. purpureae. The latter share the same BIN, diverging by a minimum of 5.6% from E. anomaloptera. The seven barcoded E. anomaloptera specimens have two apparent haplotypes, diverging by a minimum of 2.4%. Both were represented in Swedish material: haplotype 1 comprised two females from Härjedalen and Torne Lappmark (Stordalen); haplotype 2 comprised five females from Torne Lappmark, Abisko NP, 390–900m (four) and France, Departement Ariège (one). No morphological differences were correlated with the apparent genetic dichotomy. Bionomics. Host plants: In northern Europe Salix hastata (Kopelke 2007c), S. phylicifolia and S. starkeana (Zinovjev & Vikberg 1999, Vikberg 2010b) have been recorded as definite hosts. These willow species do not occur at the type localities of N. anomalopterus, A. maidli or N. tuberculatus. Benson (1953) suggested S. atrocinerea as the probable host at the type locality of N. tuberculatus. Zinovjev (1999) and Zinovjev & Vikberg (1999) list several other willow species which are possibly hosts in the East Palaearctic. The host spectrum of E. anomaloptera is unusually wide, so that further investigation seems called for. Biology: Vikberg (2010b), Zinovjev & Vikberg (1999: as tuberculata). Distribution. South, Central and North Europe (Taeger et al. 2006),? northern Russian Far East (Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev 1995). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Norrbotten (Haris 2009), Torne Träsk area (Vikberg 2010b). Material examined: Härjedalen, Jämtland, Norrbotten, Lule Lappmark, Torne Lappmark. Euura crassispina (Thomson, 1871) comb. nov. Nematus crassispina Thomson, 1871: 164 –165. Described: ♀. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Zinovjev & Vikberg (1999), MZLU [examined]. Type locality: Sweden, Jämtland, Skalstugan. Pontania crassispina: Konow (1890). Pontania (Phyllocolpa) crassispina: Viitasaari & Vikberg (1985). Pontania (Pontania) crassispina: Zinovjev (1993b). Phyllocolpa crassispina: Kopelke (2007c). Tubpontania crassispina (Thomson, 1871): Vikberg (2010b). Variability. Female: Body length: 3.1–4.3mm. The single female which has so far been reared from Salix hastata differs slightly in details of valvula 3 setation from those reared from S. glauca (Vikberg 2010b). Male: unknown. Total number of specimens examined: 9. Genetic data. Of species of this group for which COI barcodes are currently available, the nearest neighbour is E. anomaloptera, at a minimum of 7.1% divergence. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix glauca, occasionally S. hastata (Vikberg 2010b). Biology: Vikberg (2010b), Zinovjev & Vikberg (1999). Distribution. The only definite records are from Norway, Sweden, Finland and northern European Russia (Vikberg 2010b), but possibly also occurs in northern parts of the Russian Far East (Zhelochovtsev & Zinovjev 1995). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Jämtland (Zinovjev & Vikberg 1999), Torne Lappmark (Haris 2009). Material examined: Jämtland, Lule Lappmark, Torne Lappmark. Comments. A supposed male of this species described by Zinovjev & Vikberg (1999) was probably misidentified (Vikberg 2010b)., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on pages 66-67, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Forster, A. (1854 a) Neue Blattwespen. Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereines der preussischen Rheinlande und Westfalens, Neue Folge, 1, 265 - 350, pls. IV - VII.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2007 a) The European species of the genus Phyllocolpa, part I: the leucosticta - group (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 87 (1), 75 - 109.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2007 c) The European species of the genus Phyllocolpa, part III: the species-groups of crassispina, scotaspis, and piliserra (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 87 (2), 163 - 183.","Vikberg, V. (2010 b) European species of Tubpontania gen. nov., a new genus for species of the Pontania crassispina group (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). Zootaxa 2620, 1 - 28.","Zirngiebl, L. (1937) Neue oder wenig bekannte Tenthredinoiden (Hym.) aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Wien. Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstage von Professor Dr. Embrik Strand, 3, 335 - 350.","Benson, R. B. (1953) Some changes and additions to the list of British sawflies with the descriptions of two new species (Hym., Tenthredinidae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 89 (14), 150 - 154.","Benson, R. B. (1958) Hymenoptera, Symphyta. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, 6 (2 c), 139 - 258.","Vikberg, V. (1982) Notes on the taxonomy and the nomenclature of some mainly Fennoscandian sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Notulae Entomologicae, 62 (2), 61 - 65.","Zinovjev, A. G. & Vikberg, V. (1999) The sawflies of the Pontania crassispina - group with a key for the genera of the subtribe Euurina (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Entomologica scandinavica, 30 (3), 281 - 298. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631200 X 00129","Zhelochovtsev, A. N. & Zinovjev, A. G. (1995) Spisok pilil'shhikov i rogohvostov (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) fauny Rossii i sopredel'nyh territorij. I. [A list of the sawflies and horntails (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of the fauna of Russia and adjacent territories. I.]. Entomologicheskoe obozrenie, 74 (2), 395 - 415. [in Russian, abstract in English]","Thomson, C. G. (1871) Hymenoptera Scandinaviae. Tom. 1. (Tenthredo et Sirex Lin.). H. Olsson, Lund, 342 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9332","Konow, F. W. (1890) Catalogus Tenthredinidarum Europae. (Hymenopterorum XVI familiae.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1890 (2), 241 - 255.","Viitasaari, M. & Vikberg, V. (1985) A checklist of the sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Finland. Notulae Entomologicae, 65, 1 - 17.","Zinovjev, A. G. (1993 b) Subgenera and Palaearctic species groups of the subgenus Pontania, with notes on the taxonomy of some European species of the viminalis - group (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 2 (1), 145 - 154."]}

ischnocera complex It does not seem possible to distinguish females of this complex morphologically. They display characteristic tendencies in coloration, correlated with host association, but coloration is sometimes highly variable within series reared from the same Salix species, and overlaps broadly in every case with the range of colour pattern in some other segregates. Neither the species differences given by Kopelke (2007a) in the morphology of valvula 3, nor the length of the metatibial spurs were detected in the material examined. Differences in penis valve morphology possibly distinguish the males, according to Kopelke (2007a), but the variability of these characters has not been thoroughly checked. Colour pattern of the males seems to be more stable than that of females. All taxa, as well as E. oblita, but possibly excepting E. plicalapponum, have nearly identical COI barcodes. E. oblita is however not included in the complex, because it is clearly distinguishable by its very long antennae, extremely pale colour pattern in the female, as well as larval morphology. Benson (1958), Zinovjev (1999), and many other authors treated this complex (without E. oblita) as a single species, under the name leucapsis Tischbein. Zinovjev (1999) additionally recorded Salix atrocinerea, S. aurita and S. starkeana as hosts of Phyllocolpa leucapsis auct. [= ischnocera complex], but these hosts are not mentioned by Kopelke (2007a). Salix caprea is probably also used as a host (see under Bionomics of E. prussica and E. cyrnea). Finally, P. leucapsis auct., as well as P. puella [= E. oblita], were recorded as separate species which both have S. fragilis, S. alba, and S. triandra as hosts (Beneš 1968a: 119). Possibly the six nominal species listed below are conspecific, but we retain them provisionally as valid until more complete genetic data is available, and a study of their larval morphology has been made. Adults of this complex are rather abundant in Sweden, but because of the difficulties mentioned above, we are only able to list a few definite records for species based on the material that we have seen. Euura ischnocera (Thomson, 1863) comb. nov. Nematus ischnocerus Thomson, 1863: 638. Described: ♀, ♂. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (2007a), MZLU [examined]. Type locality: Sweden, Norrland. Pontania ischnoceros [sic]: Konow (1890). Phyllocolpa ischnocera (Thomson, 1863): Kopelke (1990b). Nematus leucostigmus Cameron, 1876c: 308. Described: ♀. Lectotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (2007a), BMNH [not examined]. Type locality: Scotland, Rannoch. Synonymy by Kopelke (2007a). Variability. Female: Body length: 3.4–3.9mm. Ratio of length flagellomere 2 / height of eye 0.86-0.93. Male: 3.2– 4.2mm. Female and male: within wider geographic regions, the colour pattern seems very stable, but specimens from the Alps have a much more extensively pale head, pronotum and femora than those from northern Europe. The pterostigma is usually entirely pale, but can be apically more or less darkened. Total number of specimens examined: 14. Genetic data. COI barcodes of species of this complex, as well as E. oblita, are highly similar, and not useful for identification. Similar species. Females are most similar to the other segregates with typically extensively dark orbits: E. plicalapponum, E. plicaphylicifolia. Bionomics. Host plant: Salix myrsinifolia (Kopelke 2007a). Biology: Kopelke (2007a). Distribution. Central Europe (mainly Alps) and northern Europe, including Scotland (Kopelke 2007a, Liston et al. 2012). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Västerbotten, Torne Lappmark (Kopelke 2007a)., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on pages 78-79, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Kopelke, J. - P. (2007 a) The European species of the genus Phyllocolpa, part I: the leucosticta - group (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 87 (1), 75 - 109.","Benson, R. B. (1958) Hymenoptera, Symphyta. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, 6 (2 c), 139 - 258.","Benes, K. (1968 a) Galls and larvae of the European species of genera Phyllocolpa and Pontania (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Acta entomologica bohemoslovaca, 65 (2), 112 - 137.","Thomson, C. G. (1863) Entomologiska bidrag. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens forhandlingar, 19 (10), 611 - 639. [1862]","Konow, F. W. (1890) Catalogus Tenthredinidarum Europae. (Hymenopterorum XVI familiae.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1890 (2), 241 - 255.","Kopelke, J. - P. (1990 b) Der taxonomische Status von Pontania dolichura (Thomson 1871) (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 70 (4 - 6), 271 - 279.","Cameron, P. (1876 c) On some new or little known British Hymenoptera. Proceedings (& Transactions) of the Natural History Society of Glasgow, 2, 304 - 315. [1869 - 1875]"]}

Euura mucronata (Hartig, 1837) Nematus mucronatus Hartig, 1837: 223. Described: ♀, ♂. Lectotype, designated by Kopelke (2001), ♀, ZSM [examined: according to the original description, types in ZMHUB (= "Mus. Klug")]. Type locality: not stated. Cryptocampus mucronatus: Vollenhoven (1871: but name applied to E. amerinae). Euura mucronata: Lindqvist (1956). Note: prior to Lindqvist (1956) the name saliceti was wrongly used for this taxon. Euura (Gemmura) mucronata: Viitasaari & Vikberg (1985). Nematus (Euura) mucronatus: Zhelochovtsev (1988). Euura gallae Newman, 1837: 260. Described: holotype, ♀; OUMNH [examined]. Type locality: Scotland. Nomen oblitum with respect to N. mucronatus (Liston & Prous 2014). Cryptocampus gemmarum Brischke, 1883b: 207. Described: ♀, ♂, larva, gall, recorded host: Salix aurita. Type material thought to have been destroyed, with most of the rest of Brischke's collection (Blank & Taeger 1998). Type locality: Heubude, Weichselmünde and Brösen [Danzig area, now in Poland]. Note. Authorship of the species name often wrongly attributed to Zaddach or Zaddach & Brischke. Cryptocampus pictus Brischke, 1883b: 212. Described: holotype, ♂. Type material thought to have been destroyed, with most of the rest of Brischke's collection (Blank & Taeger 1998). Type locality: Königsberg [now Kaliningrad, Russia]. Note. Authorship of the species name often wrongly attributed to Zaddach or Zaddach & Brischke. Euura nigritarsis Cameron, 1885: 212 –213. Described: ♀, ♂, larva, gall, recorded host: Salix caprea. Syntypes may be in BMNH [not examined]. Type locality: Scotland, Clydesdale. Name preoccupied in Euura by Nematus nigritarsis André, 1880 [a synonym of Euura viminalis]. Syn. nov. Cryptocampus nigritarsis: Konow (1890). Euura (Gemmura) nigritarsis: Kopelke (2001). ? Euura insularis Kincaid, 1900: 352. Described: ♀, ♂. Lectotype, ♀, designated below, USNM. Type locality: Alaska, Popof Island. Synonymised by Benson (1962) with Euura mucronata, without any explanation. Euura (Gemmura) gemmacinereae Kopelke, 2001: 210 –211. Described: ♀, ♂, gall, recorded host: Salix cinerea. Holotype, ♀, SMF [examined]. Type locality: Switzerland, Valais, Grimselpaß, Räterichsbodensee. Syn. nov. Notes on types and taxonomy. Kopelke (2001) referred to the existence of a holotype of E. nigritarsis, but Cameron's description was based on a syntype series. We detected no significant differences in the morphology, including genitalia, of the nominal species E. mucronata, E. nigritarsis, and E. gemmacinereae. Furthermore, sequencing failed to reveal any genetic differences. Accordingly, these three taxa are treated as synonyms. Photos of a female syntype of Euura insularis and its labels are available: (http://www.usnmhymtypes.com/ default.asp? Action = Show _ Types & Single _ Type = True &TypeID=6057). The labels include " Co Type No. 5302 U.S. N.M." and " Lectotypus Euura insularis Kincaid 1900 desig. Kopelke 200[?9]". Kopelke apparently did not publish the designation. We hereby designate this specimen as lectotype of E. insularis. Kincaid (1900), in his description of Euura insularis, wrote " Type no. 5301, U. S. National Museum". The published number is wrong: 5301 was correctly assigned by Kincaid (1900) to Pontania peninsularis Kincaid, 1900. It is important to note that the registration numbers used and published by Kincaid [and frequently also by S. A. Rohwer, who worked at the USNM at around the same period] were often applied to syntype series, not individual specimens. Thus, of 10 female and 2 male extant paralectotypes of E. insularis in the USNM, 2 females and 2 males are all labelled " Co Type No. 5302 U.S. N.M.". The other specimens are without such a label. Variability. Female: Body length: 2.3–4.4mm. Supraclypeal area pale to dark. Pronotum pale-margined to completely black. Tegula yellow to fuscous. Male: 3.2–4.0mm. Extent of pale on inner and outer orbits very variable. Total number of specimens examined: 24. Genetic data. COI barcode not distinguishable from that of E. myrsinifoliae. Similar species. Female; externally not distinguishable from others in the subgroup, except laeta, lanatae, and subgemma, or from E. testaceipes and venusta. Male; not distinguishable from other nominal taxa in the subgroup. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix aurita (Kopelke 2001), Salix caprea (Cameron 1885, Kopelke 2001), Salix cinerea (Kopelke 2003a). Biology: Kopelke (2001), Roininen et al. (1988; as E. mucronata on S. cinerea), Roininen (1991; as E. mucronata on S. cinerea). Distribution. Central and North Europe north to N. Trøndelag in Norway (Kopelke 2001). Possibly also North America (Benson 1962). Occurrence in Sweden: probably nearly throughout the country, but most previous records need checking because of confusion with several similar species. Published records: Halland (Andersson 1955, as E. saliceti on S. aurita and S. cinerea), Västergötland (Wahlgren 1961, as E. mucronata on Salix cinerea)., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on page 64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Hartig, T. (1837) Die Aderflugler Deutschlands mit besonderer Berucksichtigung ihres Larvenzustandes und ihres Wirkens in Waldern und Garten fur Entomologen, Wald- und Gartenbesitzer. Die Familien der Blattwespen und Holzwespen nebst einer allgemeinen Einleitung zur Naturgeschichte der Hymenopteren. Erster Band. Haude und Spener, Berlin, xiv + 416 pp., pls. I - VIII.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2001) Die Artengruppen von Euura mucronata und E. laeta in Europa (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 81 (1 - 2), 191 - 225.","Snellen van Vollenhoven, S. C. (1871) De inlandsche bladwespen in hare gedaantewisseling en levenswijze beschreven. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 14, 237 - 254, pls. 10 - 12.","Lindqvist, E. (1956) Revision einiger von schwedischen Entomologen beschriebenen Nematinen (Hym. Tenthredinidae). Opuscula Entomologica, 21 (1), 8 - 14.","Viitasaari, M. & Vikberg, V. (1985) A checklist of the sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Finland. Notulae Entomologicae, 65, 1 - 17.","Newman, E. (1837) Notes on Tenthredinina. The Entomological Magazine, 4 [1836 - 1837] (3), 258 - 263.","Brischke, C. G. A. (1883 b) Beobachtungen uber die Arten der Blatt- und Holzwespen von C. G. A. Brischke, Hauptlehrer a. D. in Langfuhr und Dr. Gustav Zaddach weiland Professor in Konigsberg. Zweite Abtheilung. Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig, New Series, 5 (4), 201 - 328. [1881 - 1883]","Blank, S. M. & Taeger, A. (1998) Comments on the taxonomy of Symphyta (Hymenoptera) (Preliminary studies for a catalogue of Symphyta, part 4). In: Taeger, A. & Blank, S. M. (Eds.), Pflanzenwespen Deutschlands (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Kommentierte Bestandsaufnahme. Goecke & Evers, Keltern, pp. 141 - 174.","Cameron, P. (1885) A monograph of the British phytophagous Hymenoptera (Tenthredo, Sirex and Cynips, Linne). Vol. 2. Ray Society, London, vi + 233 pp., 27 pls.","Andre, E. (1880) Species des Hymenopteres d'Europe & d'Algerie. 1 (5). L'Auteur, Beaune (Cote-d'Or), pp. 97 - 160, catalogue pp. 9 - 16. [1879 - 1882]","Konow, F. W. (1890) Catalogus Tenthredinidarum Europae. (Hymenopterorum XVI familiae.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1890 (2), 241 - 255.","Kincaid, T. (1900) Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition. VII. Entomological results (1): the Tenthredinoidea. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 2, 341 - 365.","Benson, R. B. (1962) Holarctic sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology Series, 12 (8), 379 - 409.","Kopelke, J. - P. (2003 a) Gall-forming Nematinae, their willow hosts (Salix spec.) and biological strategies (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae: Euura, Phyllocolpa, Pontania). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 82 (1 / 2), 163 - 189.","Roininen, H., Price, P. W. & Tahvanainen, J. (1988) Field test of resource regulation by the bud-galling sawfly, Euura mucronata, on Salix cinerea. Holarctic Ecology, 11 (2), 136 - 139.","Roininen, H. (1991) Temporal change in the location of egg-laying by a bud-galling sawfly, Euura mucronata, on growing shoots of Salix cinerea. Oecologia, 87 (2), 265 - 269.","Andersson, H. (1955) Hallandska zoocecidier. Opuscula Entomologica, 20, 132 - 148.","Wahlgren, E. (1961) Cecidiologiska anteckningar. XIII. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 82 (3 - 4), 149 - 162."]}

Euura prussica (Zaddach, 1883) Nematus prussicus Zaddach, 1883 [in Brischke 1883a]: Taf.1(7), Fig.4 [larva, host]; text description in Brischke 1884: 166– 167. Described: ♀, ♂, recorded hosts: Salix viminalis and cinerea. Neotype, ♀, designated by Kopelke (2007a), SMF [examined]. Type locality: Germany Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Rügen, Zittvitz. Pontania prussica: Konow (1890). Phyllocolpa prussica: Kopelke (2007). Euura prussica: Beneš (2015b). Variability. Female: Body length: 2.8–4.3mm. Outer orbits continuously pale to only pale below. Ratio of length flagellomere 2 / height of eye 0.76-0.89. Male: 3.3–4.4mm. Antennal flagellum completely black to pale underneath. Outer orbits continuously pale to only pale below. Abdominal sterna mainly pale to mainly black. Total number of specimens examined: 15. Genetic data. COI barcodes of species of this complex, as well as E. oblita, are highly similar, and not useful for identification. Similar species. Females are most similar to the other segregates with typically extensively pale orbits: E. plicadaphnoides, E. polita. Bionomics. Host plants: Salix cinerea (Kopelke 2007a),? S. caprea (below, and see under Bionomics of E. cyrnea). Biology: Kopelke (2007a). Five males reared from German localities in Mecklenburg and Baden- Württemberg bear determination labels by Kopelke " Phyllocolpa anomaloptera / S. caprea / Blattrolle/falte klein". The specimens clearly belong to the oblita group, ischnocera subgroup. Based on their rather pale head coloration, darkened femora, and the close relationship of S. cinerea and S. caprea (section Vetrix), they are probably E. prussica. Distribution. Central Europe, north to Jämtland in Sweden (Kopelke 2007a). Occurrence in Sweden: published records; Jämtland (Kopelke 2007a)., Published as part of Liston, Andrew D., Heibo, Erik, Prous, Marko, Vårdal, Hege, Nyman, Tommi & Vikberg, Veli, 2017, North European gall-inducing Euura sawflies (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae), pp. 1-115 in Zootaxa 4302 (1) on page 81, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4302.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/839880, {"references":["Brischke, C. G. A. (1883 a) Beobachtungen uber die Arten der Blatt- und Holzwespen von C. G. A. Brischke, Hauptlehrer a. D. in Langfuhr und Dr. Gustav Zaddach Professor in Konigsberg, mitgeteilt von Brischke aus Zaddach's Manuscripten. Schriften der physikalisch-okonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg, 23, 127 - 200, Tafel I (7). [1882]","Brischke, C. G. A. (1884) Beobachtungen uber die Arten der Blatt- und Holzwespen von C. G. A. Brischke, Hauptlehrer a. D. in Langfuhr und Dr. Gustav Zaddach, Professor in Konigsberg, mitgetheilt von Brischke aus Zaddach's Manuscripten. (Schluss). Schriften der physikalisch-okonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg, 24, 121 - 173. [1883]","Kopelke, J. - P. (2007 a) The European species of the genus Phyllocolpa, part I: the leucosticta - group (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 87 (1), 75 - 109.","Konow, F. W. (1890) Catalogus Tenthredinidarum Europae. (Hymenopterorum XVI familiae.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1890 (2), 241 - 255.","Benes, K. (2015 b) Siropasi blanokridli (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) chranene krajinne oblasti Krivoklatsko. Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of the Krivoklatsko Protected Landscape Area (Central Bohemia). Bohemia centralis, 33, 143 - 173."]}