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The purpose of the article is to analyze the current economic state of the European Union in the context of the progressive energy crisis. The article characterizes the importance of energy as the most important area of human economic activity for the world economy, identifies the causes and scale of the current energy crisis, examines the directions of countering the energy crisis in the European Union on the example of Germany and France. Within the framework of the conducted research, both general scientific methods (abstraction, analysis, synthesis, analogy, comparison) and methods of comparative legal and content analysis are used. The analysis showed that the crisis phenomena in the energy industry are predetermined by three main groups of causes - natural, geopolitical and economic. The article substantiates the characteristics of the European Union as the center of the modern energy crisis, indicating the conditions for the emergence of a crisis situation in Europe in recent years, which are not related to the special military operation conducted by the Russian Federation in Ukraine. In conclusion, the article substantiates the lack of a strategic nature of the anti-crisis policy of the European Union in the energy sector. The results of the conducted research can be useful for economists involved in the world economy and international economic relations, as well as for undergraduates, undergraduates and postgraduates.

The COVID-19 virus has caused a global emergency and has attracted the attention of healthcare professionals and the public around the world. The significant increase in the number of new cases of infection with this virus demonstrates the relevance of the search for drugs that are effective against this pathogen. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antiviral efficacy of Mefloquin® against COVID-19. The antiviral efficacy of Mefloquin® against the new pandemic virus SARS-CoV-2 was studied in in vitro experiments in Vero C1008 cell culture and in vivo on Syrian golden hamsters. The results of the study revealed that the drug Mefloquine® at a concentration of 2.0 µg ml-1, when applied after infection of cells, suppresses the reproduction of the SARS-CoV-2 virus by 1.7–1.9 lg, the inhibition rate is about 99%. When using Mefloquine, pathological changes in the lung tissue were less pronounced than in the control group. 6 days after infection, it was shown that when using Mefloquine, there was a statistically significant decrease in viral load in the lungs of infected Syrian golden hamsters, with an inhibition rate of 95.5%.

The need to study the monitoring competence of a teacher is due to the increasing demands of the labor market for the quality of professional training of graduates of educational organizations. Pedagogically monitoring is considered an effective means of managing the quality of educational results. The competence of future teachers necessary for its implementation is formed in the implementation of bachelors degree programs. The article presents the continuity of the general professional competencies of a teacher of vocational training necessary for monitoring. The formation of the monitoring competence of teachers in the process of mastering the academic disciplines of the bachelors degree is characterized. It included reproductive, research, constructive and productive stages, the implementation of which culminated in the development of monitoring products by students

On the example of Article 172.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation the article considers the problem of insufficient demand for a number of crimes committed in the field of economic activity (Chapter 22 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). It is noted that against the background of the campaign that began in the country in 2009 to liberalize criminal policy in the field of combating economic crime and a significant decrease in the number of this type of crime (more than four times), there is a permanent process of criminalization of socially dangerous acts that infringe on public relations in the economic sphere. At the same time, out of 60 compositions of Chapter 22 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, no more than a quarter are relatively working. Almost a third of the norms are completely unclaimed by law enforcement practice. One of these norms was Article 172.3 on responsibility for failure to enter information about funds placed by individuals and individual entrepreneurs in financial accounting and reporting documents of a credit institution. The reasons for this state of affairs, according to the author, are the insufficient criminological substantiation of the introduction of such norms into the Criminal Code, their constructive imperfection, duplication by other compositions similar in content, the lack of practice-proven methods of disclosing and investigating cases of this category, the low professionalism of law enforcement officers conducting criminal cases, cases of economic crimes, etc. Proposals are made to improve the criminal policy in the field of combating economic crimes, based on a systematic, scientifically grounded approach.

The empirical relationships between the friction speed (dynamic speed) and the crosswind speed are considered for different conditions (time of the day, season, stratification type, observation site, and measurement altitude). Initial experimental data used to derive these relationships were acquired by ultrasonic weather stations operating in the surface air layer at different observation sites.

The present work was aimed at the development of an analytical method with high sensitivity, selectivity, and rapidity for pharmacokinetic studies. The new method for quantitative determination of fludrocortisone in human blood plasma employs HPLC and mass spectrometric detection with electrospray ionization (ESI). The deuterium-labeled analog of fludrocortisone (fludrocortisone-D5) was used as the internal standard. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was 10 pg/mL. The calibration curve was linear in the range 10 – 1000 pg/mL. The coefficient of reliability was at least 0.99. Liquid extraction was used for sample preparation. The proposed technique was tested by studying the bioequivalence of a generic drug in a single administration to healthy volunteers at a dose of 0.1 mg.

We report here the synthesis of mixed salts of cobalt (II) with α-ketocarboxylic and mercaptocarboxylic acids, which have different types of antidote activity, in a single molecule. Simultaneous administration of the mixed cobalt salt with poison (sodium cyanide) at doses corresponding to the LD50 and LD99 ameliorated the main symptoms of poisoning by 75 – 100% and prevented death. The index of protection (IP) and antidote power (AP) on intragastric administration of compound 1a at a dose of 300 mg/kg immediately after sodium cyanide poisoning were 1.40 and 1.08 respectively. Prophylactic administration 30 min before poison increased these values 1.8-fold, giving IP = 2.5 and AP = 1.9.

—The height of the region of intense turbulent heat exchange in the atmospheric boundary layer is analyzed based on experimental data obtained using acoustic meteorological locators (sodars), temperature profilers, and ultrasonic anemometer-thermometers. The main aim of the work is to study the turbulent heat exchange under conditions of temperature inversions in winter. Results obtained in a territory with a natural landscape and in an urbanized territory in January–February 2020 are considered. In the first part of the paper, the technique for experimental data acquisition and statistics of temperature inversions in the boundary layer and heights of the layer of intense turbulent heat exchange are described.

Two fragments of a fiber-optic data transmission line are considered round and elliptical (at the junction) in their cross section. For a single-mode operation, analytical expressions are obtained for the energy losses when connecting two such fragments. It is shown that energy losses increase with increasing eccentricity and simultaneously decrease with increasing waveguide number.

The efficacy of mefloquine has not been studied in the in vivo experiments and clinical trials involving COVID-19 patients. The study was aimed to assess the effects of mefloquine on the SARS-CoV-2 accumulation in the lungs of infected animals and to study the efficacy and safety of mefloquine compared to hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19. During the experiment, a total of 96 Syrian hamsters were infected with SARS-CoV-2. Accumulation of the virus in lungs was compared in the groups of animals treated with mefloquine and ribavirin and in the control group. During the clinical trial, the mefloquine and hydroxychloroquine safety and efficacy in patients with mild and moderate COVID-19 (172 individuals) was assessed based on the symptom changes over time and the computed tomography results. The experiment showed that the SARS-CoV-2 accumulation in the lungs of Syrian hamsters 6 days after infection and mefloquine treatment was 2.2 ± 0.18 lg PFU/g, which was lower (p < 0.05) than in the control group (3.5 ± 0.21 lg PFU/g) and ribavirin group (5.2 ± 0.05 lg PFU/g). During the clinical trial, it was found that 50.0% of patients in the mefloquine group and 32.4% in the hydroxychloroquine group (р < 0.05) developed a mild disease, and the completely resolved respiratory failure was registered in 76.5% and 44.6%, respectively (р < 0.001). Adverse events were observed in 86.7 % and 77% of patients in the mefloquine and hydroxychloroquine groups, respectively (р > 0.05). Thus, during the experiment, mefloquine contributed to the faster virus titer reduction in the lungs. During the clinical trial, the mefloquine efficacy was non-inferiority or, based on a number of indicators, higher compared to hydroxychloroquine, with comparable safety.

Sevoflurane is the most widely used modern inhalational anesthetic in the world. Sevoflurane is the “gold standard” for anesthetic management now. The article discusses the modern possibilities of using inhalation anesthesia, and the experience of using the domestic inhalational anesthetic “Sevoflurane Chemoteka” by the authors from the point of view of its effectiveness and safety., Cевофлуран – современный ингаляционный анестетик, наиболее широко применяемый в мире. На теперешний момент севофлуран считается “золотым стандартом” для проведения анестезиологического пособия. В статье рассматриваются современные возможности применения ингаляционной анестезии, а также опыт использования авторами отечественного ингаляционного анестетика “Севофлуран Хемотека” с точки зрения его эффективности и безопасности., Севофлуран – сучасний інгаляційний анестетик, який є найпоширенішим у світі. Нині севофлуран вважають “золотим стандартом” для проведення загальної анестезії. У статті розглядаються сучасні аспекти використання севофлурану, а також власний досвід авторів вітчизняного інгаляційного анестетика “Севофлуран Хемотека” з позицій ефективності та безпеки.

The authors present the results of the study of concrete core samples extracted from the concrete coating of the airfield that was exposed to alkaline corrosion. It is shown that by the nature of the volumetric deformation kinetics, concrete samples can be classified into three groups: samples mainly subjected to swelling; samples mainly subjected to shrinkage; samples that have a marked technogenic metasomatosis. The experimetal investigation results have confirmed the theoretical conclusions drawn on the base of the technogenic metasomatosis model. There have been revealed the facts of latent technogenic metasomatosis, confirming its prevalence in concrete products. The study of volumetric deformation of samples during their exposure to various media provides additional information for assessing the material`s durability: the ascertained deformation of the samples is the evidence of the exchange processes that will reduce the operation properties of the material with an intensity increasing over time.

The article presents an analysis of works on alkaline corrosion of cement concrete. It is shown that of particular interest are works that analyze the effect of concrete cracks, which appeared during operation, on the intensity of such corrosion. A model of changes in volume deformations of concrete samples has been developed, which is based on the phenomenon of technogenic metasomatosis involving chemical and physical-chemical processes leading to the transformation of the parameters of the structure and composition of the material under the influence of the external environment. An analysis of the model is carried out and the consequences are formulated, the fixation of which in experimental studies will make it possible to identify the course of technogenic metasomatosis in concrete.

An analysis of the current status and future directions of developing medicines for the prevention and early treatment of radiation damage has been conducted. Among radioprotectors, only B-190 (Indralin) is approved for use in the Russian Federation; the main radioprotector in foreign countries is amifostine (Ethyol). Some prospects in the development of new radioprotectors are associated with inhibitors of NO-synthases from the class of N-acyl-S-alkyl-substituted isothiourea derivatives, among which chemical compounds with a pronounced radioprotective effect are found. A recombinant human interleukin-1β (Betaleukin) has been registered in Russia as a radiomitigator intended for use in the early period after accidental irradiation. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the investigational new drug status for seven radiomitigators, including 5-androstenediol (Neumune), genistein (BIO 300), CBLB502 (Entolimod), a kinase inhibitor ON01210 (Ex-RAD), recombinant human interleukin-12 (HemaMax), beclomethasone (OrbeShield), and a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF, Neupogen). Ondansetron hydrochloride dihydrate (Latran) was registered as an antiemetic drug for prevention and therapy of the primary response to radiation in Russia, and granisetron (Kytril) was registered as an antiemetic drug upon irradiation abroad. Potassium iodide, potassium ferric hexacyanoferrate (Ferrocin), diethylenetriaminepentaacetate calcium trisodium (Pentacin, calcium trisodium pentetate), and 2,3-dimercaptopropansulfonate sodium (Unithiol) are used in Russia for the prevention and treatment of damage from irradiation via incorporated radionuclides. Potassium iodide (ThyroShield), diethylenetriaminepentaacetate zinc trisodium (Zn-DTPA, Pentetate zinc trisodium), diethylenetriaminepentaacetate calcium trisodium (Ca-DTPA, Pentetate calcium trisodium), and ferric hexacyanoferrate (Prussian blue, Radiogardase) are used as decorporation agents abroad. Cytokines, vitamins, low-molecular compounds, inhibitors of apoptosis, etc., are considered promising means for the prevention and early treatment of radiation damage.

A regular circular weakly guiding double clad optical fiber is considered. For a single-mode regime of the waveguide, an expression for estimating the proportion of the mode field power penetrating into the outer continuous cladding is obtained using a standard approach and a Gaussian model. It is shown that a simpler and more transparent result is obtained in the Gaussian model, which can be used in practical applications, in particular, when designing this type of waveguides with a minimal proportion of power penetrating into the outer shell.

The outer turbulence scales of temperature and wind vector components in the surface air layer over urban territory and natural terrain are calculated. Monthly average values of the outer scales and their daily mean dynamics in different months are considered. A technique for calculation of the outer turbulence scales based on the results of parameterization of the structure functions of parameters under study is briefly described.

The foreign experience analysis and the mathematical modeling system use have shown that the use of virtual coupling train driving technology will increase line section by an average of 10 to 40%, depending on the energy network and traffic schedule saturation. For a batch schedule consisting, we reduce the interval to the minimum value. According to the calculation results of the power network system operating modes, it is clear that all the traction network characteristics accept the permissible norms.

Increasing the profitability and profitability of railways can be achieved through a phased study, identifying the most problematic areas and a competent, well-planned and economically sound solution to these problems. To do this, the road management structures of individual departments must constantly analyze and develop design solutions for the development and reconstruction of railway transport. Particular attention in terms of increasing freight turnover should be paid to ensuring the required electrical capacities of all transport infrastructure facilities of the Eastern Railway Range, which is currently the most strategically significant in the Holding. In order to optimize the transport service of the eastern direction, increase the cargo turnover of the Baikal-Amur and Trans-Siberian Railways, first of all, it is necessary to provide the required electric capacities of transport infrastructure facilities. It is possible to achieve efficient and reliable power supply for the railways of the Eastern Range, to exclude the possibility of non-export of all categories of cargo, provided that a coordinated integrated approach to the development of the power grid sector of Siberia and the Far East is developed. Such an approach should provide for a phased strengthening of the power system of facilities.

—Results of calculations of heat fluxes (kinematic temperature fluxes) in the surface air layer are discussed based on experimental data on variations in the air temperature and wind vector components on different scales for a territory with a natural landscape (at two heights in the surface layer) and an urbanized territory. A conclusion is drawn about the necessity of taking into account local scale heat fluxes along with fluxes of the turbulent scale when predicting the state of the atmosphere using high spatial resolution models.

The second part of the paper is devoted to the analysis of how heights of intense turbulent exchange and their corresponding temperature gradients in the atmospheric boundary layer are interrelated with ground values of the wind velocity and vertical turbulent heat flow. We consider only cases of temperature inversions in winter (January–February 2020). The division of inversions into two types (ground and raised) and four forms is introduced and the statistic for the height of the turbulent exchange region is obtained for them. According to results of the analysis, a conclusion is made that the direct (well-defined) relation between the height of the intense turbulent heat exchange layer and ground values of the wind velocity and turbulent heat flow is absent under conditions of temperature inversions.

The coherence length and the degree of broadening of a laser beam under the turbulence effect are estimated from the results of remote acoustic sounding of the atmospheric boundary layer with a Volna-4M sodar. The daily average profile of the coherence length in different seasons is considered. Corrections to the effective radius of a laser beam due to turbulence and the monthly average values of these corrections are calculated. A noticeable excess of the possible broadening of the laser beam in winter above that in summer was found.

Possible deviations of a laser beam from a detector in the case of slant propagation paths are calculated based on air temperature profiles measured in the atmospheric boundary layer. The possible seasonal and diurnal dynamics of the deviations under regular refraction is considered. The cases of simultaneous strong (regular) refraction and significant broadening of a laser beam due to the turbulence effect are revealed and analyzed.

The coherence length and possible broadening of a laser beam in the atmospheric boundary layer under the effect of random inhomogeneities of the refractive index are estimated from experimental data of remote acoustic sounding. The possibility of significant loss of coherence and noticeable broadening of the laser beam due to turbulence in nighttime are noted.

Under consideration are the numerical methods for simulation of a fluid flow in fractured porous media. The fractures are taken into account explicitly by using a discrete fracture model. The formulated single-phase filtering problem is approximated by an implicit finite element method on unstructured grids that resolve fractures at the grid level. The systems of linear algebraic equations (SLAE) are solved by the iterative methods of domain decomposition in the Krylov subspaces using the KRYLOVlibrary of parallel algorithms. The results of solving some model problem are presented. A study is conducted of the efficiency of the computational implementation for various values of contrast coefficients which significantly affect the condition number and the number of iterations required for convergence of the method.

Possible displacements of laser beams in the atmospheric boundary layer under the effect of regular refraction are calculated. The case where a radiation source is located at the level of underlying surface is considered. The displacements are estimated for different wavelengths and angles of the beam entrance into the atmosphere. The calculations are based on experimental data on the optical refractive index up to an altitude of 1000 m received in long-term (1 year) measurements of the vertical air temperature profiles with a MTP-5 meteorological temperature profiler.

The possibility of estimating the optical refractive index in the atmospheric boundary layer from air temperature profiles measured with a MTP-5 meteorological temperature profiler is studied. The refractive index profiles retrieved from MTP-5 data and from aerological measurements are compared. Examples of the refractive index and its derivatives for different seasons are given.

Results of analysis of experimental data on the vertical turbulent heat fluxes in the near-ground layer of the atmosphere obtained using a “Meteo-2” ultrasound meteorological station are presented. Results of investigations of a relationship between the heat flux and the outer scale of temperature turbulence are given.

The goal of this study is to assess the adequacy of models assumed in the kinetic theory of aging of living systems, which is based on the analysis of data obtained on dogs and fruit flies. The mathematical model of the kinetic theory of aging was demonstrated to describe the probability density of death, probability of death, and the average longevity of the biological systems studied. These systems were considered in their natural environments and under conditions of short-term chronic irradiation and elevated temperature in the case of dogs and flies, respectively. The aging kinetic equations and their parameters are represented.

When evaluating the effectiveness of the drug Mefloquine against SARS-Cov-2 coronavirus, in vitro experiments examined its toxicity for African green monkey kidney cell culture - Vero C1008, as well as antiviral activity against SARS-Cov-2, which was evaluated by suppressing the cytopathic effect the virus. A study of the toxicity of the drug Mefloquine showed that the concentration at which the drug exerts a cytopathic effect against 50% of Vero C1008 cells is 4.5 μg / ml. The maximum tolerated concentration (MTD) of Mefloquine is 2.25 μg / ml. A study of the effectiveness showed that 1 day after infection, the antiviral effect of Mefloquine was recorded when the drug was added 24 hours and 1 hour before infection with SARS-CoV-2, as well as when it was added 1 hour after infection, the cell culture was already at a concentration of 0.5 μg / ml Mefloquine at a concentration of 2 μg / ml, added to the Vero C1008 cell culture 1 hour after the introduction of SARS-CoV-2, completely blocked the action of the virus for 2 days after infection.

Two optical fibers are considered—round and elliptically deformed (along the entire length) in its cross section. For single-mode operation, analytical expressions are obtained for the energy loss when splicing two such fibers, depending on the eccentricity. It is shown that, provided that the propagation constants in the first and second fibers coincide during their splicing, the energy losses depend not only on the eccentricity of the deformed fiber, but also on the waveguide number.

The article presents a new methodology for the complex assessment of factors that restrict working conditions, which is based on matrix mechanisms of complex assessment, allowing to take into account heterogeneous complexity factors. As criteria for determining the cramped working conditions, the following are used: the mass and dimensions of the inventory, their number and the complexity of work to prepare the workplace for construction and installation work. The presented approach is able to take into account any factors‘ combination, which makes it possible to abandon the existing fixed number of coefficients. Illustrated examples are shown and that clearly demonstrates the methodology for assessing the complexity of construction and installation work. The proposed method can be used in the management of construction projects, to adjust the cost of work, etc. The screen forms of the software module created specifically to provide a comprehensive assessment of complexity factors are demonstrated.

A resistance to rutting research of sulphur-extended asphalt with various content of sulphur was performed using modern methods of rutting tests which imitate real conditions of a pavement functioning. It was found that the resistance of sulphur-extended asphalt to rutting is much higher than that of traditional asphaltic concretes. Moreover, increasing the sulphur content results in the increment of this indicator. It was found that the asphaltic concrete resistance to shear can not be truly defined by use of the methods of the existing GOST 12801-98.

The simulation of thermal fields and melting permafrost is an important step for engineering construction in many regions of Russia. Water-ice phase transitions in a 3D complicated computation domain must be taken into account. The enthalpy statement with an implicit finite volume method was used to create a good discretization and a local mesh refinement to focus an area near the oil well. System of linear algebraic equations is solved using the iterative conjugate residual or conjugate gradient method in Krylov subspaces with the incomplete factorization algorithm in the Eisenstat modification as a preconditioner. A special high-parallel version of matrix generation and solving a system of the linear algebraic equations code have been developed and then efficiency has been estimated. The performance results of the developed code and temperature fields for different wells configuration (1 well and 4 wells placed as squared) during 5 years have been presented. The results validation was based on the comparison with previous papers and other algorithms. The results of simulations are close those to presented by other authors.

The structure parameter of the refractive index of optical waves Cn2 in the surface air layer is analyzed in the context of results calculated from the structure parameter of the air temperature Cn2. The estimates for Cn2 based on an optical differential turbulence meter and ultrasonic anemometer-thermometers are compared. The systematic difference between these estimates at a high degree of correlation is noted. The diurnal mean profile of Cn2 in different seasons in territories with a natural landscape and urban territory is obtained and analyzed.

A method of iterative congruence for searching for the parameters of a kinetic mathematical model for aging of living systems using medical statistics data is developed. Its possibilities for describing risk functions of mortality and life expectancy for humans and animals depending on environmental factors are illustrated. The concept of forecasting environmental risks, i.e., risks to the population’s health from ecological factors, is formulated.

Complex measurements of atmospheric turbulence level were carried out with the use of a differential turbulence meter, a wavefront sensor, and ultrasonic weather stations. The refractive index structure constant was measured daily along horizontal optical paths at the Basic Experimental Station of the V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. The comparative analysis of the data received is given.

Results of analyzing structure functions of wind velocity components in the surface layer of the atmosphere over an inhomogeneous underlying surface are considered. Based on processing experimental data, three main types of structure functions are distinguished and analytical models for their approximation are proposed in the range of shifts related to the inertial turbulence interval. The repeatability of the distinguished types of structure functions is estimated for different observation points and the statistics of approximating functions’ parameters is considered.

Based on experimental data obtained in the surface air layer with different structures of the underlying surface, components of the turbulence anisotropy tensor are calculated and their average values and root-mean-square deviations are determined for different conditions of measurements. The influence of experimental data processing modes on the statistic of anisotropy tensor components is considered. A high degree of stability of average values of tensor components in different conditions is reported.

The aim of the study is to assess the adequacy of model representations, accepted in the kinetic theory of aging of living systems, the analysis of the experimental data obtained on dogs and fruit flies. The work is illustrated by applying the need to develop a mathematical model of the kinetic theory of aging to describe the probability density of death, probability of death, the average duration of life of the considered biological systems in the natural conditions of existence, as well as for dogs with limited time and chronic RA-diciannove impact, and for Drosophila - high external temperature. Op-defined kinetic equation of aging and their parameters.Целью исследования является оценка адекватности модельных представлений, принятых в кинетической теории старения живых систем, при анализе экспериментальных данных, полученных на собаках и дрозофилах. В работе проиллюстрирована применимость математической модели кинетической теории старения для описания плотности вероятности смерти, вероятности смерти, средней продолжительности жизни рассматриваемых биологических систем в естественных условиях существования, а также для собак в условиях ограниченного во времени и хронического радиационного воздействия, а для дрозофил — при повышенной внешней температуре. Определены кинетические уравнения старения и их параметры.