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Bozkır is an old town established on the skirts of the Taurus Mountains, and contain various tectonic units, eg. Bozkır unit, extending laterally several hundreds of kilometres. The Bozkır unit typically crops out and hence named around Bozkır district. It is formed by deep sea sediments, ophiolites and submarine basic volcanic rocks, all of which overlied by well-exposed Paleogene and Neogene? units. Bozkır is rich not only for its geological occurrence, but also for its culture, history and nature. Bozkır is in a central position of ancient Isauria and represented by Zengibar castle. The town has also a bridge of Seljuk period and various Seljuk and Ottoman Mosques. Çarşamba stream, source of the life in the region, is originated from Taurus Mountains both as Aygır spring, and as leakage from Sarıot lake. It crosses from various villages and town up to Mavi Gorge to meet with the water channel. All of which suggest that Bozkır district should be declared as a Geopark.

The activity concentrations of 222Rn with an AlphaGUARD system in well having different depths and in natural spring waters were measured to assess the natural radioactivity level of the Çorlu region. The measured concentrations varied from 22.04 to 63.92 Bq L−1 for 6 well water samples, 15.38–24.33 Bq L−1 for 6 spring water samples. The activity concentrations from 238U, 232Th and 40K in 11 soil samples collected from the same region were also determined and the outdoor gamma dose rates at 1 m above the surface at the same sampling points were measured. The results obtained in this study lie within safe limits recommended by WHO and UNSCEAR with the exception of the mean specific activity of 40K radionuclide. © 2021, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary.

Soil-gas

DOI: 10.15317/Scitech.2018.149 Url: http://sujest.selcuk.edu.tr/sumbtd/article/view/479, In the Konya area, the Neotethyan assemblage is represented by Late Cretaceous aged Hatıp Ophiolitic Mélange, in where the metamorphic sole rocks crop out as thin slices beneath the sheared serpentinites and harzburgites, and Çayırbağı ophiolite. This study aims to characterize the mineralogical characteristics and chemical composition of the amphiboles in the metamagmatic sole rocks of the Hatıp Ophiolitic Mélange. The main rock types in the metamorphic sole rocks are amphibolite (amphibole up to 90.3 %); epidote-amphibolite (65.3% amphibole); zoisite-amphibolite (amphibole 52.2%) and amphibole-quartzite (amphibole 28.5%) with nematoblastic to porphyroblastic texture. The microprobe analyses of the amphiboles suggest that the amphiboles have crystallized from a wet magma in medium pressure condition (≤ 7 kb), and are magnesiohornblende, pargasite and edenite in composition. The obtained data also reveal that the Neotethyan assemblage has experienced a regional metamorphism in greenschist facies conditions, which resulted in no chemical changes in the amphiboles., Konya yöresinde Neotetis topluluğu, Geç Kretase yaşlı makaslanmış serpantinit ve harzburgitlerin altında ince dilimler şeklinde metamorfik taban kayaçlarının bulunduğu Hatıp ofiyolitik Melanjı ve Çayırbağı ofiyolitleri ile temsil edilirler. Bu çalışmada, metamorfik dilimde yer alan metamagmatik kayaçlardaki amfibollerin mineralojik özelliklerinin ve kimyasal bileşimlerinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Metamorfik dilimdeki ana kayaç tipleri nematoblastik - porfiroblastik dokuya sahip olan amfibolit (% 90.3 lere varan amfibol); epidot amfibolit (%65.3 amfibol); zoisit amfibolit (%52.2 amfibol) ve amfibol kuvarsit (%28.5 amfibol) tir. Amfibollerin kimyası, amfibollerin orta basınç şartlarında (≤ 7 kb) sulu bir mağmadan kristalleşen magnezyohornblend, pargazit ve edenit bileşiminde olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Eldeki veriler, ayrıca Neotetis topluluğunun daha sonra amfibollerde kimyasal bir değişiklik oluşturmayan yeşilşist fasiyesi şartlarında bölgesel bir metamorfizmaya uğradığını vurgulamaktadır.

WOS: 000383310800002, The Horoz pluton includes granitic and granodioritic rocks, with widespread mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs). Petrochemically, the rocks of the pluton show calc-alkaline to shoshonitic and metaluminous to slightly peraluminous composition. The rocks also exhibit an enrichment in large ion lithophile elements, e.g. Rb, K, and depletions of high field strength elements such as Y, Lu, and Mg#, Ni, with a slightly concave-upward rare earth element pattern. Both granitic and granodioritic rocks exhibit geochemical characteristics of tonalite, trondhjemite and granodiorite assemblages, possibly developed by the partial melting of a thickened lower crust. The granitoids have high concentrations of Na2O (2.6-4.5 wt%), Sr (347-599 ppm), intermediate-high (La/Yb)(N) (8.2-18.1, mostly >11), Al2O3 (13.2-16.9 wt%, average 15.3 wt%), low MgO (0.2-1.4 wt%, average 0.84 wt%) and Co (0.7-10.3 ppm). The MMEs include higher Na2O (4.5-5.5 wt%), Sr (389-1149 ppm), Al2O3 (16.9-19.2 wt%, average 17.8 wt%), MgO (1.4-4.4 wt%, average 2.75 wt%) and Co (6.2-18.7 ppm) contents in comparison with that of their hosts. There is a lack of negative Eu anomalies, except a few samples. Both host rocks and MMEs have a low initial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio (respectively 0.7046-0.7051 and 0.7047-0.7058), low epsilon(Nd) value (-1.8 to -0.2 and -0.6 to 0.7 at 50 Ma) and highly radiogenic Pb-208/Pb-204 ratios (39.43-39.47 and 39.39-39.54). Whole-rock chemistry and isotopic data suggest that parent magmas of both MMEs and their hosts have derived from melts of the mixing between the lithospheric mantle and crustal end members, than fractional crystallization processes in crustal levels., Office of Scientific Research (BAP; Selcuk University, Turkey) [5401041], This work was financially supported by the Office of Scientific Research (BAP; Project No. 5401041, Selcuk University, Turkey). The authors are grateful to Mehmet Arslan and Alvar Soesoo for their helpful comments and suggestions on the manuscript.

Extensive Late Miocene to Pliocene Erenlerdagi volcanism produced lava domes, nuee ardentes and ignimbrite deposits in west and southwest of the Konya. The domes may contain various enclaves, which range in size from a few cm to a few meters, and in shape cornered to spherical. The volcanic rocks are made up of plagioclase (15-45%), brown amphibole (3-15%), brown biotite (5-10 %), quartz (0-5%), sanidine (0-5%), clinopyroxene (0-5 %), epidote (0-8%), opaque iron ore (3-20%), and accessory acicular apatite and zircon in a holocrystalline porphyric texture. Geochemical data shows that all samples are high-K calc-alkaline, mostly metaluminous, and rhyodacite to andesite in composition. They are characterized by an enrichment in Large Ion lithophile Elements (e.g. Cs, K), and a depletion in High Field Strength Elements (e.g. Ti, Y). In Harker variation diagrams, SiO2 increases with increasing K2O, Na2O, Rb, Th, U, Nb, Zr contents; and decreasing TiO2, FeOt, MgO, CaO contents, suggesting fractional crystallisation of hornblende (± pyroxene, olivine) and titanite. The REE pattern of the samples shows an enrichment in Light Rare Earth Elements, and a depletion in Heavy Rare Earth Elements, resultant with high ((La/Lu)N= 8.2-18.0) ratios. Existence of slight Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu*: 0.66-0.80 ) may suggest plagioclase fractionation in the samples. Based on field, mineralogical and geochemical data, it has been suggested that the Erenlerdagi volcanics could have formed by chemical mixing of felsic and mafic magmas possibly coupled with fractional crystallisation of hornblende (± pyroxene, olivine), plagioclase and titanite, in relation with the subduction of the African plate underneath the Anatolian plate during Miocene.

Dissolution kinetics of nickel from lateritic ore in nitric acid solution was investigated. Experimental parameters used were stirring speed (100-600 r/min), temperature (40-96 °C), nitric acid concentration (0.1-2 mol/L) and particle size (

8th Conference on Protection against Radon at Home and at Work / 13th International Workshop on the Geological Aspects of Radon Risk Mapping -- SEP, 2016 -- -- Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC, WOS: 000417604700042, PubMed: 28981815, Water samples for radon-gas analyses were collected from springs in and around the town of SeydiAYehir. Radon concentration in the spring water has been measured using the AlphaGUARD PQ 2000PRO radon detector. Radon activity results varied from 1.85 to 99.27 Bq l(-1). The radon level at the measurement points could have been controlled by local geological conditions (i.e. faults) and human activities. We also calculated annual effective doses resulting from the consumption of these water samples., Czech Tech Univ Prague, Fac Nucl Sci & Phys Engn, Natl Radiat Protect Inst, Radon v o s, Independia Grp, LANDAUER NORDIC, Mi am slr, PropertECO Ltd, Radosys Ltd, Saphymo GmbH, Sarad GmbH, Tracerlab GmbH, Track Anal Syst Ltd

URL:http://sujest.selcuk.edu.tr/sumbtd/article/view/457 DOI: 10.15317/Scitech.2017.98, The natural rocks used today as well as in the history for a variety of purposes were a subject of different alteration, weathering and deterioration conditions. These conditions are strictly controlled by environment and nature of rock varieties (marble and stone). This study is a first approach to understand the relation between some geological features and behavior against salt (Na2SO4) decay of Moroccan marbles and stones. For this purpose, widely used four dolomitic limestones, two crystalline limestones, one limestone and one basalt sample (total 8) were chosen from Morocco. Extra attention paid to choose locations being a representative of all Moroccan country. The carbonate samples (limestone and dolomite) consist of mainly dolomite and calcite with micritic and sparitic cement. The sole, non-carbonaceous sample is basalt of Khenifra containing mainly plagioclase and pyroxene. In general, both bulk-dry and powder density values of the studied rock samples are homogeneous. The limestone of Bir Jdid has the highest (10.81 %) effective porosity and dry weight loss value (4.61 %). The loss on ignition value of the Khenifra basalt has the lowest value with 1.26 %. The loss on ignition values are also relatively uniform. The obtained data indicate that outdoor uses (especially in coastal areas) of limestones of Bir Jdid and dolomitic limestones of Taza are more risky than the others., Hem geçmiş dönemlerde hem de günümüzde çok çeşitli amaçlar için kullanılan doğal taşlar farklı ayrışma, dağılma ve bozunmaya uğramaktadırlar. Bu şartlar çevre ve kayacın türüne (mermer ve taş) sıkı sıkıya bağlıdır. Bu çalışma Fas mermerleri ve taşlarını tuza (Na2SO4) karşı dayanımlarını ve bazı jeolojik özelliklerini anlamak için yapılan ilk çalışmadır. Bunun için Fas’tan getirilen çok kullanılan 4 dolomit, 2 kristalize kireçtaşı, 1 kireçtaşı ve bir bazalt (toplam 8 adet) örneği seçilmiştir. Örnekler mümkün mertebe Fas’ın değişik yerlerinden seçilmiştir. Karbonat kayaçları (kireçtaşı ve dolomit) temel olarak dolomit ve kalsit minerallerinden müteşekkil olup çimento mikrit ve sparittir. Karbonatsız tek kayaç olan Khenifra bazaltı esasen plajiyoklas ve piroksen içerir. Genel olarak örneklerin kuru ve öğütülmüş ağırlıkları birbirlerine benzer. Bir Jdid kireçtaşları en yüksek etkili porozite (% 10.81) ve kuru ağırlık kaybına (%4.61) sahiptir. En düşük ateş zayiatı Khenifra bazaltlarındadır (%1.26). Ateş zayiatları genel olarak homojendir. Eldeki veriler Bir Jdid kireçtaşları ve Taza dolomitik kireçtaşlarının dışarda (özellikle sahil bölgelerinde) kullanımlarının diğerlerine göre daha riskli olduğuna işaret etmektedir.

Mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) are widespread in the Horoz pluton with granodiorite and granite units. Rounded to elliptical MMEs have variable size (from a few centimetres up to metres) and are generally fine-grained with typical magmatic textures. The plagioclase compositions of the MMEs range from An18–An64 in the cores to An17–An29 in the rims, while that of the host rocks varies from An17 to An55 in the cores to An07 to An33 in the rims. The biotite is mostly eastonitic, and the calcic-amphibole is magnesio-hornblende and edenite. Oxygen fugacity estimates from both groups’ biotites suggest that the Horoz magma possibly crystallised at fO2 conditions above the nickel–nickel oxide (NNO) buffer. The significance of magma mixing in their genesis is highlighted by various petrographic and mineralogical characteristics such as resorption surfaces in plagioclases and amphibole; quartz ocelli rimmed by biotite and amphibole; sieve and boxy cellular textures, and sharp zoning discontinuities in plagioclase. The importance of magma mixing is also evident in the amphiboles of the host rocks, which are slightly richer in Si, Fe3+ and Mg in comparison with the amphiboles of MMEs. However, the compositional similarity of the plagioclase and biotite phenocrysts from MMEs and their host rocks suggests that the MMEs were predominantly equilibrated with their hosts. Evidence from petrography and mineral chemistry suggests that the adakitic Horoz MMEs could be developed from a mantle-derived, water-rich magma (>3 mass%) affected by a mixing of felsic melt at P >2.3 kbar, T >730°C.

Turkey has important chromite, magnesite and olivine deposits within peridotite host rocks. The peridotites (harzburgite, verlite, lherzolite and dunite) are mostly serpentinised as a result of metasomatic reaction of olivine and pyroxene minerals with percolating water. The serpentinites are generally an important part of ophiolitic complexes which displays a discontinuous belts all over the country. The chromite deposits are often related to cumulates and tectonites (as Alpine and/or podiform type deposits) and despite their small reserves, their grade can reach up to 58 %. In most deposits, a little enrichment efforts, the grade of chromite can easily be reached from 25 % to 40-45 %.The magnesite deposits of West Anatolia is especially concentrated in three provinces. These provinces are Konya, Kutahya and Eskisehir. The magnesites are of cryptocrystalline type and, like chromite deposits, their reserve are small but have high grade with low FeO-CaO and high MgO ratio. Once again, these deposits are fo...

We examined the rare earth element content of several cryptocrystalline magnesites as well as hydromagnesite, host rock serpentinites, lake water and hot spring water from Turkey. Southwestern Turkey hosts cryptocrystalline magnesites, sedimentary magnesites with presently forming, biologically mediated hydromagnesites and travertines. Our results show the REE content of the minerals, rocks and waters are well below detection limits. One hydromagnesite sample from Lake Salda has slightly high La (2.38ppb), Ce (3.91 ppb) and Nd (1.68 ppb) when compared to other samples, but these are also still below detection limits of the method we followed.

In this study, three type of marble and one granite were chosen to understand if the coating is effective on hardness of the commercial rocks. To understand the hardness of the rock, Schmidt hammer tests were undertaken. The used device allowed us uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) as well as Schmidt rebound (R). The coated samples have clearly high R and UCS values when compared to uncoated samples. The Elazig visne, the well-known marble of Turkey, have 35.6 R and 44.2 MPa UCS values of coated samples. On the other hand, uncoated surface of the same marble have 30.5 R and 35.4 MPa UCS.

Approximately 8% of Turkey is covered by ultramafic rocks which host economically important deposits of magnesite, chromite and olivine. Magnesite deposits are of three types: (1) Massive or crystalline, (2) Cryptocrystalline and (3) Sedimentary. Cryptocrystalline and sedimentary type magnesite deposits are widespread all over Turkey although the massive type deposits are seemingly absent. In this study, we examined the sedimentary magnesite deposits of Hirsizdere, located in the province of Denizli, SW Turkey. The deposits formed as five beds within an ultramafic environment. The thickness of the magnesite beds can reach up to 4 meters and may be traced up to 3 km from west to east. The deposit comprises half a million tons of magnesite with some associated dolomite.

In this study, we investigated the chemical and physical properties of the volcanic rocks used as building stones in historical places and monuments. The chemical weathering effect of salt crystallization on these stones was measured on the laboratory conditions (in most cases, used samples were very small). For this purpose, the dry weight loss (DWL) test was conducted. The rocks of dacite, andesite and tuffs of volcanic origin have different durability against salt crystallization. The most stable rocks are dacites (DWL 2.06%) which were used in the construction of Hittite monuments at Eflatun. The durability of the stones is closely related to their chemical, mineralogical, petrographical and mechanical properties. The stones used in the historical buildings are generally much more stable than present-day building stones.

Many Neo-Tethyan ophiolitic bodies are well exposed as thrust-slices in Central Anatolia and are predominantly represented by massive hornblende gabbros, most of which are cut by Supra Subduction Zone (SSZ) plagiogranites. The allochthonous gabbros are distinct from their autochthonous counterparts, with their mineralogy including both igneous hornblende, relict diopside rimmed by replacement hornblende and their chemical composition corresponding mostly to gabbro rather than diorite. The results of major and trace element analyses of forty-two samples, and REE analyses of nine samples, indicate that the hornblende gabbros are SSZ-type and formed from a wet magma by high-degree partial melting of peridotite possibly coupled with contamination by predominantly neighbouring-slab derived fluids within an intra-oceanic back-arc basin. The mafic magmas then underwent high-level fractional crystallization involving titaniferous magnetite, diopside, tschermakite and possibly olivine. Emplacement was followed by extensive ocean–floor metamorphism, which has induced crystallization (or recrystallization) of chlorite, biotite, amphiboles and mobilisation of most of the major elements such as alkali and alkali earth elements, and some LREE.

The study area is located at 20 km southwest of Seydişehir (Konya) and the chromites are cropped out in the dunitic rocks of the Kızıldağ ultramafics. The chromites are found as banded, schliren and massive occurrences and their chemical composition have a features of Alpine type chromites. These chromites can be classified as Al- rich and ferric chromites and their Cr/Fet is between 2.77 and 3.28 (mean 2.99). In the Cr/Cr+AlMg/Mg+Fe +2 binary diagram, r/Cr+Al values covers a festricted area while Mg/Mg + Fe+2 ratios distrubuted in a wider range. There is a strong negative correlation between Cr and Mg and negative (not too strong) correlation between Cr and Al., Seydişehir'in yaklaşık 20 km güneybatısında bulunan Kızıldağ'da ortaya çıkan kromitler ultramafik kütlenin dunit bileşimli kayaçları içerisinde bulunmaktadır. Bu kayaçlar içerisinde bandlı, saçılımlı ve masif yapılı olarak bulunan kromitler, kimyasal bakımdan Alpin tip kromitlerin özelliğini taşımaktadır. Al'lu ve Ferri kromit olarak adlandırılan kromitlerin Cr/Fet oranı 2.77 ile 3.28 arasında (ort. 2.92) değişmektedir. Cr/Cr+Al-Mg/Mg+Fe+2diyagramında üç değerlikli bileşenler dar bir alanda iki değerlikli bileşenler ise daha geniş bir alanda dağılım gösterirler.

In the study area the Upper Permian aged Dedeköy formation and the Lower-Middle Triassic aged Gerdekesyayla formation, both belonging to the Bolkar group, found in the mustbottom of the region. Dedeköy formation is made dolomitic limestone and crystalline limestone. The base of this unit in the study area is not exposed. But, it is conformably overlain by the Gerdekesyayla formation. The Gerdekesyayla formation consists of phyllite, dolomitic limestone alternation with calc-schist and some limestone olistoliths. The Upper Paleocene-Middle Eocene aged Halkapınar formation unconformably overlies the Bolkar group. Halkapınar formation starts with conglomerate and sandstones and it comprises sandy and clayey limestone strata, although it is mainly made of sandstone and shale interlayers. Diabasic dykes and stocks can also be found in the Halkapınar formation. The Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene aged Kepeztepe formation unconformably overlies the Halkapınar formation. Kepeztepe formation is made up of conglomerate and limestone. In this formation,the of this limestones are useually stromatolitic, and the formations of this stromatolitic limestones govermed by some algae, such as Schizothrix sp., Phormidium sp. and/or Scytonema sp. The Quaternary aged stream sediments, talus deposits and alluvium unconformably overlies the older units in the region., İnceleme alanında en altta Bolkar grubuna ait Dedeköy (Üst Permiyen) ve Gerdekesyayla (Alt-Orta Triyas) formasyonları yer alır. Dedeköy formasyonu; dolomitik kireçtaşı ve mermerlerden oluşur ve taban dokanağı inceleme alanında gözlenmez. Dedeköy formasyonu üzerine uyumlu dokanakla fillit, dolomitik kireçtaşı ile kalkşist ardalanmasından oluşan ve kireçtaşı olistolitleri kapsayan Gerdekesyayla formasyonu gelmektedir. Bolkar grubu üzerine uyumsuz olarak konglomera ve kumtaşıyla başlayan, kumlu kireçtaşı, killi kireçtaşı ara tabakaları kapsayan kumtaşı-şeyl ardalanmasından oluşan Halkapınar formasyonu (Üst Paleosen-Orta Eosen) gelmektedir. Halkapınar formasyonu içinde andezit, bazalt ve diyabaz daykları ile bunlara ait bloklar da yer almaktadır. Halkapınar formasyonu üzerine uyumsuz olarak konglomera ve kireçtaşlarından oluşan Kepeztepe formasyonu (Üst Miyosen-Alt Pliyosen) gelir. Bu birimdeki kireçtaşları genellikle stromatolitik olup stromatolitlerin gelişiminde Schizothrix sp., Phormidium sp ve/veya Scytonema sp. gibi alg cinsleri etkili olmuştur. Tüm bu birimler üzerinde ise Kuvaterner yaşlı akarsu çökelleri, yamaç molozları ve alüvyonlardan ibaret genç oluşuklar açılı uyumsuz olarak yer almaktadır.

Seydişehir'in yaklaşık 20 km güneybatısında bulunan Kızıldağ'da ortaya çıkan kromitler ultramafik kütlenin dunit bileşimli kayaçları içerisinde bulunmaktadır. Bu kayaçlar içerisinde bandlı, saçılımlı ve masif yapılı olarak bulunan kromitler, kimyasal bakımdan Alpin tip kromitlerin özelliğini taşımaktadır. Al'lu ve Ferri kromit olarak adlandırılan kromitlerin Cr/Fet oranı 2.77 ile 3.28 arasında (ort. 2.92) değişmektedir. Cr/Cr+Al-Mg/Mg+Fe+2diyagramında üç değerlikli bileşenler dar bir alanda iki değerlikli bileşenler ise daha geniş bir alanda dağılım gösterirler.

Vein stockworks and lacustrine developments of cryptocrystalline magnesium carbonates of Neogene and Quaternary age occur within the partially serpentinized, discontinuous ultramafic belts of southwestern Turkey. They are comparable to the Neogene cryptocrystalline magnesite bodies elsewhere in the Alpine orogen to the northwest and southeast. Our previous work (Fallick et al., 1991) suggested that cool (less than or equal to 100 degrees C) modified meteoric water was the mineralizer, that ultramafic rock was the source of the magnesium, but that there were three separate sources of the (bi)carbonate. These sources were distinguishable by their stable isotope composition as follows: (1) low-temperature carbonate with delta(18)O((SMOW)) values of similar to 36 per mil and delta(13)C((PDB)) values of similar to 4 per mil, derived from atmospheric CO2; (2) moderate-temperature carbonate with delta(18)O((SMOW)) values of +28 per mil and delta(13)C((PDB)) values of -15 per mil, derived by decarboxylation of organic-rich sediments; and (3) higher temperature carbonate with delta(18)O((SMOW)) values of similar to 19 per mil and delta(13)C((PDB)) values of similar to 3 per mil, assumed to have been generated by thermal contact metamorphism of Paleozoic marine limestone at depth. In general these magnesite deposits were found to fall into two groups, comprising carbonate generated on two mixing lines. The first group spanned the putative mixing line from the "atmospheric" source (1) to "organically derived" source of CO2 (2). The second group extended between atmospheric source (1) and the "thermal" source (3), although there were concentrations either around the atmospheric end, or precisely at the contact metamorphic end of the line. In the present study we found that large stockwork deposits at Helvacibaba and Koyakci Tepe have delta(13)C((PDB)) and delta(18)O((SMOW)) values averaging similar to-12 and similar to+27 per mil, respectively, indicating a derivation mainly by oxidation of organic-rich metasediments perhaps underthrust at depth (end-member 2), with some involvement of atmospheric carbon dioxide as bicarbonate in the circulating, hot, and modified meteoric water (end- member 1). Calcite veinlets in a meta-argillite of the Cambro- Ordovician Seydisehir Formation, most likely to have been underthrust beneath the stockworks, yielded delta(13)C((PDB)) values of -20 per mil, consistent with, though not proving, oxidized organic carbon being one of the sources of carbonate. The delta(18)O((SMOW)) values of these same veinlet carbonates are also rather low (22 parts per thousand), indicating precipitation from heated ground water, though their age is unknown. The major stratiform magnesite deposit at Hirsizdere in the center of the Menderes graben has delta(13)C((PDB)) and delta(18)O((SMOW)), values averaging similar to 3 and similar to 25 per mil, respectively and thus appears to be an example of the hydrothermal-sedimentary (i.e., exhalative) type (Ilich, 1968). In contrast, the hydromagnesite stromatolites presently growing in Salda Golu (Lake Salda) are apparently developing at cool ground-water seepages. The gross morphology of the Salda Golu stromatolites and the hydromagnesite sediments derived therefrom is reminiscent of that revealed in the Bela Stena magnesite pit in Serbia. These lacustrine deposits have mean delta(13)C((PDB)) values of similar to 4 and similar to 2 per mil and mean delta(18)O((SMOW)) values of similar to 36 and similar to 33 per mil, respectively, i.e., they both plot broadly over the atmospheric CO2-meteoric water field (end- member 1), consistent with microbially mediated precipitation at cool ground-water seepages in enclosed evaporating lakes.

İnceleme alanında en altta Bolkar grubuna ait Dedeköy (Üst Permiyen) ve Gerdekesyayla (Alt-Orta Triyas) formasyonları yer alır. Dedeköy formasyonu; dolomitik kireçtaşı ve mermerlerden oluşur ve taban dokanağı inceleme alanında gözlenmez. Dedeköy formasyonu üzerine uyumlu dokanakla fillit, dolomitik kireçtaşı ile kalkşist ardalanmasından oluşan ve kireçtaşı olistolitleri kapsayan Gerdekesyayla formasyonu gelmektedir. Bolkar grubu üzerine uyumsuz olarak konglomera ve kumtaşıyla başlayan, kumlu kireçtaşı, killi kireçtaşı ara tabakaları kapsayan kumtaşı-şeyl ardalanmasından oluşan Halkapınar formasyonu (Üst Paleosen-Orta Eosen) gelmektedir. Halkapınar formasyonu içinde andezit, bazalt ve diyabaz daykları ile bunlara ait bloklar da yer almaktadır. Halkapınar formasyonu üzerine uyumsuz olarak konglomera ve kireçtaşlarından oluşan Kepeztepe formasyonu (Üst Miyosen-Alt Pliyosen) gelir. Bu birimdeki kireçtaşları genellikle stromatolitik olup stromatolitlerin gelişiminde Schizothrix sp., Phormidium sp ve/veya Scytonema sp. gibi alg cinsleri etkili olmuştur. Tüm bu birimler üzerinde ise Kuvaterner yaşlı akarsu çökelleri, yamaç molozları ve alüvyonlardan ibaret genç oluşuklar açılı uyumsuz olarak yer almaktadır.

The 9White Rock9, constituting a portion of what may be a lacustrine sedimentary sequence near the margin of a crater c. 90 km across in Sabaea Terra, Mars, measures 18 × 15 km × 180–540 m high. It is re-interpreted as a lens of magnesium carbonate precipitated where ground waters seeped into an ancient evaporating crater lake. Were life to have emerged on Mars, as seems feasible, then the 9White Rock9 might be expected to comprise a complex of stromatolitic mounds. Salda Golu (Lake) in Turkey, is taken as an analogue. This enclosed lake is nearly surrounded and underlain by partially serpentinized harzburgite. Hydromagnesite stromatolites (microbialites) up to 7 m high coalesce to form a group of small islands 200 m across. The microbialites are seen to be growing near the mouth of the usually dry Salda River in the southwestern sector. Smaller developments of hydromagnesite encircle the lake and image processing of satellite data reveals a second extensive zone beneath the lake surface over a delta in the southeast. Individual columns a few centimetres high constitute bulbous mounds which are about 2 m in diameter. These columns terminate in domes a centimetre or so across. The domes are often annulated and are covered with a green biofilm a few millimetres thick comprised of cyanobactrial filaments. The columns consist of alternating fine and coarse hydromagnesite layers differentiated on a millimetric scale. The coarser layers near the surface still contain traces of the biofilm. Fossil microbialites were also discovered in the friable hydromagnesite cliffs shoreward of the main developments, though the structures of the individual microbes have not survived. Instead the vestiges of microbialites are easily recognized and delineated by their coarse grain size and high porosity. Annular structures on their upper surfaces can be seen in places. The intervening and overlying material, also comprised of hydromagnesite, is a semi-lithified mud. Bulbous megascopic structures, separated by finer grained magnesium carbonate mudstone, within strata in the 9White Rock9, would be strong evidence of a photosynthetic microbial genesis. Another deposit of white rock on the western margin of Juventae Chasma could have a similar origin.

The lateritic nickel ore sample subjected to this experimental study was taken from Karacam ore deposit (Eskisehir-Turkey) and contains 1.80% Ni, 23.90% Fe, 1.58% Mg and 0.034% Co. According to the mineralogical analysis of lateritic nickel ore samples, goethite, hematite, wustite, retgersite, gaspeite, quartz and clay type minerals were observed. The leaching conditions of lateritic nickel ore in a nitric acid medium were investigated by studying the effects of its leaching parameters, such as stirring speed, temperature, nitric acid concentration and the particle size of the sample on Ni extraction. The maximum nickel extraction was obtained with the following conditions: 200 rpm stirring speed, 10/500 g/mL solid/liquid ratio, 240 min of leaching time, a 2.0 M nitric acid concentration, 80°C leaching temperature and -38 μm particle size fraction.

Salda Golu (Lake), in southern Turkey, is a highly alkaline (pH > 9) freshwater lake in which composite stromatolites several metres high are formed by microbially induced precipitation of hydromagnesite. The magnesium and carbonate in the lake waters were dissolved during passage through ultramafic rocks. Precipitation is brought about by the flora of diatoms and cyanobacteria forming the surface of the stromatolites, but does not occur in direct contact with cells. Stromatolites have previously been reported from environments ranging from fully marine through brackish water to a variety of freshwater lacustrine and fluvial situations. The principal importance of these structures lies in their novel mineralogy. Hydromagnesite Mg4(OH)2(CO3)3· 3H2O is commonly regarded as a low-temperature hydrothermal mineral.

WOS: 000249189600003, Whole rock and mineral chemistry of amphibolites are presented for the lower (Gumusler Formation) and higher parts (Kaleboynu Formation) of the Nigde Massif with the aim to constrain protolith genesis and metamorphic P-T-conditions. The amphibolites, associated with a series of supracrustal metasediments, as thin layers and discontinuous pod/small lenses, are of igneous origin with composition of subalkaline and tholefitic basalts. Based on immobile elements content and ratios, amphibolites from both formations are thought to have formed mostly by fractional crystallisation of pyroxene +/- spinel, amphibole, plagioclase as well as apatite and titanite; coupled with minor crustal contamination. Contamination is particularly clear for the Gumusler Formation formed in a back-arc basin (Paleothetys) during magmatic ascent through the thickened Central Anatolian crust. The basic rocks could have been metamorphosed later at 7.5-3 +/- 0.6 kb and 850-420 degrees C, with the temperature gradient ranging from 35 to 122 degrees C/km at different depths in the Neo-Tethyan subduction zone, and exhumed from depths of approximately 20 km via regional extension.

The cities of Konya, Kayseri, Ankara, Sivas, Kyrsehirand Nevsehir, all located in Central Turkey, are well-knownfor their famous historical buildings and monumentsbelonging to prehistoric to medieval civilizations. Withthe Hittite monuments and Seljuk-Ottoman mosques,medresses and caravansaries, the city of Konya is themost distinctive among others. Especially, the buildingsare significant for the identity of the Seljuk and Ottomanarchitecture, which was dominant during the period of11th and 20th centuries. Travertines, andesites and granitesare the most used rocks for construction purpose bythese two dominant empires in the Middle East. Thebuildings have suffered stone weathering since theirconstruction and the preservation of these buildingshas become a great issue for the past decades. The sourceregion of the rocks used in these buildings as well asHittite monument (dacite was used) at Eflatun is displayedin Fig. 1.

F or the last fifteen years, there has been extensive motorway and railway constructions in Turkey. This requires enormous amount of road-fillers and aggregates, and the construction companies open many open-pit limestone quarries to fulfill their aggregate needs. The partly double four lines , partly one-way double line motorway of KonyaHüyük have recently been enlarged and partly re-constructed. During this construction, a total of five limestone quarry were opened to produce limestone aggregate. The Bozlutepe Limestone member of Asmalıtepe Formation near the town of Selki HüyükKonya, central Anatolia were used for this demand, and it has been operated for the last 6 years. The limestone member is approximately 200 m thick at most and mostly made of three type of minerals and these are dolomitic limestone, crystalline limestone and quartz-bearing crystallized limestones. All the minerals are crystallized and the minerals locally dominate at the quarry. The produced aggregates have relatively flat granulometry curve indicating most of the grains are of thin and have clay-silt sized particles. Our studies revealed that Bozlutepe Limestones are formed in carbonate facies in shallow marine environments during Permian-Carboniferous times. The member most likely have low-grade metamorphism during Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras