Search

Aims: It is well known that vine nitrogen deficiency can negatively impact on aroma in white wines. Soil nitrogen fertilization enhances aroma expression, but it also increases vine vigour and susceptibility to grey rot. The aim of this work was to investigate the impact of foliar nitrogen as well as foliar nitrogen and sulphur applications on aromatic expression, vigour and susceptibility to grey rot of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon blanc. Methods and results: The impact of foliar nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) application on aromatic expression of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon blanc has been investigated. On a plot where vine nitrogen status is naturally low and water availability not limiting, foliar nitrogen and sulphur fertilization (10 kg/ha of N and 5 kg/ha of S) increased yeast available nitrogen content. Vine vigour and maturity level of grapes were not modified compared to the control. The wines produced from N+S vines contained more volatile thiols and glutathione. These results were confirmed by a tasting of wines produced with grapes from the experimental plots. Foliar nitrogen fertilization alone (10 kg/ha of N) also increased Sauvignon blanc aromatic expression, but less so than the N + S treatment. Conclusions: Foliar N and foliar N + S applications can enhance aromatic expression in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon blanc wines without increasing vine vigour and infestation by grey rot. Significance and impact of the study: Vine nitrogen deficiency can negatively impact on grape aroma potential. Soil nitrogen application can increase vine nitrogen status, but it has several drawbacks: it increases vigour and enhances Botrytis susceptibility. This study shows that foliar N and foliar N + S applications can improve vine nitrogen status and enhance aroma expression in Sauvignon blanc wines without the negative impact on vigour and Botrytis susceptibility. Although this study was carried out on Sauvignon blanc vines, it is likely that foliar N or foliar N + S applications will have similar effects on other grapevine varieties containing volatile thiols (Colombard, Riesling, Petit Manseng and Sémillon).

Yeast lees isolated from wine or a culture medium after fermentation have the particular property of being able to adsorb certain volatile thiols contained in a hydroalcoholic wine-like solution. Yeast cell-walls are also able to adsorb the same thiols when prepared by mechanical disruption of whole cells in the presence of a reducing agent such as dithiothréitol (DTT). Thiols adsorbed in this manner may be re-released from the cell-walls by the addition of DTT in the medium. On the other hand, yeast cell-walls prepared under the same conditions lose their adsorption capacity following hydrolysis with a beta-glucanase preparation able to release mannoproteins.These results indicate that volatile thiols combine with the yeast cell-walls by means of disulphide bonds with the cystein contained in mannoproteins.

International audience; Analysis of wines from different grape varieties marked by sometimes intense aromatic nuances of fresh mushroom was performed by gas chromatography coupled with olfactometry. This analysis has led to the identification of several odoriferous zones, which were recalling a fresh mushroom odor. Two trace compounds responsible for these odoriferous zones, 1-nonen-3-one and 1-octen-3-one, have been identified and their content has been determined by using either a multidimensional gas chromatography technique coupled to olfactometry and mass spectrometry detection (in the case of 1-nonen-3-one) or the preparation of the derivative with O-2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzylhydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of the deuterated form, as the internal standard (in the case of 1-octen-3-one), then gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detection. The assays allowed the quantification of these compounds at concentration levels sometimes well above their detection and recognition olfactory threshold. We show that adding nitrogen compounds to the altered wines, such as an amino acid (glycine) or a tripeptide (glutathione), led to lower concentrations of 1-octen-3-one in wines and diminished smell of fresh mushrooms. The study of the reaction in a model medium, whose composition is close to wine, by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry demonstrated the formation of adducts between 1-octen-3-one and glycine, and 1-octen-3-one and glutathione characterized by NMR.

Les composés soufrés volatils légers (point d'ébullition < 90°C) sont analysés par chromatographie en phase gazeuse et détection à photométrie de flamme (FPD 393 nm).En raison de la forte volatilité des substances à doser, nous avons choisi d'utiliser la technique de "l'espace de tête'; méthode simple à mettre en oeuvre et qui permet d'apprécier, avec une bonne répétabilité, des quantités inférieures au microgramme par litre.De plus, la détermination des seuils de perception des molécules dosées nous a permis d'évaluer leur incidence sur les défauts olfactifs de réduction rencontrés dans les vins.

Les composés soufrés lourds produits par la levure au cours de la fermentation alcoolique et responsables de certains défauts olfactifs de réduction, sont fortement influencés par l'origine du raisin et les paramètres de la vinification. Pour un moût donné, les conditions de débourbage (turbidité du moût débourbé et dose de SO2 utilisée au débourbage) exercent une influence déterminante sur la teneur des vins en méthionol dont l'impact organoleptique est prépondérant par rapport à celui des autres composés soufrés identifiés. En regard de l'influence du débourbage, le rôle de la souche de levure apparaÎt moindre.

Aims: It is well known that vine nitrogen deficiency can negatively impact on aroma in white wines. Soil nitrogen fertilization enhances aroma expression, but it also increases vine vigour and susceptibility to grey rot. The aim of this work was to investigate the impact of foliar nitrogen as well as foliar nitrogen and sulphur applications on aromatic expression, vigour and susceptibility to grey rot of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon blanc.Methods and results: The impact of foliar nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) application on aromatic expression of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon blanc has been investigated. On a plot where vine nitrogen status is naturally low and water availability not limiting, foliar nitrogen and sulphur fertilization (10 kg/ha of N and 5 kg/ha of S) increased yeast available nitrogen content. Vine vigour and maturity level of grapes were not modified compared to the control. The wines produced from N+S vines contained more volatile thiols and glutathione. These results were confirmed by a tasting of wines produced with grapes from the experimental plots. Foliar nitrogen fertilization alone (10 kg/ha of N) also increased Sauvignon blanc aromatic expression, but less so than the N + S treatment.Conclusions: Foliar N and foliar N + S applications can enhance aromatic expression in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sauvignon blanc wines without increasing vine vigour and infestation by grey rot.Significance and impact of the study: Vine nitrogen deficiency can negatively impact on grape aroma potential. Soil nitrogen application can increase vine nitrogen status, but it has several drawbacks: it increases vigour and enhances Botrytis susceptibility. This study shows that foliar N and foliar N + S applications can improve vine nitrogen status and enhance aroma expression in Sauvignon blanc wines without the negative impact on vigour and Botrytis susceptibility. Although this study was carried out on Sauvignon blanc vines, it is likely that foliar N or foliar N + S applications will have similar effects on other grapevine varieties containing volatile thiols (Colombard, Riesling, Petit Manseng and Sémillon).