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The subject of this interview is the American land art myth and the way this relates to Flevoland's collection of works of land art as well as to the way Dutch seventeenth-century landscape painting resonates in our contemporary view of the landscape.

PURPOSE In this case report, we studied the effect of patient's movements on total lung dose during total body irradiation (TBI). The dose-effect relationship regarding the development of interstitial pneumonitis and the problem of defining a threshold value are discussed. Based on considerations about the isoeffects we calculated the pneumonitis risk in dependence of increasing lung dose. PATIENTS AND METHOD We calculated dose-volume histograms of the lung for defined lateral deviations (0-3 cm) from the isocenter. Total dose was 12 Gy, given in six fractions over 3 days. Lung shields were used after a total dose of 9 Gy. Lung shields were transferred into the Helax-TMS planning system to quantify the influence of lateral deviation to lung dose. RESULTS The child's lateral deviation amounted up to 3 cm. Median dose of the whole lung amounted up to 11.64 Gy depending on lateral deviation. DISCUSSION In TBI, the lung limits the total dose. To estimate the risk of radiation pneumonitis, we calculated the isoeffective lung dose of our TBI regime for a fractionation scheme of 2 Gy daily using a formalism of van Dyk. The increase of median lung dose from 9.76 to 11.64 Gy would isoeffectively correspond to the increase from 19 Gy (no deviation) to 20.9 Gy (3 cm lateral deviation) with conventional fractionation. According to Burman, a pneumonitis risk of approximately 20% could be expected. CONCLUSION With an estimated pneumonitis risk of approximately 20%, in indication for irradiation in general anesthesia seems to be reasonable. This is practicable in cooperation with radiation oncologists, anesthesists and pediatricians and should be included into therapeutic concepts.

AIM To describe the clinical results a prospective phase II study of radiosurgically treated patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. PATIENTS AND METHOD Since 1986, 62 patients were irradiated stereotactically. Including criteria were residual tumor or = 70. Twenty-seven patients (mean age 50 years) were treated for recurrent tumor. The planning target volume was defined by the contrast enhancing region demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans which were performed in treatment position. A safety margin of 2 to 5 mm was added. The mean dose was 17 Gy. The median interval from the time of initial diagnosis and therapy to radiosurgery for recurrent tumor was 9.6 months. Initial therapy consisted of surgery and irradiation (60 Gy). Survival curves were calculated according to the Kaplan Meier method. Quality of life was evaluated using objective criteria such as neurological findings, frequency of seizures and steroid medication. RESULTS The median survival calculated from the time of diagnosis was 18 months, calculated from the time of radiosurgery 9 months. 4.5 months after therapy, 50% of the patients showed improved or stable quality of life. CONCLUSION Radiosurgery demonstrates efficacy in selected patients suffering from recurrent glioblastoma multiforme.

Extreme UV, i.e. 13.5 nm, photons and photon-induced secondary electrons are the driving forces of mirror degradation in EUV lithography equipment. An understanding of the catalytic role of the mirror surface and the photochemical processes is required for controlling such mirror degradation. We used temperature programmed desorption and reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy in a UHV chamber to characterize the binding structure and changes in the chemical composition of molecular contamination layers on the surface. The photochemical reactions of water, hydrocarbons and hydrogen on Ru(0001) were studied. We found that the dissociation of water on Ru is enhanced by EUV radiation, which lead to oxidation of the Ru surface. Secondly, the dissociation of ethanol into CO, hydrogen and carbon was investigated. Additionally, experiments showed that hydrogen radicals can reduce the oxidized surface, which was analysed by a reaction model that includes EUV induced oxidation by water and reduction by hydrogen

This study was designed to gain insight into the influence of spraying and cooling, during artificial incubation, on the embryo metabolic rate and hatching ability of Muscovy duck eggs. Three times a week 93 incubated eggs were sprayed and cooled for 0.5 h at room temperature. Daily embryo metabolic rate was measured in 30 eggs with a water vapor conductance ranging from 1.15 to 2.07 mg/day.kPa. Egg weight ranged from 63.73 to 84.52 g; length and breadth ranged from 59.6 to 66.4 mm and 43.2 to 48.2 mm, respectively. According to observed hatching ability, eggs were classified by three categories: eggs that hatched normally; eggs that were assisted during hatching, and nonhatched eggs. Five ducklings were assisted during hatching. Four ducklings died on Day 31, two on Day 32, and two on Day 34. Two functions were derived by discriminant analysis and accounted for 100% of the variation among the three categories of hatching ability. Collectively, these functions were able to classify 93.3% of the eggs in the correct hatching category. Egg length and metabolic rate at Days 21 and 28 of incubation were the most important predictor variables of the two functions. The results obtained in the present study indicate that an incubation temperature of 37.5 C with spraying and cooling seems to be beneficial for larger eggs.

Lambs were delivered by hysterotomy on days 142 and 143 postcoitum and were assigned to either a control group or a prednisolone-treated group (10 mg/kg daily for four days). On days 1 through 3 of life erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate values were significantly increased in the treated group. Prednisolone treatment did not result in significantly increased P50 values. Mean plasma corticoid values in the control group decreased gradually postpartum. The prednisolone-treated lambs compared to the control lambs had depressed corticoid values, differing significantly on day 4. Body weight gains were significantly depressed by treatment and this effect lasted beyond the treatment period. On day 1 of life (24 hours postinitial treatment) oxygen consumption and cardiac output were significantly elevated in the treated group.

Summary The Arabidopsis bZIP transcription factor gene ATB2 has been shown previously to be expressed in a light-regulated and tissue-specific way. Here we describe the precise localization of ATB2 expression, using transgenic lines containing an ATB2 promoter–GUS reporter gene construct. The observed expression pattern suggests a role for ATB2 in the control of processes associated with the transport or utilization of metabolites. Remarkably, expression of the ATB2–GUS reporter gene construct was specifically repressed by sucrose. Other sugars, such as glucose and fructose, alone or in combination, were ineffective. Repression was observed at external sucrose concentrations exceeding 25 mM. Transcript levels of both the endogenous ATB2 gene and the ATB2–GUS reporter gene were not repressed by sucrose, suggesting that sucrose affects mRNA translation. This translational regulation involves the ATB2 leader sequence because deletion of the leader resulted in loss of sucrose repression. Our results provide evidence for a sucrose-specific sugar sensing and signalling system in plants.

Aim. The aim of this paper was to examine the reliability and validity of a new measurement device that counters the disadvantages of the traditional method of arm circumference measurements. Methods. We measured the arm on the non-operated side of breast cancer patients. Sixty-four patients were measured twice by the same assessor and 48 patients were measured twice by two different assessors. The arm circumferences were measured at the olecranon and each 4 cm proximal and distal of the olecranon. The measurements were performed with a self-developed device consisting of a stainless steel bar on which a tapeline was fixed at every 4 cm distance. The arm volume was calculated from the circumference measurements with the frustrum formula and was also measured directly with the water displacement method. Results. For the circumference measurements, intrarater and interrater ICCs ranged between 0.942 and 0.998. ICCs for the calculated arm volume were also very high. No systematic changes between the first to the second assessment could be found. The standard error of measurement for the circumference measurements as well as for the calculated arm volume was low (between 0.8% and 2.0%). An increase of 1.0 cm or more of the arm circumference at any measurement side and of 55 ml or more of the calculated arm volume was clinically significant. Conclusion. Arm circumferences and also the calculated arm volume can be measured quickly and accurately with a simple and inexpensive device. [Int Angiol 2010;29:401-7]