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New di-and tri- n-butyl tin(IV) hydroxamate complexes of composition [n-Bu2Sn(C6H3(3-NH2)(4-Cl)CONHO)2](I) and [n-Bu3Sn(C6H3(3-NH2)(4-Cl)CONHO)] (II) have been synthesized by the reactions of n-Bu2SnCl2 and n-Bu3SnCl with potassium 3-amino-4-chlorido benzohydroxamate(KHL) in predetermined metal:ligand 1:2 and 1:1 molar ratios respectively in MeOH+THF solvent medium and characterized by physiochemical, spectroscopic (IR,1 H and 13 C NMR) studies and mass spectrometry. The bidentate nature of hydroxamate ligand involving bonding through carbonyl and hydroxamic oxygen atoms (O,O coordination) has been inferred from IR spectra. The distorted octahedral and trigonal bipyramidal geometry around tin for (I) and (II) respectively have tentatively been proposed. The electrochemical behavior of complexes studied by cyclic voltammetric technique has shown two electron tin metal centered reductions. The in vitro antibacterial activity of (I) and (II) assayed against pathogenic gram -ve bacteria E.coli , P.aeruginosa; gram +ve bacteria S.aureus, B.cereus by MIC method has revealed these to be promising antibacterial agents relative to parent ligand.

Background: Reducing the burden of death due to infection is an urgent global public health priority. Previous studies have estimated the number of deaths associated with drug-resistant infections and sepsis and found that infections remain a leading cause of death globally. Understanding the global burden of common bacterial pathogens (both susceptible and resistant to antimicrobials) is essential to identify the greatest threats to public health. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present global comprehensive estimates of deaths associated with 33 bacterial pathogens across 11 major infectious syndromes. Methods: We estimated deaths associated with 33 bacterial genera or species across 11 infectious syndromes in 2019 using methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, in addition to a subset of the input data described in the Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance 2019 study. This study included 343 million individual records or isolates covering 11 361 study-location-years. We used three modelling steps to estimate the number of deaths associated with each pathogen: deaths in which infection had a role, the fraction of deaths due to infection that are attributable to a given infectious syndrome, and the fraction of deaths due to an infectious syndrome that are attributable to a given pathogen. Estimates were produced for all ages and for males and females across 204 countries and territories in 2019. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for final estimates of deaths and infections associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens following standard GBD methods by taking the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles across 1000 posterior draws for each quantity of interest. Findings: From an estimated 13·7 million (95% UI 10·9–17·1) infection-related deaths in 2019, there were 7·7 million deaths (5·7–10·2) associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens (both resistant and susceptible to antimicrobials) across the 11 infectious syndromes estimated in this study. We estimated deaths associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens to comprise 13·6% (10·2–18·1) of all global deaths and 56·2% (52·1–60·1) of all sepsis-related deaths in 2019. Five leading pathogens—Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa—were responsible for 54·9% (52·9–56·9) of deaths among the investigated bacteria. The deadliest infectious syndromes and pathogens varied by location and age. The age-standardised mortality rate associated with these bacterial pathogens was highest in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region, with 230 deaths (185–285) per 100 000 population, and lowest in the high-income super-region, with 52·2 deaths (37·4–71·5) per 100 000 population. S aureus was the leading bacterial cause of death in 135 countries and was also associated with the most deaths in individuals older than 15 years, globally. Among children younger than 5 years, S pneumoniae was the pathogen associated with the most deaths. In 2019, more than 6 million deaths occurred as a result of three bacterial infectious syndromes, with lower respiratory infections and bloodstream infections each causing more than 2 million deaths and peritoneal and intra-abdominal infections causing more than 1 million deaths. Interpretation: The 33 bacterial pathogens that we investigated in this study are a substantial source of health loss globally, with considerable variation in their distribution across infectious syndromes and locations. Compared with GBD Level 3 underlying causes of death, deaths associated with these bacteria would rank as the second leading cause of death globally in 2019; hence, they should be considered an urgent priority for intervention within the global health community. Strategies to address the burden of bacterial infections include infection prevention, optimised use of antibiotics, improved capacity for microbiological analysis, vaccine development, and improved and more pervasive use of available vaccines. These estimates can be used to help set priorities for vaccine need, demand, and development. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and Department of Health and Social Care, using UK aid funding managed by the Fleming Fund.

Himalayan tahr is a group-living animal of high-altitude Himalaya, distributed all across the subalpine range that also formed an important prey base for large carnivores in Himalaya. The species is threatened due to habitat fragmentation, illegal poaching, and anthropogenic activities. We undertook population genetic assessment of Himalayan tahr from Western Himalaya and observed comparable genetic diversity at both mitochondrial and nuclear microsatellite loci. Bayesian skyline plots showed stable demography in the past several thousand years. We identified 27 unique individuals with a select panel of seven loci and the Bayesian structure analysis inferred two genetic clusters. The present study is the first report on the population genetic make-up of Himalayan tahr and can be used for long-term genetic monitoring of the species.

The field of Machine Learning (ML) brought a massive revolution and change in how normal day operations used to happen in various businesses. The idea of ML was quite simple, merging two separate fields, Mathematics and Computer Science. This simple idea is the very reason that so many predictive and classification-based applications exist today. The development of such applications is a time-consuming process and is very computationally heavy because in the corporate world, a very large amount of historical data is used and processed. The training processes such as pre-processing, data engineering and transformations, deep learning, training and testing are themselves time consuming. A very new field of computer science deals with solving this exact problem of time consumption. Quantum Computing (QC) tries to solve these problems by using the concepts of Quantum Mechanics during computations. The QC technology claims to be not only fast in its computational speed but also more efficient and accurate as well. The following article consists of an experiment conducted where a machine learning model is trained in a classical computing environment using K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm versus in a quantum computing environment using Quantum K-Nearest Neighbors (QKNN) algorithm.

Malaria is a life-threatening parasitic disease transmitted by the infected female Anopheles mosquito. The development of drug tolerance and challenges related to the drugs' pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters limits the antimalarial therapeutics response. Currently, nanotechnology-based drug delivery system provides an integrative platform for antimalarial therapy by improving the drug physicochemical properties, combating multidrug resistance, and lowering antimalarial drug-related toxicity. In addition, surface engineered nanocarrier systems offer a variety of alternatives for site-specific/targeted delivery of antimalarial therapeutics, anticipating better clinical outcomes at low drug concentrations and low toxicity profiles, as well as reducing the likelihood of the emergence of drug resistance. So, constructing nano carrier-based approaches for drug delivery has been considered the foremost strategy to combat malaria. This review focuses on the numerous nanotherapeutic strategies utilized to treat malaria as well as the benefits of nanotechnology as a potentially effective therapeutic.

Security application of Er3+/Yb3+ doped NaGd(WO4)2 phosphor upon 980 nm excitation and absolute and relative sensitivity of Er3+/Yb3+ doped NaGd(WO4)2 phosphor and PIG.

Russula lakhanpalii is a wild edible mushroom, collected from Pedkhal block of Pauri Garhwal, India. The nutritional composition, antioxidant activity (AOA), and antibacterial activity (ABA) of R. lakhanpalii were analyzed for the first time in this study. Dried fruiting bodies of R. lakhanpalii were reported to contain 17.7% ash, 10% crude fiber, 13.4% protein, 30.9% carbohydrate, and 5% unsaturated lipids. In addition, 10.22-72.56% DPPH scavenging activity also confirmed the good antioxidant nature of R. lakhanpalii. The methanolic extract of R. lakhanpalii fruiting bodies inhibited the growth of five pathogenic bacteria in vitro; Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC 4030), Micrococcus luteus (MTCC 1809), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 1144), Escherichia coli (MTCC 68), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (MTCC 655). The maximum and minimum zone of inhibitions (ZOIs) reported were 17.8 ± 1.04 mm (K. pneumoniae) and 11.16 ± 0.76 mm, (E. coli), respectively. The noticeable feature of the extract was the inhibition of erythromycin-resistant E. coli and M. luteus by it, which were resistant to 15 μg/disc concentration of erythromycin. Dietary components, antibacterial and antioxidant potentials of R. lakhanpalii suggested its nutraceutical and medicinal applications.

Absolute and relative sensitivity of the developed Er3+/Yb3+/Mo6+:Bi2WO6 phosphors.

The feasibility of Bambusa vulgaris schrad. ex Wendl. has been assessed globally for a variety of uses. It is one of the fastest growing bamboo and can thrive in both moist and dry climates. To disseminate substantial baseline data on morphological variations of the species, morphological characteristics of leaf and culm sheath of Candidate Plus Clumps (CPCs) were evaluated followed by genetic analysis of growth attributes of three bamboo stands viz., MP-RJR, MH-AMR and OR-KLN, in three distinct states Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Odisha of central India. Significant differences in leaves and culm sheaths were noticed among the CPCs and bamboo stands during the investigation. OR-KLN was observed with the longest leaf (22.77 cm) and the broadest leaf lamina at the top (1.58 cm). Longest average culm sheath blade (30.37 cm) in MH-AMR and maximum average sheath diameter (33.23 cm) in OR-KLN were recorded. High values for phenotypic coefficient of variations, genotypic coefficient of variations, heritability and genetic advance as mean percentage were obtained for clump diameter and number of culms per clump. This can be used as selection criteria in the improvement programme of Bambusa vulgaris var. Green. Aims: To study morphological variation of leaf and culm sheath of Bambusa vulgaris schrad. ex Wendl. at three bamboo stands associated with genetic analysis in growth attributes. Study Design: Complete Randomised design (CRD). Place and Duration of Study: Morphological data of Candidate Plus Clumps (CPCs), leaf and culm sheath of Bambusa vulgaris was recorded at bamboo stands in Rajore, Madhya Pradesh, Kalinga, Odisha and Amravati, Maharashtra from September 2021 to November 2022. Further investigation, statistical analysis and other studies were carried out at Genetics and Tree Improvement Division, Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur, M.P., India.

The piezo-electric energy harvesting devices based on rubber composites have attracted great attention in the field of flexible electronics. These devices have the ability to provide a voltage of ∼0.5 V when subjected to mechanical strain. In this work, carbon allotropes nanofillers were used to reinforce the room-temperature vulcanized silicone rubber (RTV-SR). The nanofillers added to the rubber matrix were found to improve the compressive modulus, tensile strength, fracture strain, and tensile modulus. For example, the compressive modulus was 1.29 MPa (Virgin) and improved to 1.4 MPa (graphene), 2.3 MPa (CB), 2.2 MPa (CB–graphite hybrid), 2.17 MPa (CB–Nano graphite hybrid), and finally 2.19 MPa (CB–graphene hybrid). Similarly, the fracture strain was 146% (Virgin) and improved to 149% (graphene), 156% (CB), 160% (CB–graphite hybrid), 151% (CB–Nano graphite hybrid), and lastly 178% (CB–graphene hybrid). Moreover, the effect of three different diameters of loading tips is used for voltage production. More areas of deformation during energy harvesting can be able to produce higher voltage output. For example, a 21 mm tip can produce higher energy output than 7 mm and 14 mm. In the end, it was found that formation of cracks in the electrode while repeated loading causes a reduction in voltage output.

History of safe use, HoSU preparations are formulations mentioned in ancient literature and are according to the Ayurvedic system of medicine. Due to the advent of new technologies, there is a shift in the manufacturing methodologies of Ayurvedic medicines involving extractions and fractionations. This shift, while has helped manufacturers improve their productivity, raises a question on the equivalence to chemistry, and toxicity when compared to traditional products. As a case study, an attempt is made to establish equivalence between HoSU preparation of Terminalia chebula with commercially available aqueous and alcoholic extracts and one of its fractions. Chemical analysis of the products using principal component analysis, revealed similar chemistry whereas the LC50 values of HoSU preparation were safest followed by commercial preparations and the reference marker compound when tested on zebrafish. The generated data indicated that chemical composition of all 4 samples tested were similar qualitatively, though variations were observed quantitatively. PCA plot indicated that the HoSU extract, commercial alcoholic extract, and commercial water extract were similar whereas water acetone extract was dissimilar. This emphasizes the need for conducting an equivalence study in terms of chemistry and toxicity between HoSU products and commercially available products.

This manuscript analyses a case study of a wind-integrated power plant where an Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm-based Model Predictive Controller (AOA-MPC) has been employed for the combined control of voltage and frequency. The work in this manuscript considers stochastic variations in wind output caused by the small stochastic drifts and sudden deterministic shifts in the wind turbine output. The proposed controller’s performance has been judged after assessing the time response performance specifications/indices and comparing it with the existing recent methodologies available in the literature. Further improvement in frequency oscillations reduction has been obtained while considering the Redox Flow Battery (RFB) loop as an auxiliary Load Frequency Control loop. Moreover, the computational potential of the presented algorithm has been tested under different nonlinearities and time delay cases in the Area Control Error (ACE) of the load frequency control (LFC) loop.

Use of energy drinks has dramatically increased in recent times. Athletes, teenagers and students being the most common population who consume it. Users believe that they are a source of instant energy but are unaware of its high Caffeine content resulting in severe adverse effects on health. We reported the case of a young boy who presented with palpitations and high blood pressure after a recent start of energy drink consumption. He had been consuming ‘monster’ energy drink on regular basis as his annual sports meet was round the corner and he had to practise for hours for an upcoming football match. His medical examination revealed Sinus tachycardia and high blood pressure on more than 3 occasions. Rest of the physical examination and lab workup was within normal limits. His pulse and blood pressure returned to normal range after discontinuing ‘monster’ energy drink usage and he was counselled on adverse effects of such products. Several studies have reported numerous health hazards including cardiac effects associated with energy drinks. Labels should be made on these drinks and Caffeine content should be mentioned along with adverse effects on health. Caution for use in children and pregnant or expecting patients should also be mentioned.

With the progress of science and technology, automatic floor scrubbers have increasingly attracted the attention of researchers, bringing convenience to human life. Theconcept is growing in economic countries but is not popular due to the design complexity of the, the cost of the machine and the operating costs in terms of electricity tariffs. In this article, a semi-automatic floor cleaning machine is presented. It effectively cleans floors in wet and dry-cleaning tasks. The floor cleaning machine was designed with fundamental considerations of reducing cost and workload, while the is environmentally friendly and easyto use. The machine will run on electricity and consist of simple fabrications. These jobs are very useful to improve the lifestyle of human beings.it is very in construction and easy to operate anybody can operate this machine easily.

Health care workers (HCWs) are the frontline workers working tirelessly during the pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The same HCW, after duty, is exposed to his/ her community which again increases the risk of infection. Hence, with an increased risk of exposure, we cannot afford to lose our frontline workers due to sickness or more. In the absence of any definitive antiviral treatment, unclear modes of transmission, burnout working hours, fatigue, societal stigma related to disease etc., a HCW is exposed to psychological distress and many a time develops an anxiety/panic condition which can increase the chances of work-place error and thus can increase the likelihood of infection. In this article, we have shared our experience with contact tracing among HCWs, what we have learned in the past two years, and proposed a way forward.

Objectives: Heat stress is one of the major stressors in military aviation with the potential to adversely affect the efficiency of the aircrew and hence flight safety. Metabolic rate (MR) increases on exposure to heat and metabolic gases are considered as a proxy for MR. This study examined the influence of heat stress on metabolic gas kinetics in healthy Indian males and assessed the duration of attaining normal baseline values of metabolic gases post-exposure. Materials and Methods: In 16 healthy male volunteers, cardiorespiratory variables, including metabolic gases (oxygen uptake [VO2], carbon dioxide output [VCO2], minute ventilation [VE], breathing frequency [BF], and heart rate [HR]), were recorded before and approximately 2 h after a standard meal. The subjects were then exposed to a simulated temperature of 40°C with a relative humidity of 70% for 1 h in the environmental chamber. Same physiological parameters were recorded at the end of 30 min and 60 min during heat exposure and up to 90 min following exposure to heat stress at an interval of 30 min. Results: A significant increase (P < 0.001) in mean VO2 (ml/Kg/min) was observed post-meal (1.49 ± 0.95) as well as at 30 min (1.17 ± 0.96) and at 60 min (2.14 ± 1.19) of heat exposure. A similar increase (P < 0.05) in mean VCO2 was observed post-meal and following heat exposure. VE (L/min) increased by 12.12% post-meal (P = 0.01), 16.16% (P < 0.001) at 30 min, and 19.65% (P < 0.001) at 60 min of heat exposure. There was a significant increase in mean BF (per min) during heat exposure (2.31 ± 1.24 at 30 min and 3.53 ± 1.05 at 60 min) and till 60 min of the recovery period compared to baseline (P < 0.001). HR (bpm) increased by 14 bpm at 30 min and 17 bpm at 60 min of exposure and till 30 min after elimination of heat stress (P < 0.001). Conclusion: A statistically significant increase was observed in VO2, VCO2, VE, BF, and HR on exposure to heat stress. Optimal recovery was observed after 30 min of eliminating the heat stress for VO2 and VCO2. Similar recovery was observed after 60 min of eliminating the heat stress for HR and following 90 min for VE and BF. Hence, if the crew is required to continue to operate in the heat stress environment, a minimum period of 90 min of a break in between the sorties must be ensured in a relatively cooler environment.

Background Irreversible pulpitis is a painful and debilitating condition. Root canal treatment (RCT) provides prompt relief and salvages the affected tooth/teeth. It has classically been performed as a multivisit procedure. A relatively newer approach constitutes performing all the steps in one single visit. This study was designed to explore if single-visit RCT could be confidently used as an effective and preferred treatment modality for irreversible pulpitis in the Indian Armed forces. Methods The study compared the incidence of postoperative pain, tenderness on percussion (TOP), flare-ups, and the analgesic drug use in 60 cases of acute irreversible pulpitis who were treated by either single or multiple visit root canal therapy. Each treatment group included 30 patients who were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively at 24 h, one week and one month. Results The study found statistically higher incidence of postoperative pain (mild variant) and TOP in single visit therapy, 24 h after the obturation while the difference was insignificant at one week and one month after therapy. Analgesic use was significantly higher after the single visit therapy in the first 24 h. No flare-ups were recorded in either group. Significant pain and tenderness was observed after chemo-mechanical preparation (appointment 2) in multivisit regimen. Conclusion Single visit therapy is a safe, practical, and effective approach. The treatment results are similar to the multivisit regimen. It should therefore be considered for wider adoption and application.

Introduction- The long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection are becoming a signicant burden on society and healthcare systems. Data on post-COVID-19 syndrome in the general population is needed to organise healthcare treatments and resources in a timely manner.(1) In adults hospitalised with severe coronavirus illness, long-term symptom duration and impairment are typical (COVID-19). Understanding the complete spectrum of COVID-19–associated disease and adjusting public health messages, treatments, and policies requires characterising return to baseline health among outpatients with milder COVID-19 illness.(2) Aims and Objectives This study aims to nd incidence and assess progression and burden of long covid among post covid patients. Methodology- A cross sectional interview-based study was conducted for a period of 3 months among post covid patients to nd the incidence of long Covid. The list of respondents was obtained from health departments records listing post covid patients from March 2021 to November 2021. Results- Our study found that symptoms of Covid persisted long after patient was declared Covid negative. Majority of the patients 78 patients reported dermatological symptom of hairfall along with memory loss and muscle weakness. Conclusion- This study will help the public health care providers, clinicians and the policymakers to be prepared for the symptoms faced in post COVID-19 and general public in the coming months and years. It will also throw light into the possible factors which are associated with persistent post-acute COVID-19 infection.

ConspectusA radical shift toward energy transfer photocatalysis from electron transfer photocatalysis under visible-light photoirradiation is often due to the greener prospects of atom and process economy. Recent advances in energy transfer photocatalysis embrace unique strategies for direct small-molecule activation and sometimes extraordinary chemical bond formation in the absence of additional/sacrificial reagents. Selective energy transfer photocatalysis requires careful selection of substrates and photocatalysts for a perfect match with respect to their triplet energies while having incompatible redox potentials to prevent competitive electron transfer pathways. Substrates containing labile N-O bonds are potential targets for generating reactive key intermediates via photocatalysis to access a variety of functionalized molecules. Typically, the differential electron densities of N and O heteroatoms have been exploited for generation of either N- or O-centered radical intermediates from the functionalized substrates by the electron transfer pathway. However, the latest developments involve direct N-O bond homolysis via energy transfer to generate both N- and O-centered radicals for their subsequent utilization in diverse organic transformations, also in the absence of sacrificial redox reagents. In this Account, we highlight our key contributions in the field of N-O bond activation via energy transfer photocatalysis to generate reactive radical intermediates, with coverage of useful mechanistic insights. More specifically, well-designed N-O bond-containing substrates such as 1,2,4-oxadiazolines, oxime esters

Context Soybeans (Glycine max. (L.) Merr.) are a major source of phospholipids, which are vital to human and animal nutrition, as well having many pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) is a prerequisite for the development of high-phospholipid soybean genotypes through marker-assisted breeding. Aims We aimed to identify QTLs associated with biosynthesis of four phospholipids in soybean. Methods We developed two F2 populations comprising 233 and 254 plants, respectively, from two crosses (JS20-34 × AVKS215 and JS20-98 × AVKS215), and used 208 polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers found common to both F2 populations for linkage map construction. QTLs associated with four phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), were analysed via inclusive composite interval mapping of additive QTLs using QTL IciMapping software. Key results In the respective F2 populations, we identified seven and six QTLs for PE, seven and nine QTLs for PA, and nine and eight QTLs for PC. Six QTLs were associated with PI in each population. Five QTLs for each of PA and PC, three QTLs for PE, and four QTLs for PI were found common to both F2 populations. Conclusions The results showed that some genomic regions such as Sat_341–Satt331 on chromosome 10, and Satt325–Sat_387 and Sat_229–Satt510 on chromosome 13, were associated with all four phospholipids in both F2 populations. QTLs associated with phospholipids were also found to be annotated with genes involved in phospholipid biosynthesis. Implications The QTLs identified may be useful in marker-assisted breeding for the development of soybean genotypes with high levels of phospholipids of interest and for identifying functional genes involved in phospholipid biosynthesis.

Tone-evoked synaptic excitation and inhibition are highly correlated in many neurons with V-shaped tuning curves in the primary auditory cortex of pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. In contrast, there is less correlation between spontaneous excitation and inhibition in visual cortex neurons under the same anesthetic conditions. However, it was not known whether the primary auditory cortex resembles visual cortex in having spontaneous excitation and inhibition that is less correlated than tone-evoked excitation and inhibition. Here we report whole-cell voltage-clamp measurements of spontaneous excitation and inhibition in primary auditory cortex neurons of pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. The larger excursions of both spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory currents appeared to consist of distinct events, with the inhibitory event rate typically lower than the excitatory event rate. We use the ratio of the excitatory event rate to the inhibitory event rate, and the assumption that the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents can each be reasonably described as a filtered Poisson process, to estimate the maximum spontaneous excitatory-inhibitory correlation for each neuron. In a subset of neurons, we also measured tone-evoked excitation and inhibition. In neurons with V-shaped tuning curves, although tone-evoked excitation and inhibition were highly correlated, the spontaneous inhibitory event rate was typically sufficiently lower than the spontaneous excitatory event rate to indicate a lower excitatory-inhibitory correlation for spontaneous activity than for tone-evoked responses.

Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe dehydrating gastroenteritis among children younger than 5 years in low-income and middle-income countries. Two vaccines-Rotavac and Rotasiil-are used in routine immunisation in India. The safety and immunogenicity of these vaccines administered in a mixed regimen is not documented. We therefore aimed to compare the safety and seroresponse of recipients of a mixed regimen versus a single regimen.We did a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 4, non-inferiority trial at two sites in India. We recruited healthy infants aged 6-8 weeks. Infants with systemic disorders, weight-for-height Z scores of less than minus three SDs, or a history of persistent diarrhoea were excluded. Eligible infants were randomly allocated to six groups in equal numbers to receive either the single vaccine regimen (ie, Rotavac-Rotavac-Rotavac [group 1] or Rotasiil-Rotasiil-Rotasiil [group 2]) or the mixed vaccine regimen (ie, Rotavac-Rotasiil-Rotavac [group 3], Rotasiil-Rotavac-Rotasiil [group 4], Rotavac-Rotasiil-Rotasiil [group 5], or Rotasiil-Rotavac-Rotavac [group 6]). Randomisation was done using an online software by site in blocks of at least 12. The primary outcome was seroresponse to rotavirus vaccine, measured using rotavirus-specific serum IgA antibodies 4 weeks after the third dose. The seroresponse rates were compared between recipients of the four mixed vaccine regimens (consisting of various combinations of Rotavac and Rotasiil) with recipients of the single vaccine regimens (consisting of Rotavac or Rotasiil only for all three doses). The non-inferiority margin was set at 10%. Safety follow-ups were done for the duration of study participation. This trial was registered with the Clinical Trials Registry India, number CTRI/2018/08/015317.Between March 25, 2019, and Jan 15, 2020, a total of 1979 eligible infants were randomly assigned to receive a single vaccine regimen (n=659; 329 in group 1 and 330 in group 2) or a mixed vaccine regimen (n=1320; 329 each in groups 3 and 4, and 331 each in groups 5 and 6). All eligible participants received the first dose, 1925 (97·3%) of 1979 received the second dose, and 1894 (95·7%) received all three doses of vaccine. 1852 (93·6%) of 1979 participants completed the follow-up. The immunogenicity analysis consisted of 1839 infants (1238 [67·3%] in the mixed vaccine regimen and 601 [32·7%] in the single vaccine regimen; 13 samples were insufficient in quantity) who completed vaccination and provided post-vaccination sera. The seroresponse rate in the mixed vaccine regimen group (33·5% [95% CI 30·9-36·2]) was non-inferior compared with the single vaccine regimen group (29·6% [26·1-33·4]); the seroresponse rate difference was 3·9% (95% CI -0·7 to 8·3). The proportion of participants with any type of solicited adverse events was 90·9% (95% CI 88·4-93·0) in the single vaccine regimen group and 91·1% (89·5-92·6) in the mixed vaccine regimen group. No vaccine-related serious adverse events or intussusception were reported during the study.Rotavac and Rotasiil can be safely used in an interchangeable manner for routine immunisation since the seroresponse was non-inferior in the mixed vaccine regimen compared with the single vaccine regimen. These results allow for flexibility in administering the vaccines, helping to overcome vaccine shortages and supply chain issues, and targeting migrant populations easily.Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.For the Hindi translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

The 2022 Tonga volcanic eruption at 04:14:45 UT on January 15th created perturbations in the atmosphere and ionosphere on global scales. The pressure anomalies generated at Tonga almost revolved round the globe multiple times with noticeable amplitudes. Based on the released pressure, it may be understood that the pressure released in the eruption might have accumulated since long before the event. Therefore, in this work we attempt to study the available seismic, geodetic and atmospheric (Pressure, Total Electron Content) observations near Tonga region using data spanning over nearly 5 years to identify the long term and short-term precursory signatures, if any. Interestingly, our analysis indicates changes in the geodetic measurements nearly four years before the event. A clear phase change in the downward dipping GPS vertical displacement noticed near Tonga. In addition, the analysis also indicates some precursory signatures in the pressure variations recorded near Tonga just before the event. The precursory pressure anomalies above the station mean background variation spanning ~12 hours were observed nearly 36 hours before the main eruption. In addition to this, we have also noticed changes in the seismic background noise at the nearby broadband station well before the eruption consistent with the GPS observations. These long terms and short-term changes noticed in the study indicate the changes in the subsurface during the preparation phase of the eruption. Further, we are working to model the observed changes and associated physical mechanism., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

In this paper, spectra of the quarkonium states has been studied using the conditions temperature, chemical potential and the magnetic field. Here our main focus is to study the effect of strong magnetic field on the quarkonium properties. The binding energies and the dissociation temperature for the ground and the first excited states of the charmonium and bottomonium in the presence of strong magnetic field at chemical potential \mu = 500 MeV has been studied. Here we use quasiparticle (QP) Debye mass depending upon temperature, magnetic field and chemical potential obtained from the quasiparticle approach. The Debye mass strongly increases at different values of temperature and magnetic field. The binding energy decreases with increase in the temperature at different magnetic field eB= 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 GeV2 and also decreases with magnetic field at different at T=200,300 and 400 MeV for the J/\psi, \psi, \upsilon, and \upsilon prime states of the quarkonia. The dissociation temperature of the quarkonium states falls with the increasing values of the magnetic field at critical temperature Tc =197 MeV, Comment: 7papes,12figures

Insufficient research has been conducted on musk deer species across their distribution range, primarily because of their elusive behaviour and the fact they occupy remote high-altitude habitats in the Himalayas above 2500 m. The available distribution records, primarily derived from ecological studies with limited photographic and indirect evidence, fail to provide comprehensive information on the species distribution. Consequently, uncertainties arise when attempting to determine the presence of specific taxonomic units of musk deer in the Western Himalayas. This lack of knowledge hampers species-oriented conservation efforts, as there need to be more species-specific initiatives focused on monitoring, protecting, and combatting the illegal poaching of musk deer for their valuable musk pods. We used transect surveys (220 trails), camera traps (255 cameras), non-invasive DNA sampling (40 samples), and geospatial modelling (279 occurrence records) to resolve the taxonomic ambiguity, and identify the suitable habitat of musk deer (Moschus spp.) in Uttarkashi District of Uttarakhand and the Lahaul–Pangi landscape of Himachal Pradesh. All the captured images and DNA-based identification results confirmed the presence of only Kashmir musk deer (KDM) (Moschus cupreus) in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh. The results suggest that KMD inhabit a narrow range of suitable habitats (6.9%) of the entire Western Himalayas. Since all evidence indicates that only KMD are present in the Western Himalayas, we suggest that the presence of other species of musk deer (Alpine musk deer and Himalayan musk deer) was wrongly reported. Therefore, future conservation plans and management strategies must focus only on KMD in the Western Himalayas.

Background: Viral disease is a well-known cause of a significant impact on economic losses and threatens developed and developing societies. High mutation rates and the lack of ability of conventional formulations to target specific cells pose substantial hurdles to the successful treatment of viral diseases. Methods: We conducted a preliminary search by a standard procedure. With hand searching, we conducted an advanced search across several electronic databases. After defining the selection criteria, two writers independently reviewed and evaluated the first 500 abstracts before screening the remaining 300. Since there was 97% agreement on the screening decisions, only one reviewer conducted the screening. The pre-planned data extraction process was accomplished, and the thoroughness of the description of participation techniques was assessed. Additional data extraction was carried out for articles with the most detailed illustrations. Four stakeholder representatives co-authored this systematic review. Results: Incorporating selective carbohydrate polymers into the antiviral pharmaceutical compositions could help to manage biological complications associated with viral infections. We included 172 papers in which authors were involved in a systematic review. The present review explains the role of carbohydrate polymers (chitosan, carrageenan, alginate, cyclodextrin, dextran, and heparin) in the prevention and treatment of viral infections in terms of their source, molecular weight, surface charge, chemical composition, and structure. Additionally, the review describes the primary mechanism of drug delivery performance of carbohydrate polymers to improve the antiviral properties and pharmacokinetic behaviour of lamivudine, zidovudine, acyclovir, etc. Conclusion: The article discussed the role of carbohydrate polymers in mitigating virus-induced associated complications like bacterial infection, cardiovascular disorder, oxidative stress, and metabolic disorder. As a result, this work will provide valuable information to scientists, researchers, and clinicians for suitable carbohydrate polymer-based pharmaceutical development.