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Urban floods can cause significant damage and are expected to become more common due to climate change. Previous research has identified that climate change adaptation in cities requires the development of blue-green infrastructure (BGI), and it is expected that cities can leapfrog to a water-sensitive state by implementing BGI. However, leapfrogging is context-dependent, and little is known about how governance factors affect leapfrogging, particularly in midsize cities. This paper addresses this knowledge gap, providing empirical insights into leapfrogging by assessing the governance factors that support or restrict BGI implementation in Zwolle (The Netherlands) towards reaching a water-sensitive state. For the analysis, we employ a governance assessment tool and three catalytic factors that promote leapfrogging. The results show that the governance context supports leapfrogging at a moderate to high level. This means that while the governmental levels and stakeholder networks collaborate to support climate change adaptation of the city, new legislation on BGI and citizens’ involvement in climate change adaptation projects could increase the leapfrog possibilities for Zwolle in achieving its goal of becoming climate-proof by 2050.

The Segura River basin in South-East Spain is home to aquatic and dry-land ecosystems of regional significance. Pressurised, over the course of the last five decades, by interests of agricultural origin, the basin is caught up in a persistent water crisis traversed by conflict and socio-ecological deterioration. This article presents a socio-ecological-system characterisation of the Segura River basin with a focus on the interactions between institutional performance and expectations on irrigation water supply. The contribution of this research is twofold: first, it provides a model that develops a conceptual articulation of a socio-ecological framework in the idiom of Systems Dynamics; second, it generates (both numerical and qualitative) policy-relevant insights into the basin's crisis, in a way that fully reflects its complexity. Our results indicate that ∼333.100 ha of drylands and agro-natural landscapes were lost to agriculture, and that groundwater overexploitation reached ∼500 Hm3 within the 1960-2021 modelling horizon. Our work accurately models the pervasive impacts of intensive agriculture expansion in the Segura basin and portrays some of the socio-ecological consequences of the hydraulic paradigm in Spain, raising crucial doubts on the dominant forms of water governance in the region.

How might futures of land and water governance systems emerge from foresight processes? This paper explores how a multi-stakeholder group used foresight processes to reimagine landscape governance in the Philippines. Landscape governance as a natural resource management framework is not at all new, but it is gaining attention and momentum especially in developing countries. In 2018, alliances of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in the Philippines embarked on a landscape governance effort to influence policy and decision-making processes both at a landscape and national level. However, the alliance acknowledged that to better influence policy processes, the alliance has to tap and harness collective intelligence, and maximize their collective foresight. This case study focuses on exploring foresight methods, questioning underlying assumptions, reimagining future scenarios, and rethinking pathways to the futures of Philippine land use and water governance as two critical aspects of landscape governance. The emerging scenarios for land use posit the alliances’ aspirations for community-powered agricultural transformations for the next 50 years, and transformations that can promote human-conscious artificial intelligence, and biosphere-led ecosystems. On the other hand, the emerging scenarios for water governance detailed an eco-efficient, indigenous-centric, multi-purpose and cooperative-led water infrastructure, distribution and access systems. The foresight process revealed that diverse worldviews and narratives challenge and reframe default ways of knowing and embodying land use and water governance. Ultimately, the foresight process challenges how current landscape governance planning, and visioning provide power for the alliance to influence policy and decision-making processes in longer-time horizons.

The OECD Water Governance Principles provide a guideline for good water governance. However, these principles can conflict with each other when applied in practice. This contribution aims to understand which dilemmas arise and how such conflicts play out. It is explored in an in-depth case study on Dutch flood risk management in which conflicts between the principles emerge when applied to flood risk management practice. Interviews with water managers were used to collect data on which principles contradict each other and how these conflicts work out in practice. The study reveals that although the principles seem obvious, some principles indeed clash when applying them, while others do not lead to conflicts. Principles on efficiency, trust, and engagement have high potential for conflicts.

The practice of rain-fed agriculture plays a vital role in both the economy and food security, yet it is subject to various challenges such as climate change and institutional barriers. This study employs the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analyses, Best-Worst Method (BWM), and Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) integrated approach to identify the most effective strategies for improving and developing sustainable rain-fed agriculture in Mashhad, Iran. The SWOT analysis identifies the essential sub-factors for improving and developing sustainable rain-fed agriculture. Then, the BWM method is utilized to assign weights to each sub-factor. Finally, the WASPAS method is used to rank the 19 strategies that can help achieve sustainable rain-fed agriculture. The findings of this study reveal that the strategy of establishing an institutional framework to promote sustainable rain-fed agriculture (WT7) has received the highest score. On the other hand, strategies related to supporting policies at the farm level (ST2, WO3, WT2, WT1) were placed in the middle and final priorities. Thus, it is recommended that in the current context of rain-fed agriculture in Mashhad, policymakers prioritize institutional policies related to rain-fed agriculture over farm-level policies. This study proposes a comprehensive and systematic approach to enhance and promote sustainable rain-fed agriculture.

This study aims to develop a conceptual framework to assess and quantify equity using open access remote sensing hydrological data and QGIS for the transboundary water resources of the Nile basin. Transboundary water management is a complex issue that requires a multi-faceted approach to ensure equitable distribution of water resources. The shortage of materials and methods to assess equity to help riparian countries establish operational arrangements for transboundary water management made it difficult to understand the demand and use of water in the basin, and thus created conflicts. By analyzing satellite imagery and other data sources, QGIS can help to identify areas where water resources are scarce and where demand for water may be exceeding supply. The results of this study can be used to develop policies and promote cooperation and more equitable water management practices.

La presente investigación se enfocó en analizar los factores multidimensionales que inciden en la apropiación del recurso hídrico como elemento socio-jurídico, ordenador del Municipio de Tibú (NS), específicamente en el Corregimiento de Campo Dos, entre 1985-2022, esto a través de una metodología que se describe más adelante, donde se estudiaron modelos legales del ámbito internacional, nacional y local, con base en el área geográfica de estudio. De acuerdo con lo anterior, se diseñó un plan de acción encaminado a la identificación de los factores con incidencia dentro del territorio objeto de la investigación, plan que busca fungir el papel de puente entre la comunidad y la efectivización de sus derechos, principalmente. The present research focused on analyzing the multidimensional factors that influence the appropriation of the water resource as a socio-legal element, computer of the Municipality of Tibú (NS), specifically in the Corregimiento de Campo Dos, between 1985-2022, this through a methodology described below, where legal models of the international, national, and local scope were studied, based on the geographical area of study. In accordance with the foregoing, an action plan was designed to identify factors with an impact within the territory under investigation, a plan that seeks to serve as a bridge between the community and the realization of its rights, mainly. Magister en Derecho Administrativo Maestría

Springshed management across mountainous states, such as India and Nepal, has paved the way for the groundwater recharge process. In contrast, despite introducing several interventions, the Bangladeshi government has never been officially exposed to such sustainable ideas for a spring revival. Therefore, this study aims to diagnose water security for the Himalayan region by applying an environmental security framework. Community perceptions documented through focus group discussions and key informant interviews, as well as water sample testing, helped highlight the existing issues of water scarcity, accessibility, quality, and governance structure. Exemplifying the condition of Bandarban in Bangladesh, notable gaps were found in spring-related scientific understanding. Specifically, the lack of adequate reservoirs, institutional coordination, water supply, utility maintenance, and accessibility hurdles were identified as areas requiring immediate attention. As a recovery route, a six-step protocol of springshed management shows more promising outcomes. However, Sikkim communities in India raised questions over its efficacy due to the improper execution of said protocols. A limited understanding of hill science, including inventory and inadequate inspections before implementation, were found to result in only partial success. Upgrading remains a challenge as maladaptation might increase landslides. Therefore, development plans demand rigorous science-based investigation, consideration of local community knowledge, and (pilot) monitoring before the upscaling of springshed projects can be successfully conducted.

How might futures of land and water governance systems emerge from foresight processes? This paper explores how a multi-stakeholder group used foresight processes to reimagine landscape governance in the Philippines. Landscape governance as a natural resource management framework is not at all new, but it is gaining attention and momentum especially in developing countries. In 2018, alliances of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in the Philippines embarked on a landscape governance effort to influence policy and decision-making processes both at a landscape and national level. However, the alliance acknowledged that to better influence policy processes, the alliance has to tap and harness collective intelligence, and maximize their collective foresight. This case study focuses on exploring foresight methods, questioning underlying assumptions, reimagining future scenarios, and rethinking pathways to the futures of Philippine land use and water governance as two critical aspects of landscape governance. The emerging scenarios for land use posit the alliances’ aspirations for community-powered agricultural transformations for the next 50 years, and transformations that can promote human-conscious artificial intelligence, and biosphere-led ecosystems. On the other hand, the emerging scenarios for water governance detailed an eco-efficient, indigenous-centric, multi-purpose and cooperative-led water infrastructure, distribution and access systems. The foresight process revealed that diverse worldviews and narratives challenge and reframe default ways of knowing and embodying land use and water governance. Ultimately, the foresight process challenges how current landscape governance planning, and visioning provide power for the alliance to influence policy and decision-making processes in longer-time horizons.

'Hydro-hegemony' typically refers to the power-related tactics and strategies used by stronger states in transboundary water disputes that prioritise their access to water and compel weaker entities to submit to these conditions. Such asymmetrical power relations also have a bearing on the nature of water governance, and thereby, the water and human security of vulnerable water users, as detailed in the conceptual framework of this article. Our analysis of the case of the West Bank, and more specifically the Jordan Valley, shows how Israeli control over the region – most visibly manifested in superior weaponry along with greater economic and technological capacities – influences the institutions of water governance as well as decision-making and implementation processes in favour of Israel while deliberately generating water and human insecurity for Palestinians. During fieldwork in 2019, we interviewed Palestinian water users in the Jordan Valley as well as representatives of water governance and other related institutions in the West Bank. Their 'voices' highlight the different dimensions that lead to water insecurity being structural, systemic, and pervasive in the daily lives of Palestinians. Their water insecurity in the context of military occupation is linked to their overall human insecurity. As a result, Palestinians are denied not only their right to water but potentially also their right to life.

Advances have been made in water resource investigation due to the implementation of mathematical models, the development of theoretical frameworks, and the evaluation of sustainability indices. Together, they improve and make integrated water resource management more efficient. In this paper, in the study area of the Duero River Basin, located in Michoacan, Mexico, we schematize a series of numerical indices of the Watershed Governance Prism to determine the quantitative status of water governance in a watershed. The results, presented as axes, perspectives, and prisms in the Axis Index, Water Governance Index, and Watershed Governance Prism Index, provide the conclusion that it is possible to establish and evaluate the Watershed Governance Prism Index using our numerical implementation of the Watershed Governance Prism theoretical framework. Thus, it is possible to define a quantitative status and evoke how water governance is being designed and implemented in a watershed.

Funding: This research was funded by the Scottish Government Hydro Nation Scholars Programme. We explore the activities of frontline workers situated in public bodies responsible for water service provision. We use Scotland as a case study. Here, like in other parts of Europe, communities there are greater expectations and responsibilities placed on communities to tackle water concerns. In this context, frontline workers are required to collaborate closely with communities to encourage their involvement in public services whilst being more attentive to their needs and concerns. Doing so brings the relationship between the frontline workers and communities into focus. In water services, a research gap exists as to how frontline workers interact with communities and influence engagement. Although frontline workers in water services have a highly influential role, evidence of how they perform their daily duties remains limited. This gap hinders understanding the challenges that frontline workers experience and how they can be overcome. Responding to this gap, we look to administration and policy studies, where a tradition of studying frontline workers exists in diverse public policy areas. Using the concepts of biasing, aligning and negotiating, we explore the activities of frontline workers. Using interview and observational data, we demonstrate how they (i) bias services to limit and control engagement, (ii) align resources and people to enhance opportunities for engagement and (iii) negotiate with colleagues and communities to deliver goals. We unpack the role of frontline workers and explore their pertinent position in water governance as they work inside and outside their organisations. We finish with conclusions and future avenues for research. Publisher PDF

Digital solutions are increasingly deployed in water management to support decision-making and to realize the automatization of processes. These solutions have a high potential to foster the sustainability of water management and related fields and thus to contribute to achieving the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). At the same time, more and more digital solutions aim to increase public awareness of specific urban water management aspects. To date, however, evidence is limited on the relevance and effectiveness of such digital solutions and on the effect of the governance settings on the potential of such solutions to raise awareness about the underlying water management issues. This paper aims to provide insights into the findings of two case studies, in Paris and Berlin, investigating the potential of digital solutions to make urban water management visible to the public and thus increase awareness about specific water management issues.

Over the past decades, there has been increasing competition for the available water resources and increasing water pollution. Consequently, water shortages, water quality degradation, and destruction of the aquatic ecosystem are seriously affecting prospects for economic and social development, political stability, as well as ecosystem integrity. In developing countries, scarcity and degradation of water resources may have a severely limiting impact on development options, especially for poor people. In order to meet basic human and ecological needs and services, societies need to address and solve several serious water challenges and must come to terms with dwindling water resources, their uneven geographic and seasonal distribution, and an inadequate and inequitable allocation of water services. Poor resource management, corruption, inappropriate institutional arrangements, bureaucratic inertia, insufficient human capacity, and shortages of finances for investments also undermine the effective governance of water in many places. These are also the challenges to be addressed by governance reforms. There is general agreement that improvements to water governance are a necessary part of the solution to the specific challenges that fall within this nexus of water ecosystem management and poverty reduction within the context of climate change. The objective of this paper is to contribute to integrated, participatory governance processes and a sense of urgency around the need to reclaim and rejuvenate water bodies in more effective ways to ensure the sustainable and equitable use of water resources and to expand the delivery of clean water supply and sanitation services to all, which will help the effort of the impact under "Jal-Jeevan-Hariyali Abhiyan."

Integrated water resources management (IWRM) has been central to water governance and management worldwide since the 1990s. Recognizing the significance of an integrated approach to water management as a way to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), IWRM was formally incorporated as part of the SDG global indicator framework, thus committing the UN and its Member States to achieving high IWRM implementation by 2030 and measuring progress through SDG indicator 6.5.1. This paper examines the extent to which the implementation of IWRM improves the sustainable management of water and the health of water-related ecosystems—a first-of-its-kind in terms of quantitative analysis on a global scale. To achieve this objective, we conducted regression analyses between SDG 6.5.1 (both IWRM (total score) and the dimensions of SDG 6.5.1) and key water-related environmental sustainability indicators: SDG 6.2.1a (access to basic sanitation), 6.3.1 (treated wastewater), 6.4.1 (water-use efficiency), 6.4.2 (water stress), 6.6.1 (freshwater ecosystems, although here the trophic state and turbidity variables were used) and 6.3.2 (ambient water quality). Our analysis covers 124 countries for all these SDGs, with the exception of SDG 6.3.1 and SDG 6.3.2, which cover 112 and 85 countries, respectively. Results show that IWRM—to different degrees—is mainly associated with the good status of water-related sustainability indicators, with the exception of water stress, water quality, and turbidity. We observe a strong impact of control variables such as governance arrangements, economic situation and environmental and geographical conditions. Lagged effects and the scope of the framework may also explain some observed variations in the degree of association. Our study highlights the importance of further uncovering the interlinkages between IWRM implementation and the achievement of water-related environmental sustainability. Overall, the results suggest that although IWRM implementation is primarily linked to sustainable water management and the health of water systems, context-specific factors should be taken into account when evaluating its effectiveness, to enable policy- and decision-makers to make the necessary adjustments to optimize its outcomes.

This paper examines the operation of An Fóram Uisce (The Water Forum) and its role as a statutory body in formally engaging stakeholders in policy deliberation at the national level. An Fóram Uisce was established in 2018 and consists of twenty-six members, including stakeholders from agriculture, fisheries, business, trade unions and environmental organisations. The research finds a number of benefits of An Fóram as a means of stakeholder engagement. An Fóram is gradually evolving a role for itself in highlighting or putting an issue on the political and public agenda, and helping determine ways in which problems are addressed. It also provides members with a means of developing a shared understanding of the issues and agreeing potential solutions. Limitations exist, however. Notably, there is limited evidence to date of the impact of An Fóram on policy development in practice.

Collaborative water governance in Indigenous territories requires the building of a nation-to-nation relationship where different water worldviews and knowledges are acknowledged, valued, and included in water governance. This article presents the Mistawasis Nêhiyawak Honour the Water Governance Framework, an alternative collaborative water governance approach in Saskatchewan, Canada. The Nêhiyawak principles, identity, knowledge, and self-determination are its foundation. Equitable dialogue is the central axis. The framework represents an alternative water governance structure to the current Canadian system that may more effectively respond to the water challenges of this First Nation. This framework supports the appeal from Mistawasis First Nation and other Nations, for the de-construction of hegemonic colonial water governance systems towards the co-construction of shared processes of water participation, decision-making, and responsibility.

In this research, a comprehensive analysis of the literature has been conducted to show the value of good water governance. Pressures and challenges for population growth and environmental degradation have been analysed. Characteristics and dimensions of water governance have been examined to adequately address these challenges. Integrated management of water resources has been looked at as a widely accepted method of water governance. The research also covers transboundary waters and aquifers, as well as international water law. The Sustainable Development Goals and human rights to water were discussed as a key strategies for achieving water quality and quantity. Ecological processes and water supply, as well as water-related ecosystems, their benefits, challenges, and solutions, have all been thoroughly discussed.

Innovative water governance practices are essential to achieve sustainable cities through robust public policies and stakeholder engagement. This study assessed the dynamics of water service delivery in Gweru and its impact on household food security. The study focused on the city’s food sources, water service pricing, power struggles in decision-making, and the implications for household food security. A household survey was conducted with 489 respondents selected by stratified random sampling. Interviews with purposively enrolled key informants and observations were also used. Findings revealed a multi-faceted scenario of water governance challenges that crippled household food security. Food purchases and farming, the primary household food streams for the city, were under threat due to water shortages and high monthly water bills. More than 90% of household incomes were below the Poverty Datum Line and the Total Consumption Poverty Line; water bills accounted for a significant portion, ultimately causing food insecurity. The grant-aided municipality emphasized revenue collection to mitigate the central government’s 2013 debt cancellation. Gweru had no useful alternative sources of water for agriculture. The existing water governance failed to capture the complex symbiotic relationship between the city’s water and food availability. While we advocate minimal central government interference, the municipality must introduce an efficient dual-purpose water system to protect residents, the natural environment, and the local authority’s finances.

Resumo Este trabalho visa caracterizar a produção discursiva do Conselho Mundial da Água, criado em 1996 com o objetivo de debater e mobilizar ações internacionais sobre a água. Para tal tarefa, o artigo desenvolve a análise de documentos e relatórios publicados pelo Conselho e da organização dos Fóruns Mundiais da Água realizados no período, articulando o referencial dos estudos pós-coloniais com a analítica do poder de Michel Foucault, além de utilizar a noção de justificação moral da sociologia pragmática, para compreender os imperativos de discurso no debate internacional sobre meio ambiente. Abstract This essay describes the discursive production of the World Water Council, created in 1996 to foster international debate and actions regarding water. To this end, we analyze documents and reports published by the Council and the World Water Forums organization held in the period. To understand the discourse imperatives on the international debate about the environment, the study articulates the framework of post-colonial studies with Michel Foucault’s analysis of power, while also borrowing the notion of moral justification developed by pragmatic sociology.

Collaborative water governance deals with diverse actors under participatory systems of decision making. This form of water governance involves stakeholders with fundamentally different values and premises about water resources, as well as different understandings of the problem and how to approach it. Thus, one of the major challenges of collaborative water governance relies on the diversity of frames carried by stakeholders involved and the shift from hierarchical decision-making to a more collaborative and participative process. The fragmentation of frames can represent an obstacle, impede mutual understanding, and negatively influence decision making and policy outcomes. Based on participative observation, interviews, and document analysis, we explored the drivers behind the framing process in the multi-actor platform of the Katari River Basin, located in Bolivia. The results highlight a participatory process design favoring the fragmentation of frames and a unidirectional decision-making process, where public authority, scientific–technical expertise, and the local community’s knowledge are insulated, and communication among actors is asymmetrical. At the same time, this research reveals the influence of the political context in the framing process.

The water crisis is a reality in Western Bahia. In this region, a hydroclimatic monitoring system capable of providing water availability information in advance for water users was implemented objectively to avoid water conflicts. In this study, we proposed the integration between the hydroclimatic monitoring system and a linear programming method to optimize the agricultural net benefit considering the scenarios of rainfall delay or reduction. Case studies were demonstrated in five farms and three municipalities of Western Bahia. The results show that in irrigated areas, the model optimizes the net economic benefit by the possibility of a continuous or double-cropping system, even in rainfall delay or reduction, where irrigation can supply the water demand of crops. In rainfed areas, it is noticeable that in rainfall delay or reduction scenarios, the model response is not to crop, due to the accentuated water deficit in crops, which may cause a significant yield reduction. It was found in a farm-level analysis, where the model response was not to crop, and farmers had a yield reduction of 61% in rainfed areas. This study opens the integration between the optimization methodologies and the hydroclimatic monitoring system with new insights into how this integration can guide water governance actions in regions where the water crisis is a reality.

The creation of the Urban Wetlands Law has emerged as a promising initiative to address the challenges of urban wetland management in Chile. Concepción, with its urban wetlands, is presented as a relevant case study for the analysis of water management of these ecosystems. The simple identification of the actors involved in the territory is not enough to achieve a clear understanding of the problem, so this article focuses on the networks of actors that are involved in the water management practices of the wetland ecosystems of Los Batros and Paicaví. In this work, the application of grounded theory and semi-structured interviews with key actors were combined. The main results indicate that water management has elements that are close to polycentric governance, such as the aforementioned law, where there are coordination initiatives among actors and power limitations in the analyzed cases. However, this research identifies several areas of improvement regarding decentralization, citizen participation, mitigation, and adaptation actions.

In this article, we provide a review of research on the existing and abandoned wells in Marsabit County, Northern Kenya, and associated Indigenous Knowledge concerning water governance, institutions of leadership, and how these have contributed to sustaining a resilient pastoral economy in these harsh landscapes. The article discusses the socio‐ecological systems that have been maintained by pastoralists for generations, linking their sustainability to leadership structures and institutional memory, with a particular focus on the Gabra. It further highlights internal and external interventions by governmental and nongovernmental organizations that are expected to improve the livelihoods of the Gabra and other pastoralists inhabiting the area, but have sometimes had a negative effect on the traditional strategies of water governance and socio‐ecological systems, undermining the long‐term viability of the pastoral economy in Marsabit. This article is categorized under: Human Water > Water Governance Human Water > Value of Water Human Water > Rights to Water

Reliable and secure water resources for rural communities in Africa continue to be at the forefront of the challenges facing these communities in the last 20 years, particularly for smallholders, agricultural sector productivity, food security and economic development increasingly exacerbated by climate change and rapidly growing urban populations. Addressing these challenges requires well-structured policy in the water sector, to implement commitments and investments effectively, and ultimately ensure the quantity and quality of water supply. The AWV 2025 for Africa was commissioned by the World Water Council in 2000 to create a framework to target these aspects in Africa. We examine the progress towards achieving this vision after two decades, through the initiatives, government policies and water strategies that have been implemented. We take a closer look at the top-down impact of the AWV 2025 in the national context of Kenya and its rural population. While the water sector has evolved since 2000, it remains difficult to meet international standards, both at the continental level and in Kenya. This requires continued efforts to strengthen good governance in the water sector, address the financial challenges associated with the expansion of the infrastructure, and developing decentralized approaches to water supply provision. HIGHLIGHTS Development of secure water resources is critical for rural communities to achieve climate resilience.; The Africa Water Vision 2025 outlined four goals to promote water governance.; Limited success has been reported in delivering these goals.; Investment has focussed on private water services and urban infrastructure.; Water law reforms in Kenya have been enacted, but their impact has been minimal in rural areas.

Population growth, along with climate change, has exacerbaed the water crisis in local communities. The simplest and quickest response of governments to such problems is direct intervention in local governance. Such solutions are usually proposed without regarding the indigenous knowledge of the local people. These also include top-down policies on water issues, which disrupt local institutional arrangements and eliminate the possibility of collective action by stakeholders in reaching an agreement. A case study of one of the water basins in Chaharmahal Bakhtiari in Iran (the Gorgak River in Sureshjan city) using an institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework shows that in the past, people acted collectively to solve the asymmetric distribution and drought problem. But government intervention, which initially sought to improve water conditions, has disrupted the region's institutional arrangements and power asymmetries between exploiters. Our study used the IAD framework to examine changes in institutional arrangements due to the introduction of technology and government intervention by the game theory. It clarifies that government intervention in local institutional arrangements, even if designed with the intention of improving conditions, may lead to greater inequality due to disregarding physical and social conditions and local knowledge. This inequality can eventually worsen the situation. HIGHLIGHTS Government intervention in local institutional arrangements may lead to greater inequality due to disregarding local knowledge and local institutions.; Using the institutional analysis and development framework and game theory, we identified the effective institutional factors in our case study.; Our study shows the consequences of a wrong government intervention, which crowd out the self-governance of local communities.

We seek to advance a critical and relational concept of urban water security that theorizes urban processes in relation to the hydro-social dynamics that produce experiences of water securities and insecurities at multiple scales. Our intention is to set out an analytical framework that both examines the social relations that underpin water insecurity and goes beyond the urban as merely the context in which water provision and risk take place. We seek to mobilize this concept to envision meaningful water policies and hydro-social practices to enhance social equity and empowerment for urban communities.

This paper critically assesses the capacity of water sector actors in Dhaka to further support more collaborative and adaptive approaches to emerging freshwater pollution management challenges. Socio-economic, demographic and environmental changes (e.g., flooding) pose substantial and shifting barriers to effective freshwater pollution management in Dhaka, with direct implications for population health. We draw on the insights from 25 semi-structured interviews with government, non-government, industry and academic key informants to: (1) examine current levels of engagement and collaboration among key stakeholders in the freshwater pollution management context; (2) assess the subsequent capacity of those actors to adapt to challenging conditions and to improve water pollution management; and (3) consider the opportunities to enhance current institutional arrangements in ways that build linkages among key stakeholders across levels and sectors. Our research highlights a general interest among participants for more collaborative and adaptive processes in freshwater pollution management in Dhaka. However, findings also highlight the pressure water sector actors feel about the time required to make progress on water pollution management challenges, and the concern that collaboration will exacerbate those challenges. Furthermore, our findings show the overlapping jurisdictional claims and mandates in Dhaka that make concerted action difficult, and that ultimately undermine clarity for collaborative and adaptive action.

As part of the formulation of the first National Water Plan (NWP) in Uruguay, a mini-public process called ‘Citizen Deliberation on Water (Deci Agua)’ was developed in 2016. While the draft of the plan was being discussed in the formal arenas of water governance (Basin Commissions and Regional Water Resources Councils), a University research team (led by the authors), in coordination with the national water authority, adapted the mechanism of consensus conferences in order to incorporate the citizens’ visions and to contribute to public understanding of the NWP challenges. This article analyses the main aspects of the developed participation strategy and discusses them regarding a set of quality criteria used to evaluate deliberative processes. Although the final version of the NWP (passed by decree in 2017) incorporated some of the contributions of the Citizen Panel, an in-depth analysis of the scope of the deliberative process of Deci Agua allows us to delve into some key aspects related to the quality of participation processes and the challenges. A mixed approach that combines stakeholder participation and lay citizens is novel and desirable in water governance since it increases the scope of participation, deepens the legitimacy of decision-making and improves the public debate. Highlights Deci Agua was a citizen deliberation process based on consensus conferences.; A Citizen Panel contributed to the formulation of Uruguay's first National Water Plan.; The inclusion of the ethical dimension of water management was the main contribution.; Mini-publics like Deci Agua collaborate with the public debate.; Processes of citizen participation can complement stakeholder participation forums.

Water is becoming an increasingly contested resource. Today, the sustainability of water use is assessed with different indicator frameworks that usually refer to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or other norms. Classifying international norms and the subsequent indicators for assessment according to their legitimacy will increase the practical relevance of assessment results. The classification will enable addressees to differentiate between mandatory obligations in water management and additional more ambitious targets for decisions on sustainable water distribution. This study presents 11 standards for sustainable water distribution which have been classified based on legitimacy and specificity. A literature review identified relevant international norms that were subsequently classified. Suggestions for the implementation of the standards and priorities in assessment methods are discussed. Through the new set of standards, assessment results can transparently be communicated to policymakers, NGOs and business and support them to identify their obligations for sustainable water use. Highlights Compiled standards can be used by decision-makers for the spatial assessment of the sustainability of water use.; Classification of norms according to legitimacy and specificity points to governmental actors where further operationalization is needed to implement and monitor sustainable water use.; In competing situations, water allocation between environment and food production remains unsolved.

Resumo O presente artigo propõe uma análise crítica sobre a política de saneamento no município de São Paulo, com enfoque para atuação do Fundo Municipal de Saneamento Ambiental e Infraestrutura – FMSAI, entre 2011 e 2018. Para tanto, ilustra a relevância do fundo municipal em relação a outras fontes de recursos e detalha sua execução orçamentária nesse período. A proposta metodológica adotada buscou compreender o papel do FMSAI na busca pela universalização do saneamento, considerando duas dimensões essenciais: os investimentos ao longo do tempo e sua distribuição no território. Os resultados apresentados indicam que, apesar de incorporar o caráter intersetorial da política de saneamento ambiental em seu desenho institucional, sua execução levou ao acirramento do conflito distributivo inerente ao orçamento público. Abstract This article proposes a critical analysis of the sanitation policy in the city of São Paulo, focusing on the performance of the Municipal Fund for Environmental Sanitation and Infrastructure (FMSAI) between 2011 and 2018. It illustrates the relevance of the municipal fund in relation to other sources of resources and details its budget execution in this period. The methodological proposal adopted here aimed to understand the role of the FMSAI in the pursuit of universal sanitation considering two essential dimensions: investments over time and their distribution in the territory. The results indicate that, despite incorporating the intersectoral character of the environmental sanitation policy in its institutional design, its execution led to the worsening of the distributive conflict inherent in the public budget.

The strictest water resources management policy plays a critical role in response to the challenge of water shortage, water security, and sustainable water development in China. Despite the varied analyses of the strictest water resources management policy, the relations between the strictest water resources management policy and water use efficiency remain under-researched. This study uses an interval event-analysis method to assess the strictest water resources management policy’s impact on water use efficiency in China based on data from 2007 to 2020. In addition, the study breaks down water use efficiency into eight indicators and divides the strictest water management policy into “pre-, middle, and post-” phases. The research results show the strictest water resources management policy has a significant positive effect on water use efficiency. Further research shows the total water consumption control system and water efficiency control system have the most significant effect. The strictest water resources management policy has a lasting impact on water use efficiency. This study contributes to the global knowledge body of water governance and provides a reference value for water policy decision-making and optimization in other countries.

El presente informe evalúa los 18 indicadores de la metodología correspondiente al índice GWI para la gobernanza de cuencas rurales y sus posibles aplicaciones en las políticas locales en cuanto al manejo del recurso hídrico, el cambio climático, así como el manejo de vertimiento y aguas negras. De esta forma, a lo largo del informe se realiza la recolección de información, identificación y calificación de cada uno de los indicadores expuestos a partir de la información proporcionada por la empresa Acuapuente. This report evaluates 18 indicators of the methodology corresponding to the GWI index for the governance of rural basins and their possible applications in local policies regarding the management of water resources, climate change, as well as the management of discharges and sewage. In this way, throughout the report, the collection of information, identification and qualification of each of the indicators exposed is carried out based on the information provided by the acuapuente company. Pregrado

In polycentric governance systems, decisions that influence a given policy issue are often made across a series of forums: venues where actors meet to resolve collective action problems. Here, we examine who does and does not participate in forums, and the factors driving that participation. We analyze forum participation patterns of 307 actors involved in Swiss water governance, who could participate in water governance forums. We find that the majority of actors do not participate in any forums. Results from a Bayesian multilevel logistic regression model show that especially those concerned with a broader range of policy issues and those that have more organizational resources at their disposal are more likely to participate. To a lesser extent, this also holds for organizations that represent policy beliefs consistent with median beliefs in the system. A belief that increased cross-sectoral coordination is needed to promote more effective governance does not have a discernible impact on participation. These results question the integrative characteristics often attributed to forums in polycentric governance more generally.

This is a rejoinder to Stewardson et al. ‘The politicisation of science in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia: discussion of ‘Scientific integrity, public policy and water governance’’ published online in the Australasian Journal of Water Resources (AJWR) on 29th October 2021. Stewardson et al. (2021) was a Comment to an earlier published article by Colloff, Grafton and Williams, ‘Scientific integrity, public policy and water governance in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia’ published online in the AJWR on 26th April 2021. The paper by Colloff et al. (2021) focused on scientific integrity and was triggered by ‘An open letter from scientists on the Murray–Darling Basin’ - published on 19th July 2019 (Vertessy et al. 2019a). The 27 signatories to the Open Letter (see Vertessy et al. 2019a) were ostensibly responding to a television programme entitled ‘Cash Splash’ (ABC 2019), broadcast on 8th July 2021 and produced by the Four Corners team of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). Of the 23 original signatories to the letter, 17 are co-authors of the paper by Stewardson et al. (2021). To contextualise this rejoinder, Colloff, Grafton and Williams have each undertaken research on the science and policy of water reform and management over many years, as their publication records attest (see, for example, Grafton et al. (2020) ‘Confronting a ‘post-truth water world’: facts versus fiction in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia.’ Water Alternatives 13(1), 1–28). Further, they have always promoted open, evidence-based debate, dialogue, and interactions with policy- and decision-makers in Federal and State governments and their agencies. Colloff, Grafton and Williams have also supported the development of a range of policy options, not just within current policy settings, for the sustainable use of water resources in the Murray–Darling Basin. Over many years, their interactions have included briefings and face-to-face dialogue with State and Federal Ministers, parliamentarians, members of the media, senior public servants, community groups, academic and public audiences, as well as submissions to multiple parliamentary and public inquiries.

La problemática del acceso al agua, la contaminación de las fuentes hídricas y el incremento de los desperdicios, es un asunto de especial importancia para la conservación del ambiente y el desarrollo de los países latinoamericanos. Los niveles de contaminación se han intensificado en los últimos años con la reprimarización y el extractivismo. Con éstos, se incrementan y visibilizan protestas y disputas por los territorios y recursos hídricos, la desigualdad y la pobreza, el conflicto armado y el desplazamiento forzado, agraviando no sólo al ecosistema, sino a la población en general. En este trabajo se analizan los procesos de gobernanza del agua en la cuenca del río Cañaveralejo del municipio de Santiago de Cali, Colombia, en tres momentos históricos (hitos), en los cuales la intervención de diferentes actores sociales, de la mano de los mecanismos institucionales de toma de decisiones respecto al uso y el aprovechamiento del elemento vital, han sido determinantes en la transformación de este cuerpo de agua. Hito 1: De ecosistema natural, a territorio agroindustrial (1950-1975), Hito 2: Ecología del alma para la recuperación de la cuenca del río Cañaveralejo (1975-2002), Hito 3: Ordenamiento territorial en la Cuenca del Río Cañaveralejo, el camino hacia la restitución del Corregimiento Cañaveralejo (2002-al presente). El interés por este tema se centra en comprender la problemática ambiental del territorio, teniendo en cuenta, además de los factores históricos, la percepción y el tipo de vínculo hombre-medio ambiente en cada contexto histórico, como variable relevante de los enfoques de gestión del agua implementados en cada periodo seleccionado. Para esto, se utilizó el enfoque teórico-metodológico propuesto por Hufty (2008), denominado marco analítico de la gobernanza, en conjunto con los niveles de percepción de los cuerpos hídricos desarrollados por Antoranz & Martínez (2002), y Bolaños y Lozano-Rivas (2011). Se propone como síntesis del trabajo un nuevo nivel, denominado armónico, que se aleja de las visiones verticales y unidireccionales del modelo productivo extractivista y acoge una percepción más cercana, aunque no exclusiva, del diálogo intra- e intercultural, por la memoria, por la tradición, el sentido de pertenencia, de identidad y sus interacciones interdependientes con el medio ambiente y los recursos hídricos., The problem of access to water, the contamination of water sources and the increase in waste is a matter of special importance for the conservation of the environment and the development of Latin American countries. Pollution levels rise with increased reprimarization and extractivism. This, in turn, leads to protests and disputes over territories and water resources, inequality and poverty, armed conflict and forced displacement, damaging not only the ecosystem, but the population in general. This paper analyzes the water governance processes in the Cañaveralejo river basin of the municipality of Santiago de Cali, Colombia, in three historical moments (milestones), in which the intervention of different social actors, hand in hand with the institutional decisionmaking mechanisms regarding the use and exploitation of the vital element have been decisive in the transformation of this body of water. Milestone 1: From natural ecosystem to agroindustrial territory (1950-1975), Milestone 2: Ecology of the soul for the recovery of the Cañaveralejo river basin (1975-2002), Milestone 3: Land use in the Cañaveralejo River Basin, the road to the restitution of the Cañaveralejo Corregimiento (2002-present). The investigation into this topic is focused on understanding the environmental problems of the territory, taking into account, in addition to historical factors, the perception and type of man-environment link in each historical context as a relevant variable of the water management approaches implemented in each selected period. For this, the theoreticalmethodological approach proposed by Hufty (2008), called the analytical framework of governance, was used, together with the levels of perception of water bodies developed by Antoranz & Martínez (2002), and Bolaños and Lozano-Rivas (2011). The present thesis proposes an additional level, called harmonic which moves away from the vertical and unidirectional visions of the extractivist production model and welcomes a closer, although not exclusive, perception of intra- and intercultural dialogue, through memory, through tradition, the sense of belonging, identity and their interdependent interactions with the environment and water resources., Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

Trust is generally considered to play a key enabling role in water governance. Despite this notion, there have been no systematic assessments examining the way in which the literature on water governance engages with ‘trust’. Our article fills this gap by providing an overview of the way in which this literature has engaged with trust as a conceptual lens, analytical device and empirical phenomenon. Through an explorative systematic literature review of N = 200, mainly peer-reviewed journal articles, our findings reveal that the knowledge base on the role of trust in water governance is fragmented, poorly conceptualized, and contextually dispersed. We also observe that the role of trust is often understudied, especially in the context of the global south and with regard to ethnic minorities and indigenous people as the subjects of trust. We recommend that future research should build on solid empirical evidence, diversify its foci, go beyond an instrumental approach to trust and rely on clear and transparent conceptualizations that acknowledge the context-specific and dynamic nature of trust relationships. The results of this review should serve to better systemize future research and to further the understanding on the role(s) of trust in varying contexts and related to different water governance issues.

Sri Lanka has no water scarcity within the country, and per capita, water availability is adequate to cater for the country's estimated peak population. Nevertheless, the frequent variability of spatial and temporal water availability and extreme events have built up a water scarcity in Sri Lanka, which has been observed during the last two to three decades. Therefore, effective and efficient water governance is most important in today's context, and regular review and amendment of policies, laws, and regulations are crucial to mitigate water scarcity. Although a few attempts were initiated, none of them succeeded. In this study, historical and present water governance mechanisms, including coordinating mechanisms and implementing water management agencies in Sri Lanka, were comprehensively reviewed. Further, the previously proposed water policies, their status and reasons for the failures of policies were discussed. Finally, the formulation of a novel institutional arrangement or altering the existing institutional arrangement with shared data and allocating non-shared responsibilities to each institution is suggested for better water governance in Sri Lanka. Highlights Monarchs guided by the Buddhist monasteries governed ancient WRM in Sri Lanka.; Water Management Panel under the jurisdiction of Mahaweli Authority coordinates WRM.; Donor organizations proposed economic value to irrigation water.; Concept of privatizing the irrigation water hindered the acceptance of the water policy.

Environmental models are ubiquitous in assessing the environmental impacts of planned projects. Modelling is an inferential process and includes various mechanisms to address the uncertainty of the outcome. In this article, we acknowledge the continuum of uncertainty assessments and identify the legal mechanisms with which Finnish judicial review—characterised by broad scope of review and in-house expert judges—has encountered model uncertainty. Closely examining 10 waters-related cases heard by the Supreme Administrative Court of Finland, we explain the porous yet substantial boundary between science and law revealed by the cases. The cases demonstrate the elegance with which courts can strike a balance between the contingent precautionary principle, gradually decreasing scientific uncertainty, and the procedural constraints under which they operate. We conclude by analysing the traces towards reciprocality and adaptivity the cases reveal, encouraged by the iterative modelling mechanism and challenged by the constitutional restrictions on the scope of review.

Water security in Central Asia has been discussed by researchers and international organizations using hydrological, engineering, and modeling approaches. Various frameworks conceptualize water security through technical, socio-economic, and environmental aspects. This study attempts to identify the current trends of perceptions of experts about water security in Central Asian countries and Afghanistan as assessed through different regional and international experts with relevant knowledge and experience. The experts originate from diverse professional backgrounds like ministries, NGOs, international organizations, research, and academic institutes. The analysis was conducted through the Delphi approach, which has been widely used to identify experts' views by reaching a consensus on various subjects. The Delphi method assisted in the elicitation of experts' opinions about different water security dimensions in the overall region and each Central Asia country that have been suggested from the relevant literature. The two-round questionnaire was developed to infer the experts' views (round 1) on water security in Central Asia and then identify the agreement's rate with the initial findings (round 2). The results have shown that, while the relevant scientific literature gives priority to environmental factors, the experts emphasize water security's economic aspects. Experts suggested including transboundary challenges, legislative and institutional weaknesses in assessing water security in Central Asia and Afghanistan. Respondents highlighted the low effectiveness or ineffectiveness of the current institutions and mechanisms that dealt with water security-related issues in Central Asia and suggested strengthening water governance in the region.

Building on evidence of the links between bluespace and public health, this study explores the governance of bluespace infrastructure to promote human health and well-being in Plymouth (UK). Using in-depth retrospective interviews and document analysis, this study focused on the roleof governance in urban planning and development, specifically, theimplementation phase of abluespace infrastructure intervention.A deductive qualitative approach categorised content into themes related to pre-established water governance frameworks. Key findings from thisstudy emphasize: the importance of health and welfare concerns around blue spaces as an incentive to gettingstarted; collaborative stakeholder participation and engagement; the necessity of adequate funding; and the importance of continued monitoring and maintenance of urban blue space infrastructure. Based on reflective accounts of stakeholder experiences, the successes of the implementation process of the redevelopment are highlighted. More successful and sustainable bluespace interventions can be realized through ongoing considerations of effectivewater governance.

Climate change and water security have become the most challenging global issues of this era, especially for developing countries like Pakistan. Amid many hindrances, poor governance has been identified as one of the most pressing reasons for ineffective action to tackle multifaceted and integrative climate-water issues in Pakistan. This article, therefore, applied a systematic literature review methodology to examine the current climate-water governance archetype, including key areas, major elements, critical gaps, and potential strategy in Pakistan. This study found that key climate-water governance areas in Pakistan are: river basin and watershed management, agriculture and irrigation management, urban and domestic water issues, floods, droughts and disaster management, groundwater management, and transboundary management. Moreover, it is revealed that the major governance elements are political commitment and leadership, policy formulation and regulation, institutional capacity and coordination, stakeholder engagement, and resource management, technology, and infrastructure development. The article also discusses how Pakistan has not effectively employed most of the identified governance elements to tackle its climate-water problems, lacking mostly in political, policy, institutional, coordination, and infrastructure aspects. In conclusion, a four-dimensional governance strategy, encompassing leadership, policy, institutions, and stakeholders is proposed to improve water sector resilience and adaptation to combat climate change in Pakistan. Highlights Poor governance is identified as the major reason for ineffective climate-water action in Pakistan.; Leadership, policy, institutions, and stakeholders are key facets of climate-water governance.; Pakistan lacks political leadership, policy processes, institutional capacity, and stakeholder engagement.; A four-dimensional strategy leadership-policy-institutions-stakeholders is needed to improve climate-water governance.

We identify and describe social perspectives on the sustainability of the water sector in the metropolitan area of Phoenix, Arizona. Using Q methodology, we find evidence for different meanings of sustainability when stakeholders are presented with concrete policy options and applications in spite of an apparently widespread agreement on the concept of sustainability itself. We put the social perspectives articulated by local stakeholders in perspective by analyzing whether they adhere to a commonly used set of sustainability principles when applied to water management and governance. The analysis indicates that although there is some level of acceptance of sustainability principles among the social perspectives identified, there are important discrepancies in the salience of different principles. Results suggest that when people are interacting in policy-making processes they tend to support their previously held own vision of the problems and that their normative considerations may be opposed to broadly accepted sustainability discourses. The different visions of water sustainability may have a direct impact on the water policy-making process depending on the position and influence of the actors involved in the governance scheme. Highlights Key research to debate water policy in Phoenix.; Identify key perspectives that affect water governance.; Results suggest that when people are interacting in policy-making processes they tend to support their own vision of the problems and normative considerations.; Findings are useful to develop questionnaires or surveys in Phoenix.; Findings could be useful to minimize areas of conflicts

There is growing recognition that the effects of discourse in shaping environmental policy are nested within broader institutional contexts. Consequently, over the last decade there have been increasing efforts by institutionalism scholars to theorize the link between discourses and institutions. This emerging ‘discursive institutionalism’ perspective considers discourse not only as an ensemble of ideas and their expression in language, but also takes into account the institutional contexts in which discourses emerge and are institutionalized in social practices. The application of this perspective in the context of resource governance has mainly focused on how dominant discourses become institutionalized into regulatory frameworks. However, the converse scenario, whereby the institutional context shapes the very nature of the discourse itself, has received much less attention in the scholarly literature. In this study, we employ the discursive institutional perspective to better understand the policy processes in the province of Ontario and the state of Ohio regarding the problem of eutrophication in Lake Erie, shared between Canada and the United States. Data collected through interviews, documentary sources, the news media and other relevant sources was analyzed with a process tracing approach. Results show that the federal and provincial/state level institutional arrangements in the two regions have influenced the nature of the ideational and interactive dimensions of discourse differently in the context of developing Domestic Action Plans (DAP) to address the eutrophication problem. Divergences in policy discourses revealed in the analysis show how different institutional contexts acted as filters for the varying cognitive and normative aspects of the policy discourses ultimately adopted in the DAPs. These differences may shape the relative effectiveness of achieving nutrient runoff reduction targets that initially set in motion the development of the DAPs themselves.

Governing shared water resources requires collaboration among multiple actors, often attained through formal or informal institutions. This paper analyzes how governments design institutions to address common challenges for collective action. More specifically, the paper asks whether variations in levels of transaction cost risk influence the design of formal mechanisms for monitoring, ensuring compliance, or sanctioning noncompliant behavior in the governance of shared water resources. To that end, four intergovernmental agreements for securing access to unfiltered drinking water in the United States are studied: in Boston, New York, Portland, and San Francisco. Results indicate that transaction cost risk may play a role in the design of monitoring and sanctioning mechanisms, but that variations in design are more nuanced than originally anticipated. Also, the analysis highlights the existence of common design strategies for addressing conflict, regardless of the levels of transaction cost risks.

A partir de las nociones de recurso de uso común y sistemas socio-ecológicos, el presente estudio de caso busca analizar los procesos de gobernanza del agua desarrollados por la junta del acueducto veredal San José del Gacal en el municipio de Ventaquemada en el departamento de Boyacá. La aproximación metodológica es un enfoque de tipo cualitativo exploratorio, desarrollado mediante la aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas y herramientas participativas con la comunidad, así como la revisión y análisis de fuentes secundarias de políticas, programas e informes institucionales. La caracterización del acueducto permitió identificar las múltiples relaciones e interacciones, los sistemas y unidades de recurso, los sistemas de gobernanza y la aplicación de normas y leyes de orden local, regional y nacional que juegan un papel importante en las situaciones de acción de los usuarios frente al acceso. Asimismo, se encontró que el liderazgo del presidente de la junta, el trabajo de los fontaneros y el capital social de la comunidad (que se evidencia, por ejemplo, en la confianza, la alta participación y el pago oportuno), han sido determinantes en la permanencia de este acueducto en el tiempo y su ampliación para dar acceso a más usuarios. Igualmente, a pesar de las restricciones presupuestales y de otro tipo, se destaca el acompañamiento de instituciones como la alcaldía y Corpochivor, facilitado, entre otras cosas, por el liderazgo activo de la junta. Asociación del acueducto rural de San José del Gacal Based on the notions of common use resources and socio-ecological systems, this case study aims to analyze the water governance processes developed by the board of the San José del Gacal aqueduct in the municipality of Ventaquemada in the department of Boyacá. The methodological approach is an exploratory qualitative approach, developed through the application of semi-structured interviews and participatory tools with the community, as well as the review and analysis of secondary sources of policies, programs and institutional reports. The characterization of the aqueduct made it possible to identify the multiple relationships and interactions between the resource systems and units, the governance systems and the application of local, regional and national norms and laws that play an important role in the action situations of the users in relation to access. Likewise, it was found that the leadership of the president of the board, the work of the plumbers and the social capital of the community (evidenced, for example, by trust, high participation and timely payment), have been decisive in the permanence of this aqueduct over time and its expansion to provide access to more users. Despite budgetary and other restrictions, the support of institutions such as the mayor's office and Corpochivor, facilitated, among other things, by the active leadership of the board, is also noteworthy. Magíster en Gestión Ambiental Maestría