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Objective To compare the intervention effects of antidepressants combined with Yi Shu psychodrama or with general health education on depression, anxiety, self-esteem and mental resilience in depression patients with childhood trauma so as to explore a better clinical program. Methods A total of 68 patients who met the diagnostic criteria of ICD-10 unipolar depressive episode and also were positive for Childhood Trauma Questionnaire 28 item Short Form (CTQ-SF) were recruited from the psychiatric outpatients of our hospital, and then they were randomly divided into antidepressants plus Yi Shu psychodrama group and antidepressants plus general health education group. The patients were subsequently intervened for 6 months and then followed up for another 6 months. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 item (HAMD-17), Beck Anxiety Inventory-21 item (BAI-21), Self-Esteem Scale (SES) and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) were used for assessment. Repeated-measures ANOVA was adopted to compare the effects on depression and anxiety improvement, as well as the results of self-esteem and resilience development between the 2 groups at the end of intervention and during follow-up. Results ① There were 35 cases enrolled in the psychodrama group and 33 in the joint health education group. By the end of follow-up, 4 cases were lost in the former and 13 in the latter group, with statistical difference in shedding rate between the 2 groups (11.4% vs 39.4%, P < 0.01). ② At the end of intervention, the total efficacy rate of the psychodrama group was higher than that of the health education group (63.63% vs 37.04%, Chi-square=4.207, P < 0.05). ③ The results of repeated-measures ANOVA and simple effect analysis revealed that at the end of intervention, the scores of depression and anxiety were decreased in both groups, while those of self-esteem, mental resilience and its dimensions were increased, with significant differences in scores of HAMD, SES, CD-RISC and its dimensions (P < 0.05), except for BAI score. During the follow-up, the scores of self-esteem and strength dimension were higher in the psychodrama group than the health education group (P < 0.05). Conclusion In the treatment of major depressive disorder with childhood trauma, antidepressants combined with Yi Shu psychodrama has better overall efficacy and maintenance effect in improving depression, anxiety, self-esteem and mental resilience than the joint general health education program, with better treatment compliance as well.

Electron sources are essential to an array of electron accelerator supporting research in high-energy physics and beyond. This report summarizes the "Snowmass 2021 Electron Source Workshop" which reviewed the current state-of-the art research and identified some possible research directions.

Intra-beam Scattering (IBS) and other diffusion mechanisms in the EIC Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) degrade the beam emittances during a store, with growth times of about 2 hours at the nominal proton energies of 275GeV, 100 GeV, and 41 GeV. Strong Hadron Cooling (SHC) can maintain good hadron beam quality and high luminosity during long collision stores. A novel cooling method ’ Coherent electron Cooling (CeC) ’ is chosen as the baseline SHC method, due to its high cooling rates. An Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) is used to deliver an intense high-quality electron beam for cooling. In this paper, we discuss the beam requirements for SHC-CeC and describe the current status of the injector and ERL designs. Two designs of injector and ERL will be presented: one for dedicated SHC and another one for SHC with precooler., Proceedings of the 31st International Linear Accelerator Conference, LINAC2022, Liverpool, UK

Electron sources producing highly spin-polarized electron beams are currently possible only with photocathodes based on GaAs and other III-V semiconductors. GaAs/GaAsP superlattice (SL) photocathodes with a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) represent the state of the art for the production of spin-polarized electrons. We present results on a SL-DBR GaAs/GaAsP structure designed to leverage strain compensation to achieve simultaneously high QE and spin polarization. These photocathode structures were grown using molecular beam epitaxy and achieved quantum efficiencies exceeding 15% and electron spin polarization of about 75% when illuminated with near bandgap photon energies., Proceedings of the 5th North American Particle Accelerator Conference, NAPAC2022, Albuquerque, NM, USA

The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) project* has been approved by the Department of Energy to be built at the site of Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). The goal of the project is the collision of energetic (of many GeV/amu) ion species with electron bunches of energies up to 18 GeV. The EIC includes two electron rings, the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) which accelerates the electron beam up to 18 GeV, and the Electron Storage Ring (ESR) which stores the electron beam for collisions with hadron beam, both to be installed in the same tunnel as the Hadron Storage Ring (HSR). This paper discusses the layout and the beam optics of the injection/extraction beam lines the electron rings and the beam optics of the transfer line from the RCS to the ESR ring., Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand

Insertion Region 2 (IR2) of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider will be modified to accommodate a Strong Hadron Cooling facility in the Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) of the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). This paper describes the current proof-of-principle design of HSR-IR2 - layout, optical performance, design methodology, and engineering requirements. It also describes the challenges and opportunities in the future development of the HSR-IR2 design, in order to further optimize Strong Hadron Cooling performance., Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand

The Electron Ion Collider aims to produce luminosities of 10³⁴ cm⁻²s⁻¹ . The machine will operate over a broad range of collision energies with highly polarized beams. The coexistence of highly radiative electrons and nonradiative ions produce a host of unique effects. Strong hadron cooling will be employed for the final factor of 3 luminosity boost., Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand

The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is being designed for construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Activities have been focused on beam-beam simulations, polarization studies, and beam dynamics, as well as on maturing the layout and lattice design of the constituent accelerators and the interaction region. The latest design advances will be presented., Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand

Objective To compare the effects of the combination of (Yishu) psychodrama versus general mental health education with antidepressants on clinical symptoms, coping style and neuroimaging features in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) who experienced childhood trauma. Methods This prospective case-control study was conducted in MDD patients with childhood trauma recruited from our department of psychiatry. The patients were randomly assigned into observation group (n=16) for treatment with antidepressants combined with (Yishu) psychodrama and control group (n=16) treated with antidepressants and general mental health education, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) was used as the main antidepressants for 6 months in both groups. After the interventions, the patients were assessed using Beck Depression Inventory-13 item (BDI-13), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Trait Coping Style Questionnaire (TCSQ), and the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) in resting functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was determined and compared between the two groups. Results After 6 months of intervention, no significant differences were found in the changes of BDI score (P>0.05) or BAI score (P>0.05) between the two groups, but the changes in TCSQ positive score (P < 0.05) and TCSQ negative score (P < 0.01) differed significantly between them. Resting fMRI results showed 19 interactive brain regions (corrected by FDR, P < 0.05) in these patients. Post hoc analysis revealed that after the intervention, the patients in the observation group, as compared with the control patients, tended to have enhanced activation of the left medial superior frontal gyrus (P>0.05) and showed significant enhancement of activation in the right parahippocampal gyrus (P < 0.01) with attenuated activation in the left precuneus lobe (P < 0.05). Conclusion Antidepressants combined with psychodrama can more effectively modify the coping style of depressed patients with childhood trauma than the combination of medications and general mental health education, possibly due to the effect of psychodrama to enhance the activation of the right parahippocampal gyrus and attenuate the activation of the left anterior cuneiform lobe, which leads to reduction of the adverse effects of negative experiences on emotion and cognition-coping. Psychodrama combined with medications can be used in the treatment of depressed patients with childhood trauma.

The design of the electron-ion collider EIC to be constructed at Brookhaven National Laboratory has been continuously evolving towards a realistic and robust design that meets all the requirements set forth by the nuclear physics community in the White Paper. Over the past year activities have been focused on maturing the design, and on developing alternatives to mitigate risk. These include improvements of the interaction region design as well as modifications of the hadron ring vacuum system to accommodate the high average and peak beam currents. Beam dynamics studies have been performed to determine and optimize the dynamic aperture in the two collider rings and the beam-beam performance. We will present the EIC design with a focus on recent developments., Proceedings of the 12th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2021, Campinas, SP, Brazil

High-current low-emittance CW electron beams are indispensable for nuclear and high-energy physics fixed target and collider experiments, cooling high energy hadron beams, generating CW beams of monoenergetic X-rays (in FELs) and gamma-rays (in Compton sources). Polarization of electrons in these beams provides extra value by opening a new set of observables and frequently improving the data quality. We report on the upgrade of the unique and fully functional CW SRF 1.25 MeV SRF gun, built as part of the Coherent electron Cooling (CeC) project, which has demonstrated sustained CW operation with CsK2Sb photocathodes generating electron bunches with record-low transverse emittances and record-high bunch charge exceeding 10 nC. We propose to extend the capabilities of this system to high average current of 100 milliampere in two steps: increasing the current 30-fold at each step with the goal to demonstrate reliable long-term operation of the high-current low-emittance CW SRF guns. We also propose to test polarized GaAs photocathodes in the ultra-high vacuum (UHV) environment of the SRF gun, which has never been successfully demonstrated in RF accelerators., Proceedings of the 12th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2021, Campinas, SP, Brazil

A new high-luminosity Electron Ion Collider (EIC) is being developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). The conceptual design [1] has recently been completed. The EIC will be realized in the existing RHIC facility. In addition to improving the existing hadron storage ring instrumentation, new electron accelerators that include a 350 keV gun, 400 MeV Linac, a rapid-cycling synchrotron, an electron storage ring, and a strong hadron cooling facility will all have new instrumentation systems. An overview of the conceptual design of the beam instrumentation will be presented., Proceedings of the 10th International Beam Instrumentation Conference, IBIC2021, Pohang, Rep. of Korea

We present analytic cooling and diffusion rates for a simplified model of coherent electron cooling (CEC), based on a proton energy kick at each turn. This model also allows to estimate analytically the rms value of electron beam density fluctuations in the "kicker" section. Having such analytic expressions should allow for better understanding of the CEC mechanism, and for a quicker analysis and optimization of main system parameters. Our analysis is applicable to any CEC amplification mechanism, as long as the wake (kick) function is available., Proceedings of the 12th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2021, Campinas, SP, Brazil

The design of the electron pre-injector of the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) project to generate 4 x 7 nC bunch has been advancing to meet the requirements for injection into the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS). The major challenges are high charge transport and achieving small energy spread from 3 GHz traveling-wave plate(TWP). The designed preinjector includes the polarized electron source, bunching section, TWP Linac, zigzag phase space manipulation and spin rotator. In this report, we will discuss the RF frequency selection and the way to reduce energy spread down to 0.2% by longitudinal phase space manipulate. We will also report the results of beamline simulation using space charge code and the conceptual design of spin rotator., Proceedings of the 12th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2021, Campinas, SP, Brazil

The design of the Electron-Ion Collider Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) to be constructed at Brookhaven National Laboratory is advancing to meet the injection requirements for the Electron Storage Ring (ESR). Over the past year activities are focused on developing the approach to inject two 28 nC bunches every second, up from the original design of one 10nC bunch every second. The solution requires several key changes concerning the injection and extraction kickers, charge accumulation via bunch merging and a carefully calibrated RF acceleration profile to match the longitudinal emittance required by the ESR., Proceedings of the 12th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2021, Campinas, SP, Brazil

The hadron beam in EIC is flat with a transverse size ratio of about 1:3. The cooling rate of the hadron beam can be maximized if the electron beam from the strong hadron cooler fully overlaps with the hadron beam. Therefore, generating a flat electron beam is essential. The most efficient way to generate a flat electron beam is to produce a magnetized beam first, and then convert it to flat to the desired transverse size ratio. Using a Magnetized electron beam is a promising way to cool high-energy hadrons. One of the major challenges in producing magnetized beams is fine-tuning the longitudinal magnetic field on the cathode surface and maintaining the desired field uniformity over the emission area. In this paper, we discuss the design of a novel high voltage DC gun capable of fine-tuning the B field on the cathode. This is achieved by installing a permanent magnet inside the cathode puck, with a solenoid field at the front of the cathode. We show magnetostatic simulation to prove the feasibility of this idea. We also show preliminary beam dynamics simulations showing emittance from the gun as the permanent magnet and solenoidal fields are tuned for minimum emittance., Proceedings of the 12th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2021, Campinas, SP, Brazil

The bi-alkali antimonide photocathode are chosen as the electron source material for the Low Energy RHIC electron Cooling (LEReC) project at RHIC, BNL based on its requirement for high bunch charge and long-time beam operation. This report presents the design and operation of the cathode deposition and transportation systems for the LEReC photocathodes, the cathode performance under the high current operation in the LEReC DC gun, as well as the characterization of the damaged cathodes from the long-time operation., Proceedings of the 63th ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop on Energy Recovery Linacs, ERL2019, Berlin, Germany

We will present currents status of the CeC experiment at RHIC and discuss plans for future. Special focus will be given to unexpected experimental results obtained during RHIC Run 18 and discovery of a previously unknown type of microwave instability. We called this new phenomenon micro-bunching Plasma Cascade Instability (PCI). Our plan for future experiments includes suppressing this instability in the CeC accelerator and using it as a broad-band amplifier in the CeC system., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

The Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) paradigm offers the promise to generate intense electron beams of superior quality with extremely small six-dimensional phase space for many applications in the physical sciences, materials science, chemistry, health, information technology and security. Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin started in 2010 an intensive R\&D programme to address the challenges related to the ERL as driver for future light sources by setting up the bERLinPro (Berlin ERL Project) ERL with 50 MeV beam energy and high average current. The project is close to reach its major milestone in 2020, acceleration and recovery of a high brightness electron beam. The goal of bERLinProCamp 2019 was to discuss scientific opportunities for bERLinPro 2020+. bERLinProCamp 2019 was held on Tue, 17.09.2019 at Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Berlin, Germany. This paper summarizes the main themes and output of the workshop.

The brand-new state of the art electron accelerator, LEReC, was built and commissioned at BNL. LEReC accelerator includes a photocathode DC gun, a laser system, a photocathode delivery system, magnets, beam diagnostics, a SRF booster cavity, and a set of Normal Conducting RF cavities to provide sufficient flexibility to tune the beam in the longitudinal phase space. Electron beam quality suitable for cooling in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) was achieved [1], which lead to the first demonstration of bunched beam electron cooling of hadron beams [2]. This presentation will discuss commissioning results, achieved beam parameters and performance of the LEReC systems., Proceedings of the North American Particle Accelerator Conference, NAPAC2019, Lansing, MI, USA

Mott polarimeter is used for measuring the spin polarization of 10 MeV electron beam destructively. We propose a nondestructive spin polarization measurement device for electron beam based on Stern-Gerlach effect, which include a magnetic quadrupole, Lorenz force compensated electric quadrupole and Beam position monitor. The magnetic quadrupole provides a spin-magnetic interaction force (or Stern-Gerlach force) for the spin polarized electrons. The electric quadrupole provides an electric field force for electrons to offset the Lorentz force induced by the magnetic quadrupole. So that the polarized electron beam only experience the gradient force in the device, which has ability to split the spin polarized electron beam. By measuring the split spin polarized electrons using high resolution beam position monitor, the polarization of electron beam can be calculated. We will present the theoretical analysis and calculation of electron motion in this device., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

With the completion of the National Academies of Sciences Assessment of a US Electron-Ion Collider, the prospects for construction of such a facility have taken a step forward. This paper provides an overview of the two site-specific EIC designs: JLEIC (Jefferson Lab) and eRHIC (BNL) as well as brief overview of ongoing EIC R, Proceedings of the North American Particle Accelerator Conference, NAPAC2019, Lansing, MI, USA

In this talk we will present the status of the Coherent electron Cooling demonstration experiment at BNL and our proposed step using plasma-cascade micro-bunching amplifier. We will present both the progress and the stumbling blocks with this challenging project. The presentation will also contain relevant theory and simulations. Finally, we will present the design of our next experiment and prediction for CeC cooling 26.5 GeV/u hadron beam in RHIC., Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Beam Cooling and Related Topics, COOL2019, Novosibirsk, Russia

The Low Energy RHIC electron Cooler (LEReC) was recently constructed and commissioned at BNL. The LEReC is the first electron cooler based on the RF acceleration of electron bunches (previous electron coolers all used DC beams). Bunched electron beams are necessary for cooling hadron beams at high energies. The challenges of such an approach include generation of electron beams suitable for cooling, delivery of electron beams of the required quality to the cooling sections without degradation of beam emittances and energy spread, achieving required small angles between electrons and ions in the cooling sections, precise energy matching between the two beams, high-current operation of the electron accelerator, as well as several physics effects related to bunched beam cooling. Following successful commissioning of the electron accelerator in 2018, the focus of the LEReC project in 2019 was on establishing electron-ion interactions and demonstration of cooling process using electron energy of 1.6MeV (ion energy of 3.85GeV/n), which is the lowest energy of interest. Here we report on the first demonstration of Au ion cooling in RHIC using this new approach., Proceedings of the North American Particle Accelerator Conference, NAPAC2019, Lansing, MI, USA

In high current DC gun, GaAs photocathode lifetime is limited by the ion back-bombardment. While gun operation ions are generated and accelerate back towards the cathode thus remove the activation layer’s material Cesium from the photocathode surface. We have developed an object-oriented code to simulate the ion generation due to dynamic gas pressure and ion trace in the electromagnetic field. The pressure profile varies from cathode position towards the transfer line behind the anode, which signifies the importance of dynamic simulation for ion back-bombardment study. In our surface damage study, we traced the energy and position of the ions on the photocathode surface and performed the Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter(SRIM) simulation to count the number of Cesium atoms removed from the surface due to single bunch impact. Cesium atom removal is directly related to the photocathode Quantum Efficiency(QE) decay. Our new dynamic simulation code can be used in any DC gun to study ion back-bombardment. We have used this new code to better understand the ion generation in prototype BNL 350 KV DC gun, and we have also estimated the normalized QE decay due to ion back-bombardment., Proceedings of the North American Particle Accelerator Conference, NAPAC2019, Lansing, MI, USA

Brookhaven National Laboratory is constructing a 350 kV DC high voltage photogun to provide spin-polarized electron beam for the proposed eRHIC facility. The photogun employs a compact inverted-tapered-geometry ceramic insulator that extends into the vacuum chamber and mechanically holds the cathode electrode. By operating at high voltage, the photogun will provide lower beam emittance, thereby improving the beam transmission through the injector apertures, and prolong the operating lifetime of the photogun. However, high voltage increases the field emission, which can result in high voltage breakdown and even lead to irreparable damage of the ceramic insulator. This work describes the methods to minimize the electric field near the metal-vacuum-insulator interface, and to avoid high voltage breakdown and ceramic insulator damage. The triple point junction shields are designed. The simulated electric field, field emission and beam transportation will be presented., Proceedings of the North American Particle Accelerator Conference, NAPAC2019, Lansing, MI, USA

The brand new non-magnetized bunched beam electron cooler (LEReC) [1] has been built to provide luminosity improvement for Beam Energy Scan II (BES-II) physics program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) BES-II [2]. The LEReC accelerator includes a photocathode DC gun, a laser system, a photocathode delivery system, magnets, beam diagnostics, a SRF booster cavity, and a set of Normal Conducting RF cavities to provide sufficient flexibility to tune the beam in the longitudinal phase space. This high-current high-power accelerator was successfully commissioned in period of March -September 2018. Beam quality suitable for cooling has been demonstrated. In this paper we discuss beam commissioning results and experience learned during commissioning., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

A 112 MHz SRF electron photoinjector (gun) was developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory to produce high-brightness and high-bunch-charge bunches for the coherent electron cooling proof-of-principle experiment. The gun is designed to deliver electrons with a kinetic energy of up to 2 MeV. Electrons are generated by illuminating a high quantum efficiency (QE) K2CsSb photoemission layer with a green laser operating at a wavelength of 532 nm. The gun was able to generating 3 nC bunches at 1.7 MeV. The design goals, fabrication, performance and operational experience are reported here., Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2019, Dresden, Germany

The high current and high bunch charge polarized electron source is essential for cost reduction of eRHIC. It aims to deliver electron beam with 10 mA average current and 5.3 nC bunch charge. We analyzed the mechanism of cathode degradation and proposed using a large strain superlattice GaAs photocathode in a high voltage DC gun to increase the charge lifetime above kilo Coulomb. The gun has been designed and fabricated and expected to start commissioning by the mid of this year. In this paper, we will present the modeling of ion back bombardment and cathode degrading. We proposed an anode offset scheme to increase cathode lifetime. Also, we will describe the details of gun design and the strategies to demonstrate high current high charge polarized electron beam from this source., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

Low Energy RHIC electron cooling (LEReC) is a bunched electron cooler at RHIC. The Bi-alkali photocathodes are chosen as electron source due to its long lifetime and high QE at visible wavelength. Because the DC gun needs to produce 24/7 beams over several months, cathode production system and multiple cathodes transferring systems are designed, commissioned and in operation. In this report, we will describe our photocathodes production and discuss the cathode’s performance from cathode growth system to the DC gun., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

GaAs is the choice of photocathode material for polarized electron sources. The well established method of activating GaAs for beam extraction is to use Cs and Oxygen to create a ’Negative Electron Affinity’(NEA) layer. However, this layer is highly sensitive to vacuum and gets damaged due to ion back bombardment in DC guns. In this work, we explore activation methods that used Tellurium in conjunction with the usual Cs and Oxygen. We report our method to activate GaAs and show charge lifetime results for our activation method. Our results show that the use of Te could potentially help with longer charge lifetimes from GaAs cathodes in DC guns., Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia

In this talk we are presenting the most recent results from the commissioning of unique Coherent Electron Cooling system, which is using an FEL amplifier to facilitate cooling of hadrons by an electron beam. We present achieved results as well as changes we encountered in the process., Proceedings of the 38th Int. Free Electron Laser Conf., FEL2017, Santa Fe, NM, USA

An option as an injector into the polarized-electron storage ring of eRHIC EIC is a rapid-cycling synchrotron (RCS). Cornell's 10 GeV RCS injector to CESR presents a good opportunity for dedicated polarized bunch rapid-acceleration experiments, it can also serve as a test bed for source and polarimetry developments in the frame of the EIC R&D, as polarized bunch experiments require disposing of a polarized electron source, and of dedicated polarimetry in the linac region and in the RCS proper. This is as well an opportunity for a pluri-disciplinary collaboration between Laboratories. This paper is an introduction to the topic, and to on-going activities towards that EIC R&D project., Proceedings of the 9th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2018, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Non-magnetized bunched electron cooling of ion beams during low energy RHIC operation requires electron beam energy in the range of 1.6-2.6 MeV, with an average current up to 45 mA, very small energy spread, and low emittance. A 400 kV DC gun equipped with a photocathode and laser system will provide a source of high-quality electron beams. During DC gun test critical elements of LEReC such as laser beam system, cathode exchange system, cathode QE lifetime, DC gun stability, beam instrumentation, the high-power beam dump system, machine protection system and controls has been tested under near- operational conditions [1]. We present the status, experimental results and experience learned during the LEReC DC gun beam testing., Proceedings of the 59th ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop on Energy Recovery Linacs, ERL17, Geneva, Switzerland

The coherent electron cooling proof-of-principle experiment is aimed to demonstrate new technique suitable for cooling of the high energy protons and is essential for a future electron-hadron collider. In this paper we present the current status of the equipment, achieved beam parameters, and progress of the experiment. Future plans are also discussed., Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Beam Cooling and Related Topics, COOL2017, Bonn, Germany

The 59th ICFA Advance Beam Dynamics Workshop on Energy Recovery Linacs, hosted by the CERN was held on CERN campus. The working group (WG) 1 ERL injectors focused on high-brightness, high-power CW electron gun and high QE long lifetime semiconductor photocathode. The working group 1 was separated into two sessions: One is electron gun session, which has eight invited talks; another is photocathode session, which has six invited talks and one contributed talk. This report summarizes the state of the art of electron guns and photocathodes discussed in the ERL workshop WG1., Proceedings of the 59th ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop on Energy Recovery Linacs, ERL17, Geneva, Switzerland

Low Energy RHIC Electron cooler (LEReC) project is presently under commissioning at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). LEReC requires high average current up to 85mA and high-quality electron beam. A 400 kV DC gun equipped with a photocathode and laser system has been chosen to provide a source of high-quality electron beams. We started testing the DC gun during the RHIC run 2017. First electron beam from LEReC DC gun was delivered in April 2017 *. During the DC gun test critical elements of LEReC such as laser beam system, cathode exchange system, cathode QE lifetime, DC gun stability, beam instrumentation, the high-power beam dump system, machine protection system and controls have been tested. Average current of 10 mA for few hours of operation was reached in August 2017. In this paper we present experimental results and experience learned during the LEReC DC gun beam testing., Proceedings of the 9th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2018, Vancouver, BC, Canada

In 2016 run of Coherent Electron Cooling, we have successfully tested the performance of a number of K2CsSb cathodes. These cathodes with QE of 6%-10% were fabricated in Instrumentation Division, a few miles away, transported to RHIC tunnel under UHV conditions, attached to the CeC gun, kept in storage, and inserted in the gun as needed. A maximum bunch charge of 4.6 nC was generated in the gun when the QE was 1.8 %. With careful conditioning at increasing accelerating fields, it was possible to maintain the QE of several cathodes for more than a week. For the cathodes that experienced degradation, the primary cause was multipacting when the power into the gun was increased. In the initial runs, the entire 20 mm substrate face was coated with the cathode material causing cathode induced multipacting. For subsequent measurements, the substrate was masked to coat only the central 9 mm of the substrate. By optimizing the procedure for boosting the power to the gun and covering all viewports to minimize dark current, we were able to minimize QE degradation. In this paper we discuss the cathode preparation, transfer to the gun and operational experience with the cathodes in 112 MHz gun., Proceedings of the North American Particle Accelerator Conf., NAPAC2016, Chicago, IL, USA

Coherent electron cooling is new cooling technique to be tested at BNL. Presently we are in the commissioning stage of the accelerator system. In this paper we present status of various systems and achieved beam parameters as well as operational experience. Near term future plans are also discussed., Proceedings of the North American Particle Accelerator Conf., NAPAC2016, Chicago, IL, USA

The Coherent Electron Cooling Proof-of-Principle (CeC PoP) experiment employs a high-gradient CW photo-injector based on the superconducting RF cavity. Such guns operating at high accelerating gradients promise to revolutionize many sciences and applications. They can establish the basis for super-bright monochromatic X-ray and gamma ray sources, high luminosity hadron colliders, nuclear waste transmutation or a new generation of microchip production. In this paper we report on our operation of a superconducting RF electron gun with a high accelerating gradient at the CsK2Sb photo-cathode (i.e. ~ 20 MV/m) generating a record-high bunch charge (above 4 nC). We give short description of the system and then detail our experimental results., Proceedings of the North American Particle Accelerator Conf., NAPAC2016, Chicago, IL, USA

BNL R&D ERL beam commissioning started in June 2014 [*]. The key components of R&D ERL are the highly damped 5-cell 704 MHz superconducting RF cavity and the high-current superconducting RF gun. The gun is equipped with a multi-alkaline photocathode insertion system. The first photocurrent from ERL SRF gun has been observed in November 2014. In June 2015 a high charge 0.5nC and 20 uA average current were demonstrated. In July 2015 gun to dump beam test started. The beam was successfully transported from the SRF gun through the injection system, then through the linac to the beam dump. All ERL components have been installed. In October 2015, SRF gun cavity has been found contaminated during severe cathode stalk RF conditioning. This cavity has been sent for repair and modification for later use in low-energy RHIC electron cooler (LEReC)[**]. LEReC scheduled to start commissioning in early of 2018. We present our results of BNL ERL beam commissioning, the measured beam properties, the operational status, and future prospects., Proceedings of the 28th Linear Accelerator Conf., LINAC2016, East Lansing, MI, USA

The ring-ring electron-ion collider eRHIC aims at an electron-ion luminosity in the range from 10³² to 10³³cm⁻²sec⁻¹ over a center-of-mass energy range from 20 to 140GeV. To minimize the technical risk the design is based on existing technologies and beam parameters that have already been achieved routinely in hadron-hadron collisions at RHIC, and in electron-positron collisions elsewhere. This design has evolved considerably over the last two years, and a high level of maturity has been achieved. We will present the latest design status and give an overview of studies towards evaluating the feasibility., Proceedings of the 8th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2017, Copenhagen, Denmark

Recent developments of the ERL-based design of future high luminosity electron-hadron collider eRHIC focused on balancing technological risks present in the design versus the design cost. As a result a lower risk design has been adopted at moderate cost increase. The modifications include a change of the main linac RF frequency, reduced number of SRF cavity types and modified electron spin transport using a spin rotator. A luminosity-staged approach is being explored with a Nominal design (L ~ 10³³ cm⁻² s⁻¹) that employs reduced electron current and could possibly be based on classical electron cooling, and then with the Ultimate design (L > 10³⁴ cm⁻² s⁻¹) that uses higher electron current and an innovative cooling technique (CeC). The paper describes the recent design modifications, and presents the full status of the eRHIC ERL-based design., Proceedings of the 7th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2016, Busan, Korea

High-gradient CW photo-injectors operating at high accelerating gradients promise to revolutionize many sciences and applications. They can establish the basis for super-bright monochromatic X-ray free-electron lasers, super-bright hadron beams, nuclear- waste transmutation or a new generation of microchip production. In this letter we report on our operation of a superconducting RF electron gun with a record-high accelerating gradient at the CsK2Sb photocathode (i.e. ~ 20 MV/m) generating a record-high bunch charge (i.e., 3 nC). We briefly describe the system and then detail our experimental results. This achievement opens new era in generating high-power electron beams with a very high brightness., 13 pager, 5 figures

We have started the first tests of the equipment for the coherent electron cooling proof-of-principle experiment. After tests of the 500 MHz normal conducting cavities we proceeded with the low power beam tests of a CW SRF gun. The results of the tests with record beam parameters are presented., Proceedings of the 37th International Free Electron Laser Conference, FEL2015, Daejeon, Republic of Korea

We developed modeling capabilities, within the Vorpal particle-in-cell code, for three-dimensional (3D) simulations of surface effects and electron emission from semiconductor photocathodes. They include calculation of emission probabilities using general, piece-wise continuous, space-time dependent surface potentials, effective mass and band bending field effects. We applied these models, in combination with previously implemented capabilities for modeling charge generation and transport in diamond, to investigate the emission dependence on applied electric field in the range from approximately 2 to 17 MV/m along the [100] direction. The simulation results were compared to experimental data when using different emission models, band bending effects, and surface-dependent electron affinity. Simulations using surface patches with different levels of hydrogenation lead to the closest agreement with the experimental data., Proceedings of the 6th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2015, Richmond, VA, USA

A 112 MHz superconducting RF photoemission gun was designed, fabricated and installed in RHIC for the Coherent electron Cooling Proof-of-Principle (CeC PoP) experiment at BNL. The gun was commissioned first without beam. This was followed by generating the first photoemission beam from a multi-alkali cathode. The paper presents the commissioning results., Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2015, Whistler, BC, Canada

A prototype of a high average current polarized electron funneling gun as an eRHIC injector has been built at BNL. The gun was assembled and tested at Stangenes Incorporated. Two beams were generated from GaAs photocathodes and combined by a switched combiner field. We observed the combined beams on a YAG crystal and measured the photocurrent by a Faraday cup. The gun has been shipped to Stony Brook University and is being tested there. In this paper we will describe the major components of the gun and recent beam test results. High voltage conditioning is discussed as well., Proceedings of the 6th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf., IPAC2015, Richmond, VA, USA

An ampere class 20 MeV superconducting Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) is presently under commissioning at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) for testing of concepts relevant for high-energy coherent electron cooling and electron-ion colliders. The injector subsystems tests and installation were finished in fall 2013. The injector includes: SRF photoelectron gun with 1 MW amplifier, 10W green drive-laser system, multi-alkaline cathode deposition system, cathode transport system, beam instrumentation and control. * The first photo current from ERL SRF gun has been observed in fall 2014 after second attempt. Completion of the ERL returning loop components installation is scheduled for April 2015 following full power ERL commissioning. After ERL commissioning in BLDG912 the ERL will be relocated to RHIC IP2 to be used as low energy RHIC electron cooler., Proceedings of the 56th ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop on Energy Recovery Linacs, ERL2015, Stony Brook, NY, USA

The talk shall cover two SRF photoemission electron guns under commissioning at BNL: a 704 MHz elliptical ERL gun and a 112 MHz quarter-wave gun for coherent electron cooling experiment. In particular, the speaker shall report on generating first photoemission beam current from the 704 MHz SRF gun, multipacting issues in the SRF guns, photocathode behavior as well as other commissioning experiences and results., Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on RF Superconductivity, SRF2015, Whistler, BC, Canada