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Additional file 3: Table S1. NFD and HFD compositions. Table S2. The information of antibodies used in this study. Table S3. Primer sequences used in the qRT-PCR assays.

Additional file 5. The images of the original, uncropped gels/blots.

We recently reported that electret, which was prepared by a corona charging system with polypropylene film, could enhance the transdermal delivery of several drugs of low molecular weight. The aim of this study was to investigate whether electret could enhance the transdermal delivery of protein drugs by N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles (TMC NPs) prepared by an ionic gelation method. A series of experiments were performed, including in vitro skin permeation assays and anti-inflammatory effects, to evaluate the transdermal delivery of protein drugs by TMC NPs in the presence of electret. The results showed that in the presence of electret, the transdermal delivery of protein drugs in TMC NPs was significantly enhanced, as demonstrated by in vitro permeation studies and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Notably, superoxide dismutase-loaded TMC NPs combined with electret exhibited the best inhibitory effect on the edema of the mouse ear. TMC NPs combined with electret represent a novel platform for the transdermal delivery of protein drugs.

Bacterial infection causes nutrient malabsorption in small intestine. KR-32, a kind of synthetic antimicrobial peptide, has the bacteriostatic effect. In the present study, 2 experiments were designed to analyze the effects of KR-32 on fat absorption of piglets with or without Escherichia coli infection. In Exp. 1, 12 weaning piglets (21 d old) were allocated to 2 groups: piglets with an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of antimicrobial peptide KR-32 (APK) and piglets with an i.p. injection of an equivalent volume (1 mL) of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (CON-1). Results showed that after 7 d of growth, KR-32 did not significantly change growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of feed nutrients of normal pigs. To confirm whether KR-32 affects those of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88–challenged pigs, we performed Exp. 2, in which 18 piglets (28 d old) were divided into the following 3 groups: 1) piglets orally challenged with 1 × 10(10) cfu ETEC K88 on day 1 followed by an i.p. injection of 0.6 mg/kg KR-32 (K88 + APK); 2) piglets orally challenged with 1 × 10(10) cfu ETEC K88 on day 1 followed by an i.p. injection of an equivalent volume (1 mL) of PBS (K88); and 3) piglets with an oral administration of fresh Luria–Bertani broth (50 mL) followed by an i.p. injection of an equivalent volume of PBS (CON-2). Results showed that ETEC K88 challenge led to poor ADFI, ADG, and G:F in piglets; decreased ATTD of feed nutrients, especially CP and ether extract (EE); and intestinal morphology disorder. After i.p. injection of KR-32, ADG and ATTD of CP and EE were greatly increased, G:F was significantly reduced (P < 0.05), and, especially, ATTD of EE returned to a normal level compared with group CON-2. Fatty acid absorption also highly increased after KR-32 injection. Then we focused on fat digestion and fatty acid uptake. The pH in the intestine and pancreas lipase showed no difference among the 3 treatment groups, whereas fatty acid transporter protein 4 (FATP4) expression was remarkably improved (P < 0.05) and the epithelial barrier was recovered after i.p. injection of KR-32. In conclusion, KR-32, given to ETEC K88–challenged piglets, improved growth performance, ATTD of EE, fatty acid absorption, and intestinal morphology, which indicated that KR-32 was likely to improve the expression of FATP4 and by repairing the epithelial barrier, thereby alleviating fatty acid malabsorption.

The target world is present in learning materials such as monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, particularly through cultural notes, encyclopaedic developments and boxes which present various modules of language use. We note on a daily basis that there is considerable heterogeneity in the purpose, volume and organisation of reference cultural content and that the workings and cultural properties of words are defined only very partially in dictionaries., Le monde cible est présent dans les supports d'apprentissage que sont les dictionnaires monolingues et bilingues, notamment à travers des notes culturelles, des développements encyclopédiques et des encadrés où sont présentés divers modules d'usage de la langue. Nous constatons quotidiennement que la finalité, le volume et l’organisation des contenus culturels repères présentent une grande hétérogénéité et que le fonctionnement et les propriétés culturelles des mots ne sont définis que très partiellement dans les dictionnaires.

With the expansion of China's urban areas, there is an increasing need to construct large scale subway systems to cross the cities. An unavoidable problem is that some of these new subway systems must cross underneath existing bridge foundations. This paper will address the concerns and discuss actions to avoid potential problems.

INTRODUCTION The Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) was adopted in March 1973 and entered into force in July 1975. Today, with 118 Parties, CITES has been recognized as one of the most important international conventions for the conservation of wildlife. Developments within the last few years concerning CITES have brought China - a Party to CITES since 1981 - to the centre of international attention. Controversy has arisen over China's use of animal parts for making handicrafts and as medicine. The old, long-kept cultural traditions on one hand, and China's commitments under CITES on the other, have been severely tested. This chapter addresses some aspects of implementation of CITES in China and touches upon some issues of wide discussion within CITES.