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Additional file 1. Supplementary figures.

Gas hydrate-based technology is a promising method for solidifying and sequestrating of CO2 gas into stratum sediments to reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions and realize the exploitation of natural ...

Sequestration and storage of CO2 in naturally occurring gas hydrate reservoirs is considered an effective strategy against global warming. In order to study the formation process of CO2 hydrate sim...

The geological structure and gas hydrate occurrence are stratification-dependent in the vertical direction. It is necessary to explore the formation processes and distribution characteristics of methane hydrate in layered porous media. The sand sample consists of two equal parts in a testing cylinder. The upper part is 0.5-1 mm sand in particle diameter, and the lower parts are 0.075∼0.5, 0.5∼1, and 1∼2 mm. The experimental results show that the formation rate of methane hydrate gradually decreases as the reaction goes on, and it is higher in layered sand than in nonlayered sand in the beginning. With the increase of the sand size in the lower part, saturation of methane hydrate gradually decreases in the upper part and increases in the lower part. In the layered sand, saturation of methane hydrate is higher in the sand layer whose particle size is bigger. The abovementioned results can be used to predict the favorable area where methane hydrate may appear in different stratigraphic structures in nature.

The recovery of methane from gas hydrate layers that have been detected in permafrost regions is a promising perspective in the future. In order to study the replacement characteristics of ...

The recovery of natural gas from CH4-hydrate deposits in permafrost environments through injection of CO2 is considered to be a suitable strategy for CH4 production and CO2 storage. In order to study the replacement characteristics of CO2-CH4 hydrate below the freezing point, the experiment was conducted in ice powder with particle size of 800 μm at different injection pressure (3.6 MPa, 4.0 MPa and 4.5 MPa) of CO2. The experimental results showed that, the average replacement rate and efficiency increased with the increasing of injected pressure of CO2 gas. And the average replacement rate and efficiency reached up to 0.403 mmol/h and 13.20% when the injected pressure of CO2 was at 4.5 MPa. The results also indicated that, compared with the temperature conditions above the freezing point, the replacement rate of CO2-CH4 hydrate was slow below the freezing point. It provided a theoretical guidance for gas production from methane hydrate using CO2-CH4 replacement method in permafrost region in the future.

Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder is rare but even more unusual as no singular histologic feature is consistently characteristic of malignancy. Additionally, paragangliomas can manifest in hypertensive crisis for clinicians resecting the tumors in unusual locations without proper histologic diagnosis. Herein we report nine cases of paraganglioma of the urinary bladder with immunohistologic study and follow-up information, including one rare malignant case with liver metastasis. Comparison of the immunohistologic features reveal that the malignant case shows the common features suggested by both the Pheochromocytoma of the Adrenal Gland Scaled Score (PASS) and Grading of Adrenal Pheochromocytoma and Extraadrenal Paraganglioma (GAPP) system. The predominant histopathologic features of malignant cases were large irregular nests with focal spindle tumor cells and a diffusely infiltrative growth pattern between smooth muscle of the urinary bladder wall with multiple necrotic areas and a high proliferative index. Eight cases without metastasis showed the classic zellballen of benign paragangliomas without irregular nests and welldemarcated nodules either in the submucosa or between smooth muscle bundles with no diffuse infiltration. We discuss the histopathologic and immunohistochemical features detecting malignant behavior, and comprehensively review the previously published cases of malignant paraganglioma of the urinary bladder. In summary, we assess some clinicopathologic features which might help to predict which neoplasms are more likely to behave in a clinically aggressive manner to avoid adverse outcomes in this rare tumor’s resection.

Xiaoqin Liang,1,2 Yingmei Wang,1 Jinsong Zhang,3 Hong Cheng,1 Jinsui Wang,2 Yamei Dang,2 Haomin Li,1,4 Ru Zhou,1 Jing Zhang,1 Qing Qiao5 1State Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Pathology, Gansu Provincial People’s Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Neurosurgery, First affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China Abstract: We report a unique case of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) involving the urinary bladder in a 22-year-old man. The patient presented with left lower back pain for 4weeks. The computed tomography (CT) scan demonstrated an exophytic nodule on the left bladder wall and abdominopelvic lymphadenopathy. Histologically, a population of large pleomorphic cells extensively infiltrated the lamina propria of the bladder. These cells were diffusely and strongly immunoreactive for CD30, ALK, EMA, and vimentin, but were negative for AE1/AE3, CK20, CK7, CK5/6, P63, SMA, HMB-45, pan-Melan, S-100, Myo D1, synaptophysin, CD56, desmin, CD15, CD20, Pax-5, and CD3. Few cells exhibited positive immunohistochemical staining of CD45. The patient underwent cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) regime of chemotherapy and achieved a complete remission after four cycles. This case is the tenth documented case of systemic ALCL involving urinary bladder. Due to its rarity, it is important to be aware of the features of ALCL in bladder, and make prompt and accurate diagnosis. Keywords: anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, anaplastic lymphoma kinase, urinary bladder

Objective: To explore the relationship between the number of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and proliferative activity of tumor cells and the relationship between two macrophage biomarkers CD68 and CD163 in nasopharyngeal NK/T-cell lymphoma. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was used to reconfirm the diagnosis of nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma and detect the numbers of TAMs and the ki-67 label index of the tumor cells in all 31 cases. In addition, 12 cases of inflammatory cases were collected as controls, for which the immunostaining of CD68 and CD163 were done as well. Then staining results were analyzed with Pearson correlation and t test. Results: The number of TAMs was positively correlated with tumor proliferative activity (P = 0.024) in nasopharyngeal NK/T-cell lymphoma. The expression of CD68 and CD163 was closely related (P = 0.009), and the positive rate of CD68 was generally higher than CD163, however there is no statistical significance. Conclusion: The increase in numbers of TAMs in nasopharyngeal NK/T-cell lymphoma is related to higher proliferative index, indicating the TAMs play an important role in tumor proliferation. Meanwhile both CD68 and CD163 might be the markers for TAMs but CD163 would be the better one.

Dubin-Johnson syndrome (DJS) is a rare autosomal recessive inheritance disorder of bilirubin metabolism. Herein we reported a complicated but interesting case which is readily resulted in misdiagnosis or an indefinite diagnosis, and this is the first reported familial case of DJS with multiple liver cavernous hemangiomas. A 49-year-old man was referred to our hospital for jaundice and multiple low-density liver masses. Extensive laboratory investigations showed conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia and positive urine bilirubin. Microscopically, lesions were composed of blood-filled vascular channels of various sizes lined by a single layer of flat endothelial cells supported by fibrous tissue. Coarse brown granules presented in the hepatocytes of the liver lobules locating beside the tumor, particularly in the centrilobular hepatocytes, and the granules showed blue-green with Schmorl's reaction lipofuscin staining. Interestingly, one of the patient's six siblings (female) shared the same condition with him. The relationship between DJS and hemangiomas remains unclear, and it might be contributed to some hereditary factors, or probably occurred simultaneously by chance. It was certified that the true reason for the long-term unclear jaundice was DJS, which was presumed clinically to be caused by bile excretion obstacles associated with the hemangiomas. Liver biopsy and histochemical stain may be helpful to identify the reason of jaundice and avoid misdiagnosis or an indefinite diagnosis.

t(6;11)(p21;q12)/TFEB gene fusion-associated renal cell carcinoma is a recently recognized renal cell carcinoma caused by the formation of Alpha-TFEB fusion genes. Herein, we have reported a rare case. A 20-year-old female patient presented with a mass measuring 4.1 cm × 3.3 cm in left kidney, and radical left nephrectomy was performed. Then the patient underwent unmarkable prognosis without recurrence or metastasis in the 18-month follow-up. Microscopic findings showed the tumor mainly composed of medium and large epithelioid cells with the structures of solid nesting and pseudopapillary. The tumor cells showed well-circumscribed, abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and obvious small nucleoli. Furthermore, multifocal hemosiderin deposition and focal osseous metaplasia were observed. The tumor cells were positive for E-cadherin and focally positive for HMB45, Melan-A, AE1/AE3, Vimentin, RCC and CK19. FISH analysis for TFEB break-apart probe revealed a break-apart signal pattern meaning TFEB gene rearrangement. t(6;11)(p21;q12)/TFEB gene fusion-associated renal cell carcinoma is a rare tumor that mostly occurs in young adults with a beneficial prognosis. Diagnosis is usually performed according to the age of the patients, the pathologic morphology and immunophenotype. Positive TFEB expression in neoplastic cell nuclei can be regarded as sensitive and specific diagnostic event for this type of tumor. TFEB gene break-apart and rearrangement in FISH test is crucial to the diagnosis of the disease.