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This paper evaluates the feasibility of helicon current drive (HCD) in a hybrid scenario for the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR). Utilizing the GENRAY/CQL3D package, a large number of simulations (over 5 000) were conducted, with parametric scans in the antenna's poloidal position, launched parallel refractive index, and wave frequency. The analysis reveals that helicon has excellent accessibility under reactor-level conditions, and smaller n|| and higher wave frequency result in enhanced wave absorption. The simulations demonstrate an optimal launched parallel refractive index of approximately 1.6 for the CFETR hybrid scenario. The best launch position is found to be within a poloidal angle range of 25 degrees to 65 degrees. Additionally, it is preferable to have a narrow parallel refractive index spectrum for wave absorption when operating below the threshold value of {\Delta}n|| (~0.6), beyond which the effect of {\Delta}n|| on wave absorption is negligible. This study provides valuable insights into the potential application of HCD in CFETR.

Additional file 4: Fig. S3. Curves of rarefaction analysis for CDR3 aa clonotype. Results (solid lines) were interpolated by subsampling data without replacement in 1% of total clone increments (each with 100 replications) and determining numbers of clonotypes represented by these clones. Clonotype richness (extrapolation, dashed lines) was estimated in up to ��� fivefold observed clones based on Chao estimator formula. Data are shown as means �� SEM (light color). Results were calculated from in-house sequencing repertoires of BAL (a) and C57 (b) and E5349 and E8585 public datasets of BAL (c) and C57 (d). Isotypes, strains, and sample types are shown at top of figure. We used only one dataset with numerous clones for technical duplication.

Additional file 7: Fig. S6. The distribution of node numbers in cross-individual clonal lineages. The result was computed from our in-house sequencing data. One dataset with numerous CDR3 nt clonotypes was used for technical duplication.

Additional file 9: Fig. S7. Repertoire similarity measured by cross-individual clonal lineages with no less than 5 nodes. The percentage distributions of lineages appeared in different number of blood and spleen samples were calculated from in-house sequencing data of BAL (a) and C57 (b). For the clarity of the color display, the percentages of small sample numbers are omitted (grey squares in a and b). Different colors of the dots indicate the MHSI values were computed from the same mouse or different mice (c). One dataset with numerous CDR3 nt clonotypes was used for technical duplication.

Additional file 6: Fig. S5. Similarity distribution of clonotype nearest neighbor. Similarity is ratio (%) of identical nt between CDR3 nt clonotypes and their nearest neighbors. Results were computed for IgA (a and b), IgG (c and d) and IgM (e and f) using our in-house sequencing data and IgM of E5349 and E8585 datasets (g and h). We used one dataset with numerous CDR3 nt clonotypes for technical duplication.

Additional file 5: Fig. S4. Heatmap of MHSI. We computed MHSIs through CDR3 aa abundance of each pair of repertories in IgA (a), IgG (b), and IgM (c). Pairs of technical duplications in mice are marked with letters a and b. Top three colored rows indicate samples from different groups of strains, sample types, and batches.

Additional file 3: Fig. S2. Heatmap of V/D/J gene usage in IgM. Gene names (a, V gene; b, D gene; c, J gene) are presented in vertical column on the right (D empty in b indicates frequency of clones in which D gene did not emerge in CDR3 region). Mouse IDs are shown at bottom of the row. Pairs of technical duplications in mice are marked letters a and b. Top three colored rows indicate samples from different groups of strains, sample types, and batches.

Antibodies with high titer and affinity to small molecule are critical in the field for the development of vaccines against drugs of abuse, antidotes to toxins and immunoassays for compounds. However, little is known regarding how properties of small molecule influence and which chemical descriptor could indicate the degree of the antibody response. Based on our previous study, we designed and synthesized two groups of small molecules, called haptens, with varied hydrophobicities to investigate the relationship between properties of small molecules and antibody response in term of titer and affinity. We found that the magnitude of the antibody response is positively correlated with the degree of molecular hydrophobicity and related chemical descriptors. This study provides insight into the immunological characteristics of small molecules themselves and useful clues to produce high quality antibodies against small molecules.

The systematic error between the measured electron temperature $T_{e,m}$ and the real electron temperature $T_{e}$ caused by the spatial separation of a triple probe is introduced. The detailed analysis of the systematic error is presented and the relation between $T_{e,m}$ and $T_{e}$ is derived. By comparing the fluctuation of the measured temperature $| \tilde {T}_{e,m}|$ and the real temperature fluctuation $| \tilde {T}_{e}|$ , we find that $| \tilde {T}_{e,m} |\ge | \tilde {T}_{e}|$ . In addition, electron temperature $T_{e}$ , density $n_{e}$ , floating potential $V_{f}$ , and their fluctuation profiles are measured at the edge of HL-2A tokamak with a reciprocating probe system. We experimentally verified that the amplitude of floating potential fluctuation $| \tilde {V}_{f} |$ is about 3 ~ 4 times larger than that of $\boldsymbol {\alpha }| \tilde {T}_{e,m} |$ ; in this condition, we can use the floating potential fluctuation $\tilde {V}_{f}$ to stand for the plasma potential fluctuation $\tilde {V}_{p}$ .

The progressive damage behaviour and failure mechanism of high-strength metal(HSS)/carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates under tensile and three-point bending loadings are investigated in this paper. Experiments and numerical simulations are used to study the hybrid composite laminates’ mechanical properties and failure mechanisms. The tensile failure mode of the DP590/CFRP laminate was a typical mixed failure mode. The metal layer presented the necking and fracture modes, and CFRP layer showed neat fibre fractures, resin matrix sections and fibre​ pull-out phenomena. The bending test demonstrated that the failure modes of DP590/CFRP composite laminates under the three-point bending loading were mainly included matrix failure, fibre fracture failure, and internal delamination. The typical bilinear behaviour was observed on the load–deflection curve of the DP590/CFRP composite laminate under the three-point bending loading. The established FEA-VUMAT model can accurately predict tensile, bending responses and failure mechanisms.

The boundary macroblock padding is one key technology of MPEG-4 codes. In MPEG-4, the repetitive padding algorithm does not make use of the trend of pixel value variation often near object boundaries in padding the exterior pixels of reference video object. In this paper, in order to improve performance of MPEG-4 coder, a linear padding for MPEG-4 motion estimation is proposed to reduce prediction errors and improve compression efficiency. In our test, the different video rate distortion curves verify that the proposed algorithm get the higher PSNR (0.4∼2.5 dB) than the repetitive padding scheme does at different bit rate.

A new method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ Q-TOF-MS) was developed for determination of quinocetone (QCT) and its major metabolites, 1–desoxyquinocetone (1– DQCT), 4–desoxyquinocetone (4–DQCT), 1,4–bisdesoxyquinocetone (DQCT) and methyl–3–quinoxaline–2–carboxylic acid (MQCA) in swine liver. Tissue samples were extracted by a two-step method. Firstly, all analytes except MQCA were extracted with ethyl acetate. Then a hydrochloric acid solution was added in the remained sediment for hydrolysis of combined MQCA. The MQCA in the acid extract was transferred to ethyl acetate by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) approach. All the ethyl acetate extract were combined, evaporated, resolved in a phosphate buffer, and cleaned up using a Oasis MAX cartridges. The chromatographic separation of all the analytes was achieved in less than 5 min using UPLC. The identification and confirmation by accurate mass measurement and their different fragmentation pathways were performed on ESI-Q-TOF-MS (MS/MS). The quantitation was carried out in TOF mode using narrow window extracted ion chromatogram of each compound. In the range of 1-100 µg·kg–1, the calibration curve equations of MQCA, QCT, 4-DQCT, 1-DQCT and DQCT were y=0.7878x+10.49, y=4.656x+42.244, y=5.5825x+24.919, y=8.491x+21.195 and y=10.733x+160.72, respectively. And the relative coefficients of all calibration curves were higher than 0.98. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were 1.4–4.8 µg·kg –1 and 4.6–15.9 µg·kg–1, respectively. The established method was validated for determination of incurred swine liver samples in an actual residue study.

This paper presents two error concealment (EC) techniques for image transmission in JPEG2000, one for the lowest frequency coefficients (the low-frequency EC) and the other for high frequency coefficients (the high-frequency EC). The low-frequency EC algorithm uses a data hiding technique and the packet structure of JPEG2000. The low-frequency coefficients, which are taken as the hidden data, are extracted from the compressed bitstream, and embedded back into the same bitstream. The restored hidden data is used to conceal errors. The high-frequency reconstruction is performed on a bitplane basis. The damaged bitplanes are recovered according to the correlation in the wavelet subbands structure, in which the edge information is detected at first. Experiments show the effectiveness of these algorithms.