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A summation-by-parts simultaneous approximation term (SBP-SAT) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) subgridding method is proposed to model geometrically fine structures in this paper. Compared with our previous work, the proposed SBP-SAT FDTD method uses the staggered Yee's grid without adding or modifying any field components through field extrapolation on the boundaries to make the discrete operators satisfy the SBP property. The accuracy of extrapolation keeps consistency with that of the second-order finite-difference scheme near the boundaries. In addition, the SATs are used to weakly enforce the tangential boundary conditions between multiple mesh blocks with different mesh sizes. With carefully designed interpolation matrices and selected free parameters of the SATs, no dissipation occurs in the whole computational domain. Therefore, its long-time stability is theoretically guaranteed. Three numerical examples are carried out to validate its effectiveness. Results show that the proposed SBP-SAT FDTD subgridding method is stable, accurate, efficient, and easy to implement based on existing FDTD codes with only a few modifications., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2110.09054

We proposed a provably stable FDTD subgridding method for accurate and efficient transient electromagnetic analysis. In the proposed method, several field components are properly added to the boundaries of Yee's grid to make sure that the discrete operators meet the summation-by-parts (SBP) property. Then, by incorporating the simultaneous approximation terms (SATs) into the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, the proposed FDTD subgridding method mimics the energy estimate of the continuous Maxwell's equations at the semi-discrete level to guarantee its stability. Further, to couple multiple mesh blocks with different mesh sizes, the interpolation matrices are also derived. The proposed FDTD subgridding method is accurate, efficient, easy to implement and be integrated into the existing FDTD codes with only simple modifications. At last, three numerical examples with fine structures are carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The traditional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is constrained by the Courant-Friedrich-Levy (CFL) condition and suffers from the notorious staircase error in electromagnetic simulations. This paper proposes a three-dimensional conformal locally-one-dimensional FDTD (CLOD-FDTD) method to address the two issues for modeling perfectly electrical conducting (PEC) objects. By considering the partially filled cells, the proposed CLOD-FDTD method can significantly improve the accuracy compared with the traditional LOD-FDTD method and the FDTD method. At the same time, the proposed method preserves unconditional stability, which is analyzed and numerically validated using the Von-Neuman method. Significant gains in Central Processing Unit (CPU) time are achieved by using large time steps without sacrificing accuracy. Two numerical examples include a PEC cylinder and a missile are used to verify its accuracy and efficiency with different meshes and time steps. It can be found from these examples, the CLOD-FDTD method show better accuracy and can improve the efficiency compared with those of the traditional FDTD method and the traditional LOD-FDTD method.

Species limits in the small genus Geopyxis are debatable because of problems with interpreting the few phenotypic features and poor documentation of types. To clarify species boundaries and diversity, we studied the morphology of 74 specimens of Geopyxis from the Northern Hemisphere, including five types, and sequenced four loci for 57 representatives: the nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), D1-D2 domains of nuc 28S rDNA (28S), translation elongation factor (tef1), and (or) part of the second largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II (rpb2) (5–7 region). Eight species are delimited. Six species are shown to be highly supported as reciprocally monophyletic: G. aleurioides sp. nov., G. alpina s. l., G. carbonaria, G. delectans, G. korfii, and G. majalis. In addition, coalescent-based Bayesian species delimitation shows G. alpina s. l. constitutes three cryptic species: G. alpina s. str., G. deceptiva sp. nov., and G. rehmii. ITS-28S sequences of type material show that G. vulcanalis and G. foetida are synonyms of G. carbonaria. A lectotype is designated for Humaria delectans and the name is combined in Geopyxis. Morphological characters that can be used to distinguish Geopyxis species are presence/absence of a long stipe, spore size and shape, and pigmented resinous exudates in medullary and ectal excipulum. Geopyxis carbonaria and G. delectans produce apothecia almost exclusively on burned ground. Bayesian analyses detected highly supported conflicts among different loci regarding generic delimitation and species relationships. Two hypogeous genera, Stephensia and Hydnocystis, are confirmed to nest within Geopyxis. The relationships between species of Geopyxis and Tarzetta, Stephensia shanorii and Paurocotylis pila, are unresolved. Six out of eight species of Geopyxis recognized in this study have intercontinental disjunct distributions.

87. Lactarius resinosus X.H. Wang, sp. nov. (Figs 9; 10E; 15) Characterized by slender fruiting bodies, strongly rugose pileus, globose spores with zebroid-winged ornamentation and pileipellis an epithelium with resin-like encrustations on the hyphae beneath the globose cells. Differing from L. castanopsidis and L. corrugatus in having bigger fruiting bodies and dark reddish brown pileus. A long INDEL in the ITS1 region is also characteristic. TYPUS. — China. Yunnan Prov., Nanjian Co., Lingbao Mt. forest park, 2300 m a.s.l., 4.VII.2012, coll. X.H. Wang, no. 3422 (holo-, KUN [HKAS 75984]!). MYCOBANK. — MB 829371. GENBANK. — MK351976-MK351981 (ITS). ETYMOLOGY. — Referring to the resin-like encrustations on the hyphae beneath the subglobose cells of pileipellis. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — China. Yunnan Prov.: Cangyuan Co., Nangunhe nature reserve, 6.VII.2012, coll. R.L. Zhao, no. 2012-117 (KUN[HKAS 85367]); Maguan Co., Gulinqing nature reserve, Piaochang, 22°51’38.2’’N, 104°00’08.6’’E, 1750 m a.s.l., 9.VIII.2017, coll. X.H. Wang, no. 4439 (KUN[HKAS 104242]), no. 4440 (KUN[HKAS 104240]); ibid, 19.X.2017, coll. X.H. Wang, no. 4875 (KUN[HKAS 104241]); Xiping Co., Ailao Mts. nature reserve, Jinshan virgin forest park, 23°56’26’’N, 101°30’09’’E, 2400 m a.s.l., 13.VIII.2017, coll. X.H. Wang, no. 4539 (KUN[HKAS 104239]). HABIT, HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. — 1-4 individuals growing together, under fagaceous trees. Subtropical-tropical Yunnan, China. DESCRIPTION Basidiomata Small to medium-sized. Pileus 25-45 mm in diam., at first convex with a pointed papilla, becoming plano-convex with a depressed center when mature, margin crenulate; surface yellowish brown, brown, dark brown, sometimes with irregular darker strips, hygrophanous, rugose-granulose all over. Context 0.5-1 mm thick, cream-flesh colored. Lamellae 1.5-5 mm broad, decurrent, medium crowded to subdistant (9-15 L/cm), yellowish white, light yellow to grayish yellow, changing to pale brown when bruised, light brown when fully mature. Stipe 30-50 × 3-6 mm, cylindrical, slightly enlarged downward, nearly hollow, base strigose with reddish brown hairs; surface dry, smooth, dark brown. Latex White watery to cream watery,neither discoloring nor staining,mild. Odor None or of bugs. Spore print Cream-ochre. Basidiospores (140/7/6) (6.5) 7.0-7.6-8.5 (9.0) × 6.5-7.2-8.0 (8.5) Μm [Q = 1.00-1.10 (1.14), Q = 1.05 ± 0.03] [holotype (40/2/1) (6.5) 7.0-7.4-8.0 (8.5) × 6.5-7.1-7.5 (8.0) Μm, Q = 1.00- 1.11, Q = 1.05 ± 0.03], globose, subglobose; ornamentation 1.5-2.0 (2.5) Μm high, of ridges variable in size and elongate warts, rarely connected, arranged in a typical spiral or zebroid pattern, with numerous subtransparent (less amyloid) dots in the ridges or warts; plage not amyloid. Basidia 4-spored, 32-55 × 10-14 Μm, clavate, subfusiform. Pleuromacrocystidia Absent. Hymenophoral pseudocystidia Rare to common, 3-6 Μm broad, some branching, some enlarging toward apex, with refractive contents. Lamella edge Sterile; cheilomacrocystidia abundant, small but easily seen, 17-40 × 4-7 Μm, fusiform, sublanceolate, subcylindrical, with a mucronate or moniliform apex, in the upper part of apex with strongly refractive granular, crystalline or agglomerated contents; marginal cells 10-26 × 5-10 Μm, clavate, cylindrical, rarely capitate. Pileipellis A (hymeno)epithelium, 50-70 Μm thick, yellowish brown; cells globose, subglobose, ellipsoid, 10-35 × 10-30 Μm, terminal cells ellipsoid, short largeniform, rarely cylindrical, pyriform or hyphoid, 8-15 (25) × 5-8 Μm; hyphae beneath the pileipellis 5-10 Μm broad, some coated with dark yellowish brown resinous encrustations, not dissolving in 5% KOH. Stipitipellis A cutis, 50-60 Μm thick, of closely packed, predominantly longitudinally arranged hyphae; hyphae 4-7 Μm broad, yellowish brown, walls 0.5-0.7 Μm thick, some with dark yellowish brown resinous encrustations. Lactifers Very scattered, rarely common in hymenophoral trama, colorless to very pale yellowish brown. Pileus and stipe trama With numerous rosettes. NOTES The medium-sized, strongly rugose, yellowish brown to dark reddish brown pileus, the watery latex, the globose spores with high zebroid ornamentation and the pileipellis an epithelium with resin-like encrustations on the hyphae underlying the globose cells make this species distinct. Lactarius resinosus X.H. Wang, sp. nov., resembles L. castanopsidis and L. corrugatus in the strongly wrinkled pileus, deeply winged spores and pileipellis an epithelium. Microscopic observations on the type of L. castanopsidis found similar dark-brown hyphae underlying the globose cells in the pileipellis, but it has much smaller fruiting bodies (Hongo 1979) while L. corrugatus lacks cheilomacrocystidia (Verbeken & Horak 2000). In L. subg. Russularia, spores with high ridges and wings arranged in a zebroid pattern have also been found in L. qinlingensis X.H. Wang, a species with olivaceous brown areolate-rimose pileus and emergent macrocystidia (Wang 2018). Thai L. fuscomaculatus Wisitrassameewong & Verbeken and L. atrobrunneus Wisitrassameewong & K.D. Hyde have similar pilei (Liu et al. 2015; Wisitrassameewong et al. 2015). Both species have low reticulations on the spores. Moreover, L. fuscomaculatus has crowded lamellae and pleuromacrocystidia, while L. atrobrunneus has more distant lamellae and lacks macrocystidia. For more notes, see above under L. exilis., Published as part of Wang, Xiang-Hua, Das, Kanad, Bera, Ishika, Chen, Yu-Hui, Bhatt, Rajendra Prasad, Ghosh, Aniket, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Hofstetter, Valérie, Parihar, Arvind, Vizzini, Alfredo, Xu, Tai-Min & Zhao, Chang-Lin, 2019, Fungal Biodiversity Profiles 81 - 90, pp. 57-95 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (5) on pages 78-79, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2019v40a5, http://zenodo.org/record/7814899, {"references":["HONGO T. 1979. - Notes on Japanese Larger Fungi (22). Journal of Japanese Botany 54 (10): 301 - 310.","VERBEKEN A. & HORAK E. 2000. - Lactarius (Basidiomycota) in Papua New Guinea 2. Species in tropical-montane rainforests. Australian Systematic Botany 13: 649 - 707. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / SB 99023","LIU J. K., HYDE K. D., JONES E. B. G., ARIYAWANSA H. A. & BOHAT D. J. 2015. - Fungal Diversity Notes 1 - 110: Taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal species. Fungal Diversity 72 (1): 1 - 197.","WISITRASSAMEEWONG K., NUYTINCK J., LE H. T., DE CROP E., HAMPE F., HYDE K. D. & VERBEKEN A. 2015. - Lactarius subgenus Russularia (Russulaceae) in South-East Asia: 3. New diversity in Thailand and Vietnam. Phytotaxa 207: 215 - 241. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 207.3.1"]}

Wang, Xiang-Hua, Das, Kanad, Bera, Ishika, Chen, Yu-Hui, Bhatt, Rajendra Prasad, Ghosh, Aniket, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Hofstetter, Valérie, Parihar, Arvind, Vizzini, Alfredo, Xu, Tai-Min, Zhao, Chang-Lin (2019): Fungal Biodiversity Profiles 81-90. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (5): 57-95, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2019v40a5, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/cryptogamie-mycologie/volume-40/issue-5/cryptogamie-mycologie2019v40a5/Fungal-Biodiversity-Profiles-81-90/10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2019v40a5.full

81. Hymenochaete sharmae Hembrom, K. Das & A. Parihar, sp. nov. (Figs 1-5) Distinct from other Hymenochaete species by the combination of resupinate, closely adnate, greyish white to purplish grey basidiomata with chalky white floccose margins when fresh, its cracked, separable hymenophore becoming rusty brown to charcoal black and papery thin when mature, ellipsoid basidiospores (5-6.26-7 × 3-3.68-5 Μm) and occurrence on bamboos. TYPUS. — India. Jharkhand, Sahibganj district, Taljhari block, Sogorbhanga village, on the dead stump of bamboos, 40 m a.s.l., 24°59’07.3”N, 87°43’27.8”E, 13.XI.2016, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-70191 (holo-, CAL [CAL 1535]!). MYCOBANK. — MB 830163. GENBANK. — KY929017, MK588753 (nrITS,), KY929018, MK588836 (nrLSU).Etymology. — Commemorating Dr. Jai Ram Sharma, the pioneer worker who revised Indian Hymenochaetaceae. OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — India. Jharkhand: Sahibganj district, Mandro Block, Chaldi on the forest track to Chaldi from Solbandha, Sahibganj, 210 m a.s.l., 25°11’16.0”N, 87°36’52.7’E, on dead roots of Bamboos, 9.XI.2011, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-70173; Sahibganj district, Borio block, Simaljori from Kairasol Pir-Baba, 119 m a.s.l., 25°09’40.0”N, 87°41’15.1”E, on dead roots of bamboos, 30.IX.2017, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-70191; Borio block, Dalabari village, 122 m a.s.l., 25°02’38.2”N, 87°39’12.2”E, on standing dead bamboos, 26.VIII.2013, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-66088; Sahibganj district, Taljhari block, Gogi approach from Simaljori to Karanpurato, 228 m a.s.l., 25°09’00.1”N, 87°42’21.6”E, on dead bamboo stump, 30.IX.2017, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-70198; Taljhari block, Dhamdhamia village, 40 m a.s.l., 24°56’55.4”N, 87°45’32.7”E, on dead stump of bamboos, 28.IX.2015, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-69985; Sahibganj district, Pathna-Barharwa block, Chandragoda paharia hilly areas, 240 m a.s.l., 24°51’10.0”N, 87°38’18.4”E, on dead stump of bamboos, 7.IX.2013, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-66204; Rajmahal hills, Godda district, Boarijor block, Tatkunda from Boarijor-Lalmatia road, 225 m a.s.l., 25°01’19.3”N, 87°24’07.0”E, on dead stump of bamboos, 1.IX.2013, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-66168; Boarijor block, Amarpur Puriabadar, 398 m a.s.l., 25°00’03.0”N, 87°27’45.8”E, on dead stump of bamboos, 8.IX.2014, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-66450; Rajmahal hills, Pakur district, Litipara block, Charaknarapahar from Sathia-Narchi, 356 m a.s.l., 24°44’01.3”N, 87°34’30.3”E, on dead stump of bamboos, 18.VIII.2014, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-66912; Pakur district, Hiranpur block, Dangapara, 310 m a.s.l., 24°37’05.6”N, 87°28’30.2”E, on dead stump of bamboos, 28.VIII.2014, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-66258; Rajmahal hills, Dumka district, Ramgarh block, Kakni, Karbindha, 214 m a.s.l. 24°30’14.2”N, 87°16’06.9”E, on dead bamboos, 17.IX.2015, Samuel Murmu, SM-15-09; Dumka district, Gopikandar block, Gariapani to Dumurtola, 130 m a.s.l., 24°24’32.2”N, 87°29’49.6”E, on dead stump of bamboos, 20.X.2015, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-69927; Dumka district, Kathikund block, Kanhaideeh village, 140 m a.s.l., 24°19’42.0”N, 87°30’54.7”E, on dead stump of bamboos, 18.IX.2015, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-69912; Dumka district, Sikaripara block, Karakata forest area, 323 m a.s.l., 24°12’52.9”N, 87°30’15.3”E, on dead stump of bamboos, 23.X.2015, M.E. Hembrom, MEH-69957; Dumka district, Maslia block, Madhuban bichkhora hills, 160 m a.s.l., 24°14’31.9”N, 87°12’45.6”E, on dead stump of bamboos, 21.X.2015, Samuel Murmu, SM-15-16. DESCRIPTION Basidiomata Annual, resupinate, widely effused up to 600 mm or more long in the longest direction, papery thin, 160-500 Μm thick in section, closely adnate, inseparable when fresh, initially appearing as small slightly grayish brown patches, then growing in irregular pattern in all directions on the host surface and finally becoming fused with adjacent basidiomata covering entire lower part of bamboo nodes, internodes and roots before fading to give appearance of a mark of grayish white ‘paint’. Hymenophore Smooth when fresh but gradually cracking into distinct various angular shapes and finally detaching off from host as brittle papery crust, irregularly and distantly papillate, azonate, grayish brown then violet white to pale violet to dark brown to pale blue, becoming greyish violet at maturity, finally chestnut brown to charcoal brown in old specimens. Margin 1-5 mm wide, floccose, chalky white. Subiculum smooth, sandy, duplex, pale orange to greyish orange towards host surface while greyish white towards hymenophore. Hyphal system Monomitic, septate, hyphae swelling in KOH, IK-, CB-, older tissue more or less darkening towards substrata and mostly unchanging toward hymenium in KOH. Subiculum of repeatedly branched, compactly interwoven generative hyphae and setae; cortex absent. Generative hyphae 3-6 Μm wide, septate, much branched, moderate to distinctly thick-walled, pale yellow to hyaline. Setae evenly distributed throughout the context, 10-80 × 6-15 Μm, acuminate (mostly) to few with lateral swellings; tip acute (mostly) to more or less obtuse, few sheathed with hyaline crystalline contents, with or without lumen, hyaline to dark brown. Hymenium Generative hyphae 2-4 Μm wide, septate, branched, thinwalled, interwoven, hyaline. Setae 25-80 × 9-15 Μm, randomly and sparsely distributed, subulate; tip acute to obtuse, sheathed (mostly) with crystalline hyaline contents, emergent up to 25 Μm, dark brown. Cystidia Absent. Cystidioles Present, 16.5-24 × 3-3.5 Μm, thin-walled, hyaline. Hyphidia Emergent, septate, sparsely branched, obtuse to ampullate, hyaline. Basidia 12-16 × 4-6 Μm, clavate, 4-sterigmate, septate at base. Basidioles 11-16 × 4-5 Μm, clavate, septate at base. Basidiospores 5-6.26-7 × 3-3.68-5 Μm, Q = 1.4-1.66-1.96, ellipsoid, thin-walled, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid, acyanophilic. NOTES This species is one of the common wood-rotting corticoid fungi in Rajmahal Hills of Jharkhand, India (Fig. 1). It can easily be recognized in the field by its exclusive occurrence on bamboos, on which it forms remarkably thin, membranous, closely adnate, smooth to slightly papillate (under 10×), purplish grey to grayish white basidiomata which gradually crack into easily separable dark brown crusts (partially lamellate when associated with other wood inhabiting lower fungi). Under the microscope, the combination of emergent setae and hyphoid elements coupled with the relatively large-sized, ellipsoid basidiospores are significant taxonomic features. Further diagnostic features include the chalky white, floccose margin with highly variable size of setae. 0.1 The above-mentioned combination of morphological features is very distinct from six additional bambusicolous species of Hymenochaete reported from South East Asia (Nie et al. 2017). Hymenochaete bambusicola S.H. He is distinct microscopically due to the presence of unusual dimitic hyphal system while absence of any hyphal layer in H. innexa G. Cunn. is quite characteristic (Nie et al. 2017). Absence of any hyphoid elements in the hymenium of H. muroiana I. Hino & Katum., H. orientalis S.H. He, H. rhabarbarina (Berk.) Cooke, and H. tropica S.H. He & Y.C. Dai segregates them from our species (Nie et al. 2017). Our nrITS- and nrLSU-based phylogenies (Figs 2, 3), with 43 and 35 sequences respectively, fully resolved the genus Hymenochaete. Respective sequences (KY929017, MK588753 for MEH-70191 and MEH- 66088 in case of nrITS; KY929018, MK588836 for MEH-70191 and MEH- 66088 in case of nrLSU) derived from present Indian species are found to be clustered amongst few Asian species of Hymenochaete in both of our phylogenetic estimations. However, H. sharmae Hembrom, K. Das & A. Parihar, sp. nov., is recovered with strong support as a distinct taxon in both these phylogenetic analyses, being sister to the clade leading to H. japonica Yasuda and H. duportii Pat. Morphologically, the present species resembles Hydnochaete duportii because of the formation of resupinate, effused basidiomata, cracking at maturity. However, the latter species differs by its umber brown margin, relatively thick basidiomata, and cylindrical basidiospores 4-5 × 1.5-2 Μm (Ryvarden 1982). Similarly, Hydnochaete japonica, originally reported from Japan, is phylogenetically close to the present species but its pileate to effused reflexed basidiomata (more than 2 mm thick), dark brown to black hymenophore and rusty brown margin (Ryvarden 1982) allow to separate it. Another resupinate, papery thin species, Hymenochaete murina Bres. (included in both of our phylogenetic analyses) is very distinct because of its concolorous margin and medium-sized setae measuring 45-50 × 7-10 Μm (Léger 1998). H. peroxydata (Berk. ex Cooke) Baltazar et al. has relatively thick basidiomata exceeding 2 mm in thickness, cinnamon colored margin, cylindrical basidiospores measuring 3-4 × 1.5-2 Μm, and blunt, medium to long, 35-70 × 7-15 Μm setae (Ryvarden 1982) and occurrs on dicotyledonous hosts. The resupinate H. sphaerospora J.C. Léger & Lanq., which shares with our species the presence of hyphoid elements in the hymenium, differs in its 0.5-1 mm thick basidiomata and globose to subglobose basidiospores (Léger 1998)., Published as part of Wang, Xiang-Hua, Das, Kanad, Bera, Ishika, Chen, Yu-Hui, Bhatt, Rajendra Prasad, Ghosh, Aniket, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Hofstetter, Valérie, Parihar, Arvind, Vizzini, Alfredo, Xu, Tai-Min & Zhao, Chang-Lin, 2019, Fungal Biodiversity Profiles 81 - 90, pp. 57-95 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (5) on pages 58-65, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2019v40a5, http://zenodo.org/record/7814899, {"references":["NIE T., TIAN Y., LIU S. L., YANG J. & HE S. H. 2017. - Species of Hymenochaete (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) on bamboos from East Asia, with descriptions of two new species. MycoKeys 20: 51 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / mycokeys. 20.11754","RYVARDEN L. 1982. - The genus Hydnochaete Bres. (Hymenochaetaceae). Mycotaxon 15: 425 - 447.","LEGER J. C. 1998. - Le genre Hymenochaete Leveille. Bibliotheca Mycologica 171: 1 - 319."]}

83. Lactarius aurantiobrunneus X.H. Wang, sp. nov. (Figs 9; 10A; 11) Differs from L. hirtipes, L. alpinihirtipes and L. fulvihirtipes in the spores with high ornamentation not forming a reticulum, and from L. furfuraceus in the less furfuraceous pileus and less reticulate spores. TYPUS. — China. Guizhou Prov., Leishan Co., Leigong Mt. nature reserve, 26°23’05.4’’N, 108°11’38.9’’E, 1850 m a.s.l., under Quercus engeriana, 23.VI.2017, coll. X.H. Wang, no. 4234 (KUN [HKAS 101912]!). MYCOBANK. — MB 829369. GENBANK. — MK351921-MK351925 (ITS). ETYMOLOGY. — Aurantio- = orange, -brunneus = brown, referring to the orange brown fruiting bodies. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — China. Guizhou Prov.:Suiyang Co., Kuankuoshui, near tea farm, 1500 m a.s.l., 23.VI.1988, coll. P.G. Liu, no. 48 (KUN[HKAS 20560]); Suiyang Co., Kuankuoshui nature reserve, 1500 m a.s.l., 24.VII.2010, coll. X.H. Wang, no. 2399 (KUN[HKAS 61365]); Leishan Co., Leigong Mt. nature reserve, 26°23’2’’N, 108°11’35’’E, 1800 m a.s.l., 24.VI.2017, coll. X.H. Wang, no. 4256 (KUN[HKAS 101913]). — Yunnan Prov., Xinping Co., Ailao Mts. nature reserve, road from Gasa to Zhenyuan, 23°56’07’’N, 101°27’49’’E, 2090 m a.s.l., 13.VIII.2017, coll. X.H. Wang, no. 4543 (KUN[HKAS 104224]), no. 4544 (KUN[HKAS 104225]). HABIT, HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. — 1-3 individuals together, in fagaceous forests. Southwestern China (Yunnan and Guizhou Provinces). DESCRIPTION Basidiomata Small to medium-sized, slender. Pileus 20-35 mm in diam., at first convex with a pointed papilla, becoming plano-convex with a depressed center when mature; surface dry, hygrophanous, ± strongly rugose, occasionally concentrically cracked, transparently sulcate to sulcate when wet and fully mature, margin often crenulate, reddish brown when young, light brown to reddish brown when mature. Context 0.5-1 mm thick, paler than or nearly concolorous with lamellae. Lamellae 2.5-3 mm broad, decurrent, medium spaced, grayish orange when young, brownish orange to light brown or concolorous with the pileus when mature. Stipe 40-80 × 3-5 mm, cylindrical, equal or gradually enlarged toward base, hollow; surface dry, nearly smooth, concolorous with the pileus; base often strigose with reddish brown hairs. Latex Watery or cream-watery, neither discoloring nor staining. Odor None. Spore print Not obtained. Basidiospores (140/7/6) 7.0-7.8-8.5 (10.5) × (6.0) 6.5-7.0-8.0 (8.5) Μm [Q = (1.00) 1.04-1.19 (1.26), Q = 1.12 ± 0.05] [holotype (40/2/1): 7.0-7.8-8.5 (9.0) × 6.5-6.9-7.5 (8.0) Μm, Q = (1.00) 1.07-1.19 (1.22), Q = 1.12 ± 0.05], subglobose, broadly ellipsoid, rarely ellipsoid; ornamentation 1.0-2.0 Μm high, of broad ridges and subtransparent wings, connecting into closed meshes, not forming a reticulum, free ends of ridges and isolated warts common; plage not, distally or totally amyloid. Basidia 4-spored, 32-55 × 10-15 Μm, clavate, subfusiform. Pleuromacrocystidia Common to numerous, mostly emergent, (25) 45-83 × (6) 8-14 Μm, fusiform, sublanceolate, some with a moniliform apex, with strongly refractive granular or agglomerated contents, projecting up to 40 Μm beyond the basidia layer, originating from trama, subhymenium or at the same depth as the basidia. Hymenophoral pseudocystidia Scattered to common, 3-4 Μm broad, some gradually enlarged toward apex, with refractive contents. Lamella edge Sterile; marginal cells 7-20 × 4-10 Μm, similar to basidioles in shape, clavate, cylindrical; cheilomacrocystidia absent. Pileipellis An epithelium, locally with hyphoid extremities, 30-60 Μm thick, with yellowish brown pigmentation; terminal cells of suprapellis 10-25 × 6-15 Μm, ellipsoid, short cylindrical, globose; cells of subpellis 10-30 Μm in diam., globose, ellipsoid, rarely pyriform; hyphae beneath pileipellis 5-15 Μm broad. Stipitipellis A cutis, of closely packed, predominantly longitudinally arranged hyphae, with pale yellowish brown pigmentation; hyphae 3-12 Μm broad, often inflated to ventricose, yellowish brown, slightly to medium thick-walled (0.5-1.0 Μm). Lactifers Scattered, colorless. Pileus and stipe trama Lacking rosettes. NOTES One more species of the L. hirtipes species complex. Lactarius aurantiobrunneus X.H. Wang, sp. nov., is more orange than L. hirtipes J.Z. Ying and L. alpinihirtipes X.H. Wang but less yellow than L. fulvihirtipes X.H. Wang. The color approaches L. furfuraceus X.H. Wang. The spore dimension is intermediate between L. hirtipes and L. alpinihirtipes-L. fulvihirtipes - L. furfuraceus (Wang & Liu 2002; Wang 2017, 2018; Wang et al. 2018a). The spore ornamentation is never as reticulate as the other four relatives. In the field it was easily confused with L. hirtipes or L. furfuraceus although the medium distant lamellae and nearly smooth pileus slightly deviate from those two species respectively. Lactarius aurantiobrunneus X.H. Wang, sp. nov., is less common than L. hirtipes and often found in well-preserved natural habitats., Published as part of Wang, Xiang-Hua, Das, Kanad, Bera, Ishika, Chen, Yu-Hui, Bhatt, Rajendra Prasad, Ghosh, Aniket, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Hofstetter, Valérie, Parihar, Arvind, Vizzini, Alfredo, Xu, Tai-Min & Zhao, Chang-Lin, 2019, Fungal Biodiversity Profiles 81 - 90, pp. 57-95 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (5) on pages 69-72, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2019v40a5, http://zenodo.org/record/7814899, {"references":["WANG X. H. & LIU P. G. 2002. - Lactarius chichuensis and L. hirtipes, two easily confused species. Mycotaxon 84: 391 - 400.","WANG X. H. 2017. - Two new species of Lactarius subg. Russularia from Subalpine Regions of Southwestern China. Journal of Fungal Research 15: 222 - 228.","WANG X. H., DAS K., HORMAN J., ANTONIN V., BAGHEL A., CHAKRABORTY D., HEMBROM M. E., NAKASONE K., ORTIZ SAN- TANA B., VIZZINI A. & BUYCK B. 2018 a. - Fungal Biodiversity Profiles 51 - 60. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 39 (2): 1 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.7872 / crym / v 39. iss 2.2018.211"]}

85. Lactarius exilis X.H. Wang, sp. nov. (Figs 9; 10B; 13) A small slender species with pileus with a conical center, white latex, globose reticulate spores, absence of pleuromacrocystidia, numerous cheilomacrocystidia and pileipellis a (hymeno)epithelium. A long INDEL in the ITS1 region is also characteristic. TYPUS. — China. Shanxi Prov., Xia Co., Sijiao, Tanghui, under Quercus trees, 15.VIII.2015, coll. X.H. Wang, no. 3683 (holo-, KUN [HKAS 89954]!). MYCOBANK. — MB 829288. GENBANK. — MK351982-MK351984 (ITS). ETYMOLOGY. — Referring to the slender fruiting bodies. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — China. Henan Prov., Xinyang, Jigong Mt., between Laoyingwo and Xiannütan, 295 m a.s.l., 25.VIII.2015, coll. X.H. Wang, no. 3783 (KUN[HKAS 90043]). South Korea. Seoul, Donggureung Nine Royal Tombs, under Quercus trees, 15.VIII.2011, coll. X.H. Wang, no. 2966 (KUN [HKAS 73523]). HABIT, HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. — Caespitose or 1-4 individuals growing together, in fagaceous forests. Northern (Shanxi Prov.) and central (Henan Prov.) China and South Korea. DESCRIPTION Basidiomata Small, slender. Pileus 6-15 mm in diam., at first convex with a pointed papilla, becoming plano-convex with a depressed center when mature, ± sulcate, margin sometimes crenate; surface dry, somewhat areolate-rimose, dark brown or dark reddish brown when young, later remaining so or becoming yellowish brown, orange brown, hygrophanous, radially rugose. Context Very thin (Lamellae 1-3mm broad, decurrent, subdistant, pale yellow,grayish orange. Stipe 20-40 × 1-2 mm, cylindrical, equal or gradually enlarged downward; surface dry, smooth, with silky luster, nearly concolorous with the lamellae or light brown. Latex White, watery, neither discoloring nor staining. Odor None. Spore print Not obtained. Basidiospores (80/4/3) 7.0-7.7-8.5 (9.0) × 6.5-7.2-8.0 (8.5) Μm [Q = 1.00- 1.12 (1.14), Q = 1.06 ± 0.03] [holotype (40/2/1) 7.0-7.7-8.5 (9.0) × 6.5-7.3-8.0 (8.5) Μm, Q = 1.00-1.10 (1.14), Q = 1.06 ± 0.03], globose, subglobose; ornamentation 0.8-1.5 (2.0) Μm high, of ridges connected, forming an incomplete to complete reticulum, often with subtransparent (less amyloid) dots in the ridges or at the crossing points of ridges; plage not amyloid or slightly distally amyloid. Basidia 4-spored, 35-52 × 8-13 Μm, clavate. Pleuromacrocystidia Absent. Pseudocystidia Uncommon to common, 2-4 Μm broad, often slightly enlarged at the apex, some forking. Lamella edge Sterile, rarely with scattered basidia; cheilomacrocystidia numerous, 25-60 × 4-7 Μm, subfusiform, cylindrical, apex mostly mucronate or moniliform, with sparse to agglomerated contents. Pileipellis An epithelium, 50-100 Μm thick; cells 15-30 Μm in diam., globose, ellipsoid, terminal cells often ellipsoid, colorless, hyphae beneath globose cells 5-10 Μm broad, colorless. Stipitipellis A cutis, 40-50 Μm thick, closely packed; hyphae 3-5 Μm broad, pale yellowish brown. Pileus and stipe trama With numerous rosettes. NOTES The combination of pileipellis an epithelium, absence of pleuromacrocystidia and abundant cheilomacrocystidia of L. exilis X.H. Wang, sp. nov., is shared by L. castanopsidis and L. resinosus X.H. Wang, sp. nov. (described below). Those two species have spores with deeply winged zebroid ornamentations and brownish hyphae underlying the pileipellis. Lactarius exilis X.H. Wang, sp. nov., is similar to European L. obscuratus, L. cyathuliformis and L. omphaliformis and Thai L. crenulatulus Wisitrassameewong & Verbeken in the slender habit and the pileipellis an epithelium. The three European species have pleuromacrocystidia and ellipsoid spores (Heilmann-Clausen et al. 1998; Basso 1999). The Thai species lacks cheilomacrocystidia and has a more crenulate pileus and white pruinose stipe base (Wisitrassameewong et al. 2014). Japanese L. cyathula f. japonicus Hongo looks similar. It has bigger ellipsoid spores and lacks macrocystidia (Hongo 1971). The long INDEL in the ITS1 region in L. castanopsidis, L. exilis X.H. Wang, sp. nov., and L. resinosus X.H. Wang, sp. nov., is unique among the members of L. subg. Russularia. This long INDEL is also present in several species of L. subg. Lactarius with violeting latex [e.g. L. cascadensis Hesler & A.H. Sm. and L. luridus (Pers.) Gray]. Using the whole ITS or ITS1 region to BLAST gave hits to these not closely related species., Published as part of Wang, Xiang-Hua, Das, Kanad, Bera, Ishika, Chen, Yu-Hui, Bhatt, Rajendra Prasad, Ghosh, Aniket, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Hofstetter, Valérie, Parihar, Arvind, Vizzini, Alfredo, Xu, Tai-Min & Zhao, Chang-Lin, 2019, Fungal Biodiversity Profiles 81 - 90, pp. 57-95 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (5) on pages 74-76, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2019v40a5, http://zenodo.org/record/7814899, {"references":["BASSO M. T. 1999. - Lactarius Pers. Fungi Europaei 7, 845 p.","WISITRASSAMEEWONG K., NUYTINCK J., HAMPE F., HYDE K. D. & VERBEKEN A. 2014. - Lactarius subgenus Russularia (Russulaceae) in South-East Asia: 2. Species with remarkably small basidiocarps. Phytotaxa 188 (4): 181 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 188.4.1","HONGO T. 1971. - Notulae Mycologicae (10). Memoirs of Faculty of Education Shiga University Natural Science 21: 62 - 68."]}

84. Lactarius collybioides X.H. Wang, sp. nov. (Figs 9; 10C; 12) A small slender species characterized by very pale fruiting bodies with a collybioid habit, ellipsoid spores with nearly isolated conical warts, pileipellis an (ixo)hymeno-hyphoepithelium and emergent pleuromacrocystidia. TYPUS. — China. Yunnan Prov., Puer, road from Ninger to Puer, 1500 m a.s.l., in fagaceous forest, 5.VII.2012, coll. X.H. Wang, no. 3444 (holo-, KUN [HKAS 76002]!). MYCOBANK. — MB 829279. GENBANK. — MK351969, MK351970 (ITS). ETYMOLOGY. — Referring to the small slender fruiting bodies with a collybioid habit. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — China. Guangdong Prov., Fengkai Co., Heishiding nature reserve, 5.VIII.2012, coll. F. Li, no. 819a (KUN[HKAS 77710]). — Yunnan Prov.: Puer, Hongqi reservoir, 450 m a.s.l., 3.VIII.1991, coll. Z.L. Yang, no. 1380 (KUN[HKAS 24649]); Xishuangbanna, Jinghong, Dadugang, under fagaceous trees, 31.VIII.2004, coll. X.H. Wang, no. 1807 (KUN[HKAS 47727]). HABIT, HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. — In group, growing on humus, under fagaceous trees. South (Guangdong Prov.) and tropical southwestern (Yunnan Prov.) China. DESCRIPTION Basidiomata Small, slender. Pileus 10-20 mm in diameter, at first concave with a slightly decurved margin, soon fully concave to shallowly infundibuliform, 1/2 to 2/3 of the radius transparently striate; surface nearly dry, hygrophanous, pale yellow when young, remaining so or pale yellow to pale orange in age. Context 0.5-1.5 mm thick, pale cream-colored. Lamellae 1-1.5 mm broad, medium crowded, broadly adnate to decurrent, pale yellow to pale orange when young, grayish orange when fully mature. Stipe 20-35 × 1-3 mm, cylindrical, equal or slightly enlarged downward, hollow; surface nearly smooth, hygrophanous, concolorous with the pileus or brownish orange. Latex Watery, not changing or staining, acrid. Spore print Not obtained. Basidiospores (140/7/4) 5.5-6.3-7.0 (7.5) × 4.5-5.2-6.0 Μm [Q = (1.09) 1.13-1.32 (1.43), Q = 1.22 ± 0.06] [holotype (40/2/1) (5.5) 6.0-6.4-7.0 (7.5) × 4.5-5.2-6.0 Μm, Q = 1.09-1.34 (1.43), Q = 1.24 ± 0.08], ellipsoid, rarely broadly ellipsoid; ornamentation 0.6-1.0 (1.3) Μm high, of isolated conical warts, a few of them fused or connected by fine lines; plage distally amyloid. Basidia 4-spored, 25-40 × 7-12 Μm, clavate, rarely cylindrical. Pleuromacrocystidia Rare to common, more common at the lower side of the cap between the lamellae, often emergent, projecting up to 50 Μm beyond the basidia layer, (34) 50-85 × 7-12 Μm, fusiform, sublanceolate, sharply pointed, some with a moniliform apex, with dense yellowish granular or crystalline contents. Hymenophoral pseudocystidia Uncommon, 3-4 Μm broad. Lamella edge Sterile or fertile; cheilomacrocystidia rare to common, similar to pleuromacrocystidia in shape but smaller. Pileipellis An ixo-hymenoepithelium or ixo-hymenoepithelium with a sparse slimy layer, 30-50 Μm thick; terminal cells of suprapellis (7) 10-35 × 4-12 (17) Μm, ellipsoid, clavate, cylindrical; cells of subpellis 10-40 × 10-20 Μm, globose, ellipsoid, pyriform, rarely hyphoid, slightly gelatinized. Stipitipellis An (ixo)cutis; 15-30 Μm thick; hyphae closely packed, 2-4 Μm broad, rarely slightly thick-walled, terminal cells 15-50 × 3-5 Μm, with a blunt apex, slightly gelatinized. Lactifers Rare to common, robust, nearly colorless. Pileus and stipe trama With numerous rosettes. NOTES This species is distinctive in L. subg. Russularia because of its pileipellis a hymenoepithelium with a slimy layer and spores with isolated warts. In L. subg. Russularia, ornamentation of isolated warts have been found in the following species: Chinese L. flaviaquosus X.H. Wang, sp. nov. (described below), L. minimus var. macrosporus Z.S. Bi & G.Y. Zheng (Bi et al. 1985), L. tuberculatus X.H. Wang (Wang 2018), L. verrucosporus G.S. Wang & L.H. Qiu (Wang et al. 2018b); L. liliputianus Verbeken & E. Horak from Papua New Guinea (Verbeken & Horak 2000); North American L. highlandensis Hesler & A.H. Sm. and L. rimosellus Peck (Hesler & Smith 1979); European L. camphoratus (Bull.) Fr. (Heilmann-Clausen et al. 1998; Basso 1999). Lactarius minimus var. macrosporus does not have macrocystidia and its pileipellis lacks a slimy layer (Wang 2007). The spores are more round in L. minimus var. macrosporus and L. verrucosporus and spore warts of L. liliputianus and L. verrucosporus often have a truncate apex. In the two North American species, the pilei are areolate-rimose when mature and macrocystidia are absent. Lactarius camphoratus and L. tuberculatus have bigger fruiting bodies and their spore ornamentations are less isolated. Indian L. atrii Van de Putte & K. Das has a slimy layer in the pileipellis. The spore warts of this species are blunt and the pileipellis lacks isodiametric cells (an ixocutis) (Wisitrassameewong et al. 2016)., Published as part of Wang, Xiang-Hua, Das, Kanad, Bera, Ishika, Chen, Yu-Hui, Bhatt, Rajendra Prasad, Ghosh, Aniket, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Hofstetter, Valérie, Parihar, Arvind, Vizzini, Alfredo, Xu, Tai-Min & Zhao, Chang-Lin, 2019, Fungal Biodiversity Profiles 81 - 90, pp. 57-95 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (5) on pages 73-74, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2019v40a5, http://zenodo.org/record/7814899, {"references":["BI Z. S., ZHENG G. Y., LOH T. C., LI C. & LI T. H. 1985. - Some new species and varieties of Agaricales from Dinghu Mountain. The Microbiological Journal 1: 24 - 30.","WANG G. S., SONG Y., LIU J. W., XIA S. Y. & QIU L. H. 2018 b - Lactarius verrucosporus sp. nov. and L. nigricans sp. nov., two new species of Lactarius (Russulaceae) from Southern China. Phytotaxa 364: 227 - 240. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 364.3","VERBEKEN A. & HORAK E. 2000. - Lactarius (Basidiomycota) in Papua New Guinea 2. Species in tropical-montane rainforests. Australian Systematic Botany 13: 649 - 707. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / SB 99023","HESLER L. R. & SMITH A. H. 1979. - North American Species of Lactarius. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 841 p.","HEILMANN- CLAUSEN J., VERBEKEN A. & VESTERHOLT J. 1998. - Fungi of Northen Europe. Vol. 2: The Genus Lactarius. Svampetryk, Denmark, 287 p.","BASSO M. T. 1999. - Lactarius Pers. Fungi Europaei 7, 845 p.","WANG X. H. 2007. - Type study on the Lactarius species published from China. Mycologia 99: 253 - 268. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 1 5572536.2007. 11832585","WISITRASSAMEEWONG K., LOONEY B. P., LE H. T., DE CROP E., DAS K., VAN DE PUTTE K., EBERHARDT U., GUO J. Y., STUBBE D., KEVIN D. H., VERBEKEN A. & NUYTINCK J. 2016. - Lactarius subgenus Russularia (Basidiomycota, Russulales): Novel Asian species, worldwide phylogeny and evolutionary relationships. Fungal Biology 120: 1554 - 1581. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. funbio. 2016.08.004"]}

86. Lactarius flaviaquosus X.H. Wang, sp. nov. (Figs 9; 10D; 14) A medium-sized species with faintly zonate pileus, latex yellow or white changing to yellow and watery instantly, rarely white or watery, ellipsoid spores with isolated conical warts and pileipellis an (ixo-)lattice TYPUS. — China. Yunnan Prov., Maguan Co., Dalishu, Adushangba, 27°03’3.28’’N, 104°08’18.52’’E, 1800 m a.s.l., in fagaceous forest, 13.X.2017, coll. X.H. Wang, no. 4734 (holo-, KUN [HKAS 104207]!). MYCOBANK. — MB 829289. GENBANK. — MK351937-MK351941 (ITS). ETYMOLOGY. — Flavi- = yellow, -aquosus = water, referring to the yellow latex or white then changing to yellow and watery. ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — China. Yunnan Prov.: Baoshan, Gaoligong Mts. nature reserve, old road from Baoshan to Tengchong, 20 km to Bawan, 17.VII.2003, coll. X.H. Wang, no. 1553 (KUN[HKAS 43947]); Lüchun Co., Huanglian Mt. nature reserve, near Huanglianshan reservoir, 8.VII.2012, coll. X.H. Wang, no. 3523 (KUN[HKAS 76060]); Maguan Co., Gulinqing, 2000 m a.s.l., 29.VI.1992, coll. Z.L. Yang, no. 1821 (KUN[HKAS 25946]); Malipo Co., Laojun Mt. nature reserve, 1500 m a.s.l., 23.VI.1992, coll. Z.L. Yang, no. 1763 (KUN[HKAS 25950]); ibid, 24.VI.1992, coll. Z.L. Yang, no. 1794 (KUN[HKAS 25951]); Pingbian Co., Dawei Mt. nature reserve, 1800-2100 m a.s.l., 4.VII.1992, coll. Z.L. Yang, no. 1877 (KUN[HKAS 25947]); ibid, 4.VII.1992, coll. P.G. Liu, no. 1280 (KUN[HKAS 25948]); Pingbian Co., near the county town, 1500 m a.s.l., 21.VII.2005, coll. X.H. Wang, no. 1934 (KUN[HKAS 49562]); Zhenyuan Co., 313 provincial road (from Zhenyuan to Mengda), 4.VII.2012, coll. X.H. Wang, no. 3431 (KUN[HKAS 75992]). — Taiwan Prov.: Ilan Co., Fushan Botanical Garden, 600 m a.s.l., 20.IV.1993, coll. W.N. Chou, no. CWN-TF615 (TNM[F0023042]); Nantou Co., Hsinyi, Tachieshan, 13.IV.1995, coll. W.N. Chou, no. CWN00783 (TNM[F0003237]); Nantou Co., Yuchih Hsiang, Lienhuachih, 22.IV.2006, coll. W.N. Chou, no. CWN07078 (TNM[F0027273]). HABIT, HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. — 1-4 individuals growing together, in fagaceous forest. Southwestern (Yunnan Prov.) and southeastern (Taiwan and Zhejiang Provinces) China (Gao et al. 2013; GenBank accession JQ991751). DESCRIPTION Basidiomata Small to medium-sized. Pileus 20-50 mm in diam., depressed with an expanded margin, with age often translucently striate at margin; surface smooth, slightly viscid when wet, yellowish brown, reddish brown, brownish orange, darker at center, faintly zonate. Context 1 mm thick, pale brown. Lamellae 2-3 mm broad, straight to short decurrent, crowded, concolorous with pileus. Stipe 20-70 × 3-7 (10) mm, cylindrical, equal, solid then hollow; surface smooth, dry, concolorous with pileus or with more reddish tinge, light brown, often strigose at the base. Latex Yellow or white changing to yellow watery instantly, rarely white or watery and unchanging, acrid, sharp. Spore print not obtained. Basidiospores (340/17/10) (6.0) 6.5-7.4-8.5 (9.5) × (5.0) 5.5-5.9-6.5 (7.5) Μm [Q = (1.09) 1.17-1.36 (1.43), Q = 1.26 ± 0.06] [holotype (40/2/1) (6.5) 7.0-7.4-8.0 (8.5) × (5.0) 5.5-5.8- 6.5 Μm, Q = (1.17) 1.21-1.38 (1.43), Q = 1.28 ± 0.06], ellipsoid, rarely broadly ellipsoid; ornamentation 0.6-1.3 (1.5) Μm high, of isolated conical warts, few of them fused or connected by fine lines; plage distally amyloid or inamyloid. Basidia 4-spored, 30-45 × 8-13 Μm, clavate. Pleuromacrocystidia Uncommon to numerous, emergent, projecting up to 30 Μm beyond the basidia layer, originating from subhymenium or hymenophoral trama, (40) 50-100 (120) × 7-12 (15) Μm, subfusiform, sublanceolate, rarely subcylindrical, with a sharp apex, with dense yellowish granular or crystalline contents. Lamella edge Fertile with few basidia; cheilomacrocystidia common to numerous, 20-60 × 5-9 Μm, fusiform, subcylindrical, apex often moniliform or with apical appendices, with strongly refractive granular, crystalline or agglomerated contents; marginal cells 7-30 × 4-10 Μm, clavate, cylindrical. Hymenophoral pseudocystidia Rare to common, 2-3 Μm broad, rarely forking, with refractive contents. Pileipellis An (ixo)cutis or (ixo)lattice, 50-170 Μm thick; hyphae (3) 4-10 (12) Μm broad, terminal cells 15-65 × 3-6 Μm, with a blunt apex, some shrivelled, hyphae in subpellis gelatinized, colorless to pale yellow, some slightly thick-walled (0.5 Μm). Stipitipellis A cutis, 30-60 Μm thick; hyphae closely packed, 3-6 Μm broad, with a blunt apex, gelatinized, slightly thick-walled, nearly colorless. Lactifers Numerous, in hymenophoral trama nearly colorless to pale yellowish brown, in pileus and stipe trama robust, pale to golden yellowish brown. Pileus and stipe trama With numerous rosettes. NOTES The holotype has white milk that changed yellow instantly, whereas ZLY1763, 1794, 1821, 1877 and XHW3431 have yellow milk. The milk of XHW3525 is watery and unchanging. The holotype, XHW3431, and XHW3525 are sequenced and they have nearly identical ITS sequences (Fig. 9). As the latex of this species seems variable, three specimens with the same microscopical characters but whitish milk (XHW1553, XHW1934 and PGL1280) are here also identified to belong to the same species. The ellipsoid spores with isolated warts and the pileipellis an ixocutis-lattice with inflated hyphae are good specific characters. Indian L. atrii seems to be similar, but has bigger spores with blunt warts and azonate pileus. Thai L. aquosus H.T. Le & K.D. Hyde, a species showing affinity to this new species in the ITS phylogeny, has unchanging watery latex, reticulate spores and much broader hyphae in the pileipellis (Wisitrassameewong et al. 2015). Two species of L. subg. Russularia with yellowing latex are reported from subalpine southwestern China (Wisitrassameewong et al. 2016). They both have azonate pileus and more connected spore ornamenta - tion. For notes on species with isolated warts, see under L. collybioides., Published as part of Wang, Xiang-Hua, Das, Kanad, Bera, Ishika, Chen, Yu-Hui, Bhatt, Rajendra Prasad, Ghosh, Aniket, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Hofstetter, Valérie, Parihar, Arvind, Vizzini, Alfredo, Xu, Tai-Min & Zhao, Chang-Lin, 2019, Fungal Biodiversity Profiles 81 - 90, pp. 57-95 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (5) on pages 76-77, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2019v40a5, http://zenodo.org/record/7814899, {"references":["GAO C., SHI N. N., LIU Y. X., PEAY K. G., ZHENG Y. ET AL. 2013. - Host plant genus-level diversity is the best predictor of ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity in a Chinese subtropical forest. Molecular Ecology 22: 3403 - 3414. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / mec. 12297","WISITRASSAMEEWONG K., NUYTINCK J., LE H. T., DE CROP E., HAMPE F., HYDE K. D. & VERBEKEN A. 2015. - Lactarius subgenus Russularia (Russulaceae) in South-East Asia: 3. New diversity in Thailand and Vietnam. Phytotaxa 207: 215 - 241. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 207.3.1","WISITRASSAMEEWONG K., LOONEY B. P., LE H. T., DE CROP E., DAS K., VAN DE PUTTE K., EBERHARDT U., GUO J. Y., STUBBE D., KEVIN D. H., VERBEKEN A. & NUYTINCK J. 2016. - Lactarius subgenus Russularia (Basidiomycota, Russulales): Novel Asian species, worldwide phylogeny and evolutionary relationships. Fungal Biology 120: 1554 - 1581. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. funbio. 2016.08.004"]}

82. Laccaria indohimalayana K. Das, I. Bera & Vizzini, sp. nov. (Figs 6-8) Distinct from similar looking Laccaria spp. mainly by nrITS data and the large basidiomata with pileus measuring 40-95 mm diam. and stipe 80-150 × 12-65 mm. TYPUS. — India. Sikkim, South district, between Rayong and Damthang, 27°15.258’N, 88°21.643’E, 2244 m a.s.l., under Castanopsis sp. in temperate broadleaf forest, 24.VIII.2017, Kanad Das, KD 17-20 (holo-, CAL [CAL 1754]!). MYCOBANK. — MB 830142. GENBANK. — MK584157 (nrITS, holotype), MK575505 (nrITS). ETYMOLOGY. — Referring to the Indian Himalaya (“indohimalayana”) in the state of Sikkim, the type locality. OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — India. Sikkim:East district, Fambon Lho wildlife sanctuary, 27°21.631’N, 88°33.922’E, 2098 m a.s.l., under Castanopsis sp. in temperate broadleaf forest, 26.VIII.2017, Kanad Das, KD 17-46 (CAL[CAL 1755]). DESCRIPTION Pileus 40-95 mm diam., plano-convex to applanate, gradually infundibuliform when mature and radially sulcate throughout; surface glabrous, hygrophanous, brownish orange/Sahara when wet and light orange when dry; margin wavy to irregularly lobed, sometimes slightly uplifted at maturity. Lamellae Subdecurrent, subdistant to rather close (8-9/cm at pileus margin) at maturity, greyish red to dull red or paler or concolorous to pileus, unchanging on bruising; edge entire; lamellulae present in 5 series. Stipe 80-150 × 12-65 mm, twisted, strongly fibrillose-striate, darker than pileus, brown with silky to pinkish fibrils, surface wet, base strigose with whitish to pink-white basal mycelium. Context Pithy. Odor Strong fungal smell. Spore print White. Basidiospores 6.88-7.60-8.26 × 6.59-7.19-8.09 Μm, (n = 30, Q = 1.01-1.02- 1.13), mostly subglobose, sometimes globose; ornamentation inamyloid, echinulate; under SEM ornamentations composed of long dense spinoid warts (0.9-1.5 × 0.8-1.0 Μm) with intermediate small isolated warts (0.4 × 0.5 Μm) never forming any reticulum, with shorter warts always surrounding hilum area; hilum blunt; suprahilar plage inamyloid. Basidia 25-44 × 9-11.5 Μm, clavate or rarely subclavate, 2- to 4-spored; mature sterigmata 3-7.5 × 2-2.5 Μm. True hymenial cystidia Absent. Sterile cells on face of lamellae Common, 15.5-39 × 3-5 Μm, mostly cylindrical with rounded apex, often with sub-fusoid apex, thin-walled, hyaline. Sterile cells on edge of lamellae 18.8-28.6 × 3.6-6.0 Μm, cylindrical with rounded to subfusoid apex, thin-walled, hyaline. Hymenophoral trama Up to 95 Μm thick, composed of subparallel to interwoven, cylindrical, hyaline hyphae (3-5.5 Μm wide); subhymenium undifferentiated. Pileipellis Up to 100 Μm thick, a cutis composed of repent, parallel to subparallel, mostly interwoven, cylindrical, hyaline, with walls up to 1 Μm thick, hyphae (4.5-9.5 Μm wide). Stipitipellis Composed of repent, subparallel, interwoven, cylindrical, hyaline hyphae (3-10 Μm wide); Caulocystidia Absent. Clamp-connections Present in all tissues. NOTES This Asian species is characterized by the combination of a large (40-95 mm diam.) brownish orange pileus,very tall (80-150 mm) darker stipe with white basal mycelium and strigose base,mediumsized globose to subglobose (Q = 1.01-1.02-1.13) basidiospores ornamented with isolated spines up to 1.5 Μm high mixed with smaller intermediate warts, and its occurrence under broadleaf trees in temperate forests.Some species like Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Cooke, L. proxima (Boud.) Pat., L. torosa H.J. Cho &Y.W.Lim, L. pseudomontana Osmundson et al., L. versiforma H.J. Cho & Y.W. Lim are somewhat similar, but all these close taxa have a much smaller pileus and shorter stipe. Moreover, the European L. laccata has subglobose to broadly ellipsoid (Q = 1-1.3) basidiospores, while the European L. proxima has also subglobose to broadly ellipsoid (Q = 1.2-1.35), larger basidiospores (8-11[12.5] ×[6.5]7-8.7[9.2] Μm) with spines L. torosa lacks a strigose stipe base with white basal mycelium, while L. versiforma possesses spines “1 Μm in length”.The North American L. pseudomontana has basidiospores with fine spines “1 (-1.8) Μm in length, 0.4- 0.6 Μm wide at base” (Mueller 1992; Vellinga 1995; Osmundson et al. 2005; Vesterholt 2012; Cho et al. 2018). Another recently discovered Indian species, L. violaceotincta K.P.D. Latha et al., occurs in the tropical region and has distinctively smaller greyish violet coloured basidiomata with pileus 4-38 mm diam. and stipe 16-50 × 1.5-4 mm (Latha et al. 2019). Our nrITS-based phylogenetic analysis (Fig.6) suggests, however without support, that the new species (MK584157 and MK575505) is sister to a subclade bearing L.proxima (JX504152) and two samples from Portugal,submitted in NCBI as L.bicolor, but apparently representing a still undescribed species.Other suggested, phylogenetically close species include the Asian L. parva H.J. Cho & Y.W. Lim and American L. pseudomontana. Order RUSSULALES Kreisel ex P.M.Kirk, P.F.Cannon & J.C.David Family RUSSULACEAE Lotsy, Published as part of Wang, Xiang-Hua, Das, Kanad, Bera, Ishika, Chen, Yu-Hui, Bhatt, Rajendra Prasad, Ghosh, Aniket, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Hofstetter, Valérie, Parihar, Arvind, Vizzini, Alfredo, Xu, Tai-Min & Zhao, Chang-Lin, 2019, Fungal Biodiversity Profiles 81 - 90, pp. 57-95 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (5) on pages 65-69, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2019v40a5, http://zenodo.org/record/7814899, {"references":["SILVESTRO D. & MICHALAK I. 2012. - raxmlGUI: a graphical front-end for RAxML. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 12 (4): 335 - 337. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13127 - 011 - 0056 - 0","MUELLER G. M. 1992. - Systematics of Laccaria (Agaricales) in the continental United States and Canada, with discussions on extralimital taxa and descriptions of extant types. Fieldiana, Botany 30: 1 - 158.","VELLINGA E. C. 1995. - Tribus Laccariae, in BAS C., KUYPER T. W., NOORDELOOS M. E. & VELLINGA E. C. (eds.), Flora Agaricina Neerlandica Vol. 3. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam: 96 - 103.","OSMUNDSON T. W., CRIPPS C. L. & MUELLER G. M. 2005. - Morphological and molecular systematics of Rocky Mountain alpine Laccaria. Mycologia 97: 949 - 972.","VESTERHOLT J. 2012. - Laccaria, in KNUDSEN H. & VESTERHOLT J. (eds.), Funga Nordica. Nordsvamp, Copenhagen: 729 - 732.","CHO H. J., PARK M. S., LEE H., OH S. Y, WILSON A. W., MUEL- LER G. M. & LIM Y. W. 2018. - A systematic revision of the ectomycorrhizal genus Laccaria from Korea, Mycologia 110 (5): 948 - 961. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00275514.2018.1507542","LATHA K. P. D., RAJ K. N. A. & MANIMOHAN, P. 2019. - Laccaria violaceotincta: a new species from tropical India based on morphology and molecular phylogeny. Phytotaxa 392 (2): 140 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 392.2.3"]}

88. Russula capillaris Buyck, sp. nov. (Figs 16-18) Well-characterized by the combination of its medium-sized, firm stature, white and hard stipe, smooth and cream to pale yellowish brown pileus, nearly globose spores, (6.9)7.13-7.48-7.8(8.1) - (6.4)6.6-6.95-7.2(7.5) Μm, Q = (1.03)1.05-1.08-1.11(1.13), with very low, dense spore ornamentation of minute warts and invisible suprahilar spot, a pileipellis composed of ascending, slender, irregularly wavy-undulate hyphal extremities that are often inflated at the tip, submerged pileocystidia, pale spore print and slightly unpleasant smell, as well as by its habitat in tapia (Uapaca bojeri) woodland on the Central Plateau in Madagascar. TYPUS. — Madagascar. Central Plateau, along RN7 between Antsirabe and Ambositra, at km 40, in secondary Uapaca bojeri woodland with Pinus ingression, 26.I.2008, 563/ Buyck 08.172 (PC [PC0124764]). MYCOBANK. — 832120. GENBANK. — MK929284 (ITS), KU237553 (LSU), KU237399 (mitSSU), KU237839 (RPB2), KU237982 (tef1alpha), all from holotype. ETYMOLOGY. — named after the resemblance of the pileipellis structure with a nice hair cut. DESCRIPTION Basidioma Growing single, medium-sized. Pileus 83 mm diam., quite regular in shape to slightly wavy near the margin, hardly depressed in the center, not becoming deeply infundibuliform, smooth near margin; surface glabrous, hardly separable, not viscid, probably even not when wet, continuous and smooth in the pileus center, dull, pale-colored, from whitish to cream or pale yellowish to pale yellowish brown, not concentrically zonated, not particularly darker in the center. Gills Adnate, with frequent lamellulae but less than normal gills, not or rarely forking, c. 6-7 mm high, thin and fragile, normally spaced (c. 1L+l/mm), pale yellowish; gill edge even, concolorous. Stipe Central, 43 × 16 mm, not annulate, subcylindrical, longitudinally wrinkled, glabrous, off-white, surprisingly hard and firm considering the interior is developing up to four cavities. Context Firm, fleshy, c. 9 mm thick above gill attachment to stipe, whitish, unchanged when cut, in the stipe with a faint creamish-pinkish tinge. Taste Not observed. Odor Faintly disagreeable. Spore print Unsufficient, obviously pale. Spores Globose to subglobose, (6.9)7.13-7.48-7.8(8.1) × (6.4)6.6- 6.95-7.2(7.5) Μm, Q = (1.03)1.05-1.08-1.11(1.13); ornamentation consisting of a minute, dense, granular-reticulate pattern, Basidia Slender, widest in their upper part, 53-61 × 8-10 Μm, fourspored; sterigmata rather slender, approximately 7 × 1-2 Μm. Hymenial gloeocystidia Very abundant (c. 4000/mm2), thin-walled or nearly so, not strongly emergent, on the gill sides, 60-90 × 8-9 Μm, fusiform to subclavate or almost cylindrical, frequently distinctly inflated at the apex and widely capitate (often wider than the rest of the cystidium), some also tapering, near the apex obtuse-rounded or more frequently minutely mucronate, containing poor contents in the form of dispersed, refringent masses or conglomerates; the basal part of the cystidia often sheathed with encrusting material; near the gill edge distinctly smaller and mostly simply clavate to almost subcylindrical, 34-46 × 6-7(-8) Μm, and then nearly subcylindrical to clavulate, obtuse rounded at the tip, filled with more abundant, granular-crystalline contents, weakly reacting to SV. Subhymenium Dense, composed of cells that are hardly wider than the basal parts of the basidia. Lamellar trama With sphaerocytes, rather dense. Marginal cells Well-differentiated, thin-walled, smaller than basidia, consisting of a basal or stalk cell holding a terminal fusiform, clavate or lageniform cell that is often terminally inflated, 22-39 × 5-9 Μm, occupying the whole gill edge, optically empty, mixed with small gloeocystidia. Pileipellis Orthochromatic in cresyl blue, poorly delimited from the underlying trama, one-layered to obscurely two-layered, forming a very dense tissue up to 200 Μm thick of closely packed hyphae (but easily dissolving in KOH); the lower hyphae intertwined-intricate, gradually more to very irregularly inflated, strongly branching, emitting densely packed, vertical to ascending hyphal extremities; these c. 4 Μm wide, thin-walled, irregularly undulate-twisted, composed of 2-3 subcylindrical cells with the second or third cell often branching and giving rise to two or more terminal cells; these even more irregularly undulate or wavy in outline, not exceeding 60 Μm long, often distinctly inflated near the apex. Subpellis composed of cylindrical, distinctly zebroid encrusted hyphae. Pileocystidia quite common to abundant below the pileipellis, but apparently absent from the pileus surface; immerged, subcylindrical, thin-walled gloeocystidia are very apparent immediately below the subpellis because of their poor, yet very visible contents in the form of dispersed, refringent masses of variable size and because of their relatively important size compared to the surrounding hyphae and other elements, continuing but less abundant in trama underneath. Clamp connections Absent in all tissues. NOTES This apparently very rare species – we have only seen it once in more than twenty years of fungal exploration in Africa and Madagascar – has been placed by a recently published multigene phylogeny of Russula (Buyck et al. 2018) in R. subgenus Malodora Buyck & V. Hofst., where it occupies a more or less isolated position, belonging neither to section Pseudocompactae Buyck & V. Hofst. nor to section Edules Buyck & V. Hofst. (see Das et al. 2017). Both in the field and under the microscope, it reminds rather of some species formerly placed in R. subg. Archaea Buyck &V. Hofst., in particular the North American R. fattoensis Buyck, because of the very similar structure and composition of the pileipellis. It differs nevertheless from all species placed in subg. Archaea in its much larger spores., Published as part of Wang, Xiang-Hua, Das, Kanad, Bera, Ishika, Chen, Yu-Hui, Bhatt, Rajendra Prasad, Ghosh, Aniket, Hembrom, Manoj Emanuel, Hofstetter, Valérie, Parihar, Arvind, Vizzini, Alfredo, Xu, Tai-Min & Zhao, Chang-Lin, 2019, Fungal Biodiversity Profiles 81 - 90, pp. 57-95 in Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (5) on pages 79-83, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2019v40a5, http://zenodo.org/record/7814899, {"references":["BUYCK B., ZOLLER S. & HOFSTETTER V. 2018. - Walking the thin line … ten years later: the dilemma of above- versus below-ground features to support phylogenies in the Russulaceae (Basidiomycota). Fungal Diversity 89 (1): 267 - 292. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 018 - 0397 - 5","DAS K., GHOSH A., BHATT R. P., CHAKRABORTY D., HOFSTETTER V. & BUYCK B. 2017. - Fungal Biodiversity Profiles 41 - 50. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 38 (4): 527 - 548. https: // doi. org / 10.7872 / crym / v 38. iss 4.2017.527"]}

89. Russula clavatohyphata R.P. Bhatt, A. Ghosh, Buyck & K. Das, sp. nov. (Figs 19-21) Differs from R. luteobasis Peck essentially by the reddish pink coloration of the stipe and the slightly more ellipsoid spores, as well as because of its association with Pinus roxburghii Sarg. TYPUS. — India. Utttarakhand, Rudraprayag district, Hariyali Devi forest, 30°15.955’N, 79°03.719’E, 1651 m asl., under Pinus roxburghii in temperate pure coniferous forest, 27.VII.2015, Aniket Ghosh, AG 15-756 (holo-, CAL [CAL 1756). MYCOBANK. — 830765. GENBANK. — MG934209 (ITS holotype), MG934210 (ITS paratype). ETYMOLOGY. — referring to the clavate hyphal tips in pileipellis. OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — Russula clavatohyphata. India. Rudraprayag district, Hariyali Devi forest, 30°15.952’N, 79°03.712’E, 1649 m asl., under Pinus roxburghii in temperate coniferous forest, 26.VII.2016, Aniket Ghosh, AG 16-1223 (para-, CAL[CAL 1757]). — Russula burlinghamiae. United States of America. Pennsylvania, Monte Alto, in mixed deciduous forest adjacent to University campus, 11.VIII.2005, 548/Buyck 05.108 (PC[PC0124708], GenBank MK929285); North Carolina, near Ashville, 17.VII.2004, 600/ Buyck 04.287 (PC[PC0124773], GenBank MK929286); Costa Rica. San José, Perez Zeledón, C.A.T.I.E. Experimental Forest of Villa Mills, 9.6989 -83.9419, 2850 m asl, in montane Quercus costaricensis forest, 12.VI.2001, leg. Buyck & Halling, 599/Buyck 01.237 (PC[PC0124772]f, GenBank MK929287). DESCRIPTION Basidiomata 30-62 mm in height. Pileus 32-52 mm in diam., broadly convex when young, gradually planoconvex to applanate with depressed center, sometimes uplifted (towards margin) at maturity, sometimes broadly umbonate in the center; margin decurved to plane when mature, sometimes uplifted with maturity, entire, shortly tuberculate-striate; surface dry, viscid when moist, cracked to areolate with maturity, red to vivid red and paler towards the margin, peeling 1/2 of pileus radius, turning pale yellow to pastel yellow with 3% KOH. Lamellae Adnexed, subdistant (7-10 L/cm at pileus margin), yellowish white, sometimes forked near the stipe apex; edges marginate and red, at least near the pileus margin. Lamellulae Rare. Stipe 53-58 × 6-14 mm, cylindric to subclavate, tapered at the base, central, dry, smooth, pale red or pastel pink to rose pink, tinged with ochraceous to ferruginous yellow near the base where the cuticle often cracks horizontally; stipe surface reacting straw yellow, wax yellow to mustard yellow and high red or vivid red with 3% KOH and guaiacol respectively. Stipe context Chalky white, stuffed to hollow with maturity; brownish orange to light brown after bruising or handling. Taste Mild. Odour Indistinctive. Spore print Pale yellowish white. Basidiospores (6.0-)6.34-6.98-7.63(-8.5) × (5.0-)5.53-6.11-6.7(-8.0) Μm, [n= 30, Q=(1.0-)1.05-1.15-1.24(-1.43)], subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, rarely ellipsoid; ornamentation amyloid (up to 0.5 Μm high), composed of conical to hemisphaerical warts mostly connected or aligned to give short ridges along with few isolated warts, either never forming incomplete reticulum or at most broken reticulum; suprahilar plage amyloid; apiculi up to 1.5 Μm high. Basidia 22-54 × 9-13 Μm, 4-spored, subclavate to clavate; sterigmata up to 7 Μm long. Pleurocystidia 47-73 × 9-11 Μm, subclavate to clavate, at apex appendiculate (appendages up to 30 Μm long), sub-moniliform, mucronate or rounded-obtuse, emergent up to 32 Μm beyond the basidiole tips, partly filled with heteromophous to granular or crystalline refringent content, SV-negative. Lamella edges Fertile with basidia and cystidia, and few cystidioid hyphal elements. Cheilocystidia 35-60 × 7-10 Μm, subclavate to clavate with appendiculate, lageniform (appendages up to 11 Μm long) or rounded-obtuse apex with heteromophous and partly also filled with granular to crystalline refringent content, SV-negative. Subhymenium layer Up to 15 Μm thick, pseudoparenchymatous. Hymenophoral trama Mainly composed of large sphaerocytes and connecting hyphae. Pileipellis Up to 49 Μm thick, orthochromatic in cresyl blue, not sharply delimited from the underlying sphaerocytes of the context, trichoderm type, composed of erect to ascending, branched, septate, compact hyphal ends and with distinct primordial hyphae. Hyphal extremities near the cap margin composed of a single or a few cells only, terminal cells mostly bulbous, clavate, pyriform to subclavate with tapered base, measuring 9-34 × 5-11 Μm, with rounded or obtuse tips, subterminal cells cylindrical; in the cap center almost similar, mostly bulbous, clavate, pyriform to subclavate, measuring 10-37 × 6-12 Μm, with rounded or obtuse tips, subterminal cells cylindrical. Pileocystidia and cystidioid hyphae absent from all tissues. Primordial hyphae comparatively longer than the other extremities and often protruding or repent on the cap surface, occurring mostly singly, 4-7 Μm broad, thick-walled (up to 0.8 Μm), long, cylindrical, tapered at apex, septate (0-3 septa) with rounded, blunt or obtuse apex; incrustations present. Clamp connections Absent. NOTES In the field Russula clavatohyphata R.P. Bhatt, A. Ghosh, Buyck & K. Das, sp. nov., is characterized by its red to vivid red coloured pileus and pale red or pastel pink to rose pink stipe. It may be confused with the unrelated R. sanguinea Fr. or R. rhodopus Zvára, two European species that are also ectomycorrhizal with coniferous trees, but both are moderately acrid or sometimes bitter, and differ further from the present taxon in their narrower, cylindrical pilear hyphae mixed with numerous pileocystidia with abundant contents (Kränzlin 2005, Sarnari 2005, Knudsen et al. 2012). The acystidiate pileipellis, amyloid suprahilar dot on the spores, mild taste, pale cream spore print and bulbous to clavate terminal cells mixed with dispersed, protruding primordial hyphae in pileipellis, undoubtedly place our species in the crown clade of Russula subg. Russula (sensu Buyck et al. 2018), near subsections Chamaeleontinae Singer and Amethystinae (Romagnesi) Bon. It differs from species in both latter subsections in the distinctly paler spore print, and from Chamaeleontinae additionally in its more robust and firm field habit. Two species that are morphologically very similar to R. clavatohyphata R.P. Bhatt, A. Ghosh, Buyck & K. Das, sp. nov., were described from America, but both are relatively unknown as they are apparently very rarely sporulating and have hardly been recollected. The first is R. burlinghamiae Singer, which principally differs from our species in the overall yellowish color and lack of any reddish tints. Since its original description, a modern, more detailed account of this rare North American species was published by Buyck et al. (2003) who also described a forma claricolor Buyck from the montane Quercus forests in Talamanca, Costa Rica. Russula burlinghamiae was placed with significant support in a clade comprised of Amethystinae and Chamaeleontinae in a recent multigene phylogeny (Buyck et al. 2018). The second American species, R. luteobasis Peck, is even more similar to R. clavatohyphata, and even more rare than the previous one. It was in the past century only recollected in West Virginia (see mycoportal.org), but there are no reports or publications available for R. luteobasis since it was first described by Charles Peck (1904), except for the recently published type study (Adamčík et al. 2018). Peck’s species differs from R. clavatohyphata R.P. Bhatt, A. Ghosh, Buyck & K. Das, sp. nov., essentially in the absence of a red color on the stipe surface and, most likely, also by its association with deciduous trees, but its major characters, such as spore ornamentation, composition and structure of pileipellis, spore print color, etc. are essentially the same. Our ITS phylogeny retrieved no significant support to group R. burlinghamiae and R. clavatohyphata, nor did it obtain support to group either of these species with any other particular subsection (but neither did the multigene phylogeny by Buyck et al. 2018). Yet, it is almost certain that, once sequences will become available for R. luteobasis, the latter will turn out to be sister to the Indian species. The pale cream spore print of these American and Indian species adds support to their suggested basal position versus Amethystinae and Chamaeleontinae.

Urbanization is the dominant form of land-use change in terms of impacts on water quality, hydrology, physical properties of watersheds and their nonpoint source (NPS) pollution potential at present. Urbanization has changed the source, process and sink of urban NPS pollution, especially raised the pollution load of urban runoff NPS in receiving water. Urban runoff pollution is a hot spot of research on NPS. This paper analyzed type, source and harm of the NPS pollutants of urban runoff and its influence on the receiving water. Through estimating NPS pollution load of urban runoff and summarizing the law and characteristics of urban runoff NPS systemically, study on management and control of urban runoff NPS pollution was focused on the application of BMPs (best management practices). It is a fresh methodology that management and control on NPS pollution from urban surface runoff was analyzed by methods of landscape ecology, environmental economics and environmental management. The paper provided a scientific reference for mitigating urban water environment pressure and an effective method for management and control of NPS pollution from urban surface runoff..

A novel N-containing compound, neoengleromycin (1) was isolated from the fruiting bodies of the ascomycete Engleromyces goetzii together with two known cytochalasins: cytochalasin D (2) and 19,20-epoxycytochalasin D (3). Structures were established by spectroscopic (including 2D-NMR) and chemical means. Neoengleromycin (1) possesses the rare structure of an N-substituted hydroxamic acid and represents a new type of natural products.