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In the USA, commercial fisheries that interact with marine mammals are categorised according to the number of incidental takes of marine mammals relative to the defined Potential Biological Removal (PBR) for the population. Three categories exist for such commercial fisheries: Category I, II and III, each varying in the degree of regulation. Fishery categorisation is based on a five-year running average of the number of incidental entanglements in that fishery and is published annually in the Federal Register. The Atlantic blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) fishery is one of South Carolina’s largest commercial fisheries in terms of volume and value and was recently re-categorised as a Category II fishery, resulting in heightened regulation. The Atlantic blue crab fishery exists in known areas of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) habitat; therefore, interaction between the two is probable. This study uses historical marine mammal stranding data and on-board investigations of the blue crab fishery in South Carolina to investigate the degree of fishery and dolphin interaction. Analysis of historical strandings showed that approximately 24% of the 42 entanglement cases in South Carolina from 1992-2003 resulted from the blue crab fishery. In nine of the 12 years examined, bottlenose dolphin mortality rates were found to be greater than or equal to 10% of the South Carolina Management Unit’s PBR, which is significant according to the US Marine Mammal Protection Act’s (MMPA) definitions for the Atlantic Coastal Stock of bottlenose dolphins. In addition, results from this study showed that the average number of bottlenose dolphin entanglements per year in the South Carolina blue crab fishery has exceeded 1% of PBR across a five-year period (1999-2003), which defines a Category II fishery. Thus, entanglement data from South Carolina from 1992-2003 support the re-categorisation of the blue crab fishery and the introduction of heightened regulations under the MMPA.

Trends in marine mammal stranding rates over multiple years can provide useful information on life history parameters, seasonal and spatial distribution and both natural and human-induced mortality rates when compared with baseline data. Data of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) stranding rates in South Carolina, USA from 1997-2003 were analysed. The objectives of this study were to: (1) compare recent trends in strandings with baseline data (1992-1996) for South Carolina; (2) compare strandings between the Southern North Carolina Management Unit (SNCMU) and the South Carolina Management Unit (SCMU); (3) determine annual, seasonal and spatial trends in bottlenose dolphin strandings; (4) investigate seasonal reproductive trends; and (5) determine the extent to which humans may affect stranding rates (human interactions). Bottlenose dolphins stranded in South Carolina are assumed to be from at least two of the seven management units recognised by the National Marine Fisheries Service in the Western North Atlantic: the SNCMU and the SCMU. During the study period, 302 bottlenose dolphin strandings were reported in South Carolina and stranding counts were analysed using a Generalised Linear Model. Results showed that there were significantly more bottlenose dolphin strandings in the spring and autumn as compared with summer and winter. The effect of season was highly significant for the number of neonate strandings, suggesting a bimodal reproductive cycle in spring and autumn for the study area. A significant increase in the number of strandings of all age classes was found in the autumn for the northern portion of the State (SNCMU), supporting the assumption that bottlenose dolphins from the north migrate into South Carolina waters during this time of year. Rope entanglements was the most common source of human interaction, with the crab pot fishery the most prevalent source of fishery mortality in South Carolina. This study demonstrates the usefulness of a long-term stranding database by increasing knowledge of temporal and spatial patterns and for monitoring neonate and human-induced mortality.

The aging United States population, which includes the large Baby Boomer generation, is leading to an increasing number of middle-aged and older adults who engage in psychoactive substance use. There has been a sharp increase in prevalence of past-month cannabis use among adults aged ≥50; however, little is understood about recent trends in the use of both cannabis and excess alcohol use, such as binge drinking, in this population. The current use of both alcohol and cannabis has important health implications for older adults given higher prevalence of chronic diseases and prescribed medications. This study aimed to 1) estimate national trends among older adults who report both past-month binge drinking and cannabis use, and 2) estimate correlates of reporting both. We examined aggregated data from a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized adults aged ≥50 from the 2015 to 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. During the study period, there was an estimated 2.5% increase (a 64.1% relative increase) in past-month cannabis use (linear trend p0.001), a non-significant decrease in past-month binge drinking, and a 0.5% estimated increase in both past-month cannabis use and binge drinking (a 26.3% relative increase) (p=0.03). The sharpest increase in both past-month cannabis use and binge drinking was among adults aged ≥65 with the estimated prevalence increasing from 0.2% in 2015 to 1.1% in 2019 (a 450% relative increase, p0.001). Those engaging in past-month binge drinking and cannabis use were more likely to be younger, male, non-Hispanic Black, use tobacco, and report past-year mental health treatment. Results suggest that the prevalence of both past-month cannabis use and binge drinking among middle-aged and older adults increased between 2015 and 2019, especially among adults aged ≥65, which indicates an increased need to screen for both excess alcohol and cannabis use to minimize potential harm.

Patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) who have malnutrition have an increased risk of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). While malnutrition screening and intervention may decrease the risk of PJI, it utilizes healthcare resources. To date, no cost-effectiveness analyses have been done on screening and treatment of malnutrition prior to TKA.A Markov model projecting lifetime costs and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) was built to determine the cost-effectiveness of malnutrition screening and intervention for TKA patients from a societal perspective. Costs, health state utilities, and state transition probabilities were obtained from previously published literature, hospital costs at our institution, and expert opinions. Two important assumptions included that 30% of patients would be malnourished, and that a malnutrition intervention would be 50% effective. The primary outcome of this study was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), with a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000 per QALY. One-way and two-way sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate model parameter assumptions.When utilizing the base case values, universal malnutrition screening and intervention was cost-effective compared to no malnutrition screening or intervention, with an ICER of $6,454 per QALY. Universal screening and intervention remained cost-effective, provided the cost of screening remained below $3,373, the cost of nutritional intervention remained below $12,042, the prevalence of malnutrition among surgical candidates was higher than 2%, and the risk of PJI among patients with malnutrition was greater than 1%.Universal preoperative malnutrition screening and intervention among TKA candidates is cost-effective at parameters encountered in clinical practice. Nutritional optimization programs should be considered to facilitate malnutrition screening and intervention, and future studies should evaluate their efficacy at lowering PJI risk.

Field studies were conducted in commercial muscadine vineyards in western North Carolina in 2018 and eastern North Carolina in 2019, 2020, and 2021 to determine tolerance of younger (< 9 yr) and older (≥ 9 yr) bearing muscadine grapevines to 2,4-D directed beneath the crop postemergence (POST). Treatments included 2,4-D choline at 0, 0.53, 1.06, 1.60, and 2.13 kg ae ha−1 applied as a single treatment in May or June (spring) at immediate pre-bloom, and sequential treatments at 0.53 followed by (fb) 0.53, 1.06 fb 1.06, 1.6 fb 1.6, or 2.13 fb 2.13 kg ha−1. The first sequential treatment was applied in spring fb another application of the same amount in July (summer) at pre-veraison. No differences in injury on muscadine grapevines were observed from 2,4-D treatments. Differences among treatments were not observed for yield of younger vines. However, for older vines, a difference due to 2,4-D rate was observed in 2018, when yield was higher when 2,4-D was applied at 1.6 kg ha−1 compared with nontreated grapevines, and when 2,4-D was applied at 0.53 and 2.13 kg ha−1. A rate-by-timing interaction was observed in 2019 when yield was lower from 0.53 kg ha−1 2,4-D summer application compared with all other summer treatments but similar to the nontreated. However, no biological pattern was observed from either of these differences. No differences among treatments were observed for fruit pH, titratable acidity, or soluble solid content of either younger or older vines.

In the United States, interactions between the shrimp trawl fishery and bottlenose dolphins are known to exist; however, the level of mortality is largely unknown, and has not been studied in South Carolina, USA. The current study attempted to determine if interactions between bottlenose dolphins and the South Carolina commercial shrimp trawl fishery pose a significant threat to dolphin populations and if fishery related mortality is underreported. Onboard observations were made during a 25 day (August–December 2010) field study. No dolphin takes occurred during the observational period. These observations focused on direct physical interactions with the gear and depredation behaviours. Additionally, a subsample of the shrimp fishery in South Carolina was asked to participate in a mailed survey. The survey included questions related to gear, dolphin observations, and the status of the shrimp fishery. This paper also examines historical dolphin stranding data from the NOAA/CCEHBR MMIS database for signs of shrimp fishery interactions. A three-tiered flow diagram was developed to characterise each stranding case according to the likelihood that mortality resulted from trawler interaction. Field results point to significant dolphin presence around commercial trawlers (x2 = 23.406, p < 0.001). Survey results showed 12 unreported incidents of shrimp trawl fishery mortality of dolphins. Finally, stranding records revealed several more cases with signs of possible trawler interaction. The current US National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA) designation of the fishery as a Category II fishery is correct. Increased observer coverage and improved communication with the fishery on the importance of reporting takes is warranted.

Serial dependence is an attractive pull that recent perceptual history exerts on current judgments. Theory suggests that this bias is due to a form of short-term plasticity prevalent specifically in the frontal lobe. We sought to test the importance of the frontal lobe to serial dependence by disrupting neural activity along its lateral surface during two tasks with distinct perceptual and motor demands. In our first experiment, stimulation of the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) during an oculomotor delayed response task decreased serial dependence only in the first saccade to the target, whereas stimulation posterior to the LPFC decreased serial dependence only in adjustments to eye position after the first saccade. In our second experiment, which used an orientation discrimination task, stimulation anterior to, in, and posterior to the LPFC all caused equivalent decreases in serial dependence. In this experiment, serial dependence occurred only between stimuli at the same location; an alternation bias was observed across hemifields. Frontal stimulation had no effect on the alternation bias. Transcranial magnetic stimulation to parietal cortex had no effect on serial dependence in either experiment. In summary, our experiments provide evidence for both functional differentiation (Experiment 1) and redundancy (Experiment 2) in frontal cortex with respect to serial dependence.

Consensus recommendations are lacking regarding appropriate timing of reimplantation following 2-stage resection arthroplasty for prosthetic joint infections (PJIs). We investigated whether the time from resection arthroplasty to reimplantation was associated with treatment outcome at 2 years.Retrospective cohort review was conducted for 101 patients undergoing resection arthroplasty with an antibiotic spacer for PJI at a single tertiary academic referral institution. Time from explantation and spacer placement to reimplantation was categorized into 3 groups:12, 12-18, and18 weeks. Baseline patient and treatment course characteristics across these groups were obtained. Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to characterize association between treatment failure and time to reimplantation, controlling for American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score and prior revision surgery.Time to reimplantation (TTR)18 weeks demonstrated statistically significant increased odds of treatment failure, after controlling for ASA score and prior revision surgery (odds ratio 7.00, confidence interval 2.14-25.42, P = .002). After excluding patients requiring second spacer or Girdlestone prior to replant, this increased odds of failure remained (odds ratio 4.12, confidence interval 1.18-15.37, P = .029). TTR groups were similar with respect to demographics, except for ASA (2.96 for time to reimplantation18 weeks vs 2.55 for time to reimplantation12 weeks; P = .011). Patients with TTR18 weeks were more likely to have an unplanned readmission during the spacer period (48%, 19%, and 6% for time to reimplantation18, 12-18, and 0-12 weeks, respectively; P.002).Although decision regarding TTR is largely patient specific, surgeons should be aware that TTR18 weeks may be associated with higher rates of treatment failure at 2 years.

This mixed-methods study investigates the impact of COVID-19 on elementary school literacy instruction for English Language Learners (ELLs) across four Indiana school districts. Classroom lesson videos and observation rubrics for 19 teachers were collected from the beginning of 2020-2021 school year (during the pandemic) and compared with those collected pre-pandemic from the beginning of school years of 2018-2019 (n=7) and 2019-2020 (n=9). Findings demonstrate schools made efforts during the pandemic to offer quality literacy instruction within socially distanced classrooms, online synchronous instruction, and hybrid learning environments. However, teachers spent less time on two key literacy components: vocabulary and comprehension, and less time in small group/pair activities, resulting in lower rubric scores related to vocabulary and oral language development. As vocabulary and comprehension facilitated through peer interaction are central to quality literacy instruction, less attention to these areas illuminates the pandemic’s impact on literacy and language development for ELL students.

Table S1. Drug screening results after treatment at 10 µM for 72h

Movement pattern and habitat use data are essential parameters for developing effective management strategies and successful conservation efforts for marine mammals across the world. Satellite telemetry is critical for collecting fine-scale, temporal and spatial data on individual animals that has broad-scale applicability at population and species levels. There have been significant advances in the remote deployment of satellite telemetry devices on large cetacean species. However, the development of comparable remote attachment methodologies for small cetaceans is still limited. Currently, satellite tag attachment for small cetaceans requires manual capture that increases the risk to the target animal, can be logistically challenging, and cost prohibitive. The goal of this project was to develop a novel tool to remotely attach single-pin satellite telemetry devices to the dorsal fin of individual small cetaceans. Three different spring-loaded designs and one pneumatic version of the remote attachment device were built in an iterative process to identify a successful deployment methodology. Ultimately, as a result of logistical challenges associated with a Category 5 hurricane, the COVID-19 pandemic, and engineering complexities related to dorsal fin morphology and small cetacean behavior, the objective of this project was not met. However, lessons learned from these attempts to develop this new sampling tool have applicability for future researchers in the successful completion of a safe and effective methodology for remote attachment of satellite tags to small cetacean dorsal fins.

Targeting epigenetic pathways is a promising approach for cancer therapy. Here, we report on the unexpected finding that targeting calcium signaling can reverse epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSG). In a screen for drugs that reactivate silenced gene expression in colon cancer cells, we found three classical epigenetic targeted drugs (DNA methylation and histone deacetylase inhibitors) and 11 other drugs that induced methylated and silenced CpG island promoters driving a reporter gene (GFP) as well as endogenous TSGs in multiple cancer cell lines. These newly identified drugs, most prominently cardiac glycosides, did not change DNA methylation locally or histone modifications globally. Instead, all 11 drugs altered calcium signaling and triggered calcium-calmodulin kinase (CamK) activity, leading to MeCP2 nuclear exclusion. Blocking CamK activity abolished gene reactivation and cancer cell killing by these drugs, showing that triggering calcium fluxes is an essential component of their epigenetic mechanism of action. Our data identify calcium signaling as a new pathway that can be targeted to reactivate TSGs in cancer. Cancer Res; 76(6); 1494–505. ©2015 AACR.

Supplementary Materials and Methods and Supplementary Figure Legends

Table S2. Drug screening results after treatment at 50 µM for 24h

Supplementary Figure S1. Drug screening based on the measurement of GFP fluorescence by flow cytometry. Supplementary Figure S2. Dose response curves of GFP reactivation after cardiac glycosides treatment. Supplementary Figure S3. Tumor suppressor genes reactivation after treatment with validated hits. Supplementary Figure S4. Analysis DNA methylation and histone modifications following treatments with validated hits. Supplementary Figure S5. Characterization of Ca2+ fluxes in YB5 and HEK293 cells. Supplementary Figure S6: Tumor suppressor gene reactivation is dependent on CamK activity. Supplementary Figure S7. Promoter occupancy of MeCP2 is decreased after cardiac glycoside treatment. Supplementary Figure S8: Specificity of MeCP2 antibody. Supplementary Figure S9: Assessing the specificity of MeCP2 redistribution after proscillaridin treatment. Supplementary Figure S10. Percentage of YB5 cells expressing GFP after drug treatment is significantly reduced after leptomycin treatment. Supplementary Figure S11. Cell viability assays show that drug induced toxicity is dependent on CamK activity in SW48 colon cancer cell line. Supplementary Figure S12. Cell viability assays show that drug induced toxicity is dependent on CamK activity in K562 leukemia cell line. Supplementary Figure S13. Cell viability assays show that drug induced toxicity is dependent on CamK activity in HL-60 leukemia cell line. Supplementary Figure S14. Scheme describing proposed mechanism of action of newly identified candidate epigenetic drugs.

This research adopts a collective case study to explore the quantity (time allocations for key literacy components and group configurations) and the quality of English language arts (ELA) instruction for Grade 1 English language learners (ELLs) across six classrooms in three Indiana elementary school districts during the 2019–2020 school year. Three teachers (treatment group) were participants in a year-long professional development (PD) program consisting of ELL teacher licensure coursework (plus instructional coaching for two of the treatment teachers). The other three teachers (control group) did not participate in the PD program. Analysis of video-recordings of teachers’ ELA instruction, coded video instances, and time allocations reveal that overall treatment teachers allocated more time for the ELA block, more time for vocabulary, comprehension, and fluency instruction, and in general provided higher quality instruction. The findings provide evidence of the effectiveness of the PD program for improving ELA instruction for ELLs. However, both control and treatment teachers have some discrepancies in the quality and quantity of their literacy instruction compared to evidence-based research. This study holds important implications for literacy educators as they identify and employ strategies best suited for ELLs.

Multiple techniques have been used for estimating age in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). The longest established technique is via counts of growth later groups (GLGs) in the longitudinal section of an extracted mandibular tooth. Previous studies to validate GLGs have primarily used younger dolphins (less than 16yrs old) due to the limited number of known age older animals. This study assessed the accuracy of age estimates for bottlenose dolphins using both GLG analysis and a newer technique, pectoral flipper radiography (PFR) for dolphins ranging from 0 to 58yrs, with a majority of samples (70%) over 16yrs. GLGs were assessed by two expert independent readers on tooth sections from 52 different dolphins (85% over 16yrs, maximum age 58yrs), and assessments of PFRs were performed by two experienced veterinarians on 37 dolphins (54% over 16yrs, maximum age 54yrs). Results demonstrated both techniques became less accurate in older dolphins, particularly those > 30yrs, with errors as large as 37yrs for GLG estimates. The root mean squared error (RMSE) for age estimation using GLGs for dolphins ≤15 years of age was 1.46yrs compared to 1.58yrs using PFRs demonstrating the accuracy of both techniques in this age bracket. For dolphins >30yrs, RMSE increased to 17yrs in GLG aging and 8.25yrs in PFR. Challenges in obtaining accurate age estimates in GLGs were primarily due to sectioning and staining difficulties in visualizing the newest GLG layers, in the very old animals. Complications in reading the layers included obtaining a good section, the presence of accessory layers, GLG compression, and tooth curvature or wear removing the neonatal line influencing aging biases. In pectoral flipper aging, the primary challenge was obtaining a true dorsoventral radiograph in a live dolphin during a health assessment, as well as the subjective assessment of scoring and reliance on degenerative changes accurately estimate age in geriatric dolphins. While access to the radiography equipment can be a limiting factor, the improved accuracy for age estimation in adult dolphins, the less invasive nature, and reduced processing time to results make pectoral radiography a preferred alternative technique for estimating age in live dolphins.

Many pressing conservation issues are complex problems caused by multiple social and environmental drivers; their resolution is aided by interdisciplinary teams of scientists, decision makers, and stakeholders working together. In these situations, how do we generate science to effectively guide conservation (resource management and policy) decisions? This paper describes elements of successful big-team science in conservation, as well as shortcomings and lessons learned, based on our work with the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) in North America. We summarize literature on effective science teams, extracting information about elements of success, effective implementation approaches, and barriers or pitfalls. We then describe recent and ongoing conservation science for the monarch butterfly in North America. We focus primarily on the activities of the Monarch Conservation Science Partnership–an international collaboration of interdisciplinary scientists, policy experts and natural resource managers spanning government, non-governmental and academic institutions—which developed science to inform imperilment status, recovery options, and monitoring strategies. We couch these science efforts in the adaptative management framework of Strategic Habitat Conservation, the business model for conservation employed by the US Fish and Wildlife Service to inform decision-making needs identified by stakeholders from Canada, the United States, and Mexico. We conclude with elements critical to effective big-team conservation science, discuss why science teams focused on applied conservation problems are unique relative to science teams focusing on traditional or theoretical research, and list benefits of big team science in conservation.

Field studies were conducted on southern highbush blueberry in Elizabethtown and Rocky Point, NC, in 2019, 2020, and 2021 to determine tolerance to 2,4-D choline as a postemergence-directed application. In separate trials for younger and older bearing blueberry bushes, both 2,4-D choline rates and application timing were evaluated. Treatments included 2,4-D choline at 0, 0.53, 1.06, 1.60, and 2.13 kg ae ha–1 applied alone in winter during dormancy, and sequential treatments at 0.53 kg ae ha–1 followed by (fb) 0.53, 1.06 fb 1.06, 1.6 fb 1.6, or 2.13 fb 2.13 kg ae ha–1. The first application of the sequential treatments was applied in winter followed by another application in spring during early green fruit. Injury to blueberry from 2,4-D choline treatments was not observed for either maturity stage, and fruit yield was not affected by any of the treatments. Differences among treatments were not observed for fruit soluble solid content (SSC) in older bushes, or for fruit pH, SSC, and titratable acidity (TA) in younger bushes. In older bushes, fruit pH and TA had rate-by-timing interactions, and TA had a farm-year interaction with differences at Rocky Point in 2019 and Elizabethtown in 2020, but biologically no pattern was observed from the treatments.

Typical genotyping workflows map reads to a reference genome before identifying genetic variants. Generating such alignments introduces reference biases and comes with substantial computational burden. Furthermore, short-read lengths limit the ability to characterize repetitive genomic regions, which are particularly challenging for fast k-mer-based genotypers. In the present study, we propose a new algorithm, PanGenie, that leverages a haplotype-resolved pangenome reference together with k-mer counts from short-read sequencing data to genotype a wide spectrum of genetic variation—a process we refer to as genome inference. Compared with mapping-based approaches, PanGenie is more than 4 times faster at 30-fold coverage and achieves better genotype concordances for almost all variant types and coverages tested. Improvements are especially pronounced for large insertions (≥50 bp) and variants in repetitive regions, enabling the inclusion of these classes of variants in genome-wide association studies. PanGenie efficiently leverages the increasing amount of haplotype-resolved assemblies to unravel the functional impact of previously inaccessible variants while being faster compared with alignment-based workflows.

In this qualitative interpretive policy analysis case study, we examine the Cambodian government’s adoption and expansion of a Multilingual Education (MLE) program for speakers of different indigenous ethnic minority languages across five Northeastern provinces. Data include MLE policy documents and curriculum, observations in MLE schools, and interviews and focus groups with NGO staff, government officials, MLE Core Trainers, local MLE teachers, and school board members. We also analyze the nature of Khmer and indigenous language use and the nature of teaching and learning in the MLE schools and classrooms. Findings reveal significant success in establishing new schools and programs, expanding access to nearly 5,000 indigenous students, but also identify a number of challenges related to the governments’ capacity to further develop and expand MLE, with continual reliance on NGOs for technical and other support. Analyses of classroom observation data provide evidence of fidelity to the MLE model and curriculum, effective teaching and learning, and highly engaged teachers and students.

Activity of the serotonin 6(5-HT6) receptor impacts food intake and body weight in animal models and has also shown potential as a target for treatment of anhedonia, a symptom of major depressive disorder. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a key region involved in motivational processes and has been implicated in the neural mechanisms underlying anhedonia. Here, we assessed the potential role that 5-HT6 receptors in the NAc play in regulating motivation towards food. Rats received surgical implantation of guide cannulas above the NAc shell. On testing days, they were injected with either the selective 5-HT6 agonist EMD 386088 (at 0.0, 1.0, and 4.0 mg/0.5 mL/side) or the 5-HT6 antagonist SB 252585 (at 0, 1.0, and 4.0 µg/0.5 µL/side) prior to completing a 1-h long effort-based choice task. The task simultaneously examined the impact of NAc 5-HT6 receptor manipulation on appetitive motivation, measured as the breakpoint for earning a preferred sugar pellet in a progressive ratio task, and consummatory motivation, quantified as the grams of freely-available rat chow consumed during the session. Stimulation of NAc 5-HT receptors significantly increased both appetitive and consummatory motivation as assessed in this effort-based choice task. In contrast, 5-HT6 antagonism did not affect break point nor the consumption of the freely-available chow. These data suggest that 5-HT6 receptors are functional within the NAc, that their stimulation increases motivated behavior, and that they may therefore be a viable target for the treatment of anhedonia and disorders that inhibit motivational processes.

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit., Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figures

In contrast to traditional professional sports, there are few standardized metrics in professional esports (competitive multiplayer video games) for assessing a player's skill and ability. We assessed the performance of professional-level players in Aim LabTM, a first-person shooter training and assessment game, with two target-shooting tasks. These tasks differed primarily in target size: the task with large targets provided an incentive to be fast but imprecise and the task with large targets provided an incentive to be precise but slow. Each player's motor acuity was measured by characterizing the speed-accuracy trade-off in shot behavior: shot time (elapsed time for a player to shoot at a target) and shot spatial error (distance from center of a target). We also characterized the fine-grained kinematics of players' mouse movements. Our findings demonstrate that: 1) movement kinematics depended on task demands; 2) individual differences in motor acuity were significantly correlated with kinematics; and 3) performance, combined across the two target sizes, was poorly characterized by Fitts Law. Our approach to measuring motor acuity has widespread applications not only in esports assessment and training, but also in basic (motor psychophysics) and clinical (gamified rehabilitation) research.

The main result is Theorem MAT 11 which states that every finite closure operator is the ground set of a matroid. Its base sets consist of nonredundant covers of of the closure. These are minimal subsets that determine the closure operator using a closure algorithm from the theory of relational databases. For each hereditary collection there is one flat closure that define a matroid or simplicial complexes, but every closure defines a hereditary collection, its keys in database theory. The normalization algorithm by Maier is the basis of this paper. This follows his development, and his relevant results are cited to aid reading his original work. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the importance of database theory into the analysis of all finite closure including the flat closures of matroids.

On a return trip to New York City in 1935, Henry Miller wandered around his old stomping ground of Greenwich Village. Writing a friend, he recounts a visit to a restaurant where he found “the ‘Poets’ Corner,’ a dingy Village rendezvous where the Communist poets sit and chew the fat over a cup of pale, greasy coffee. Here is where America’s great poems are made” (Miller 13). Miller’s unflattering description about members of the Raven Poetry Circle continues as he describes their attempts to s...

Background Neighborhood-level socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease and diabetes, but these associations are rarely studied across large, diverse populations. Methods We used Ward’s Hierarchical clustering to define eight neighborhood clusters across North Carolina using 11 census-based indicators of SES, race, housing, and urbanicity and assigned 6992 cardiac catheterization patients at Duke University Hospital from 2001 to 2010 to clusters. We examined associations between clusters and coronary artery disease index > 23 (CAD), history of myocardial infarction, hypertension, and diabetes using logistic regression adjusted for age, race, sex, body mass index, region of North Carolina, distance to Duke University Hospital, and smoking status. Results Four clusters were urban, three rural, and one suburban higher-middle-SES (referent). We observed greater odds of myocardial infarction in all six clusters with lower or middle-SES. Odds of CAD were elevated in the rural cluster that was low-SES and plurality Black (OR 1.16, 95% CI 0.94-1.43) and in the rural cluster that was majority American Indian (OR 1.31, 95% CI 0.91-1.90). Odds of diabetes and hypertension were elevated in two urban and one rural low- and lower-middle SES clusters with large Black populations. Conclusions We observed higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in neighborhoods that were predominantly rural, low-SES, and non-White, highlighting the importance of public health and healthcare system outreach into these communities to promote cardiometabolic health and prevent and manage hypertension, diabetes and coronary artery disease.

Background Risk-factor identification related to chronic opioid use after surgery may facilitate interventions mitigating postoperative opioid consumption. We evaluated the relationship between opioid use preceding total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and chronic use postoperatively, and the risk of chronic opioid use after total joint arthroplasty. Methods All primary THAs and TKAs performed during a 6-month period were identified. Opioid prescription and utilization data (in oxycodone equivalents) were determined via survey and electronic records. Relationship between preoperative opioid use and continued use >90 days after surgery was assessed via Chi-square, with significance set at P Results A total of 415 patients met inclusion criteria (240 THAs and 175 TKAs). Of the 240 THAs, 199 (82.9%) patients and of the 175 TKAs, 144 (82.3%) patients agreed to participate. Forty-three of 199 (21.6%) THA patients and 22 of 144 (15.3%) TKA patients used opioids within 30 days preoperatively. Nine of 199 (4.5%) THA and 10 of 144 (6.9%) TKA patients had continued use of opioids for >90 days postoperatively. Preoperative opioid consumption was significantly associated with chronic use postoperatively for THA (P = .011) and TKA (P = .024). Five of 43 (11.6%) THA and 4 of 22 (18.2%) TKA patients with preoperative opioid use had continued use for >90 days postoperatively. For opioid naive patients, 2.6% (4/156) of THA and 4.9% (6/122) of TKA patients had chronic use postoperatively. Conclusions Preoperative opioid use was associated with nearly 5-fold and 4-fold increase in percentage of patients with chronic opioid use after THA and TKA, respectively. Surgeons should counsel patients regarding this risk and consider strategies to eliminate preoperative opioid use.