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Additional file 1: Table 1s. Sample characteristics and weighted percent of the population, 2016-2018 National Health Interview Survey. Table 2s. Results of logistic regression analysis predicting odds of obesity, 2016-2018 National Health Interview Survey. Table 3s.a. Results of logistic regression analysis testing the mediating role of anxiety on the relation between ever having ADHD and obesity, 2016-2018 National Health Interview Survey. Table 3s.b. Results of logistic regression analysis testing the mediating role of depression on the relation between ever having ADHD and obesity, 2016-2018 National Health Interview Survey.

Additional file 1.

Immunothrombosis is a mechanism of defense of the organism against pathogenic microorganisms that increases their recognition, limitation, and clearance and is part of the innate immune defense. Physiological immunothrombosis is beneficial to the body against the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms, but when immunothrombosis is out of control, it is easy to cause thrombotic diseases, thus, causing unpredictable consequences to the body. Neutrophils play a pivotal role in this process. Understanding the mechanism of neutrophils in immune thrombosis and out-of-control is particularly important for the treatment of related thrombotic diseases. In this review, we studied the role of neutrophils in immune thrombosis and each link out of control (including endothelial cell dysfunction; activation of platelets; activation of coagulation factor; inhibition of the anticoagulation system; and inhibition of the fibrinolysis system).

Additional file 1: Table S1. Thedescription of 6-monthΔHt SDS among childrenwith different baseline characteristics and different treatment dosage

Additional file 1. The X-ray radiograph alterations among KBD adolescents.

Smokers being witnessed with the mild adverse clinical symptoms of SARS-CoV-2, the in-silico study is intended to explore the effect of nicotine binding to the soluble angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2) receptor with or without SARS-CoV-2 binding. Nicotine established a stable interaction with the conserved amino acid residues: Asp382, Gly405, His378 and Tyr385 through His401 of the soluble ACE2 that seals its interaction with the INS1. Also, nicotine binding has significantly reduced the affinity score of ACE2 with INS1 to -12.6 kcal/mol (versus -15.7 kcal/mol without nicotine) and the interface area to 1933.6 square Angstrom (versus 2057.3 square Angstrom without nicotine). Nicotine exhibited a higher binding affinity score with ACE2-SARS-CoV-2 complex with -6.33 kcal/mol (Vs -5.24 kcal/mol without SARS-CoV-2) and a lowered inhibitory contant value of 22.95 micromolar (Vs 151.69 micromolar without SARS-CoV). Eventhough ACE2 is not a potential receptor for nicotine binding in the healthy people, in COVID19 patients, it may exhibit better binding affinity with the ACE2 receptor. In overall, nicotines strong preference for ACE2-SARS-CoV-2 complex might drastically reduce the SARS-CoV-2 virulence by intervening the ACE2 conserved residues interaction with the spike (S1) protein of SARS-CoV-2., 11 pages, 3 figures

Battery health monitoring and management is critically important for electric vehicle performance and economy. This paper presents a multiple health indicators-based and machine learning-enabled state-of-health estimator for prognostics and health management. The multiple online health indicators without the influence of different loading profiles are used as effective signatures of the health estimator for effective quantification of capacity degradation. An extreme learning machine is introduced to capture the underlying correlation between the extracted health indicators and capacity degradation to improve the speed and accuracy of machine learning for online estimation. The proposed estimator is also compared to the traditional BP neural network. The associated results indicate that the maximum estimation error of the proposed health management strategy is less than 2.5%, and it has better performance and faster speed than the BP neural network.

In order to guarantee safe and reliable operation of electric vehicle batteries and to optimize their energy and capacity utilization, it is indispensable to estimate their state-of-charge (SoC). This study aimed to develop a novel estimation approach based on the grey model (GM) and genetic algorithms without the need of a high-fidelity battery model demanding high computation power. A SoC analytical model was established using the grey system theory based on a limited amount of incomplete data in contrast with conventional methods. The model was further improved by applying a sliding window mechanism to adjust the model parameters according to the evolving operating status and conditions. In addition, the genetic algorithms were introduced to identify the optimal adjustment coefficient λ in a traditional grey model (1, 1) model to further improve the source estimation accuracy. For experimental verification, two types of lithium-ion batteries were used as the device-under-test that underwent typical passenger car driving cycles. The proposed SoC estimation method were verified under diverse battery discharging conditions and it demonstrated superior accuracy and repeatability compared to the benchmarking GM method.

A mixture of controlled-release nitrogen (N) fertilizers (CRNFs) and conventional urea (CU) as a single application of basal fertilizer could simplify fertilization in rice cultivation from the traditional and more labor-intensive fertilization strategy of multiple applications of nitrogen. However, the reported benefits of this combined approach in increasing rice yield have varied substantially for various reasons, including that various types of rice are characterized by different N requirements to obtain high yield. In this study, two late japonica rice cultivars, Jia58 (J58) and Jia67(J67), were used to determine the best combination of one of two short-acting CRNFs (release periods were 40 and 60 days) and one of three long-acting CRNFs (release periods were 80, 100 and 120 days) to apply with the CU as a one-time application of basal fertilizer. Six combinations of CRNFs were established based on their release periods: A1, 40 + 80 days, A2, 40 + 100 days, A3, 40 + 120 days, B1, 60 + 80 days, B2, 60 + 100 days, and B3, 60 + 120 days. CU applied split at basal, tillering and panicle differentiation stages, respectively as control (CK). The effects of the different treatment combinations of CRNFs on late-rice grain yield, N accumulation and N-use efficiency in a two-year field experiment were determined. Results showed that, the A2 treatment achieved the same yield as that of CK, and yield of the B2 treatment exceeded the yield of CK. Yield of J58 applied with B2 was 7.35% higher in 2018 and 7.40% higher in 2019 than that of the corresponding yield of CK, yield of J67 applied with B2 was 6.05% higher in 2018 and 6.87% higher in 2019 than that of CK. Compared with other CRNF treatments, the release of N from A2 and B2 was most synchronized with nitrogen uptake by the two cultivars, which indicates that fertilizer combination completely met the nitrogen demands during each growth stage of rice. Rice of the A2 and B2 treatments had higher N accumulation, higher aboveground biomass accumulation and LAI (leaf area index) at the heading and maturity stages and higher photosynthetic activity than those of other CRNF treatments. In conclusion, for late japonica rice in China, the application of the A2 and B2 treatments as optimal type of CRNF can achieve labor saving and yield increasing simultaneously in rice production.

Understanding the differences in yield traits of rice among pothole seedling of mechanical transplanting (PSMT), carpet seedling of mechanical transplanting (CSMT) and mechanical direct seeding (MDS) is of great importance not only for rice scientists but also for rice farmers to develop a high-yield production system under mechanical conditions in a rice-wheat rotation system. However, such traits are yet to be studied among rice varieties of japonica-indica hybrid rice (JIHR), japonica conventional rice (JCR) and indica hybrid rice (IHR). Field experiments were conducted in 2014 and 2015, where six cultivars of the three rice types JIHR, JCR and IHR were grown individually with PSMT, CSMT and MDS methods, under respective managements for each method to achieve the maximum attainable yield. Results showed that (i) the PSMT significantly increased grain yield of JIHR by 22.0 and 7.1%, of JCR by 15.6 and 3.7% and of IHR by 22.5 and 7.4%, compared to MDS and CSMT on average across the two years, respectively. The highest yield was produced by the combination of JIHR and PSMT; (ii) high yield under PSMT was mainly attributed to large sink capacity and high-efficient dry matter accumulation. With sufficient panicles per hectare, the increase of spikelet number per panicle, especially the increase in spikelet number of the secondary rachis-branches was determined to be the optimal approach for developing a large sink capacity for rice under PSMT. The optimal tillers development, large leaf area index at heading stage, and high leaf area duration, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate during grain-filling phase could be the cause of sufficient dry matter accumulation for rice under PSMT; (iii) moreover, the PSMT favored plant growth as well as enriched the stems plus sheaths during grain-filling phase, as compared with CSMT and MDS. These results suggest that PSMT may be an alternative approach to increasing grain yield in a rice-wheat rotation system in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China.

The objective of this study was to develop a method that combined nanoparticle-based immunomagnetic separation (IMS) with real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for the rapid detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Magnetic nanoparticles were functionalized with monoclonal antibodies that were produced against flagella from V. parahaemolyticus to capture and separate the target cells from raw oysters. After optimization, the immunomagnetic nanoparticles (IMNPs) presented a capture efficiency of 87.3% for 10(5) colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL of V. parahaemolyticus using 2.5μg of IMNPs within 30min. Although a very low level of non-specific binding was seen among 8 non-V. parahaemolyticus Vibrio spp. and 5 non-Vibrio strains, the IMS-LAMP method identified 133 V. parahaemolyticus strains correctly without the amplification from 54 other strains. The detection limit was about 1.4×10(2)CFU/mL in pure culture and was unaffected by the presence of 10(8)CFU/mL of competing microflora. When applied in spiked oysters, the sensitivity was found to be 1.9×10(3)CFU/g without enrichment. After enrichment for 6-8h, the limit of detectability could be improved to 1.9 to 0.19CFU/g. Hence, the IMS-LAMP assay provided a rapid, simple, and cost-effective method for total V. parahaemolyticus detection. This method will have important implications in the rapid detection of contaminated food in the early stage before distribution.

The farmland soil was the most main place of the agricultural production,and the quality of soil was the main determinant for the quality and safety of agricultural products,thus it was important to make the quality evaluation of farmland soil before the start of agriculture production.In order to investigate the pollution situation of heavy metals in farmland soil and wheat plants in a seismic belt of typical area in Jiangsu Province,the wheat and the soil of cultivation layer were collected from representative farmlands at harvest.The contents and pollution degree of Cu,Pb,Cd,Ni,Cr,Hg,As,and Zn were analyzed and evaluated.The results showed that the contents of Cd,Zn,and Pb in all soil samples were higher than the background values of Jiangsu soil,and the contents of Cr in 25.64% soil samples,Cu in 97.44% soil samples,Ni in 92.31% soil samples,and As in 92.31% soil samples exceeded the background values of Jiangsu soil,while the content of Hg in all soil samples was under the background value of Jiangsu soil.Compared with the GradeⅡof environmental quality standard for soil(GB 15618—1995),among the elements tested,only the content of Cd in all of the samples exceeded the standard,while all the others were under the standard.Correlation analysis indicated that several heavy metal elements including Cd,Cu,Cr,Ni,Pb,Zn and As in soil had a greater possibility to have come from the same source,however,Hg rooted in a different source from those elements mentioned above.According to the standards on Foods and Products(NY861—2004),the proportion of wheat grain samples exceeding the standards were 100%,58.97%,33.33%,10.26%,and 2.56% for Pb,Cr,Hg,Ni,and As,respectively,while Cu,Zn and Cd in samples did not exceed the standard,it was demonstrated that the element of Pb was the most serious contaminant in wheat grains.The contents of heavy metal in wheat grain were influenced by the soil heavy metal concentration and other physical and chemical properties of soil as well.It was difficult to assess the pollution situation of heavy metal in soil comprehensively using a single evaluate method.Therefore,in this study,the pollution situation of heavy metals in sampled farmland soil was evaluated against references of national standard limits and background values of Jiangsu province soil through single factor pollution index,synthesizing pollution index and Hakanson′ potential ecological evaluation index respectively.The single pollution evaluation result showed that Cd reached severe pollution levels while the other heavy metals were in the security range.Moderate pollution occured when the method of synthesizing pollution index was used.From the potential ecological evaluation index,we found strong ecological harm in the investigated region with Cd as the main pollution factor.

Holocene palaeo-flood slackwater deposits(SWD) were found in Yijun reaches of the Beiluohe River in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.They were identified by sedimentary criteria during fieldwork initially.A set of three beds of palaeo-flood SWD was interbedded in the Holocene loess-soil sequence within the cliff riverbanks.Each of the SWD represents one individual palaeo-flood event.The analytical results of grain-size distribution and magnetic susceptibility indicate that these SWD beds were deposited from the suspended sediment load in the floodwater.According to climatic and stratigraphic correlation with the OSL dated Holocene profiles in the region,these palaeo-flood events occurred during 8000-7800 aBP(SWD1),6000-5000 aBP(SWD2) and 4200-4000 aBP(SWD3),respectively.The palaeo-flood peak discharges were calculated by hydrological models and estimated to between 13600 and 14100 m3/s.The archives of flood data were therefore extended to a time-scale of over 10000 years.A more reliable flood peak discharge and frequency relationship was established accurately.These results are very important in hydraulic engineering and mitigating flood hazard in Beiluohe River basin.These palaeo-floods are well correlated to the abrupt climatic events occurred during the mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum.They provide solid evidence for investigating the social impacts of per-historical floods on the decline of the Neolithic civilizations in China's monsoon regions.

Four rice cultivars were used to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency, yield and characteristics of nitrogen uptake under two soil conditions (sandy and clay soil) in soil culture pool. The results were as follows. First, yield of rice in sandy and clay soil was increased by nitrogen application, and that in clay soil was higher than that in sandy soil, but the effect of nitrogen on yield increment was greater in sandy soil than in clay soil. Second, nitrogen utilization of rice was different under different soil conditions. Nitrogen harvest index (NHI) and physiological Nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) were higher in sandy soil than in clay soil. Apparent Nitrogen recovery efficiency (ANRE), partial factor productivity for applied Nitrogen (PFP), and soil Nitrogen dependent rate (SNDR) were higher in clay soil than in sandy soil. Agronomic Nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) was varied in different cultivars under different soil conditions. Third, N harvest index, agronomic N use efficiency, physiological N use efficiency, partial factor productivity for applied N, and soil N dependent rate were decreased significantly with the increment of the amount of nitrogen applied under two soil conditions. In sandy soil, ANRE was increased with the increasing nitrogen application and reached the highest value at high nitrogen level. However, in clay soil, ANRE was increased with the increasing of nitrogen application at first, and reached the highest value at medium nitrogen level, then decreased dramatically at high nitrogen level. Fourth, N uptake rate for rice straw and for rice grain and total N uptake rate for rice were higher in sandy clay soil than in sandy soil, but the difference between them was relatively small. Fifth, under different soil conditions, there were significant genotypic differences in the effects of applying nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency, yield, and characteristics of nitrogen uptake.

A one-step, real-time reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rRT-LAMP) method targeting the 5' end of the capsid gene for rapid and quantitative detection of human astrovirus serotype 1 (HAstV 1) was developed. The assay is highly sensitive and comparable to real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR), with a detection limit of ∼100 RNA copies per assay. The specificity of the method was validated by the absence of any cross-reaction with RNA samples of HAstV 2-8 and other gastroenteritis viruses, followed by nucleotide sequencing of the amplified product. Fecal specimens (n=120) obtained from children under five years of age with gastroenteritis were tested by rRT-LAMP, rRT-PCR and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Six (5%) of these samples were determined to be positive by both rRT-LAMP and rRT-PCR assay, and these two nucleic acid amplification methods resulted in a 200% increase in detection rates for HAstV infection compared with TEM alone. Furthermore, the rRT-LAMP assay is much more rapid than rRT-PCR and generates results in less than 20min for positive samples. The quantitation of viral load in stool specimens was determined from the standard curve plot of time-of-positivity versus initial RNA concentration. Most viral loads were determined to be within the range of 10(5)-10(8) copies. The results highlight the significance of the rapid rRT-LAMP method as a diagnostic and routine screening tool for the analysis of stool samples in hospital laboratories.

In order to study impacts of planting density of mechanical-transplanting rice on lodging resistance and yield, a field experiment was conducted using indica-japonica hybrid rice Yongyou 2640, Yongyou 1640 and indica hybrid rice Fengliangy- ouxiang 1, Xinliangyou 6380 with six planting densities (A: 31.7 cm × 30 cm, B: 22.2 cm × 30.0 cm, C: 17.1 cm × 30.0 cm, D: 13.9 cm × 30.0 cm, E: 11.7 cm × 30.0 cm, F: 10.6 cm × 30.0 cm). The experimental results were as follows. With the increasing of transplanting density, the yield increased firstly and decreased then, with the highest yield at 13.9 cm × 30.0 cm, both for in- dica-japonica hybrid rice and Indica hybrid rice. The effects of densities on the two types of varieties were not entirely consistent. Under the densities of C-E, the yield of indica-japonica hybrid rice was higher than 10.5 t ha -1 , and little or no lodging occurred. Therefore, we could obtain high and stable yield. Under the density of D, the yield of indica hybrid rice was higher than 10.0 t ha -1 , and the apparent lodging rate was also higher, so it was difficult to obtain stable yield. With the increasing of transplanting densities, lodging index of two types of rice increased, and stem diameter, wall thickness of culm and dry weight of a unit inter- node in two types of rice decreased. With increasing filling time, lodging index of indica-japonica hybrid rice increased firstly and decreased then, with the peak value at 30 days after heading, wall thickness of stem, plumpness of internode and single stem weight decreased firstly and increased then, with a minimum value at 30 days after heading. Lodging index of indica hybrid rice was increasing, stem wall thickness was decreasing, plumpness of internode decreased firstly then decreased or increased slightly at 30 days after heading, but not obvious, single stem weight decreased firstly and increased then, with a minimum value at 30 days after heading. The sensitive period of lodging was around 30 days after heading.