Search

Google Docs is a widely used online word processing software. Despite its broad popularity in business and education, Google Docs is under-utilised as a tool to facilitate qualitative interviews within research. In this article, we reflect on our experiences as two PhDs using Google Docs to conduct synchronous, online, written interviews. We present two case studies, which, to our knowledge, are the first to utilise Google Docs to conduct web-based written interviews. In doing so, we (a) outline the development and implementation of the methodology, (b) highlight the key themes we identified when considering the benefits and challenges of conducting interviews using this technology and (c) discuss possible future uses of the methodology. We argue that synchronous web-based written interviews via Google Docs offer unprecedented opportunities for qualitative research.

Theories on controlled semantic cognition assume that word concreteness and linguistic context interact during semantic word processing. Methodological approaches and findings on how this interaction manifests at the electrophysiological and behavioral levels are heterogeneous. We measured ERPs and RTs applying a validated cueing paradigm with 19 healthy participants, who performed similarity judgments on concrete or abstract words (e.g., “butterfly” or “tolerance”) after reading contextual and irrelevant sentential cues. Data-driven analyses showed that concreteness increased and context decreased negative-going deflections in broadly distributed bilateral clusters covering the N400 and N700/late positive component time range, whereas both reduced RTs. Crucially, within a frontotemporal cluster in the N400 time range, contextual (vs. irrelevant) information reduced negative-going amplitudes in response to concrete but not abstract words, whereas a contextual cue reduced RTs only in response to abstract but not concrete words. The N400 amplitudes did not explain additional variance in the RT data, which showed a stronger contextual facilitation for abstract than concrete words. Our results support separate but interacting effects of concreteness and context on automatic and controlled stages of contextual semantic processing and suggest that effects on the electrophysiological versus behavioral level obtained with this paradigm are dissociated.

Objective: family-centered care during invasive procedures has been endorsed by many professional health care organizations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health professionals’ attitudes towards parental presence during their child’s invasive procedure. Method: pediatric healthcare providers (divided in professional categories and range of ages) from one of the Spain’s largest hospitals were asked to complete a questionnaire and write free-text comments. Results: 227 responded the survey. Most (72%) participants, in their answers, reported that parents are sometimes present during interventions, although there were differences between professional categories in this respect. The procedures in which the parents were present were those considered “less invasive” (96% of cases), while only 4% were present in those considered “more invasive”. The older the professional, the less necessary parental presence was considered. Conclusion: the attitudes towards parental presence during pediatric invasive procedure are influenced by the professional category, the age of the healthcare provider and the invasiveness of the procedure. Objetivo: la atención centrada en la familia durante procedimientos invasivos ha sido respaldada por muchas organizaciones profesionales dedicadas al cuidado de la salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las actitudes de los profesionales de la salud con respecto a la presencia de los padres durante los procedimientos invasivos realizados en niños. Método: a los prestadores de atención médica en Pediatría (divididos en categorías profesionales y rangos de edad) de uno de los hospitales más importantes de España se les solicitó que respondieran un cuestionario y redactaran comentarios de texto libre. Resultados: un total de 227 profesionales respondieron la encuesta. En sus respuestas, la mayoría (72%) de los participantes informó que, en ocasiones, los padres están presentes durante las intervenciones, aunque se registraron diferencias entre las distintas categorías profesionales al respecto. Los procedimientos en los que los padres estuvieron presentes se consideraron como “menos invasivos” (96% de los casos), mientras que solamente el 4% estuvo presente en los considerados “más invasivos”. A mayor edad de los profesionales, menos necesaria se consideró la presencia de los padres. Conclusión: las actitudes con respecto a la presencia de los padres durante procedimientos pediátricos invasivos se vieron influenciadas por la categoría profesional, la edad del prestador de salud y la invasividad de los procedimientos. Objetivo: o atendimento centrado na família durante procedimentos invasivos tem sido endossado por muitas organizações profissionais de saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as atitudes dos profissionais de saúde em relação à presença dos pais durante o procedimento invasivo realizado em seus filhos. Método: os prestadores de serviços de saúde pediátricos (divididos em categorias profissionais e faixa etária) de um dos maiores hospitais da Espanha foram solicitados a preencher um questionário e escrever comentários de texto livre. Resultados: a pesquisa foi respondida por 227 pessoas. A maioria (72%) dos participantes, em suas respostas, relatou que os pais algumas vezes estão presentes durante as intervenções, embora houvesse diferenças entre as categorias profissionais a esse respeito. Os procedimentos em que os pais estavam presentes eram aqueles considerados “menos invasivos” (96% dos casos), enquanto apenas 4% estavam presentes naqueles considerados “mais invasivos”. Quanto mais velho o profissional, a presença dos pais foi considerada menos necessária. Conclusão: as atitudes em relação à presença dos pais durante o procedimento pediátrico invasivo são influenciadas pela categoria profissional, a idade do prestador de serviço de saúde e a invasividade do procedimento.

Diglossia in Arabic describes the existence and the use of two varieties of the same language: spoken Arabic (SA) and literary Arabic (LA). SA, the dialect first spoken by Arabic native speakers, is used in non-formal situations for everyday conversations, and varies from one region to another in the Arabic world. LA, acquired later in life when the children learn to read and write at school, is used for formal purposes such as media, speeches in public and religious sermons. Previous research showed that, in the auditory modality, SA words are processed faster than LA ones. In the visual modality, written LA words are processed faster than SA ones, the latter comparing with low-frequency words. This study analysed event-related potentials (ERPs) during the processing of high-frequency (LAHF), LA low-frequency (LALF) and SA high-frequency words (SAHF) in a visual lexical decision task. Faster reaction times were observed for LAHF, followed by SAHF and then by LALF. ERPs showed a modulation of the early components starting from the P100 component and of the late P600 component, supposedly related to memory processes. These findings, indicating that processing written SAHF words was largely comparable with processing of LALF, are discussed in the context of Arabic diglossia.

Couplet is a unique art form in Chinese traditional culture. The development of deep neural network (DNN) technology makes it possible for computers to automatically generate couplets. Especially, Transformer is a DNN-based ``Encoder-Decoder'' framework, and widely used in natural language processing (NLP). However, the existed Transformer mechanism cannot fully exploit the essential linguistic knowledge in Chinese, including the special format and requirements of Chinese couplets. Therefore, this article adapts the Transformer mechanism to generate meaningful Chinese couplets. Specifically, the contributions of our work are threefold. First, considering the fact that the words in the corresponding positions of the antecedent clause and the subsequent clause in a Chinese couplet always have same part-of-speech (pos, i.e., word class), pos information is intentionally added into the Transformer to improve the accuracy of the conceived couplet. Second, to deal with the large number of unregistered and low-frequency words in Chinese couplet, a specific unregistered/low-frequency word processing mechanism (UWP) is designed and combined with the Transformer model. Third, to further improve the coherence of couplets, we incorporate the polish mechanisms (PMs) into Transformer model. In terms of three evaluation criteria including bilingual evaluation understudy (BLEU), perplexity, and human evaluation, the experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our designed Chinese couplet generation system.

A dual-route account of holistic processing has been proposed, which includes a stimulus-based and experience-based approach to holistic processing. The bottom-up route was suggested by the observation of holistic processing for novel Gestalt line patterns in the absence of expertise. For words, there is mainly evidence for a late, lexical, experience-based locus of holistic processing with scarce evidence for an early, stimulus-based locus. However, salient early Gestalt information (i.e., connectedness, closure, and continuity between parts) are important for letter and word identification. Thus, there might be an overlap at an early, perceptual processing stage, between Gestalt stimulus-based holistic processing and word holistic processing. In the task we used, words and Gestalt line patterns were superimposed, and we evaluated whether one class of stimuli was processed less holistically when an aligned other class pattern (processed holistically) was superimposed. There was some evidence supporting an early locus for the influence of word processing on Gestalt line patterns, but the interaction between the two stimuli was not reciprocal, which needs further clarification. When an aligned word (processed holistically) was overlaid on a line pattern, the line pattern was processed less holistically. However, when an aligned line pattern (processed holistically) was overlaid on a word, the word was not processed less holistically. This pattern might result from the higher cohesiveness of words and their automaticity and feedback from the lexicon.

Some research suggests that semantic diversity (SemD), a measure of the variability of contexts in which a word appears, plays an important role in language processing, determining the availability of word representations (e.g., Adelman et al., 2006) and causing task-specific benefits or detriments to performance (e.g., HoffmanWoollams, 2015). Some researchers have claimed that word frequency has no effect once such diversity measures are taken into account (Adelman et al., 2006). Taking advantage of the power of five large-scale databases, we investigated the effects of SemD, word frequency, and their interaction in five tasks, including word reading, lexical and concreteness decision, object picture naming, and word repetition. We found: (a) word frequency and SemD effects were consistently distinct; (b) effects of SemD were facilitatory in nearly all tasks, but inhibitory effects were also found; contrary to existing claims, we conclude that inhibitory SemD effects do not necessarily imply semantic selection requirements; (c) the presence of SemD effects minimally influenced the size of frequency effects when SemD was left uncontrolled, suggesting that SemD does not explain absent frequency effects in the patient literature; and (d) word frequency and SemD only interact in the largest data sets. Results are discussed in the context of rational models of memory (AndersonMilson, 1989; AndersonSchooler, 1991) and the Controlled Semantic Cognition framework (Lambon Ralph et al., 2017). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

The subject matter of the article is electronic storage of information objects (IO) ordered by specified rules at the stage of accumulation of qualification thesis and scientific work of the contributors of the offered knowledge exchange system provided to the system in different formats (text, graphic, audio). Classified works of contributors of the system are the ground for organization of thematic rooms for discussion to spread scientific achievements, to adopt new ideas, to exchange knowledge and to look for employers or mentors in different countries. The goal of the work is to study the libraries of text processing and analysis to speed-up and increase accuracy of the scanned text documents classification in the process of serialized electronic storage of information objects organization. The following tasks are: to study the text processing methods on the basis of the proposed generalized model of the system of classification of scanned documents with the specified location of the block of text processing and analysis; to investigate the statistics of change in the execution time of the developed parallel modification of the methods of the word processing module for the system with shared memory for collections of text documents of different sizes; analyze the results. The methods used are the following: parallel digital sorting methods, methods of mathematical statistics, linguistic methods of text analysis. The following results were obtained: in the course of the research fulfillment the generalized model of the scanned documents classification system that consist of image processing unit and text processing unit that include unit of the scanned image previous processing; text detection unit; previous text processing; compiling of the frequency dictionary; text proximity detection was offered. Conclusions: the proposed parallel modification of the previous text processing unit gives acceleration up to 3,998 times. But, at a very high computational load (collection of 18144 files, about 1100 MB), the resources of an ordinary multiprocessor-based computer with the shared memory obviously is not enough to solve such problems in the mode close to real time., Предметом исследования в статье является электронное хранилище информационных объектов, упорядоченное по определенным правилам на этапе накопления квалификационных и научных работ участников предлагаемой системы обмена знаниями, поступающими в систему в различных форматах (текстовые, графические, аудио). Классифицированные работы участников системы являются основанием для организации тематических комнат для обсуждения с целью распространения научных достижений, заимствования новых идей, обмена знаниями и поиска работодателей или менторов в разных странах мира. Цель работы – исследование библиотек обработки и анализа текста с целью ускорения и увеличения точности классификации сканированных текстовых документов при организации упорядоченного электронного хранилища информационных объектов. В статье решаются следующие задачи: исследовать методы обработки и анализа текста на основе предложенной обобщенной модели системы классификации сканированных документов с указанным местом блока обработки и анализа текста; исследовать статистику изменение времени выполнения разработанной параллельной модификации методов модуля предварительной обработки текста для системы с общей памятью для коллекций текстовых документов разного размера; проанализировать полученные результаты. Используются следующие методы: параллельные численные методы сортировки, методы математической статистики, лингвистические методы анализа текста. Получены следующие результаты: в ходе выполнения исследований была предложена обобщенная модель системы классификации сканированных документов, состоящая из блока работы с изображением и блока работы с текстом, которые, в свою очередь, включают модули предварительной обработки сканируемого изображения; модуль распознавания текста; предварительной обработки текста; построения частотного словаря; определение текстовой близости. Выводы: предложенная параллельная модификация модуля предварительной обработки текста дает ускорение в 3,998 раза. Но, при очень высокой вычислительной нагрузке (коллекция из 18144 файлов, около 1100Мб), ресурсов вычислителя на базе многопроцессорного ЦПУ с общей памятью недостаточно для решения подобных задач в режиме, приближенном к реальному времени., Предметом дослідження в статті є електронне сховище інформаційних об’єктів, впорядковане за визначеними правилами на етапі накопичення кваліфікаційних та наукових робіт учасників запропонованої системи обміну знаннями, наданими до системи у різних форматах (текстові, графічні, аудіо). Класифіковані роботи учасників системи є підставою для організації тематичних кімнат для обговорення із метою розповсюдження наукових досягнень, запозичення нових ідей, обміну знаннями та пошуку роботодавців або менторів у різних країнах світу. Мета роботи – дослідження бібліотек обробки та аналізу тексту із метою прискорення та збільшення точності класифікації сканованих текстових документів при організації впорядкованого електронного сховища інформаційних об’єктів. В статті вирішуються наступні завдання: дослідити методи обробки та аналізу тексту на базі запропонованої узагальненої моделі системи класифікації сканованих документів із зазначеним місцем блоку обробки та аналізу тексту; дослідити статистику зміну часу виконання розробленої паралельної модифікації методів модулю попередньої обробки тексту для системи із загальною пам’яттю для колекцій текстових документів різного розміру; проаналізувати отримані результати. Використовуються такі методи: паралельні чисельні методи сортування, методи математичної статистики, лінгвістичні методи аналізу тексту. Отримано наступні результати: в ході виконання досліджень, було запропоновано узагальнену модель системи класифікації сканованих документів, яка складається з блоку роботи із зображенням та блоку роботи із текстом, які, в свою чергу, включають модулі попередньої обробки сканованого зображення; модуль розпізнавання тексту; попередньої обробки тексту; побудови частотного словнику; визначення текстової близькості. Висновки: запропонована паралельна модифікація модулю попередньої обробки тексту дає прискорення до 3,998 разів. Але, при дуже високому обчислювальному навантаженні (колекція з 18144 файлів, близько 1100Мб), ресурсів обчислювача на базі багатопроцесорного ЦПУ із загальною памяттю не достатньо для вирішення подібних задач у режимі, наближеному до реального часу.

Cette étude porte sur le traitement, par des apprenants d’une langue seconde, de mots ambigus (p. ex., bank, en anglais : 1] une institution financière, 2] la rive d’une rivière/d’un lac) et sur la capacité de ces apprenants d’activer la signification secondaire aussi rapidement que la signification dominante. Des participants ayant l’anglais comme langue primaire et comme langue seconde ont utilisé un paradigme de fenêtres pour effectuer une tâche de lecture à leur rythme, où toutes les phrases s’orientaient vers la deuxième signification (c.-à-d., bank comme la rive d’une rivière/d’un lac). Les résultats ont montré que les participants dont l’anglais était la langue première activaient autant les significations dominante que secondaire d’un mot ambigu, même dans un contexte orienté vers la signification secondaire. Cependant, les participants dont l’anglais était la langue seconde avaient certaines difficultés à activer la signification secondaire en langue seconde, même lorsque le contexte précédent était orienté vers celle-ci. Les résultats des participants dont la langue première était l’anglais étaient compatibles avec un modèle d’accès autonome, c’est-à-dire que toutes les significations d’un mot ambigu de la langue première sont activées même lorsque le contexte est orienté vers une signification particulière. Cependant, les résultats des participants dont l’anglais était la langue seconde, même si ceux-ci connaissaient les deux significations de chaque mot ambigu dans l’étude (selon le questionnaire rempli après l’expérience), ont montré que la signification dominante d’un mot ambigu dans une langue seconde est activée la première, même lorsque le contexte est orienté vers la signification secondaire.

The articulatory in-out effect describes the preference for stimuli with an inward-wandering consonant order (e.g., BODIKA) as opposed to an outward-wandering consonant order (e.g., KODIBA). Originally, the in-out effect has been explained in terms of articulation trajectories, with inward trajectories being preferred over outward trajectories. However, recent research by Maschmann et al. (2020) raised doubts on this explanation of articulation trajectory preferences and offered a parsimonious alternative explanation for the in-out effect based on consonant preferences instead. As we show in the present article, stimulus materials in Maschmann et al. (2020) diverged from materials used in previous research and might have prevented the experience of articulation trajectories. Here, we present a conceptual replication of Maschmann et al. (2020), using stimulus materials more likely to elicit articulation trajectory preferences. In a preregistered, high-powered experiment (N = 349), we find strong support for the original idea of trajectory preferences but no evidence for the consonant preference account. Our research shows that preferences for articulation trajectories are robust and cannot be explained by mere consonant preferences. We discuss further implications of these findings for future research on the processes involved in the empirical in-out effect. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Contains fulltext : 240461.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Typical adults read remarkably quickly. Such fast reading is facilitated by brain processes that are sensitive to both word frequency and contextual constraints. It is debated as to whether these attributes have additive or interactive effects on language processing in the brain. We investigated this issue by analysing existing magnetoencephalography data from 99 participants reading intact and scrambled sentences. Using a cross-validated model comparison scheme, we found that lexical frequency predicted the word-by-word elicited MEG signal in a widespread cortical network, irrespective of sentential context. In contrast, index (ordinal word position) was more strongly encoded in sentence words, in left front-temporal areas. This confirms that frequency influences word processing independently of predictability, and that contextual constraints affect word-byword brain responses. With a conservative multiple comparisons correction, only the interaction between lexical frequency and surprisal survived, in anterior temporal and frontal cortex, and not between lexical frequency and entropy, nor between lexical frequency and index. However, interestingly, the uncorrected index*frequency interaction revealed an effect in left frontal and temporal cortex that reversed in time and space for intact compared to scrambled sentences. Finally, we provide evidence to suggest that, in sentences, lexical frequency and predictability may independently influence early (150-250ms), thus helping to converge previous contradictory eye-tracking and electrophysiological literature. Current neuro-cognitive models of reading would benefit from accounting for these differing effects of lexical frequency and predictability on different stages of word processing. 31 p.

Current lifelong learning platforms offer users a query option to select a wide variety of courses. However, finding a suitable course among the seemingly endless catalogs of options presented by the platforms is not straightforward. We argue that digital counseling can enhance this process. In this paper, we present a set of three formative studies where we explored the main aspects that can provide the counseling needed. The methods comprise an analysis of user profile characteristics and learning analytics indicators (e.g., learning progress/self-regulation) by means of an expert workshop, evaluating the feasibility of current technologies (e.g., natural language processing) for automatically assessing users' competencies, and a survey on the use of Chatbots as the interaction interface between the users and the lifelong learning portals. The analysis resulted in the extraction of basic requirements for digital counseling. We conclude the paper by presenting a system design derived from these studies. (DIPF/Orig.) Aktuelle Plattformen für Lebenslanges Lernen bieten Nutzern eine Abfragemöglichkeit einer großen Vielfalt an Kursen. Aus den scheinbar endlosen Katalogen der von den Plattformen angebotenen Optionen einen geeigneten Kurs zu finden, ist jedoch nicht einfach. Wir argumentieren, dass digitale Beratung diesen Prozess verbessern kann. In diesem Beitrag stellen wir drei formative Studien vor, in denen wir die Hauptaspekte für die benötigte Beratung untersucht haben. Die Methoden umfassen eine Analyse von Nutzerprofil-Merkmalen und Indikatoren der Lernanalyse (z. B. Lernfortschritt/Selbstregulierung) mittels eines Expertenworkshops, eine Bewertung der Machbarkeit aktueller Technologien für die automatische Bewertung der Kompetenzen von Nutzern (z. B. Verarbeitung natürlicher Sprache), sowie eine Umfrage zum Einsatz von Chatbots als Interaktionsschnittstelle zwischen Nutzern und Plattformen für lebenslanges Lernen. Aus der Analyse wurden die grundlegenden Anforderungen an eine digitale Beratung abgeleitet. Abschließend wird ein aus diesen Studien abgeleitetes Systemdesign vorgestellt. (Autor*innen)

Data and statistical analysis code for publication "A processing advantage for action words is modulated by aging and the task"

The writing effect is a phenomenon belonging to the family of production effects, according to which when we write a word we retain it better than when we read it silently. But what happens when the word evokes a hand action that is in conflict with the action of writing? For the embodied cognition framework, understanding language requires the simulation of the referent the word describes, which includes sensory elements and actions associated with the object. We expect that conceptual processing interferes with the writing of the word and therefore its memorization because there is a conflict between the conceptual motor hand activation linked to the word and the writing action. This study aims at determining the variables influencing for the occurence of the writing effect and to test in novel contexts the hypotheses of the embodied cognition framework concerning language processing.

In this project, we are examining the lexical features of words that are produced during both phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks. We will examine both sub-lexical as well as semantic features.

There is considerable interest in whether face and word processing are reliant upon shared or dissociable processes. Developmental prosopagnosia is associated with lifelong face processing deficits, with these cases providing strong support for a dissociation between face and word recognition in three recent papers (Burns et al., 2017; Rubino et al., 2016; Starrfelt et al., 2018). However, the sample sizes in each of these studies may have been too small to detect significant effects. We therefore combined their data to increase power and reassessed their results. While only a non-significant trend for reading impairments was found in prosopagnosia using a one-sample t-test, poorer face memory performance was correlated with slower reading speeds across prosopagnosia and control participants. Surprisingly, poorer face perception skills in prosopagnosia were associated with smaller word length effects. This suggests that while mild reading impairments exist in developmental prosopagnosia, there may be a trade-off between their residual face perception abilities and reading skill. A reanalysis of Hills and colleagues’ (2015) acquired prosopagnosia data also revealed a positive relationship between words and faces: severe impairments in face recognition were related to poorer word processing. In summary, the developmental and acquired prosopagnosia literature supports models of visual perception that posit face and word processing are reliant upon broadly shared processes.

Pembangunan sumber daya manusia menjadi bagian yang penting dalam menunjang pembangunan bangsa dan negara. Salah satu sumber daya manusia yang perlu mendapat perhatian adalah kelompok tani. Gabungan kelompok tani (Gapoktan) merupakan wadah berkumpulnya para petani dan layak dalam mendapatkan prioritas dalam pembangunan bangsa. Gapoktan merupakan organisasi wadah pengembangan petani/kelompok tani yang tumbuh dan berkembang atas dasar kesadaran dan tanggung jawab sosial dari, oleh dan untuk masyarakat terutama di wilayah desa/kelurahan. Kemajuan bidang teknologi informasi dan komunikasi (TIK) yang semakin pesat membutuhkan sumber daya manusia yang mampu mengolah serta memanfaatkannya dengan baik. Untuk menjawab kebutan tersebut, tim pengabdian pada masyarakat FTI UKDW mengadakan pelatihan komputer dasar dan media sosial bagi Gapoktan Sedyo Makmur. Kegiatan yang dilakukan berupa pendampingan dan pelatihan akan kebutuhan dalam penggunaan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi. Kebutuhan penggunaan komputer dan sosial mediameliputi pembuatan surat menyurat, kebutuhan pembuatan laporan keuangan, pembuatan proposal dan model pemasaran produk hasil pertanian menjadi peran penting dalam model penggunaan komputer dan sosial media yang dibutuhkan oleh kelompok pertanian. Pelatihan komputer dasar dan media sosial ini, diharapkan dapat menjadi pilot project untuk penerapan digital marketing produk hasil pertanian. Dari hasil pelatihan didapatkan peningkatan kemampuan peserta sebesar 14,48 % untuk pengunaan Microsoft word, 9,23 % untuk penggunaan Microsoft Excel dan 2,87 % untuk penggunaa Sosial Media yang meliputi whatsapp business, instagram dan marketplace tokopedia.

The objective of this study was to analyze differences in physical activity, quality of food consumption and breakfast between elementary school children with normal and overweight nutritional status in Bogor City of Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic. This was a cross sectional study carried out from September 2020 to January 2021 in nine elementary schools in Bogor City. This research was conducted when school from home had been running for about six months. Survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire filled by the subject's parents via google form and Microsoft word and then interviewing via whatsapp. Physical activity measured using the Physical Activity Level (PAL) method and food consumption quality using the Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS). Breakfast quality based on the intake and contribution of energy and protein at breakfast. Result showed that 70% of male and 30% of female subjects were classified as overweight. There was a significant difference in the PAL value between subjects with normal weight and overweight (2.02 vs 1.63, p 0.05). However, IDDS scores of students with normal nutritional status was higher (7.08 and 8.60) compared to (6.80 and 6.78) in overweight students during the weekday and weekend respectively. In contrast, the energy and protein intake consumed during breakfast for overweight students was higher (617 kcal/day and 21 g/day) than students with normal nutritional status (477 kcal/day and 18.2 g/day) (p

Word knowledge and the speed of word processing in monolingual children and adults are influenced by word properties, such as the age of acquisition (AoA), imageability, and frequency. Understanding how different properties of words contribute to the ease of processing by bilingual children is a critical step for establishing models of childhood bilingualism. However, a joint impact of these properties has not been so far assessed in bilingual children. Here, we compared the impact of AoA, imageability, and frequency on accuracy and response times in picture naming and picture recognition tasks in monolingual and bilingual children. We used Cross-Linguistic Lexical Tasks to test 45 monolingual children (aged 4 to 7 years) and 45 migrant bilingual children in their L1 (Polish). Word AoA, imageability, and frequency independently affected the accuracy and response times in both picture naming and picture recognition tasks. Crucially, bilingual children were more sensitive to word characteristics than their monolingual peers: Bilingual children’s accuracy was particularly low for words of high AoA (in the picture recognition task) and for words of low frequency (in the picture naming task). Also, the increase in response times for low-imageable and low-frequent words was particularly salient in bilingual children. The results suggest a new area of interest for further studies: the question of whether bilinguals and monolinguals show different sensitivity to psycholinguistic factors, and if so, does that sensitivity change with age or language exposure?

Odor context can affect the recognition of facial expressions. However, there is no evidence to date that odor can regulate the processing of emotional words conveyed by visual words. An emotional word recognition task was combined with event-related potential technology. Briefly, 49 adults were randomly divided into three odor contexts (pleasant odor, unpleasant odor, and no odor) to judge the valence of emotional words (positive, negative, and neutral). Both behavioral and Electroencephalography (EEG) data were collected. Both the pleasant odor and unpleasant odor contexts shortened the response time of the subjects to emotional words. In addition, negative words induced greater amplitudes of early posterior negativity (EPN) and late positive potential (LPP) than the positive and neutral words. However, the neutral words induced a larger N400 amplitude than the positive and negative words. More importantly, the processing of emotional words was found to be modulated by external odor contexts. For example, during the earlier (P2) processing stages, pleasant and unpleasant odor contexts induced greater P2 amplitudes than the no odor context. In the unpleasant odor context, negative words with the same odor valence induced greater P2 amplitudes than the positive words. During the later (N400) stages, various regions of the brain regions exhibited different results. For example, in the left and right frontal areas of the brain, exposure to positive words in a pleasant odor context resulted in a smaller N400 amplitude than exposure to neutral words in the same context. Meanwhile, in the left and right central regions, emotional words with the same valence as pleasant or unpleasant odor contexts elicited the minimum N400 amplitude. Individuals are very sensitive to emotional information. With deeper processing, different cognitive processes are reflected and they can be modulated by external odors. In the early and late stages of word processing, both pleasant and unpleasant odor contexts exhibited an undifferentiated dominance effect and could specifically modulate affectively congruent words.

In order to improve the quality of Human Resources (HR) who worked in the village, training in the use of software is considered important because government programs sometimes only extend to the district or sub-district level. This service activity was entitled Provision of Software Use and Technology Understanding for village officials in Pasirukeum Village, Karawang Regency, West Java Province. The purpose of this training is to be able to provide increased capacity in the use of technology for village officials. Another goal is to provide an understanding of technology that village officials deem necessary to know, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic, so that it is hoped that it can help village officials in efforts to improve the quality of their performance. The method used during the training is the lecture-discussion method by providing basic software exercises that can be used by village officials. This training has succeeded in providing solutions to existing problems by introducing and providing information related to the use of software such as Zoom Meeting Cloud, Google Meet, Microsoft Word, and Microsoft Excel .

Analyzing alarm floods in a large-scale industrial facility is a sophisticated task, because of too many fault types and their associated consequential alarms. However, there exist similar alarm floods in different processes, where the alarms are associated with the same fault types, but configured with different tag names. If these alarm floods are discovered and grouped, the obtained results could facilitate root cause analysis and lead to generalized solutions. Motivated by this practical problem, a systematic pattern-matching method to compare alarm floods across different processes is proposed in this article. The contributions are twofold: 1) A word processing approach is proposed to generalize alarm representations; 2) a pattern-matching approach is developed to compare alarm floods across different processes. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by a case study using alarm data from an industrial facility.

Resumen Introducción. La malaria, o paludismo, es una enfermedad de gran impacto en la población colombiana, que debe ser abordada desde el punto de vista del trabajo en equipo de instituciones para el intercambio de conocimiento. Objetivo. Analizar las interacciones de la Red de Gestión del Conocimiento, Investigación e Innovación en Malaria de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un análisis de redes sociales que permitió identificar la proximidad entre los actores y el grado de conocimiento entre ellos; se observaron indicadores de densidad, diámetro, distancia media y centralidad de grado. El corpus documental para el estudio estuvo constituido por 193 documentos técnicos publicados entre el 2016 y el 2021, que fueron analizados empleando técnicas de procesamiento de texto mediante el lenguaje de programación R. La categorización de la red se realizó a partir de cinco variables: atención integral a pacientes, diagnóstico, epidemiología y sistemas de análisis de información en salud, política pública, y promoción y prevención. Resultados. El análisis de las interacciones indicó que la red la conformaban 99 actores, de los cuales 97 (98 %), mostraron más interés en la producción de conocimientos en epidemiología y sistemas de análisis de información en salud, seguido de la categoría de atención integral a pacientes con 79 (80 %). El 54 % de los actores llevó a cabo estudios de promoción y prevención, siendo esta la categoría de menor abordaje. Conclusiones. Este estudio contribuye al fortalecimiento de estrategias clave en la divulgación del conocimiento sobre la malaria en Colombia. Abstract Introduction: Malaria is a disease with a high impact on Colombian population, which must be approached from the point of view of teamwork of institutions for knowledge exchange. Objective: To analyze the interactions of the Red de Gestión del Conocimiento, Investigación e Innovación en Malaria de Colombia. Materials and methods: An analysis of social networks was applied that allowed identifying the proximity between actors and the degree of knowledge between them. Indicators of density, diameter, average distance, and degree of centrality were observed. The documentary corpus for the study consisted of 193 technical documents published between 2016 and 2021, which were analyzed using text mining using the R programming language. The network was categorized based on five variables: comprehensive patient care, diagnosis, epidemiology and health information analysis systems, public policy and promotion and prevention. Results: The analysis of interactions indicated that the network was made up by 99 actors. The main interest in knowledge production was on epidemiology and health information analysis systems (98 % of the actors), followed by the integral patient care (80 % of the actors). On the contrary, the least approached category was malaria promotion and prevention practices (54 % of the actors). Conclusions: In general, this study contributes to the strengthening of key strategies in the dissemination of knowledge about malaria in Colombia.

Bilingualism is the ability to use more than one language. One of the hottest debates in the language processing literature centers upon the nature of the interactions between the languages of a bilingual speaker. Can we refer to a concept in one language without activating the related word(s) in another? The answer is “yes”, according to the language selective view: Each language is activated as a separate module. The language non-selective view, on the other hand, argues that the activation of words in one language interacts with words in other known languages. This latter view has been favored in recent years due to accumulating experimental evidence, but the exact nature of this activation remains unknown. The present study aims to investigate how presenting words in one language affects the activation of their translation equivalents in another language in early word processing and whether / how factors like word frequency and task differences modulate such effects. We will use the masked priming paradigm (40 ms and 70 ms) with the lexical decision and semantic categorization tasks.

Besede imajo različne leksikalne in semantične lastnosti, ki močno vplivajo na njihovo procesiranje. Za namen preučevanja vpliva teh lastnosti na procesiranje besed so bili v tujih jezikih oblikovani leksikoni z leksikalnimi in semantičnimi značilnostmi besed. V slovenskem jeziku tovrstnega leksikona še nimamo, kar onemogoča raziskovanje vpliva semantičnih lastnosti besed na njihovo procesiranje. Raziskava je bila izvedena z namenom pridobitve ocen semantičnih lastnosti besed in raziskovanjem njihovega vpliva na procesiranje besed. V okviru magistrskega dela so bile zbrane ocene semantičnih dimenzij za 296 samostalnikov. Besede so bile ocenjene s strani 124 slovensko govorečih udeležencev v spletnem vprašalniku. Udeleženci so besede ocenjevali na petih semantičnih dimenzijah, in sicer: konkretnost, predstavljivost, poznanost, valenca in vzburjenje. Ocene udeležencev so se izkazale kot visoko zanesljive na vseh petih ocenjevanih semantičnih dimenzijah, pri čemer so bile najvišje pri dimenziji valence in najnižje pri dimenziji vzburjenja. Semantične spremenljivke se niso izkazale kot pomembni napovednik reakcijskih časov na nalogi poimenovanja in nalogi leksikalne odločitve. Valenca se je negativno povezovala z reakcijskimi časi na obeh nalogah, kar nakazuje, da bolj pozitivne besede procesiramo hitreje. Dimenzija konkretnosti se je značilno negativno povezovala z emocionalnostjo in vzburjenjem, kar kaže, da so abstraktne besede v primerjavi s konkretnimi bolj emocionalne in vzburjajoče. Statistično značilne razlike v hitrosti procesiranja abstraktnih in konkretnih besed nismo zaznali. Prav tako ni bilo zaznanih pomembnih razlik v procesiranju negativnih in pozitivnih besed. Rezultati so nadalje pokazali pričakovan kvadratni odnos med valenco in vzburjenjem z najvišjim za pozitivne in negativne besede ter najnižjim vzburjenjem za nevtralne besede. V slovenskem jeziku norm za semantične značilnosti besed še ni, pričujoča raziskava pa pomembno doprinaša k področju raziskovanja vpliva semantične bogatosti pri procesiranju in prepoznavi slovenskih besed. Poleg doprinosa k empiričnemu raziskovanju, prinaša tudi spodbudo k praktični uporabi norm v priredbi tujih psihodiagnostičnih pripomočkov v slovenski jezik. Words have different lexical and semantic properties that strongly influence their processing. In foreign languages, lexicons with lexical and semantic features of words were created to study the influence of these features on word processing. In the Slovene language, we do not have such a lexicon yet, which makes it impossible to investigate the influence of the semantic properties of Slovene words on their processing. The research was carried out to obtain estimates of words' semantic properties and investigate their effect on word processing. As part of the master's thesis, evaluations of semantic dimensions were collected for 296 Slovene nouns. 124 Slovene-speaking participants evaluated the words in an online questionnaire. The participants rated the words according to five semantic dimensions: concreteness, imageability, familiarity, valence, and arousal. Participants' ratings were highly reliable on all five semantic dimensions, being highest on the valence dimension and lowest on the arousal dimension. Semantic variables did not emerge as significant predictors of reaction times on the naming and lexical decision tasks. Valence was negatively associated with reaction time on both tasks, suggesting that positive words are processed faster. The dimension of concreteness was negatively associated with emotionality and arousal, showing that abstract words are more emotional and arousing than concrete words. We did not detect a statistically significant difference in the processing speed of abstract and concrete words. Also, no significant differences were detected in negative and positive word processing. The results show the expected quadratic relationship between valence and arousal, with arousal highest for positive and negative words and lowest for neutral words. There are no norms for semantic characteristics of words in the Slovene language. The present research contributes significantly to the research on the influence of semantic richness in the processing and recognition of Slovene words. It also provides an incentive for the practical use of norms in adapting foreign psychodiagnostics tools into the Slovene language.

In this article, we propose detecting hidden elements in docx documents. Using the feature of the format structure, we analyze the most profitable stegocontainer. It is proposed to consider three options for investing in a stegocontainer in order to obtain the most objective estimates of the deviation. A comprehensive assessment is carried out from the tested data on the basis of which it was proposed to detect hidden elements in Microsoft Word documents.

Astronomy papers are most frequently composed and submitted in either Microsoft Word or LaTeX format. While most journals accept submissions in Word format (and some, such as Meteoritics and Planetary Science, until recently required Word format), the majority of astronomy papers posted to the arXiV are submitted in LaTeX format. The wisdom of using LaTeX is sometimes questioned: for instance, a recent study demonstrated that a set of 40 researchers and graduate students were able to transcribe text and tables more quickly and with fewer errors using Word rather than LaTeX, although LaTeX proved similarly efficient when it came to transcribing equations and was more enjoyable to use. However, the study had all participants reproduce a given source text. We suspect that the use of Word may influence an author to include fewer equations when creating an original work. This is a difficult hypothesis to test directly, so we instead use a subset of arXiV submissions to probe whether the use of LaTeX is correlated with the number of standalone equations in a manuscript. We find that PDF-only manuscripts on the arXiV have roughly half as many equations as those with LaTeX source files.

The aim of the present study was to examine the interplay of morphological configuration switching and language switching. The morphological configuration is present in word-formation whenever a word contains more than one free morpheme. The morphological configuration is variable both within and between languages for example in two-digit number names (is the decade named first as in twenty-one or the unit named first as in seventeen) and in compound words (is the modifier or the head named first). In the present experiments, participants had to switch between morphological configurations and between languages (German, English, and Spanish). Language-switch cost was measured as the performance difference between language-switch trials and language-repetition trials. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants performed language-comprehension tasks on two-digit numbers and a language-production task on compound words in Experiment 3. All three experiments revealed an under-additive switch cost pattern in which a larger language-switch cost occurred in morphological configuration-repetition trials than in morphological configuration-switch trials. Thus, the present data indicate integration of the morphological configuration and language into one language-related schema-irrespective of the language task (comprehension vs. production) and the type of stimuli (number words vs. compound nouns). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Introduction: In the US, hundreds of thousands of individuals with visual disabilities work in occupations that typically entail editing text. Editing technologies for blind or visually impaired people have been analyzed by researchers for usability, accessibility, and feasibility. However, a tutorial is needed to provide blind or visually impaired workers with information on how to use these technologies. Key concepts: Technologies that blind or visually impaired individuals can use for editing text present challenges. Such challenges include the lack of usability in word processors’ text-editing features, navigational and sense-making issues with screen readers, limited text displayed by refreshable braille displays, and extensive commands needed to operate braille notetakers. Key lessons: The study's blind coauthor (who prefers this terminology) draws on her academic and professional experience to provide procedural information for blind or visually impaired practitioners and students who need to open email attachments, navigate files, select text, navigate the Review tab of Microsoft Word, add comments, and use Nav Quick Keys. Implications for practice: This tutorial indicates that word processors, screen readers, refreshable braille displays, and braille notetakers provide ways for blind or visually impaired practitioners and students to edit text. The tutorial also provides insight into one blind editor's editing process and provides instructions for duplicating this process. This information can increase the awareness of sighted practitioners and teachers who seek to make workplaces more accessible for blind or visually impaired colleagues.

Introduction and scope Language is one of the main tools with whom people describe their pain. The semantic value of words plays a fundamental role in the pain perception, intended as a complex process of modulation and processing in the brain. The priming effect is a cognitive process in which a certain stimulus can influence subsequent stimuli. It is therefore plausible that this effect plays a key role in the modulation and perception of pain. This study aimed to investigate the potential relationship between the semantic aspects of language, the priming effect, and the perception of pain. Methods and results A narrative review of the literature was conducted. Sixteen studies were included and categorized in four groups based on the effect of the verbal suggestion on the experimental acute pain and chronic pain and on the effect of pain-related words in free pain and post-surgical subjects. Conclusions There may be a link between language and pain, both at the behavioral and neural level. The processing of semantic information associated with pain influences the pain perception.

Digital literacy is used to find, analyze, create, and transmit information and communication technology information. Based on the experience of several countries, the use of information technology has become one of the drivers of economic development, especially in rural areas and can encourage regional development. The use of ICT is considered effective in reducing community migration from rural to urban areas and improving the quality of government services through e-governance. Waringin Kurung Village is one of the isolated villages with a neighborhood located in the southern part of Banten Province, directly adjacent to the Ujung Kulon National Park area. This community service aims to improve the ability of village officials in utilizing digital literacy for the efficiency of the village service system, encouraging the dissemination of village information and village information. The method of implementing digital literacy development consists of three stages: a practice test by socializing the use of electronic mail (email), and understanding test through pretest and post-test on the use of Microsoft word applications, and case studies and problem-solving about information strategies. We conclude that higher education communities should involve more in developing digital literacy in rural villages. It will help rural communities use technology for their village administration and enhance public information management through the website and other digital channels. Abstrak Literasi Digital digunakan untuk menemukan, menganalisis, membuat, dan mengirimkan informasi menggunakan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi, Berdasarkan pengalaman beberapa negara, pemanfaatan teknologi informasi telah menjadi salah satu penggerak pembangunan ekonomi khususnya di daerah pedesaan dan mampu mempercepat pembangunan daerah. pemanfaatan TIK dianggap efektif dalam mengurangi migrasi masyarakat dari desa ke kota dan meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan pemerintahan melalui e-governance. Desa Waringin Kurung merupakan salah satu desa terisolir dengan wilayah mayoritas dataran tinggi yang terletak dibagian selatan Provinsi Banten berdekatan langsung dengan wilayah Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon. Tujuan dalam pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kemampuan perangkat desa dalam memanfaatkan literasi digital guna efisiensi sistem pelayanan Desa, mempercepat penyampaian informasi desa, keterbukaan informasi Desa. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan pengembangan literasi digital terdiri dari tiga tahapan diantaranya, tahap pertama adalah uji praktek dengan sosialisasi penggunaan surat elektronik (email), tahap kedua adalah uji pemahaman melalui pretest dan post test tentang penggunaan aplikasi Microsoft word, tahap ketiga adalah studi kasus dan pemecahan masalah tentang strategi mempercepat keterbukaan informasi. Hasil dan Simpulan kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat sangat penting dilakukan oleh perguruan tinggi guna membantu masyarakat desa dalam penggunaan teknologi informasi, terutama membantu desa dalam proses administrasi desa melalui pemanfaatan email dan microsoft word, kemudian menyampaikan informasi publik desa kepada masyarakat melalui website desa perihal profil desa, keterbukaan APBD desa, struktur perangkat desa, prosedur pengurusan dokumen, ketersediaan dokumen secara online hingga keterbukaan laporan kinerja Desa. Kata Kunci: pemberdayaan desa; literasi teknologi informasi; literasi digital; perangkat desa; waringinkurung

Stillbirth remains one of the most common adverse outcomes of pregnancy, yet is among the least studied. Occurrence of stillbirth is a tragic event faced by mother as well as obstetrician. It has implications on couple, their family and the health care providers. It reflects a failure or lapse in implementation of maternal and child health care programs. Worldwide 3.2 million stillbirth occur in world, 20-66 per 1000 total births in India in different states. Stillbirth in India is largely underreported. Stillbirths contribute to more than half of perinatal death. More than 2/3rd Stillbirth take place during pregnancy and remaining during course of labour. Registration of all live births and stillbirths, together with evaluation of cause of stillbirths are important initial steps for developing countries. A standard classification system would be important to document aetiology of stillbirth in developing countries.All cases who delivered a stillborn baby in the hospital were studied in details. The records were maintained date-wise. Initially, the basic demographic information was taken giving special attention to age, education, occupation, socioeconomic status, rural or urban residence etc. The two controls of live births were also asked the same details and the data were entered in Microsoft word excel sheet and analyzed by Chi-square test.Incidence of stillbirth in MGIMS Sewagram which is Tertiary care centre placed in rural area was 30.57%. Incidence in relation to place (rural) 62.42%, more in antepartum 94.9% (149/157), in low socioeconomic status 48%. It was found more in 30-32 weeks of period of gestation as in this period most of medical disorders of pregnancy precipitate.The online version of this article (10.1007/s13224-021-01453-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Objective To assess the readability of the informed consent forms from the phase 3 COVID-19 vaccine trials conducted in the United States. Patients and Methods English consent forms were used for patients in phase 3 COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials. Consent forms were obtained in October 2020. Using Microsoft Word tools, we analyzed the readability (ie, the ease of reading) of written consent forms and informational documents from phase 3 COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials in the United States from the following manufacturers: AstraZeneca, Moderna, Pfizer, Johnson & Johnson, and Novavax. Results Owing to low readability and several format factors, this study determined that none of the consent forms or informational documents from the recent phase 3 COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials conducted in the United States met readability standards at the recommended 7th grade readability level for the average vaccine research volunteer in any readability category. The average English-speaking vaccine trial volunteer would have great difficulty comprehending the information provided in the consent forms and informational documents. To ensure that study subjects receive and fully comprehend information regarding a clinical study and can provide reliable consent, greater attention should be given to the development and use of simplified consent forms, multimedia formatting, personal discussion, and comprehension assessments.

Compared to the processing of the words alone, the processing of Chinese two-character words in sentences will be closer to a natural scenario, and the understanding of the sentence will be influenced by both linguistic contexts and the non-linguistic contexts. This study, in a moving-window self-paced word-by-word sentence reading task, experimentally explored the processing of Chinese sentences with emotional two-character words using reversible words and reaction time as materials and index respectively. The experimental results showed that emotional words may facilitate the processing of its following two words; there might exist subsequent processing in the third word behind the emotional word; there might exist lexical access and whole-word access, processing of morpheme positioned information in the processing of Chinese two-character words in sentence reading; the processing of Chinese two-character words may be similar with that of word alone. This study expands the research of Chinese emotional two-character words processing.

The study aims to identify the effect of using word processor in teaching writing skill among secondary students in private schools in Jordan, clear out the differences in writing skill between the control group taught in the ordinary method and the experimental group taught using word processor. The study follows the descriptive and experimental approach to identify the effect of using word processor in teaching writing skills among secondary students in schools in Jordan. The study sample selected in random way consisted of 30 in Al - Jubaiha secondary school in the second semester (2018/2019). The study found that there are significant positive differences in the achievement of the students (experimental group) in writing skill as a result of using word processor in their teaching. The study also found that there are significant positive differences in the achievement of students (experimental group) in spelling and grammar because of the use of word processor in their teaching. This indicates the effectiveness of the word processor for the ninth grade students in writing skills. In the light of the results, the study recommends the use of word processor for teaching because of its effect on the achievement of the ninth grade students in writing skill. Key words: Word processor, teaching writing skill, secondary students.

Puskesmas is a health service facility that organizes public health efforts and first-level individual health efforts, service agencies that provide services to the community, really need the speed of information services so that they can provide optimal services to the community. To provide optimal and maximum service to the community, the puskesmas needs to increase the competence of the staff at the puskesmas by conducting office application workshops for their staff. For the puskesmas staff in Selindung, there are already some who know how to use office applications such as word, excel and powerpoint. But in detail in the use and utilization of office applications in more detail, they still do not understand and are not optimal. This is what makes the author and the team collaborate with the Puskesmas Selindung to carry out a work shop for office applications for puskesmas staff. The purpose of this workshop is to increase the competence of Pusekesma staff in the use and use of computers, especially in office applications, including Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel and Microsoft PowerPoint. Because these three applications are often used for data and information needs managed by the Selindung health center. The method used in this activity is a workshop and training model. That is by conducting lectures or giving material, and directly practised

In order to describe how humans represent meaning in the brain, one must be able to account for not just concrete words but, critically, also abstract words, which lack a physical referent. Hebbian formalism and optimization are basic principles of brain function, and they provide an appealing approach for modeling word meanings based on word co-occurrences. We provide proof of concept that a statistical model of the semantic space can account for neural representations of both concrete and abstract words, using MEG. Here, we built a statistical model using word embeddings extracted from a text corpus. This statistical model was used to train a machine learning algorithm to successfully decode the MEG signals evoked by written words. In the model, word abstractness emerged from the statistical regularities of the language environment. Representational similarity analysis further showed that this salient property of the model co-varies, at 280–420 ms after visual word presentation, with activity in regions that have been previously linked with processing of abstract words, namely the left-hemisphere frontal, anterior temporal and superior parietal cortex. In light of these results, we propose that the neural encoding of word meanings can arise through statistical regularities, that is, through grounding in language itself.

Background: Conventional hemorrhoidectomy is a common surgical procedure which associated with postoperative morbidities such as pain, urine retention, postoperative bleeding and anal stenosis. The use of the Ligasure™ could result in decreased incidence of postoperative pain and complications as it has minimal thermal spread and limited tissue burn. Objective: To evaluate hemorrhoidectomy using advanced bipolar electrocautery tissue fusion technology (LigaSure™) versus conventional Milligan-Morgan technique by monopolar diathermy. Patients and methods: This prospective study included sixty patients scheduled for elective hemorrhoidectomy at Al-Azhar University Hospitals (El-Hussen and Bab Al-sha'reia University Hospitals), Department of Surgery. All sixty patients were divided in two equal comparative groups: Group A underwent conventional Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy and group B underwent Ligasure™ hemorrhoidectomy. Data of the sixty patients of the study was collected by the mean investigator himself from January 2020 to September 2020, then the analysis of the data was followed by different statistical methods. Such as the chronological presentation, the percentages, the arithmetic averages, and the t test. The data of the study were analyzed by statistical program SPSS, then Microsoft Excel sheets used to graph the results and integrated into Microsoft Word. Results: Ligasure™ hemorrhoidectomy has a major improvement over the conventional technique. Technically, the Ligasure™ method was much simpler and can be safely carried out by relatively inexperienced junior surgeons. In comparison with conventional hemorrhoidectomy, Ligasure™ hemorrhoidectomy had less operating time (17.28 vs 9.85 minutes, p value

Purpose of the study: The primary purpose of this research study was to get detailed insights about numerous aspects of the online ELT for second language learners and teachers in Faisalabad. Methodology: Our study was based on an online survey. Respondents were students and teachers of the English department from different universities in Faisalabad. Data was collected and analyzed to find answers to our research questions. Other characteristics like focus, comfort, understanding, communication, and expense pinpoint the differences between online and physical ELT methods. Main Findings: We found that students and teachers most commonly faced internet connectivity and audio-visual issues. The overall opinion of students about teachers was encouraging. However, teachers claimed that students were not that much serious in online classes. Online ELT has improved the technical capabilities of respondents, and it has made them proficient in using smartphones, online storage, word processing, and computer troubleshooting. Faculty respondents showed interest in learning new tools despite the burden faced and psychological fears. Finally, social media and solution-oriented discussion forums can prove effective and efficient in addressing future pandemic outbreaks. Applications of this study: This study provided us with valuable insights that can help design an effective online educational framework for efficient and result-oriented English language learning. Novelty/Originality of this study: Our study explored faculty and students' psychological and technological readiness at postgraduate institutes to cope with future pandemics.

At a time when space in any academic library is at a premium, when we sometimes need to argue for shelf space rather than computers and group work pods, the University of Sydney Library has decided not only to keep and maintain its nineteenth century printing press, but to feature it through a printer in residence program.Now in its third year, the program brings together a printmaker and a letterpress for eight weeks during semester. The intent is to engage with the library and its users, to bring the print workshop to life, to draw inspiration from the library's collection and to create a publication for the Artists’ Book Collection within Rare Books & Special Collections.In an era of instant layout, digital word processing and electronic publishing what does the slow and laborious process of letterpress printing bring to a twenty-first century academic library? This residency demonstrates that understanding the process of making a publication can be just as vital and alive as the content of that publication - one letter at a time.

According to embodied theories, motor and language processing bidirectionally interact: Motor activation modulates behavior in lexico-semantic tasks (semantic resonance), and understanding motor-related words entails activation of the corresponding motor brain areas (motor resonance). Whereas many studies investigated such interaction in the first language (L1), only few did so in a second language (L2), focusing on motor resonance. Here, we directly compared L1 and a late L2, for the first time both in terms of semantic and motor resonance and both in terms of magnitude and timing, by taking advantage of single-pulse TMS. Twenty-five bilinguals judged, in each language, whether hand motor-related (“grasp”) and non-motor-related verbs (“believe”), were physical or mental. Meanwhile, we applied TMS on the hand motor cortex at 125, 275, 350, and 500 msec post verb onset, and recorded behavioral responses and TMS-induced motor evoked potentials. TMS induced faster responses for L1 versus L2 motor and nonmotor verbs at 125 msec (three-way interaction β = −0.0442, 95% CI [0.0814, −0.0070]), showing a semantic resonance effect at an early stage of word processing in L1 but not in L2. Concerning motor resonance, TMS-induced motor evoked potentials at 275 msec revealed higher motor cortex excitability for L2 versus L1 processing (two-way interaction β = 0.095, 95% CI [0.017, 0.173]). These findings confirm action–language interaction at early stages of word recognition, provide further evidence that L1 and L2 are differently embodied, and call for an update of existing models of bilingualism and embodiment, concerning both language representations and processing.

Screen printing business is one of the businesses that can apply the creative economy based on Indonesian language and literature. Screen printing products with unique word processing designs have the potential to attract consumer interest and can be used as a means to socialize the values ​​of language and literature in them. Especially by adding designs containing local wisdom to the screen printing products. The purpose of this service activity is to help one of the screen printing SMEs (Partners) overcome obstacles in their business. The implementation method used is the lecture method with a participatory learning approach. This activity begins with providing an understanding to Partners about the creative industry based on Indonesian Language and Literature. Followed by discussions with partners to develop a screen printing product with a word processing design that emphasizes Jember local wisdom along with an effective marketing strategy through online media. In addition, it also introduces PSAK EMKM as a guide for Partners in preparing their business financial reports.

Relevance: Over the last century, the modern climate is characterized by an average annual increase in global air temperature. According to existing scientific data, heat waves are often accompanied by mental, behavioral disorders that are combined with mood swings and increased anxiety. That is why the analysis of the incidence of mental disorders of the neurotic spectrum in the Ternopil region in the context of global warming is relevant.Materials and methods: To analyze the incidence of mental disorders of the neurotic spectrum, the archival data of the Ternopil Regional Clinical Psychoneurological Hospital for 10 years, from 2010 to 2019 were analyzed. The average annual air temperatures were determined according to the archival data of hydrometeorological observations by the meteorological station of the city of Ternopil during 2010-2019. The growth rate of these indicators was estimated by the time series method. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to measure the degree of linear dependence between two variables, namely the rate of hospitalization growth and the average annual temperature in the region. Tables and graphs are built using Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word.Results: The primary analysis of the incidence of mental disorders of the neurotic spectrum in Ternopil region showed that the percentage growth rate for the year ranged from -19.55% to + 20.62% and it was difficult to determine the direction of this phenomenon. In this regard, we carried out the alignment of the series by increasing the period and determining the arithmetic mean of the data for three years, respectively, we obtained data showing that for 10 years the prevalence of mental disorders of the neurotic spectrum in Ternopil region increased, the growth rate ranged from + 1.66% to + 6.32%.Conclusions: Analyzing the obtained results, we found that in the conditions of global warming in Ternopil region there is a dynamics of growth in the incidence of mental disorders of neurotic origin. Also, by calculating the correlation coefficient, a direct correlation between the increase in the average annual temperature and the increase in morbidity rates was proved. The data obtained should be taken into account in the development of protocols for the prevention and treatment of mental illness associated with the effects of climate change, and will also be used in the educational process at the Departments of Physiology, Pathological Physiology and Psychiatry.

Background: Computer use is a cognitively complex instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) that has been linked to cognitive functioning in older adulthood, yet little work has explored its capacity to detect incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Objective: To examine whether routine home computer use (general computer use as well as use of specific applications) could effectively discriminate between older adults with and without MCI, as well as explore associations between use of common computer applications and cognitive domains known to be important for IADL performance. Methods: A total of 60 community-dwelling older adults (39 cognitively healthy, 21 with MCI) completed a neuropsychological evaluation at study baseline and subsequently had their routine home computer use behaviors passively recorded for three months. Results: Compared to those with MCI, cognitively healthy participants spent more time using the computer, had a greater number of computer sessions, and had an earlier mean time of first daily computer session. They also spent more time using email and word processing applications, and used email, search, and word processing applications on a greater number of days. Better performance in several cognitive domains, but in particular memory and language, was associated with greater frequency of browser, word processing, search, and game application use. Conclusion: Computer and application use are useful in identifying older adults with MCI. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether decreases in overall computer use and specific computer application use are predictors of incident cognitive decline.

Abibata Barro,1 Aristide Romaric Bado2,3 1Service de formation des sages-femmes et maïeuticiens, École Nationale de Santé Publique (ENSP), Koudougou, Burkina Faso; 2Département Biomédical et Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; 3Demography and Sexual and Reproductive Health Project (DEMSAN), Organisation Ouest Africaine de la Santé (OOAS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina FasoCorrespondence: Aristide Romaric BadoDépartement Biomédical et Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, 03 BP 7192 Ouagadougou 03, Ouagadougou, Burkina FasoTel +22670783381Email arbado@gmail.comIntroduction: It is necessary to understand religious leaders’ perceptions of modern contraceptive use and their role in influencing fertility behaviour for the successful adoption of family planning, especially in societies where the religious leaders’ opinions can have a significant influence on individuals’ reproductive decisions. This study, therefore, aimed to assess religious leaders’ knowledge of family planning and their involvement in family planning programmes in the Sahel region of Burkina Faso.Methods: This is a qualitative study comprising in-depth individual interviews with twenty-one religious’ leaders in the town of Dori in the Sahel region of Burkina Faso. An interview guide was used for data collection. This interview guide was developed based on the central themes and sub-themes determined for the research, namely, the religious leaders’ knowledge of modern contraception, the inclusion of information on modern contraception during religious activities and the relationship between religious leaders and reproductive health services. All interviews were recorded and transcribed in French using Microsoft Word. The verbatims were then coded for content analysis. The analysis method chosen was that of thematic analysis.Results: The results of the study showed that religious leaders had good knowledge about family planning including modern contraceptive methods and fertility regulation through birth spacing. Regarding their involvement in family planning programme, religious leaders said they were not involved enough. However, the results of the study showed that leaders are reluctant to promote the use of FP methods.Conclusion: Although religious leaders are knowledgeable about family planning, they are still reluctant to promote the use of modern contraceptive methods in their communities. To do so, efforts are needed to sensitise and mobilise them in family planning programmes. The cooperation of local religious leaders will help promote family planning and improve Burkina Faso’s performance on the Sustainable Development Goals through the achievement of the demographic dividend in the country.Keywords: religious leaders, family planning, knowledge, involvement, Sahel region, Burkina Faso

Background: Medical emergencies are common but Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) incidences are rare; yet when they occur could be life threatening leading either to disability or death. During SCA incidents, health care professionals will be required to act skilfully and swiftly to restart the heart and stabilise the patient until advanced care can be accessed or provided. There is evidence that victims of cardio and/or respiratory arrest whilst in the hospital will have improved outcomes if Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is initiated within three to five minutes. The objectives of this study were to find if emergency nurses were adequately resourced to practice Basic Life Support (BLS), and the ease or difficulties with which they practice BLS. Methods: This Qualitative Descriptive (QD) study was conducted at the University of Cape Coast Hospital (UCCH) between June and September 2019. Six nurses were purposively recruited for the study. All interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcription was done with Microsoft Word and transferred to Microsoft Excel for thematic analysis using an inductive descriptive approach. Data analysis took a conventional qualitative content analysis approach. Results: Four of the participants were females whilst two were males. During data aggregation and analysis, 17 first-level codes were extracted from which two themes, five categories and six subcategories were obtained for discussion. The major themes were: (1) Basic Life Support (BLS) equipment and material resources, and (2) working environment and human resource. Conclusion: The study found that nurses working at emergency ward at UCCH were adequately resourced and well prepared to practice BLS. They however had challenges as their work seem to be hindered by patients who present to the ward without emergency needs and unavailability of emergency drugs.

Prediction facilitates word processing in the moment, but the longer-term consequences of prediction remain unclear. We investigated whether prediction error during language encoding enhances memor...

Previous research in English has suggested that reading rate predictions can be improved considerably by taking average word length into account. In this study, we investigated whether the same regularity holds for Dutch. The Dutch language is very similar to English, but words are on average half a letter longer: 5.1 letters per word (in non-fiction) instead of 4.6. We collected reading rates of 62 participants reading 12 texts with varying word lengths and examined which change in the English equation accounts for the Dutch findings. We observed that predictions were close to the best-fitting curve as soon as the average English word length was replaced by the average Dutch word length. The equation predicts that Dutch texts with an average word length of 5.1 letters will be read at a rate of 238 words per minute (wpm). Texts with an average word length of 4.5 letters will be read at 270 wpm, and texts with an average word length of 6.0 letters will be read at a rate of 202 wpm. The findings are in line with the assumption that the longer words in Dutch do not slow down silent reading relative to English and that the word length effect observed in each language is due to word processing effort and not to low-level visual factors.

The article describes a specialized software application developed by the authors that summarizes the long-term experience of analyzing clinical and laboratory data in clinical toxicology using Microsoft’s Visual Basic for Applications object-oriented programming tools in Excel. The main purpose of the application is a significant (5-10 times) acceleration of the implementation of the complex of the most commonly used statistical algorithms. The application calculates descriptive sample characteristics, identifies deviations of sample distributions from the normal law by several generally accepted criteria, performs statistical comparison of data matrices by several criteria, and automatically generates a number of tables ready for placement in scientific texts for various purposes in Microsoft Word format. The presentation of the output data makes it easy to verify the results of calculations by comparing them with the output forms of the Statistica application software package. The acceleration of obtaining the final result is achieved: 1 – due to the absence of the need to move data from Excel to the package of applied statistical programs; 2 – as a result of automating the determination of task parameters by means of special color markup; 3 – by combining a limited number of the most commonly used statistical methods into one immutable complex; 4 – as a result of the software implementation of statistical comparison of all possible combinations of data matrices involved in the study for a set of indicators as a single operation that does not require user intervention; 5 – due to the application’s use of syntactic transformations of output data and automatic table formation by filling in ready-made templates with calculation results.

This article aims to identify the knowledge of Geography trainee teachers in the use of i-Think thinking maps in Learning and Facilitation (PdPc) in schools during their teaching practice. This study used the in-depth interviews method as a research instrument and primer data collected. Respondents consisted of 25 Geography trainee teachers who are currently studying for the sixth and seventh semesters but have been in the first phase of teaching practice. The data were collected by recording audio of each interview session conducted by the researcher with 25 respondents and transcribed in Microsoft Word and then categorized into sections and reviewed by the researcher to see the answers provided more clearly. The results of this study found that Geography trainee teachers' knowledge of i-Think thinking maps such as the meaning, type, function, and how to apply i-Think thinking maps in PdPc is moderate. This due to the lack of exposure and experience to use i-Think thinking maps either in their learning or in teaching practice. This study implies that there is a growing awareness among Geography teachers in enhancing their knowledge of the use of I-Think thinking maps. This will help the trainee teachers to apply it according to the topics to be taught when they become real teachers in future.