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Radiative cooling materials can cool terrestrial objects without any energy input but are susceptible to rain wetting and dust contamination, which affects badly their cooling characteristics. Herein, this work fabricated a radiative cooling porous film with superhydrophobic self-cleaning properties using poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). The PVDF-HFP/PVDF film consists of micropores with nanoparticles both inside and at the surface. The micro/nanostructures enhanced the scattering of solar light, which in combination with the infrared emissivity of both PVDF-HFP and PVDF polymers makes the film show excellent radiative cooling ability with a sub-ambient temperature drop of 16°C. The micro/nanostructures roughened the surface of the film, which in combination with the low surface energy property of both PVDF-HFP and PVDF polymers endows the film with superhydrophobic self-cleaning properties. The self-cleaning function defends the film from contamination and maintains sustainable radiative cooling for lasting applications. The integration of cooling and self-cleaning into a film paves the way for multifunctional and long-life radiative cooling materials.

Learning-to-learn, a progressive speedup of learning while solving a series of similar problems, represents a core process of knowledge acquisition that draws attention in both neuroscience and artificial intelligence. To investigate its underlying brain mechanism, we trained a recurrent neural network model on arbitrary sensorimotor mappings known to depend on the prefrontal cortex. The network displayed an exponential time course of accelerated learning. The neural substrate of a schema emerges within a low-dimensional subspace of population activity; its reuse in new problems facilitates learning by limiting connection weight changes. Our work highlights the weight-driven modifications of the vector field, which determines the population trajectory of a recurrent network and behavior. Such plasticity is especially important for preserving and reusing the learnt schema in spite of undesirable changes of the vector field due to the transition to learning a new problem; the accumulated changes across problems account for the learning-to-learn dynamics.

Zhen-Hua Li,1,&ast; Jie Wang,1,&ast; Xin Cheng,1,&ast; Yi-Cheng Mao,1 Kang-Di Zhang,1 Wen-Jie Yu,1 Ying-Qing Li,1 Kai Huang,1,2 Kun Ding,1 Xiao-Jing Yang,1 Cheng-Yang Hu,3 Xiu-Jun Zhang1,4 1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Humanistic Medicine, School of Humanistic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China; 4Center for Evidence-Based Practice, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Cheng-Yang Hu; Xiu-Jun Zhang, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86 551 65167031 ; +86 551 65169635, Email cy.hu@ahmu.edu.cn; zhangxiujun@ahmu.edu.cnBackground: There is growing evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a dramatic impact on public mental health. However, less attention has been paid to left-behind experience college students (LBEs). This online study aimed to investigate the relationship between psychological capital (PsyCap) and anxiety among LBEs during COVID-19 pandemic, and further analyze the mediation role of self-esteem between them.Methods: A total of 9990 students were chosen using the stratified cluster sampling method. Three self-reported questionnaires were used to assess the PsyCap, self-esteem, and anxiety, respectively. All the statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 23.0 and R, and to further investigate the mediation effect of self-esteem in the association of PsyCap with anxiety, AMOS 23.0 was used to build a structural equation model.Results: PsyCap, self-esteem, and anxiety were significantly correlated among LBEs during the COVID-19 pandemic. PsyCap affects anxiety directly (β = – 0.22, SE = 0.051, 95% CI: – 0.27, – 0.17, P < 0.05). In addition, self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between PsyCap and anxiety (mediating effect value = – 0.16, 95% CI: – 0.20, – 0.13, P < 0.05).Conclusion: During the pandemic of COVID-19, left-behind experience had a negative influence on the PsyCap and self-esteem of college students. In addition, for LBEs, self-esteem plays an important mediating role between PsyCap and anxiety. Therefore, from the perspective of PsyCap and self-esteem, schools should translate them into practical educational strategies to enhance the mental health and mitigate the anxiety levels of LBEs.Keywords: left-behind experience, COVID-19, psychology, mental health

Alterations of multiple metabolites characterize distinct features of metabolic reprograming in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, most metabolites including propionyl-CoA (Pro-CoA) are illusive for their functions in metabolic reprograming and hepatocarcinogenesis. This study aims to dissect how Pro-CoA metabolism affects these processes.TCGA data and HCC samples were used to analyze the ALDH6A1-mediated Pro-CoA metabolism and its correlation with HCC. Multiple metabolites were assayed by targeted mass spectrometry. The function of ALDH6A1-generated Pro-CoA was evaluated by HCC proliferation, migration, xenograft nude mouse model and primary liver cancer mouse models. Nontargeted metabolomic and targeted energy metabolomic analyses followed by multiple biochemical assays were performed to dissect the underlying mechanisms.Decreases in Pro-CoA and its derivative propionyl-L-carnitine (PLC) due to ALDH6A1 downregulation were tightly associated with HCC. Functionally, ALDH6A1-mediated Pro-CoA metabolism suppressed HCC proliferation and impaired hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. The aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was indispensable for the ALDH6A1 function while Pro-CoA carboxylases antagonized ALDH6A1 function by eliminating Pro-CoA. Mechanistically, ALDH6A1 caused a signature enrichment of central carbon metabolism in cancer and impaired energy metabolism: ALDH6A1-generated Pro-CoA suppressed citrate synthase (CS) activity that subsequently reduced TCA cycle flux, impaired mitochondrial respiration and membrane potential, and decreased ATP production. Moreover, Pro-CoA metabolism generated 2-methylcitric acid (MCA), which mimicked the inhibitory effect of Pro-CoA on CS and dampened mitochondrial respiration and HCC proliferation.Our study unveils novel features that the decline of ALDH6A1-mediated Pro-CoA metabolism contributes to metabolic remodeling and facilitates hepatocarcinogenesis. Pro-CoA, PLC and MCA may serve as novel metabolic biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy of HCC. Pro-CoA metabolism may provide potential targets for development of novel strategies against HCC.Our study presents new insights on metabolic reprogramming and hepatocarcinogenesis attribute to the decline of ALDH6A1-mediated propionyl-CoA. These findings may enrich molecular and metabolic indicators for physicians to improve clinical practice. These biomarkers may potentially be used for diagnosis and serve as targets for the development of therapeutic strategies against HCC.

Zi-Jiao Wang,1,&ast; Xiao-Ning Liu,1,&ast; Jia-Jun He,1 Yan-Ping Wang,1 Chen-Xi Zhao,2 Xiao-Jing Yang,1 Hong-Yan Yin,3 De-Pin Cao,1,&ast; Shu-E Zhang1,&ast; 1Department of Health Management, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China; 2Academic Affairs Office, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: De-Pin Cao; Shu-E Zhang, Department of Health Management, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13351113008 ; +86 15104694354, Email caodp211@126.com; hydzhangshue@163.comPurpose: The COVID-19 pandemic sets specific circumstances that may accelerate academic procrastination behavior of medical students. Career calling is a protective factor that fights against academic procrastination and may further improve medical students’ mental health and academic achievement. This study aims to determine the status of Chinese medical students’ academic procrastination during controlled COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, the study investigates the relationships and mechanisms among career calling, peer pressure, a positive learning environment, and academic procrastination.Patients and Methods: Data were collected from several Chinese medical universities through an anonymous cross-sectional survey of 3614 respondents (effective response rate = 60.0%). Using online questionnaires to collect the data and IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0 for statistical analysis.Results: The average score of academic procrastination of Chinese medical students was 2.62± 0.86. This study proved the usage of peer pressure and positive learning environment as moderating roles of relationship between career calling and academic procrastination. Career calling was negatively correlated with academic procrastination (r = − 0.232, p < 0.01), while it was positively correlated with peer pressure (r = 0.390, p < 0.01) and a positive learning environment (r = 0.339, p < 0.01). Moreover, academic procrastination was negatively correlated with peer pressure (r = − 0.279, p < 0.01) and a positive learning environment (r = − 0.242, p < 0.01). Peer pressure was positively correlated with a positive learning environment (r = 0.637, p < 0.01).Conclusion: The findings emphasize the importance of constructive peer pressure and a positive learning environment that discourages academic procrastination. Educators should highlight medical career calling education by offering related courses to fight against academic procrastination.Keywords: career calling, academic procrastination, peer pressure, positive learning environment, medical students, moderating effects

Purpose: Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) is an uncommon astrocytoma that tends to occur in children and young adults and has a relatively favorable prognosis. The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system (CNS WHO), 5th edition, rates PXAs as grade 2 and grade 3. The histological grading was based on mitotic activity (≥2.5 mitoses/mm2). This study specifically evaluates the clinical, morphological, and, especially, the molecular characteristics of grade 2 and 3 PXAs. Methods: Between 2003 and 2021, we characterized 53 tumors with histologically defined grade 2 PXA (n = 36, 68%) and grade 3 PXA (n = 17, 32%). Results: Compared with grade 2 PXA, grade 3 PXA has a deeper location and no superiority in the temporal lobe and is more likely to be accompanied by peritumoral edema. In histomorphology, epithelioid cells and necrosis were more likely to occur in grade 3 PXA. Molecular analysis found that the TERT promoter mutation was more prevalent in grade 3 PXA than in grade 2 PXA (35% vs. 3%; p = 0.0005) and all mutation sites were C228T. The cases without BRAF V600E mutation or with necrosis in grade 3 PXA had a poor prognosis (p = 0.01). Conclusion: These data define PXA as a heterogeneous astrocytoma. Grade 2 and grade 3 PXAs have different clinical and histological characteristics as well as distinct molecular profiles. TERT promoter mutations may be a significant genetic event associated with anaplastic progression. Necrosis and BRAF V600E mutation play an important role in the prognosis of grade 3 PXA.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is a common epigenetic modification. It is reported that lncRNA can be regulated by m6A modification. Previous studies have shown that lncRNAs associated with m6A regulation (m6A-lncRNAs) serve as ideal prognostic biomarkers. However, whether lncRNAs are involved in m6A modification in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) needs further exploration. The objective of this study was to construct an m6A-lncRNAs-based signature for patients with COAD. We obtained the RNA sequencing data and clinical information from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Pearson correlation analysis was employed to recognize lncRNAs associated with m6A regulation (m6A-lncRNAs). 24 prognostic m6A-lncRNAs was identified by univariate Cox regression analysis. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSAE) was used to investigate the potential cellular pathways and biological processes. We have also explored the relationship between immune infiltrate levels and m6A-lncRNAs. Then, a predictive signature based on the expression of 13 m6A-lncRNAs was constructed by the Lasso regression algorithm, including UBA6-AS1, AC139149.1, U91328.1, AC138207.5, AC025171.4, AC008760.1, ITGB1-DT, AP001619.1, AL391422.4, AC104532.2, ZEB1-AS1, AC156455.1, and AC104819.3. ROC curves and K M survival curves have shown that the risk score has a well-predictive ability. We also set up a quantitative nomogram on the basis of risk score and prognosis-related clinical characteristics. In summary, we have identified some m6A-lncRNAs that correlated with prognosis and tumor immune microenvironment in COAD. In addition, a potential alternative signature based on the expression of m6A-lncRNAs was provided for the management of COAD patients.

At present, family parenting style is the earliest and most fruitful research topic in the field of the parent-child relationship, which has attracted the attention of psychological and educational researchers. Prosocial behavior is a common social phenomenon, which refers to the behavior and tendency of a person to help or intend to help others, to do things that are beneficial to others, and it is an important topic that researchers and educators pay attention to when they study the socialization of children. Researchers have conducted much research on it and obtained valuable research results. After analyzing and summarizing the previous studies using the literature reviewing method, it could be found that the authoritarian parenting style can positively affect the prosocial behavior of children, facilitate the parents to adjust the parenting style in the process of parenting timely, promote the development of children’s prosocial behavior, will help children better adapt to the society, and lay a solid foundation for their lifelong development.

Background Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is widely distributed throughout the nervous system with various antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Hypertension involves an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). However, it is unclear how H2S in PVN affects hypertension. Methods Our study used spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and control Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, microinjected with adenovirus-associated virus (AAV)-CBS (cystathionine beta-synthase overexpression) or AAV-ZsGreen in bilateral PVN, or simultaneously injected with virus-carrying nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-shRNA for 4 weeks. Blood pressure (BP) and plasma noradrenaline level were detected, and the PVN was collected. Finally, levels of CBS, H2S, Nrf2, Fra-LI, ROS, gp91phox, p47phox, superoxide dismutase 1, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, tyrosine hydroxylase, and glutamate decarboxylase 67 were measured. Results We found that AAV-CBS increased H2S in the PVN, and BP, neuronal activation, oxidative stress, and inflammation of PVN were substantially reduced. Furthermore, endogenous H2S in the PVN activated Nrf2 and corrected the PVN’s imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. However, Nrf2 knockdown in the PVN was similarly observed to abolish the beneficial effect of H2S on hypertension. Conclusions The findings imply that endogenous H2S in SHR PVN is reduced, and PVN endogenous H2S can alleviate hypertension via Nrf2-mediated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Xiao-Hui Song,1,&ast; Bo Liu,2,3,&ast; Fang Lei,2,4 Ye-Mao Liu,2,5,6 Xingyuan Zhang,2,4 Ze Chen,7 Peng Zhang,2,4 Xiao-Jing Zhang,2,4 Zhi-Gang She,1,2 Jingjing Cai,2,8 Jin-Hua Wang,9 Hongliang Li1– 3,6 1Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; 2Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; 3Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; 4School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Cardiology, Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, Huanggang, People’s Republic of China; 6Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, Huanggang, People’s Republic of China; 7Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; 8Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China; 9Department of Neurology, Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, Hubei, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Hongliang Li, Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Luojia Mount Wuchang, Wuhan, 430072, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86-27-68759302, Email lihl@whu.edu.cn Jin-Hua Wang, Department of Neurology, Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, Hubei, 438000, People’s Republic of China, Email wangjinhua1985@qq.comPurpose: Emerging evidence suggested that metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) was significantly associated with atherosclerotic diseases. Atherosclerosis in the peripheral arteries is the most common cause of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), which has not been substantially controlled in the past. We aimed to investigate the association between MAFLD and PAD in the Chinese population.Patients and Methods: This observational study covered 102,115 participants who underwent health checkups with detailed examinations for PAD and MAFLD. PAD was measured by ankle-brachial index, and MAFLD was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound. The generalized linear mixed models and random-effects Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the relationship between MAFLD and PAD.Results: The baseline characteristics showed that patients with MAFLD had higher prevalence of PAD compared with those without MAFLD (2.7% vs 2.2%). Compared to non-MAFLD, the individuals with MAFLD were associated with a higher risk of the presence of PAD (adjusted odds ratio: 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.19– 1.42, P < 0.001). In the prospective cohort study, 6833 participants underwent a follow-up of 2.76 (standard deviation: 1.36) years, and MAFLD at baseline was a higher risk of associated with incident PAD (adjusted hazards ratio: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.17– 2.38, P = 0.005). Moreover, with the accumulation of metabolic abnormalities, the risk of the PAD was increased in the individuals with MAFLD. Furthermore, MAFLD attributed risk of PAD was more evident in participants without metabolic comorbidities.Conclusion: MAFLD was associated with a significantly higher risk for the prevalence and incidence of PAD in the Chinese population. The finding suggested that individuals with MAFLD are not only have a higher risk of coronary heart diseases but also have an increased risk of atherosclerosis in peripheral arteries.Keywords: chronic liver disease, metabolic disorder, arteriosclerosis, cross-sectional study, prospective cohort study

Herein, we describe a challenging organocatalytic asymmetric aza- Friedel–Crafts reaction of naphthols/phenols with cyclic-ketimines attached to neutral functional group, achieving enantiomerically enriched chiral aminonaphthols.

By obtaining the real magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) under different strains, when 1.5% ε < 1.8%, due to spontaneous valley polarization, intrinsic out-of-plane (OOP) magnetic anisotropy, and a chiral edge state, the VQAHE can reliably appear between two HVM states.

Herein, we describe a B(C6F5)3-catalyzed redox-neutral β-functionalization of tertiary amines with cyclic-ketimines, achieving various 1,3-diamines containing the indolin-3-one moiety via the borrowing hydrogen strategy.

The recyclable vdW heterostructures are constructed from commercial P25 and CTs to address the difficulty of recycling powdery photocatalysts after usage.

Azaacenes, which have been known for a long time, are of scientific and practical importance in organic electronics. Azaacenes once shone as the luminophore in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, due to the low exciton utilization efficiency and/or the aggregation induced quenching (ACQ) effect, N-heteroacene based OLEDs generally showed inferior device performance. In this work, azaacene has been revisited and applied as an acceptor for a red fluorophore (AZA-TPA), where the judicious connection pattern between donor and acceptor maximized the harvest of singlet and triplet excitons, resulting in a high photoluminescence efficiency of 94.6% in doped films (3 wt%). In addition, the linearly-fused polycyclic structure contributed to a high horizontal emitting dipole ratio (

This study compares gene expression in mucosa of the terminal ileum, right colon, and left colon in patients with diarrhea- or constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and contrasts expression between these two disease entities and also between each entity and mucosa from healthy controls. The study shows there is differential expression of genes related to immune, transmitter, nociceptive, ion channel, and transporter functions, as well as reduced serine protease inhibition, in patients with IBS.

The prevalence of vaping worldwide is showing an upward trend. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with motivation to quit vaping among vapers in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, through a cross-sectional, purposive sampling study. Respondents were required to complete a questionnaire consisting of vapers’ sociodemographic questions, habitual behavioral pattern questions, the e-Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence, the Glover–Nilsson Smoking Behavioral Dependence Questionnaire, perception questions, motivation to quit questions, and withdrawal symptom questions. A total of 311 vapers participated in this study. The majority of the vapers were male (84.6%), younger (18–25 years) (55.3%), and with monthly income less than RM 4000 (USD 868; 83.9%). The level of motivation to quit vaping was found to have a significant association with the perception of vaping being as satisfying as cigarette smoking (p = 0.006) and mild to very strong nicotine dependence (p = 0.001). Participants who recorded moderate and strong habitual vaping behaviors had lower odds of having high motivation to quit vaping compared to those recording slight habitual behaviors (OR = 0.279, 95%CI(0.110–0.708), p = 0.007 and OR = 0.185, 95%CI(0.052–0.654), p = 0.009, respectively). Factors associated with higher motivation to quit vaping could be explored to gain better understanding of how to increase their motivation level for future quit attempts.

Developing a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based polymer electrolyte with high ionic conductivity and robust mechanical property is beneficial for real applications of all-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs). Herein, an excellent organic/inorganic interface compatibility of all-solid-state composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) is achieved using a novel imidazolium-type poly(ionic liquid) with strong electrostatic interactions, providing insights into the achievement of highly stable CPEs. The key properties such as micromorphologies, thermal behavior, crystallinity

Aortic aneurysm (AA) is a serious condition that largely increases the risk of aortic dissection and sudden death. Exploring the global burden of disease and changes in risk factors for AA is essential for public health policy development. To project the death burden from AA and its attributable risk factors in the following decade based on the epidemiological data over the past 30 years. We analysed the death burden of AA and trends of four risk factors from 1990–2019 using the updated 2019 Global Burden of Disease study database by Joinpoint regression analysis. Furthermore, we project the AA-related death burden for the next decade using the Bayesian age-period-cohort model. This study discovered that the global burden of death attributable to AA began to increase after decreasing for two decades. This upward trend will continue in the subsequent decade (average annual percent change: 0.318%, 95% CI: 0.288 to 0.348). Meanwhile, the disease burdens in all economic regions except high-middle socio-demographic index (SDI) regions will continuously increase in the next decade, with the fastest acceleration in the low-middle SDI region (average annual percent change: 1.183%, 95% CI: 1.166 to 1.200). Notably, high systolic blood pressure will surpass the contribution of smoking to become the most important risk factor for mortality due to AA. This study discovered a rebounding trend in the aortic aneurysm-related death burden globally. High systolic blood pressure will be the top risk factor attributed to death from AA. Therefore, it should be considered as the first-degree risk factor in the guidance of AA management and criteria for population-based screening programs.Key messagesThe death burden of aortic aneurysms is beginning to rebound globally, and the trend will continue for the next decade.High systolic blood pressure will replace smoking as the most important risk factor associated with aortic aneurysm death. The death burden of aortic aneurysms is beginning to rebound globally, and the trend will continue for the next decade. High systolic blood pressure will replace smoking as the most important risk factor associated with aortic aneurysm death.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic cholestasis, a persistent inflammation of the bile ducts that leads to sclerotic occlusion and cholestasis. Gut microbes, consisting of microorganisms colonized in the human gut, play an important role in nutrient intake, metabolic homeostasis, immune regulation, and immune regulation; however, their presence might aid PSC development. Studies have found that gut-liver axis interactions also play an important role in the pathogenesis of PSC. Patients with PSC have considerably reduced intestinal flora diversity and increased abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria. Dysbiosis of the intestinal flora leads to increased intestinal permeability, homing of intestinal lymphocytes, entry of bacteria and their associated metabolites, such as bile acids, into the liver, stimulation of hepatic immune activation, and promotion of PSC. Currently, PSC effective treatment is lacking. However, a number of studies have recently investigated the targeted modulation of gut microbes for the treatment of various liver diseases (alcoholic liver disease, metabolic fatty liver, cirrhosis, and autoimmune liver disease). In addition, antibiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and probiotics have been reported as successful PSC therapies as well as for the treatment of gut dysbiosis, suggesting their effectiveness for PSC treatment. Therefore, this review briefly summarizes the role of intestinal flora in PSC with the aim of providing new insights into PSC treatment.

BACKGROUND Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy is widely used to treat myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). Damp-clearing and pain-reducing paste (DPP) comprises medical herbs and has been a traditional method of reducing myofascial pain in China for a long time, and it is usually administered with heating. However, the synergistic effect of PEMF therapy on heating-DPP in patients with MPS is unclear. AIM To investigate the synergistic effect of PEMF therapy plus heating-DPP in lumbar MPS. METHODS This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 120 patients with lumbar MPS who were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG, n = 60) and a control group (CG, n = 60). Patients in both groups were treated with heating-DPP combined with PEMF therapy; however, the electromagnetic function of the therapeutic apparatus used in the CG was disabled. Each treatment lasted for 20 min and was applied five times a week for two weeks. The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire was applied at five time points: pretest, end of the first and second weeks of treatment, and end of the first and fourth week after completing treatment. Visual analog scale (VAS), present pain intensity index (PPI), and pain rating index (PRI; total, affective pain, and sensory pain scores) scores were then analyzed. RESULTS Compared with the CG, the VAS, PPI and PRI scores (total, affective pain and sensory pain scores) in the EG were significantly lower after treatment and during follow-up. CONCLUSION PEMF therapy combined with heating-DPP showed better efficacy than heating-DPP alone in reducing the overall intensity of pain and sensory and affective pain.

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) technology provides an eco-friendly cooling strategy by reflecting sunlight reaching the surface and radiating heat underneath to the outer space through the atmospheric transparency window. However, PDRC materials face challenges in cooling performance degradation caused by outdoor contamination and requirements of easy fabrication approaches for scale-up and high cooling efficiency. Herein, a polymer composite coating of polystyrene, polydimethylsiloxane and poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) (PS/PDMS/PECA) with superhydrophobicity and radiative cooling performance was fabricated and demonstrated to have sustained radiative cooling capability, utilizing the superhydrophobic self-cleaning property to maintain the optical properties of the coating surface. The prepared coating is hierarchically porous which exhibits an average solar reflectance of 96% with an average emissivity of 95% and superhydrophobicity with a contact angle of 160°. The coating realized a subambient radiative cooling of 12.9 °C in sealed air and 7.5 °C in open air. The self-cleaning property of the PS/PDMS/PECA coating helped sustain the cooling capacity for long-term outdoor applications. Moreover, the coating exhibited chemical resistance, UV resistance, and mechanical durability, which has promising applications in wider fields.