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In China, geographical indications (GIs) are seen as certificates or collective trademarks, as well as representations of quality agricultural products, and are important in revitalizing the countryside. Therefore, a combined qualitative and quantitative method was employed to examine the operational practices of GIs at the relatively micro-level of the municipality in order to identify their effectiveness and challenges in rural revitalization and propose more targeted optimization suggestions. Pengshui Miao and Tujia Autonomous County, located in the Wuling Mountains in southeastern Chongqing, is an excellent example of the positive impact GIs can have on rural development, boasting the highest number of GI trademarks in the region. Despite the large number of GIs in Pengshui, there are several issues that need to be addressed, including low brand awareness, lack of product enhancement, and poor market competitiveness. To overcome these challenges, there must be a shift from a quantity-based to a quality-based approach to GI trademark declarations. This requires promoting the transformation of traditional agriculture into modern agriculture, investing in rural infrastructure, and improving the efficiency and quality of GI product production. By doing so, individuals in the local community will be able to reap the benefits of GI trademarks, improving their income and standard of living. In view of the fact that administrative divisions and cultural regions overlap, it is important to promote interregional cooperation and encourage declarations of GI trademarks in neighboring counties. This will help to preserve the area’s local cultural heritage and promote its heritage through GIs. By taking a targeted approach to GI trademark declarations and promoting cooperation between regions, Pengshui, and other rural communities can maximize the benefits of GIs and support sustainable rural development.

Dianthus spp. is a genus with high economic and ornamental value in the Caryophyllaceae, which include the famous fresh-cut carnation and the traditional Chinese herbal medicine, D. superbus. Despite the Dianthus species being seen everywhere in our daily lives, its genome information and phylogenetic relationships remain elusive. Thus, we performed the assembly and annotation of chloroplast genomes for 12 individuals from seven Dianthus species. On this basis, we carried out the first comprehensive and systematic analysis of the chloroplast genome sequence characteristics and the phylogenetic evolution of Dianthus. The chloroplast genome of 12 Dianthus individuals ranged from 149,192 bp to 149,800 bp, containing 124 to 126 functional genes. Sequence repetition analysis showed the number of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) ranged from 75 to 80, tandem repeats ranged from 23 to 41, and pair-dispersed repeats ranged from 28 to 43. Next, we calculated the synonymous nucleotide substitution rates (Ks) of all 76 protein coding genes to obtain the evolution rate of these coding genes in Dianthus species; rpl22 showed the highest Ks (0.0471), which suggested that it evolved the swiftest. By reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships within Dianthus and other species of Caryophyllales, 16 Dianthus individuals (12 individuals reported in this study and four individuals downloaded from NCBI) were divided into two strongly supported sister clades (Clade A and Clade B). The Clade A contained five species, namely D. caryophyllus, D. barbatus, D. gratianopolitanus, and two cultivars (‘HY’ and ‘WC’). The Clade B included four species, in which D. superbus was a sister branch with D. chinensis, D. longicalyx, and F1 ‘87M’ (the hybrid offspring F1 from D. chinensis and ‘HY’). Further, based on sequence divergence analysis and hypervariable region analysis, we selected several regions that had more divergent sequences, to develop DNA markers. Additionally, we found that one DNA marker can be used to differentiate Clade A and Clade B in Dianthus. Taken together, our results provide useful information for our understanding of Dianthus classification and chloroplast genome evolution.

The arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA) is a new metaheuristic algorithm inspired by arithmetic operators (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) to solve arithmetic problems. The algorithm is characterized by simple principles, fewer parameter settings, and easy implementation, and has been widely used in many fields. However, similar to other meta-heuristic algorithms, AOA suffers from shortcomings, such as slow convergence speed and an easy ability to fall into local optimum. To address the shortcomings of AOA, an improved arithmetic optimization algorithm (IAOA) is proposed. First, dynamic inertia weights are used to improve the algorithm’s exploration and exploitation ability and speed up the algorithm’s convergence speed; second, dynamic mutation probability coefficients and the triangular mutation strategy are introduced to improve the algorithm’s ability to avoid local optimum. In order to verify the effectiveness and practicality of the algorithm in this paper, six benchmark test functions are selected for the optimization search test verification to verify the optimization search ability of IAOA; then, IAOA is used for the parameter optimization of support vector machines to verify the practical ability of IAOA. The experimental results show that IAOA has a strong global search capability, and the optimization-seeking capability is significantly improved, and it shows excellent performance in support vector machine parameter optimization.

As an important way and means to protect the legitimate rights and interests of workers, the implementation of the “Labor Contract Law” is crucial for building and developing harmonious and stable labor relations and the sustainable development of enterprises. Based on the samples of Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed enterprises from 2005 to 2013, this paper adopted the difference-in-difference method to empirically test the impact of labor protection on the sustainable development of enterprises and its mechanism. The research finds that the enhancement of labor protection contributes to the sustainable development of highly labor-intensive enterprises, in which enterprise innovation plays a mediating role in the relationship between the two; the heterogeneity test found that labor protection promotes sustainable development more significantly in state-owned enterprises, enterprises in highly market-oriented regions, and large-scale enterprises. This article expands the research on the economic consequences of labor protection and provides empirical inspiration for the improvement of the “Labor Contract Law” system.

International audience; Roses have high economic values as garden plants and for cut-flower and cosmetics industries. The growth and development of rose plants is affected by exposure to high temperature. Histone acetylation plays an important role in plant development and responses to various stresses. It is a dynamic and reversible process mediated by histone deacetylases (HDAC) and histone acetyltransferases (HAT). However, information on HDAC and HAT genes of roses is scarce. Here, 23 HDAC genes and 10 HAT genes were identified in the Rosa chinensis ‘Old Blush’ genome. Their gene structures, conserved motifs, physicochemical properties, phylogeny, and synteny were assessed. Analyses of the expression of HDAC and HAT genes using available RNAseq data showed that these genes exhibit different expression patterns in different organs of the three analyzed rose cultivars. After heat stress, while the expression of most HDAC genes tend to be down-regulated, that of HAT genes was up-regulated when rose plants were grown at high-temperature conditions. These data suggest that rose likely respond to high-temperature exposure via modification in histone acetylation, and, thus, paves the way to more studies in order to elucidate in roses the molecular mechanisms underlying rose plants development and flowering.

Dianthus chinensis is a widely used landscaping plant with high commercial value. Understanding the molecular mechanisms responsible for floral organ formation can help to improve the traits (e.g.,, petal size, floral organ shape, etc.) of D. chinensis. However, there has no comprehensive study of ABCE MADS-box genes in D. chinensis. In this study, we identified 15 ABCE MADS-box genes of D. chinensis. The expression and interactions patterns among ABCE MADS-box genes were analysis by in situ, qRT-PCT, Yeast two‐hybrid and bimolecular fluorescent complimentary experiments. In different stages of petal development, the expression of DcNAC56 changes with DcPI2. The overexpression of DcPI2 in D. chinensis resulted in high expression levels of DcNAC56. 35S: DcPI2 transgenic plants had a larger petal size with petals expansion. Furthermore, we observed that the DcPI2 protein can bind to the DcNAC56 promoter in D. chinensis. On the basis of these results, we propose that spatiotemporal expression of class ABCE genes and different combinations between class ABCE proteins might regulate floral organ specification. And DcPI2 can regulate the expansion of petals by binding to DcNAC56 involved in cell proliferation and differentiation. These results provide new insights into the improving cultivars of Dianthus by change floral traits.

International audience; Rose (Rosa chinensis) is one of the most famous ornamental plants worldwide, with a variety of colors and fragrances. Terpene synthases (TPSs) play critical roles in the biosynthesis of terpenes. In this work, we report a comprehensive study on the genome-wide identification and characterization of the TPS family in R. chinensis. We identified 49 TPS genes in the R. chinensis genome, and they were grouped into five subfamilies (TPS-a, TPS-b, TPS-c, TPS-g and TPS-e/f). Phylogenetics, gene structure and conserved motif analyses indicated that the RcTPS genes possessed relatively conserved gene structures and the RcTPS proteins contained relatively conserved motifs. Multiple putative cis-acting elements involved in the stress response were identified in the promoter region of RcTPS genes, suggesting that some could be regulated by stress. The expression profile of RcTPS genes showed that they were predominantly expressed in the petals of open flowers, pistils, leaves and roots. Under osmotic and heat stresses, the expression of most RcTPS genes was upregulated. These data provide a useful foundation for deciphering the functional roles of RcTPS genes during plant growth as well as addressing the link between terpene biosynthesis and abiotic stress responses in roses.

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International audience; Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) is one of the most popular ornamental flowers in the world. Although numerous studies on carnations exist, the underlying mechanisms of flower color, fragrance, and the formation of double flowers remain unknown. Here, we employed an integrated multi-omics approach to elucidate the genetic and biochemical pathways underlying the most important ornamental features of carnation flowers. First, we assembled a high-quality chromosome-scale genome (636 Mb with contig N50 as 14.67 Mb) of D. caryophyllus, the 'Scarlet Queen'. Next, a series of metabolomic datasets was generated with a variety of instrumentation types from different parts of the flower at multiple stages of development to assess spatial and temporal differences in the accumulation of pigment and volatile compounds. Finally, transcriptomic data were generated to link genomic, biochemical, and morphological patterns to propose a set of pathways by which ornamental traits such as petal coloration, double flowers, and fragrance production are formed. Among them, the transcription factors bHLHs, MYBs, and a WRKY44 homolog are proposed to be important in controlling petal color patterning and genes such as coniferyl alcohol acetyltransferase and eugenol synthase are involved in the synthesis of eugenol. The integrated dataset of genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics presented herein provides an important foundation for understanding the underlying pathways of flower development and coloration, which in turn can be used for selective breeding and gene editing for the development of novel carnation cultivars.

Plant height (PH) is an important trait affecting the plant architecture, seed yield, and harvest index. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying PH heterosis remain unclear. In addition, useful PH-related genes must be urgently identified to facilitate ideal plant architecture breeding in rice (Oryza sativa L.). In the present study, to explore rice quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and heterosis-related loci of PH in rice, we developed a high-generation (F

Based on the panel data of 11 provinces and cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2005 to 2018, this paper uses the SBM-DEA efficiency model with undesired output to measure the green innovation efficiency of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The panel Tobit empirical analysis model was used to quantitatively analyze the impact of three different forms of government environmental regulations on the efficiency of green innovation. The research results show that the government’s mandatory environmental regulations and government financial subsidies for green innovation technology are two regulatory methods that positively promote the efficiency of regional green innovation, but government investment in environmental governance has a negative impact on the efficiency of regional green innovation. Then the study found that this negative impact has a significant inflection point effect: when it exceeds a certain threshold, the negative impact turns into a positive effect. At the same time, the impact of environmental regulations on the efficiency of green innovation has significant regional heterogeneity, and the three environmental regulations have a greater impact on downstream provinces and cities.

International audience; Dianthus chinensis is widely used as a landscaping plant in rock gardens and has high commercial value. However, few studies of this plant's regeneration and genetic transformation have been reported. In this study, cotyledons of D. chinensis were used as explants for regeneration and infection with Agrobacterium. The results indicated that the efficiency of regeneration was markedly improved by using 1-naphthylcetic acid (NAA). The cotyledons were cocultured with Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 containing pK7GWIWG2-GFP plasmids for 15-20 min. Transgenic regenerated plants were obtained by kanamycin (80 mg.L-1) screening. qRT-PCR results confirmed the expression of GFP and the DcIPT1 (which is related to cell division) gene in the transgenic DcIPT1 plants of D. chinensis. The results show that the proliferation ability of transgenic DcIPT1 plants is enhanced. Overall, we report the successful establishment of a reliable and efficient method for cotyledon transformation and plant regeneration in D. chinensis based on the combination of infection with Agrobacterium and plant regeneration. This work will contribute to functional gene research and genetic improvement of Dianthus species plants.

The urban-rural consumption gap under the influence of the household registration system is a social issue with Chinese characteristics. Can the current reform of the household registration system eliminate this gap? Using the survey data from Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP), this paper adopts the methods of Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and RIF (Re-centered Influence Function) Quantile Decomposition to quantitatively analyze the impact of changes in household registration on the consumption level of “urban hukou (household registration) obtainers” and the influence mechanism. Studies show: (1) There is still a significant difference in the consumption level between “urban hukou obtainers” and urban natives after the citizenization, and the consumption gap between the two groups is even greater after taking endogenous problems into consideration; (2) The impact of the citizenization on the consumption level of “urban hukou obtainers” has a significant heterogeneity. There are significant consumption differences due to different sources of the household registration, and this consumption gap has an expanding trend over time; (3) By decomposition, it is found that such consumption gap mainly comes from the gaps in income and social security between the two groups and its mechanism has been confirmed.

The promise of improved system efficiency, reliability, and higher renewable energy hosting capability of the Integrated Energy System concept has driven the development of innovative network coupling technologies and energy system integration methods. Co-ordinated design and operation of the traditionally separate energy systems, including electric power, gas, and heat will lead to the optimal use of synergies between energy networks and bring forth numerous benefits to the energy sector. To fully understand the potential and quantitatively assess the operation performance of the combined energy networks, a unified modeling and simulation framework using an extended MANA formulation is proposed in this paper, which is capable of incorporating arbitrary gas network configurations and unbalanced power networks in a systematic manner needed. A case study with combined power and gas networks via EnergyHubs is implemented to demonstrate the application of the proposed method.

Molecularly imprinted polymers, developed 50 years ago, have garnered enormous attention as receptor-like materials. Lately, molecularly imprinted polymers have been employed as a specific target tool in favor of cancer diagnosis and therapy by the selective recognition of tumor cells. Although the molecular imprinting technology has been well-innovated recently, the cell still remains the most challenging target for imprinting. In this review, we summarize the advances in the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers suitable for the selective recognition of tumor cells. Through a sustained effort, three strategies have been developed including peptide-imprinting, polysaccharide-imprinting, and whole-cell imprinting, which have resulted in inspiring applications in effective cancer diagnosis and therapy. The major challenges and perspectives on the further directions related to the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers were also outlined.

The application of synchronized phasor measurement technology at distribution networks provides new options for voltage-to-power sensitivity estimation and voltage regulation. An augmented sensitivity estimation-based voltage control strategy with a phasor measurement unit (PMU) measurement is proposed for active distribution networks (ADNs). The voltage control records are extracted from historical synchronized phasor measurements. The voltage-to-power sensitivities reflecting the relationship of voltage change and power fluctuation are estimated with the obtained voltage control records. In addition to the linear parameter, parameters to match the nonlinearity between voltage and power variation and to track the operation conditions are introduced in the fitting model to improve the accuracy of the voltage control strategy. Rule-based and sensitivity-based optimization voltage control methods are proposed using the sensitivities estimated in which the measurements of partial nodes at the distribution network are the only needed data. The voltage control is also realized with faster computation speed. Case studies and analysis on the IEEE 33-node test feeder verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method.

An SNP mutation in the miR172 target site of the DcAP2L gene is associated with a double flower phenotype in Dianthus chinensis., The double flower is a highly important breeding trait that affects the ornamental value in many flowering plants. To get a better understanding of the genetic mechanism of double flower formation in Dianthus chinensis, we have constructed a high-density genetic map using 140 F2 progenies derived from a cross between a single flower genotype and a double flower genotype. The linkage map was constructed using double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq) with 2353 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping analysis was conducted for 12 horticultural traits, and major QTLs were identified for nine of the 12 traits. Among them, two major QTLs accounted for 20.7% and 78.1% of the total petal number variation, respectively. Bulked segregant RNA-seq (BSR-seq) was performed to search accurately for candidate genes associated with the double flower trait. Integrative analysis of QTL mapping and BSR-seq analysis using the reference genome of Dianthus caryophyllus suggested that an SNP mutation in the miR172 cleavage site of the A-class flower organ identity gene APETALA2 (DcAP2L) is responsible for double flower formation in Dianthus through regulating the expression of DcAG genes.

Real-time simulation of large-scale active distribution networks exhibiting a wide range of time-scales puts forward higher requirements for simulation accuracy and efficiency. This paper presents an extendable method and design for the real-time simulation of active distribution networks utilising high-performance hardware field programmable gate arrays. In the aspect of numerical algorithm, a high-accuracy and stable multirate simulation algorithm is proposed. The entire active distribution network is decoupled into different subsystems by their inherent time-scales and distinct time steps are used to solve the subsystems. Then root-matching method is adopted to form the exponential difference equations that represent the behaviours of the electric distribution network being modelled, which eliminates the truncation errors and thus provides a highly accurate time-domain solution. To handle the interface between the subsystems, a multirate interfacing method is proposed. The hardware design of the multirate interfaces is presented as well. With the multirate algorithm, a fully functional extendable real-time simulator based on field programmable gate arrays is designed and implemented. Two modified IEEE 33-node systems with photovoltaics and energy storage are simulated on the 4-field-programmable-gate-arrays-based real-time simulator. Simulation results are compared with the commercial simulation tool PSCAD/EMTDC to validate the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method and design.

This letter presents the latest improvements of a previously proposed parallel and multistep approach based on the functional mock-up interface standard for the simulation of electromagnetic transients. The improved approach extends the capacity of the original parallel asynchronous mode into accommodating the use of different time-steps in different decoupled subsystems. It also introduces a signal correction procedure using linear extrapolation in multistep simulations, greatly enhancing simulation flexibility, efficiency, and accuracy. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the computational advantages of the improved approach.

Using data from the China Household Income Project Survey (CHIPS 2013), this paper investigates the relationship between household registration control and the educational investment for the left-behind children from both theoretical and empirical perspectives by citing a theoretical model that includes factors such as household registration control, work schedules of agricultural migrants, and the educational investment for the left-behind children, as well as an empirical analysis using a mediation test model. The findings show that (1) deregulation of urban household registration helps migrant workers increase their investment in education-based human capital of their left-behind children, and the findings remain robust when the key independent and dependent variables are replaced. (2) By further using the mediation effect analysis, we find that the change in the duration of working outside the city plays a complementary mediating role between the two, and the mediation effect of the duration of working outside the city remains robust under the conditions of changing the key independent variables and changing the mediation effect test method. (3) Blockchain technology can strengthen the positive relationship between education investment and left behind children's learning outcomes.

This paper is related to research on parallelization techniques for the simulation of electromagnetic transients (EMTs). It presents a new approach based on a parallel-in-time equation grouping and reordering (PEGR) technique whose original theoretical formulation is modified, extended and generalized from state-space to the modified-augmented-nodal analysis (MANA) formulation method. The highly efficient sparse linear solver KLU is incorporated in the approach for power system network matrix solution. The proposed approach is implemented with OpenMP Multithreading for CPU-based parallelization. Test results show that EMT simulations can be accelerated by exploiting the intrinsic independency of certain solution procedures using the PEGR technique.

Real-time simulation of a microgrid involving massive high-frequency power electronic converters, various distributed generators and energy storage systems is computationally demanding. Due to the prominent computing resources and high speed communication, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) can be used together to realise the real-time simulation of a microgrid. For a complete multi-FPGA-based real-time simulator, interfaces are essential to communicate with each other and with different types of apparatus. The internal interfaces between FPGAs make it possible to operate in parallel, sharing the computational burden. External interfaces between an FPGA and physical devices contribute to the implementation of hardware-in-the-loop simulation. In this study, interfacing techniques including multi-FPGA system topology determination, time-step synchronisation mechanism and precise communication are proposed in detail. An analogue-to-digital and digital-to-analogue interface is designed to facilitate physical connections to external devices. A modified microgrid benchmark with photovoltaics and a battery is simulated with a time-step of 3 μs on a 4-FPGA-based real-time simulator. Simulation results are compared with PSCAD/EMTDC to validate the interface design.

Power system electro-magnetic transient programs (EMTP) have been popular among researchers and practitioners due to their detailed component modeling and high simulation accuracy for complex system operations. Despite broad applications in simulations with wide range of timescales, the small discretization step of these programs makes their use very time-consuming for system studies with long time span. Facing the increasingly complex power system transient characteristics and simulation demands, a multiscale algorithm that integrates the simulations of the electromagnetic and slower electromechanical transients is desirable. The multiscale simulation algorithm preserves the high fidelity of the EMTP and attains higher efficiency for the overall transient simulation. In this paper, we achieve this goal by exploiting the unique properties of the matrix exponential function. The proposed algorithm is capable of utilizing large step sizes to speed up the simulation of slow dynamics, whereas the fast transients are accurately reconstructed through efficient dense output mechanism, which is built upon the matrix exponential function computation. Numerical studies including a large-scale wind farm simulation are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed multiscale algorithm.

Flowers with more petals are of more ornamental value. It is well known that AGAMOUS (AG) is the core member of the C-class gene which plays an essential role in double flower formation and identification of stamens and carpels in Arabidopsis thaliana. We searched C-class genes in the genome of the carnation, and found two AG orthologs (DcaAGa, DcaAGb). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the two genes were closely related to the euAG subclade. Then we searched the genomes of other Caryophyllales plants (Beta vulgaris, Spinacia oleracea, Chenopodium quinoa) for C-class genes, and found that their C-class genes all belonged to the euAG subclade. Semi-quantitative PCR (sq-PCR) analysis indicated that the expression of DcaAG genes in the single flower phenotype was higher than that in the double flower phenotype. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that the expressions of DcaAG genes in the flower bud were significantly different from those in the root, stem, and leaf between the single and double flower phenotype carnations, and that DcaAG genes were specifically expressed in the stamen and carpel of carnation. Moreover, the expression of other floral organ identity genes (AP1 and AP2, PI and AP3, SEP1 and SEP3 corresponding to the A-, B-, and E-class of genes, respectively) showed no significant difference in all floral organs between the single and double flower phenotype carnations, suggesting that C-class (DcaAG) genes might play an important role in the double flower phenotype in carnation. Petal loss or decrease, precocious flowering, silique shortening, and seed sterility were observed in 35S::DcaAGa and 35S::DcaAGb transgenic Arabidopsis plants. All these results show that DcaAG genes might affect the petal number negatively and have a specific function in stamen and carpel development in carnation.

This paper presents two variable time-step algorithms for time-domain simulation of electromagnetic transients. The first one has been created to simulate basic switching transients and the second one is intended to simulate power-electronic systems. Each algorithm is tested in a dedicated circuit. Simulation results yield excellent accuracy and significant improvements in computation time when compared to fixed time-step algorithm.

Reconfigurable computing is that the logical resources in the system can be reconfigured according to the real-time changing data flow to achieve different calculation functions. The reconfigurable computing system has both high efficiency on hardware and universality of software. The field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based real-time simulator for active distribution networks (ADNs) requires a long compilation time for case modification, with low efficiency and low versatility, making it inconvenient and difficult for users. To solve the problem of long compile time with a new case, a universal design of the FPGA-based real-time simulator for ADNs based on reconfigurable computing is proposed in this paper. It includes the universal design of the simulation parameter configuration, the simulation initial value setting, the linear equations solving module and the simulation result output module. The proposed universal design of the simulator makes the modification and change of the cases and parameters without recompiling and further improves the simulation efficiency. Simulation results are conducted and compared with PSCAD/EMTDC to validate the correctness and effectiveness of the universal design.

Modern power electronic circuits contain numerous switches driven by high frequency controllers and can cause discontinuities in time-domain simulation methods. This paper presents numerical problems resulting from discontinuities when simulating power electronic circuits. Limitations in existing methods are analyzed. Three new methods are proposed to improve accuracy and computational performance.

A series of Ba4Gd3Na3(PO4)6F2:Eu(2+) phosphors with a broad emitting band have been synthesized by a traditional solid state reaction. The crystal structural and photoluminescence properties of Ba4Gd3Na3(PO4)6F2:Eu(2+) are investigated. The different crystallographic sites of Eu(2+) in Ba4Gd3Na3(PO4)6F2:Eu(2+) phosphors have been verified by means of their photoluminescence (PL) properties and decay times. Energy transfer between Eu(2+) ions, analyzed by excitation, emission, and PL decay behavior, has been indicated to be a dipole-dipole mechanism. Moreover, the luminescence quantum yield as well as the thermal stability of the Ba4Gd3Na3(PO4)6F2:Eu(2+) phosphor have been investigated systematically. The as-prepared Ba4Gd3Na3(PO4)6F2:Eu(2+) phosphor can act as a promising candidate for n-UV convertible white LEDs.

With a high penetration of power electronic equipment, transient simulation for power electronic circuit has been a main challenge for performance improvement of the electromagnetic transient simulation tools. In this paper, two new solvers for the matrix exponential-based simulation method are proposed based on the dense output formula and Pade approximation of different orders. The proposed solvers are implemented with the optimal combination of numerical integration method and interpolation method. Both solvers are L-stable. One has 3rd-order accuracy which is more accurate than existing simulation tools in power electronic simulation. The other solver achieves 1st-order accuracy with a lower precision numerical integration method than the same-order algorithms and is appealing from computation speed perspective. Numerical studies including TCR circuit and two types of VSC-HVDC systems are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solvers.

With the extensive application of power electronic equipment in power systems, electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation involving power converters becomes more challenging. Due to its multithreads and high throughput architecture, the graphics processing unit (GPU) can be used to accelerate those EMT simulations. A GPU-based matrix exponential method and its memory management for power converter transient simulation are proposed in this paper. A parallel exponential integration algorithm is established from two aspects to fully utilize the GPU multithreads capability. The matrix exponentials which are recomputed with the on/off state changes of power electronic switches are cached in GPU memory. The simulation efficiency is improved by reusing the cached data and reducing heterogeneous data transmission between CPU and GPU. Several strategies are experimented to manage the cache memory considering the EMT simulation workflow. The proposed memory management expands the simulation capability by substantially reducing the memory requirement and maintains the speed advantage of the GPU-based simulator. The proposed method is tested on wind power plants of different scales with power electronic interfaced wind generators. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method and its memory management expand the simulation capability and achieve speedups.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are associated with the transport of water and other small solutes across biological membranes. Genome-wide identification and characterization will pave the way for further insights into the AQPs&rsquo, roles in the commercial carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). This study focuses on the analysis of AQPs in carnation (DcaAQPs) involved in flower opening processes. Thirty DcaAQPs were identified and grouped to five subfamilies: nine PIPs, 11 TIPs, six NIPs, three SIPs, and one XIP. Subsequently, gene structure, protein motifs, and co-expression network of DcaAQPs were analyzed and substrate specificity of DcaAQPs was predicted. qRT-PCR, RNA-seq, and semi-qRTRCR were used for DcaAQP genes expression analysis. The analysis results indicated that DcaAQPs were relatively conserved in gene structure and protein motifs, that DcaAQPs had significant differences in substrate specificity among different subfamilies, and that DcaAQP genes&rsquo, expressions were significantly different in roots, stems, leaves and flowers. Five DcaAQP genes (DcaPIP1, 3, DcaPIP2, 2, DcaPIP2, 5, DcaTIP1, 4, and DcaTIP2, 2) might play important roles in flower opening process. However, the roles they play are different in flower organs, namely, sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils. Overall, this study provides a theoretical basis for further functional analysis of DcaAQPs.

A variety of numerical integration methods are currently being used for simulating electromagnetic transients in commercial software and experimental codes. This paper intends to provide a review and comparison of these methods for time-domain integration, including 2S-DIRK, ARTEMiS art5 solver, and a semi-analytical matrix exponential-based method. The possibility of utilizing these methods is explored for reliable and efficient treatment of discontinuity, which is known to give rise to numerical oscillations for the widely used trapezoidal method. Case studies are conducted to show the strengths and limitations of these methods and their combinations.

The field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based real-time simulator takes advantage of many merits of FPGA, such as small time-step, high simulation precision, rich I/O interface resources, and low cost. The sparse linear equations formed by the node conductance matrix need to be solved repeatedly within each time-step, which introduces great challenges to the performance of the real-time simulator. In this paper, a fine-grained solver of the FPGA-based real-time simulator for active distribution networks is designed to meet the computational demand. The framework of the solver, offline process design on PC and online process design on FPGA are proposed in detail. The modified IEEE 33-node system with photovoltaics is simulated on a 4-FPGA-based real-time simulator. Simulation results are compared with PSCAD/EMTDC under the same conditions to validate the solver design.

Epub ahead of print; International audience; Roses have high cultural and economic importance as ornamental plants and in the perfume industry. We report the rose whole-genome sequencing and assembly and resequencing of major genotypes that contributed to rose domestication. We generated a homozygous genotype from a heterozygous diploid modern rose progenitor, Rosa chinensis ‘Old Blush’. Using single-molecule real-time sequencing and a meta-assembly approach, we obtained one of the most comprehensive plant genomes to date. Diversity analyses highlighted the mosaic origin of ‘La France’, one of the first hybrids combining the growth vigor of European species and the recurrent blooming of Chinese species. Genomic segments of Chinese ancestry identified new candidate genes for recurrent blooming. Reconstructing regulatory and secondary metabolism pathways allowed us to propose a model of interconnected regulation of scent and flower color. This genome provides a foundation for understanding the mechanisms governing rose traits and should accelerate improvement in roses, Rosaceae and ornamentals.

International audience; Dianthus is a large genus containing many species with high ornamental economic value. Extensive breeding strategies permitted an exploration of an improvement in the quality of cultivated carnation, particularly in flowers. However, little is known on the molecular mechanisms of flower development in carnation. Here, we report the identification and description of MADS-box genes in carnation (DcaMADS) with a focus on those involved in flower development and organ identity determination. In this study, 39 MADS-box genes were identified from the carnation genome and transcriptome by the phylogenetic analysis. These genes were categorized into four subgroups (30 MIKCc, two MIKC*, two M alpha, and five M gamma). The MADS-box domain, gene structure, and conserved motif compositions of the carnation MADS genes were analysed. Meanwhile, the expression of DcaMADS genes were significantly different in stems, leaves, and flower buds. Further studies were carried out for exploring the expression of DcaMADS genes in individual flower organs, and some crucial DcaMADS genes correlated with their putative function were validated. Finally, a new expression pattern of DcaMADS genes in flower organs of carnation was provided: sepal (three class E genes and two class A genes), petal (two class B genes, two class E genes, and one SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP)), stamen (two class B genes, two class E genes, and two class C), styles (two class E genes and two class C), and ovary (two class E genes, two class C, one AGAMOUS-LIKE 6 (AGL6), one SEEDSTICK (STK), one B sister, one SVP, and one Ma). This result proposes a model in floral organ identity of carnation and it may be helpful to further explore the molecular mechanism of flower organ identity in carnation.

A series of tunable blue–green–yellow emitting Ba4Gd3Na3(PO4)6F2:Ce3+/Tb3+/Mn2+ phosphors have been synthesized by a traditional solid state reaction. The PL and PLE properties of Ba4Gd3Na3(PO4)6F2:Ce3+/Tb3+/Mn2+ have been investigated. Ba4Gd3Na3(PO4)6F2:Ce3+,Tb3+ exhibits two dominating bands situated at 356 nm and 547 nm, which originate from the allowed 5d–4f transition of the Ce3+ ions and the 5D4 → 7FJ (J = 6, 5, 4, 3, 2) transition of Tb3+ ions, respectively. The Mn2+ ions substitute Ba2+ and emit orange light centered at 571 nm. The dominating energy transfer processes from Ce3+ to Tb3+ and Mn2+ in the Ba4Gd3Na3(PO4)6F2 host were investigated and have been demonstrated to be the resonant type via a dipole–quadrupole interaction mechanism. The critical distances of Ce3+ and Tb3+, and Ce3+ and Mn2+ are 9.97–13.29 A and 7.67 A, respectively. The blue, green, and yellow colors can be tuned by the ratio of Ce3+/Tb3+/Mn2+, indicating that the phosphor may potentially be used as a tunable blue–green–yellow emitting phosphor for UV light-emitting diodes.

This paper proposes an accurate dense output formula for exponential integrators. The computation of matrix exponential function is a vital step in implementing exponential integrators. By scrutinizing the computational process of matrix exponentials using the scaling and squaring method, valuable intermediate results in this process are identified and then used to establish a dense output formula. Efficient computation of dense outputs by the proposed formula enables time integration methods to set their simulation step sizes more flexibly. The efficacy of the proposed formula is verified through numerical examples from the power engineering field.