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Uet Yu,1 Ke Cao,2 Chunlan Yang,1 Chunjing Wang,1 Yue Li,1 Xiaohui Zhou,1 Qian Zhang,1 Yuanxiang Wang,3 Feiqiu Wen,1 Sixi Liu,1 Xiaodong Wang1 1Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Xiaodong Wang; Sixi Liu, Email donlevin@live.cn; tiger647@126.comAbstract: Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are among the most severe complications in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients and in patients with hematological malignancies. An increasing number of uncommon fungal infections have been reported in this era of antifungal prophylaxis. Coprinopsis cinerea is a rare pathogen that causes opportunistic infections in the immunocompromised patients, including HSCT recipients and is associated with very high mortality rates. Herein, we present a successfully treated pediatric HSCT patient with breakthrough pulmonary IFI caused by Coprinopsis cinerea despite posaconazole, prophylaxis using multidisciplinary approaches.Keywords: Coprinopsis cinerea, Hormographiella aspergillata, invasive fungal infection, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, leukemia, case report

Background: Cytopenia due to parvovirus B19 (PVB19) infection has rarely been reported in recipients of thalassemia major after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Most of the reported cases were patients undergone solid organ transplantation, especially renal transplant. However, cases of pediatric patients in thalassemia major have rarely been reported. Case presentation: Here we report a girl that had PVB19-induced anemia while undergoing immunosuppressive therapy after transplant. The patient presented with progressive anemia and had a lowest hemoglobin level of 58 g/L. Bone marrow biopsy showed suppress inhibited erythropoiesis with giant pronormoblasts. Next-generation sequencing of peripheral blood suggested the infection of PVB19.The detection of serum PVB19-DNA using quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed a viral load of over 1×108 copies/ml. The hemoglobin level increased to 113 g/L after six courses of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy. Monitoring of viral load showed PVB19-DNA level remained at a low level for six months before clearance. Pure red cell aplasia was not observed during the treatment period. Conclusions: Our case suggests that timely and adequately diagnosis and treatment against PVB19 with IVIG is effective and may prevent sequential complications in pediatric HSCT recipients.

Antibiosis and resource competition are major drivers shaping the assembly, diversity and functioning of microbial communities. While it is recognized that competition is sensitive to environmental conditions, it is unclear to what extent this mediated by the availability of different carbon resources. Here, we used a model laboratory system to directly test this by exploring how carbon resource richness and identity shape resource competition and antibiosis between plant probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and phytopathogenic Ralstonia solanacearum bacteria. We found that while sugars typically promoted B. amyloliquefaciens growth, organic and amino acids increased the production of both bacillaene and macrolactin antibiotics and the direct inhibition of R. solanacearum. In contrast, when multiple different carbon resources were available, B. amyloliquefaciens could efficiently grow and produce antibiotics at the same time. Together, these results suggest that high carbon resource richness allows concurrent expression of growth- and antibiosis-related traits, potentially altering bacterial competitive dynamics and plant growth promotion in microbial communities. A plain language summary is available for this article.