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BACKGROUND: Previous studies showed that local vibration stimulation therapy was effective in relieving fatigue, and the effects of different modes of vibration stimulation therapy were further investigated. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the effects of different vibration stimulation modes on relieving acute exercise fatigue based on the multiphysiological indicators such as heart rate variability (HRV), skin conductance level (SCL), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) subjective scale. METHODS: Sixty participants selected from the dragon boat team of the Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine were divided into acupoint stimulation group (20 participants), muscle stimulation group (20 participants), and control group (20 participants) by complete randomization. RESULTS: (1) RPE: both stimulation groups showed a significant increase compared to the control group. (2) Heart rate values: the difference between muscle stimulation group and control group was statistically significant; (3) SCL: the two stimulation groups had significantly higher and statistically significant differences in SCL (max) and SCL (mean) values compared to the control group; the muscle stimulation group had statistically significant differences in SCL (min) compared to the control group, and the acupoint stimulation group had statistically significant differences in SCL (v) compared to the control group; (4) HRV (hf): The difference between the acupoint stimulation group and the muscle stimulation group was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: (1) Both stimulation groups are part of vibration therapy, which can relieve sympathetic tension and regulate the vegetative nervous system’s relaxation effect. (2) The meridian-vessel theory may be related to the acupoint stimulation group. The low-level visceral regulation centers in the spinal nerve segment region, where the acupoints are located, trigger changes in autonomic tone and enhance parasympathetic nerve activity to relieve acute motor fatigue. (3) The muscle stimulation group may be due to the 30-Hz vibration frequency’s ability to raise muscle epidermal temperature, which increases blood flow and reflexively inhibits sympathetic excitation.

BACKGROUND: The results of medical image segmentation can provide reliable evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment. The U-Net proposed previously has been widely used in the field of medical image segmentation. Its encoder extracts semantic features of different scales at different stages, but does not carry out special processing for semantic features of each scale. OBJECTIVE: To improve the feature expression ability and segmentation performance of U-Net, we proposed a feature supplement and optimization U-Net (FSOU-Net). METHODS: First, we put forward the view that semantic features of different scales should be treated differently. Based on this view, we classify the semantic features automatically extracted by encoders into two categories: shallow semantic features and deep semantic features. Then, we propose the shallow feature supplement module (SFSM), which obtains fine-grained semantic features through up-sampling to supplement the shallow semantic information. Finally, we propose the deep feature optimization module (DFOM), which uses the expansive convolution of different receptive fields to obtain multi-scale features and then performs multi-scale feature fusion to optimize the deep semantic information. RESULTS: The proposed model is experimented on three medical image segmentation public datasets, and the experimental results prove the correctness of the proposed idea. The segmentation performance of the model is higher than the advanced models for medical image segmentation. Compared with baseline network U-NET, the main index of Dice index is 0.75% higher on the RITE dataset, 2.3% higher on the Kvasir-SEG dataset, and 0.24% higher on the GlaS dataset. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed method can greatly improve the feature representation ability and segmentation performance of the model.

The "single-crystal" lithium-rich layered oxide (SC-LLO) material is applied for the first time to construct a composite cathode by a co-sintering process for garnet-based high-energy all-solid-state lithium metal batteries, which exhibit the high initial discharge capacity of ∼226 mA h g

Human multi-modal emotions analysis includes time series data with different modalities, such as verbal, visual, and auditory. Due to different sampling rates from each modality, the collected data streams are unaligned. The asynchrony cross-modality increases the difficulty of multi-modal fusion. Therefore, we propose a new Cross-Modality Reinforcement model (CMR) based on recent advances in a cross-modality transformer, which performs multi-modal fusion in unaligned multi-modal sequences for emotion prediction. To deal with the long-time dependencies of unaligned sequences, we introduce a time domain aggregation to model the single modal, by aggregating the information in the time dimension, and enhance contextual dependencies. Moreover, a CMR strategy is introduced in our approach.With the main and secondary modalities as inputs to the module, main modal features are strengthened through cross-modality attention and cross-modality gate, and the secondary modality information flows to the main modality potentially, while retaining main modality-specific features and complementing the missing cues. This process gradually learns the common contributing features between the main and secondary modalities and reduces the noise caused by the variability of the modal features. Finally, the enhanced features are used to make predictions about human emotions. We evaluate CMR on two multi-modal sentiment analysis benchmark datasets, and we report the accuracy of 82.7% on the CMU-MOSI and 82.5% and CMU-MOSEI, respectively, which demonstrates our method outperforms current state-of-the-art methods.

Proteins are important food ingredients that possess both functional and nutritional properties. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is an emerging nonthermal food processing technology that has been subject to great advancements in the last two decades. It is well established that pressure can induce changes in protein folding and oligomerization, and consequently, HHP has the potential to modify the desired protein properties. In this review article, the research progress over the last 15 years regarding the effect of HHP on protein structures, as well as the applications of HHP in modifying protein functionalities (i.e., solubility, water/oil holding capacity, emulsification, foaming and gelation) and nutritional properties (i.e., digestibility and bioactivity) are systematically discussed. Protein unfolding generally occurs during HHP treatment, which can result in increased conformational flexibility and the exposure of interior residues. Through the optimization of HHP and environmental conditions, a balance in protein hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity may be obtained, and therefore, the desired protein functionality can be improved. Moreover, after HHP treatment, there might be greater accessibility of the interior residues to digestive enzymes or the altered conformation of specific active sites, which may lead to modified nutritional properties. However, the practical applications of HHP in developing functional protein ingredients are underutilized and require more research concerning the impact of other food components or additives during HHP treatment. Furthermore, possible negative impacts on nutritional properties of proteins and other compounds must be also considered.

The issue of freezing often occurs when using all-glass vacuum tube solar water heaters during cold winter seasons, leading to problems such as pipe ruptures and tank leakage. In order to further study the nocturnal heat dissipation and freezing characteristics of these heaters, a three-dimensional transient numerical model of their nocturnal heat dissipation was established. The model simulated the nocturnal heat dissipation process, and experimental validations were conducted through nocturnal temperature drops of the collector and temperature drops of individual tubes without a storage tank. Experimental and simulation results revealed that in clear weather conditions during cold winters in Luoyang, the all-glass vacuum tube solar water heaters experienced freezing issues during the night, with freezing predominantly starting from the bottom surface of the vacuum tubes. The frozen length along the tube wall and the thickness of ice at the bottom section reached up to 1180 mm and 5 mm, respectively. In the absence of a storage tank, the freezing situation was severe, with approximately 4/5 of the individual tubes completely frozen. Under specified operating conditions, different storage tank volumes exhibited varying degrees of freezing in the all-glass vacuum tube solar water heaters. When the volume was increased to 15 L, the temperature drop in the storage tank and the vacuum tubes decreased by 12.1% and 7.6%, respectively. Larger storage tank volumes resulted in reduced freezing risks in all-glass vacuum tube solar collectors. This study provides valuable guidance for the design and application of solar collectors and serves as a reference for the development and application of solar energy utilization technologies.

Carboxymethyl chitosan dialdehyde starch Schiff base (CMCDAS) and its metal complexes were synthesized by corn starch (St), sodium periodate, carboxymethyl chitosan and metal ions (copper, zinc, nickel, silver), and were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The antibacterial activities of CMCDAS against E. coli and S. aureus increased according with its increasing nitrogen content, and the best minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) to E. coli and S. aureus were 30 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the metal Complexes (copper, nickel, silver, and zinc) against S. aureus were 7.50 mg/mL, 30 mg/mL, 30 mg/mL, and 1.88 mg/mL, respectively; and against E. coli were 7.50 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL, 15 mg/mL, and 0.94 mg/mL, respectively.

Purpose: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been ubiquitously detected within high-grade gliomas, but its role in gliomagenesis has not been fully elicited.Experimental Design: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors were analyzed by flow cytometry to determine CMV antigen expression within various glioma-associated immune populations. The glioma cancer stem cell (gCSC) CMV interleukin (IL)-10 production was determined by ELISA. Human monocytes were stimulated with recombinant CMV IL-10 and levels of expression of p-STAT3, VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), TGF-β, viral IE1, and pp65 were determined by flow cytometry. The influence of CMV IL-10–treated monocytes on gCSC biology was ascertained by functional assays.Results: CMV showed a tropism for macrophages (MΦ)/microglia and CD133+ gCSCs within GBMs. The gCSCs produce CMV IL-10, which induces human monocytes (the precursor to the central nervous system MΦs/microglia) to assume an M2 immunosuppressive phenotype (as manifested by downmodulation of the major histocompatibility complex and costimulatory molecules) while upregulating immunoinhibitory B7-H1. CMV IL-10 also induces expression of viral IE1, a modulator of viral replication and transcription in the monocytes. Finally, the CMV IL-10–treated monocytes produced angiogenic VEGF, immunosuppressive TGF-β, and enhanced migration of gCSCs.Conclusions: CMV triggers a feedforward mechanism of gliomagenesis by inducing tumor-supportive monocytes. Clin Cancer Res; 17(14); 4642–9. ©2011 AACR.

Supplementary Figure S1; Supplementary Table S1.

As a non-thermal technology, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) has been widely investigated for inactivating microorganisms in food. Few studies have been presented on the pressurization/depressurization rate and mode of microbial inactivation. In this study, effect of pressurization rate and mode on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus cell damage during HHP treatment was investigated. The results showed that fast pressurization + linear mode (FL) treatment has the best bactericidal effect on E. coli and S. aureus, followed by fast pressurization + stepwise mode (FS) and slow pressurization + stepwise mode (SS) treatments. FL treatment caused more morphological damage to the cell wall, cell membrane, and cytoplasmic components compared with FS and SS treatment detected by SEM and TEM. Additionally, the damage to membrane permeability of them was also enhanced after FL treatment. Therefore, our results indicated that FL treatment could be applied to enhance the bactericidal effect of HHP on bacteria by increasing the damage to cell morphological structure and membrane integrity.

Background Postoperative bone graft migration (PBGM) is a fairly rare spinal postoperative complication. Its occurrence after endoscopic surgery has rarely been reported in the literature so far. This is a case report of a 52-year-old male occurring PBGM into the thecal sac in the 8th days after an endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion (ELIF), which can make surgeons more minded with such serious rare complication after BGM. Case Presentation A 52-year-old male patient, underwent a L4-5 ELIF, presented with an acute radiculopathy on right leg and urinary incontinence in the 8th postoperative day. An emergency lumbar Computed Tomography(CT scan) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) demonstrated bone graft migration into the thecal sac at the L4-5 level, and shifting down to the lower level. The revision surgery was performed at once successfully. Finally, the patient got well managed before discharge. Conclusion Supported by this case report, we believe that PBGM into the thecal sac is a rare but horrible complication of ELIF. However, too much volume of bone graft and its posterior placement are more prone to developing this complication. Finally, we are not sure that the outcome presented in this study will be repeated in future cases.

Matrix viscoelastic properties have been shown to have important effects on cell functions. However, the conventional culture methods for investigating the influences of viscoelastic properties on cell functions cannot exclude the influence of cell morphology. Therefore, in this study, cell morphology was well-controlled by using micropatterns, and the influences of the viscosity of the cell culture medium on cell functions under controlled cell morphology were investigated. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were cultured on circular micropatterns of different sizes and elliptic micropatterns of different aspect ratios to control cell size and elongation. The cells were cultured in viscous media of different viscosities, and their osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation were compared. Viscosity could affect the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs, and the effect was dependent on cell morphology. High viscosity induced a promotive effect on the osteogenic differentiation and an inhibitory effect on the adipogenic differentiation of large and elongated hMSCs. However, viscosity did not affect the osteogenic or adipogenic differentiation of small hMSCs. The effects were correlated with its influence on the actin filament organization of the hMSCs on the micropatterns. The results provide useful information for controlling stem cell functions and tissue engineering.

During liver fibrosis, tissue repair mechanisms replace necrotic tissue with highly stabilized extracellular matrix proteins. Extracellular matrix stabilization influences the speed of tissue recovery. Here, we studied the expression and function of peroxidasin (PXDN), a peroxidase that uses hydrogen peroxide to cross-link collagen IV during liver fibrosis progression and regression.Mouse models of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis patients were analyzed for the expression of PXDN in liver and serum. PxdnIn human and mouse cirrhotic tissue, PXDN is expressed by stellate cells and is secreted into fibrotic areas. In patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, serum levels of PXDN increased significantly. In both mouse models of liver fibrosis, PXDN deficiency resulted in elevated monocyte and pro-fibrolysis macrophage recruitment into fibrotic bands and caused decreased accumulation of cross-linked collagens. In PxdnPXDN deficiency is associated with increased ROS levels and a hypoxic liver microenvironment that can regulate recruitment and programming of pro-resolution macrophages. Our data implicate the importance of the liver microenvironment in macrophage programming during liver fibrosis and suggest a novel pathway that is involved in the resolution of scar tissue.

We carry out molecular dynamics simulations for pure liquid primary alcohols ranging from methanol to 1-decanol under ambient conditions. Based on the OPLS-AA force field with the L-OPLS correction, we demonstrate that a few % increases in the partial charges deliver the realistic dynamics (self-diffusion coefficient and shear viscosity) and structure (density and X-ray scattering intensity) as well as enthalpy of vaporization and isothermal compressibility. The validity against thermal expansion coefficient, isobaric heat capacity, and static dielectric constant are also discussed.

Recently, a new Bayesian penalty likelihood (BPL) reconstruction algorithm has been applied in PET, which is expected to provide better image resolution than the widely used ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM). The purpose of this study is to compare the differences between these two algorithms in terms of image quality and effects on clinical diagnostics and quantification of lymphoma.A total of 246 FDG-positive lesions in 70 patients with lymphoma were retrospectively analyzed by using BPL and OSEM + time-of-flight + point spread function algorithms. Visual analysis was used to evaluate the effects of different reconstruction algorithms on clinical image quality and diagnostic certainty. Quantitative analysis was used to compare the differences between pathology and lesion size.There were significant differences in lesion-related SUVmax, total-lesion-glycolysis (TLG), and signal-to-background ratio (SBR) (P0.01). The variation Δ SUVmax% and Δ SBR% caused by the two reconstruction algorithms were negatively correlated with tumor diameter, while Δ MTV% and Δ TLG% were positively correlated with tumor diameter. In the grouped analysis based on pathology, there were significant differences in lesion SUVmax, lesion SUVmean, and SBR. In non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (diffuse large B cells and follicular lymphoma), diversities were significantly found in SUVmax, SUVmean, SBR, and TLG of the lesions (P0.05). According to the grouped analysis based on lesion size, for lesions smaller than 1 cm and 2 cm, there was a significant difference in SUVmean, SUVmax, SBR, and MTV, but not in lesions larger than or equal to 2 cm (P0.05), and the liver background SUVmean (P0.05) remained unchanged.BPL reconstruction algorithm could effectively improve clinical image quality and diagnostic certainty. In quantitative analysis, there were no significant differences among different pathological groups, but there were significant diversities in lesion sizes. Especially for small lesions, lesion SUVmax increased and SBR was significantly improved, which may better assist in the diagnosis of small lesions of lymphoma.

The polymer electrolyte based solid-state lithium metal batteries are the promising candidate for the high-energy electrochemical energy storage with high safety and stability. Moreover, the intrinsic properties of polymer electrolytes and interface contact between electrolyte and electrodes have played critical roles for determining the comprehensive performances of solid-state lithium metal batteries. In this review, the development of polymer electrolytes with the design strategies by functional units adjustments are firstly discussed. Then the interfaces between polymer electrolyte and cathode/anode, including the interface issues, remedy strategies for stabilizing the interface contact and reducing resistances, and the in-situ polymerization method for enhancing the compatibilities and assembling the batteries with favorable performances, have been introduced. Lastly, the perspectives on developing polymer electrolytes by functional units adjustment, and improving interface contact and stability by effective strategies for solid-state lithium metal batteries have been provided.

It is highly challenging to construct the best SERS hotspots for the detection of proteins by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Using its own characteristics to construct hotspots can achieve the effect of sensitivity and specificity. In this study, we built a fishing mode device to detect the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at low concentrations in different detection environments and obtained a sensitive SERS signal response. Based on the spatial resolution of proteins and their protein-specific recognition functions, SERS hotspots were constructed using aptamers and small molecules that can specifically bind to RBD and cooperate with Au nanoparticles (NPs) to detect RBD in the environment using SERS signals of beacon molecules. Therefore, two kinds of AuNPs modified with aptamers and small molecules were used in the fishing mode device, which can specifically recognize and bind RBD to form a stable hotspot to achieve high sensitivity and specificity for RBD detection. The fishing mode device can detect the presence of RBD at concentrations as low as 0.625 ng/mL and can produce a good SERS signal response within 15 min. Meanwhile, we can detect an RBD of 0.625 ng/mL in the mixed solution with various proteins, and the concentration of RBD in the complex environment of urine and blood can be as low as 1.25 ng/mL. This provides a research basis for SERS in practical applications for protein detection work.

(1) Objects: Our aim was to identify changes in the metabolome in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) as well as to construct a metabolic diagnostic model for DCM. (2) Methods: We utilized non-targeted metabolomics with a cross-sectional cohort of age- and sex-matched DCM patients and controls. Metabolomics data were analyzed using orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and pathway analysis. It was validated in combination with transcriptome sequencing data from public databases. Machine learning models were used for the diagnosis of DCM. (3) Results: Using multiple analytical techniques, 130 metabolite alterations were identified in DCM compared to healthy controls. Perturbations in glycerophospholipid metabolism (GPL) were identified and validated as a characteristic metabolic pathway in DCM. Through the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), we identified the 7 most important GPL metabolites, including LysoPA (16:0/0:0), LysoPA (18:1(9Z)/0:0), PC (20:3(8Z,11Z,14Z)/20:1(11Z)), PC (20:0/14:0), LysoPC (16:0), PS(15:0/18:0), and PE(16:0/20:4 (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)). The machine learning models based on the seven metabolites all had good accuracy in distinguishing DCM [All area under the curve (AUC) >0.900], and the artificial neural network (ANN) model performed the most consistently (AUC: 0.919±0.075). (4) Conclusions: This study demonstrates that GPL metabolism may play a contributing role in the pathophysiological mechanisms of DCM. The 7-GPL metabolite model may help for early diagnosis of DCM.

FeCl3 catalyzed aerobic oxidation of ketones always gives rise to the α-C-C cleavage product, having challenges to afford hydroxyl keto compounds. Here we report an effective control of the main product from keto acid to α-hydroxyl ketone, by reducing the concentration of FeCl3 catalyst, together with the employ of DMSO as the solvent. In addition, mechanistic investigations suggested the same FeCl3-coordinated peroxide intermediate for both hydroxylation and C-C cleavage routes, and emphasize the role of DMSO as both ligand and reductant. This work provides a new approach for selective aerobic oxidation under Lewis acid catalysis.

Background Postoperative bone graft migration (PBGM) is a fairly rare spinal postoperative complication. Its occurrence after endoscopic surgery has rarely been reported in the literature so far. This is a case report of a 52-year-old male occurring PBGM into the thecal sac in the 8th days after an endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion (ELIF). Case Presentation A 52-year-old male patient, underwent a L4-5 ELIF, presented with an acute radiculopathy on right leg and urinary incontinence in the 8th postoperative day. An emergency lumbar Computed Tomography(CT scan) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) demonstrated bone graft migration into the thecal sac at the L4-5 level, and shifting down to the lower level. The revision surgery was performed at once. Finally, the patient get well managed before discharge. Conclusion PBGM into thecal sac is a rare but horrible complication of ELIF. However, too much volume of bone graft and its posteriorly placement are more prone to developing this complication. An emergency revision surgery is indicated once occurs.

Objectives The study is aimed to evaluate clinical outcomes of debridement, decompression and interbody fusion by using biportal spine endoscopy for treating treat patients diagnosed with lumbar spinal tuberculosis (LST). Methods Forty patients with LST who underwent debridement, decompression, and interbody fusion using biportal spine endoscopy between January 2020 to March 2022 were included in the study. The operation time, blood loss, complication rate, fusion rate, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and kyphotic Cobb’s angle were measured to explore the effects on patients with LST. Results The patients were followed up for 12–16 months, and the mean follow-up period was 14.6 months. The mean operation time was 223.4 ± 94.4 min (range, 140–410 min), with a mean blood loss of 235.0 ± 190.5 cc (range, 120–700 cc). The VAS (1.57 ± 0.65) and ODI (8.29 ± 3.05) scores at the last phase of follow-up were significantly lesser than the preoperative scores (5.86 ± 0.86 and 74.29 ± 6.26, respectively). Additionally, the mean JOA score increased from 10.29 ± 2.58 (preoperatively) to 24.93 ± 1.86 (postoperatively). Meanwhile, the mean preoperative ESR and CRP (74.36 ± 8.18 and 71.28 ± 8.58, respectively) decreased to average values. The preoperative kyphotic Cobb’s angle of 21.40 ± 2.22° decreased to 9.86 ± 0.76° postoperatively. However, the kyphotic correction remained unchanged at the last phase of the follow-up. Furthermore, the fusion rate was 100%. The complication rate was 7.5% (three case of cerebrospinal fluid leakage). Conclusion Debridement, decompression, and interbody fusion using biportal spine endoscopy might be ideal for treating patients with LST.

The combined finite–discrete element method (FDEM) based on the cohesive zone model (the CZM) achieves cracking simulation by inserting cohesive elements between solid elements. In this study, three-point bending fracture tests of frozen soil were simulated by using the FDEM based on the CZM. Firstly, the sensitivity of the cohesive model parameters was analyzed. Secondly, through a series of simulations of the three-point bending test of frozen soil, it was found that the model with reasonable values of the CZM parameters had a good adaptability to the three-point bending cracking test of frozen soil, as the model not only reflects the load-displacement curve, but also has good correspondence with the fracture pattern compared with the test. Finally, the relationship between the CZM parameters and the specimens’ temperature under two loading rates of 1 mm/min and 0.1 mm/min was analyzed, and it was found that the CZM parameters had a good linear relationship with the specimens’ temperature. This paper is expected to provide a new possibility for the numerical simulation of frozen soil cracking.

The discovery of enantioselective desymmetrization reactions to provide practical synthesis of enantio-enriched atropisomeric biaryls is a challenging topic in the field of asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we report a highly enantioselective desymmetrization reaction for the synthesis of axially chiral biaryl N-oxides by atroposelective C-H iodination by using Pd(II) coordinated by N-benzoyl-l-phenylalanine as a chiral catalyst at room temperature. A broad range of products were obtained in high yields (up to 99 %) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 98 % ee). The products could be synthesized in gram scale, one of which was proved to be a powerful organocatalyst in asymmetric allylation reaction. Mechanistic evidence as well as DFT calculations point towards the factors that lead to high reactivity and excellent enantiocontrol in this reaction.

The reduction of carbon dioxide using electrochemical cells is an appealing technology to store renewable electricity in a chemical form. The preferential adsorption of oxygen over carbon atoms of intermediates could improve the methanol selectivity due to the retention of C–O bond. However, the adsorbent-surface interaction is mainly related to the d states of transition metals in catalysts, thus it is difficult to promote the formation of oxygen-bound intermediates without affecting the carbon affinity. This paper describes the construction of a molybdenum-based metal carbide catalyst that promotes the formation and adsorption of oxygen-bound intermediates, where the sp states in catalyst are enabled to participate in the bonding of intermediates. A high Faradaic efficiency of 80.4% for methanol is achieved at −1.1 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode.

Objectives Spine endoscopic surgery has been promoted rapidly in the past decade attracting more and more spine surgeons of young generations to be dedicated in. However, it has long been denounced of its long learning curve as a factor to impede the state-of-the-art technique to continually develop. Current study is aimed to dig out what vitally matters in the educational process for being a spine endoscopic surgeon. Methods The online survey consisted of fourteen compulsory questions and was distributed in April and May 2022 through the First Chinese Spinal Endoscopic Surgeons Skills Competition. Reminders were sent to improve the response rate. Results We received 637 responses out of 2893 emails which had been sent out. 375 surgeons (76.7%) most frequently used endoscopic technique in their practices. Regardless of their different background, 284 of them (75.7%) thought it would be necessary for a young spine endoscopic surgeon to perform 300 cases independently in order to become proficient, followed by 500 cases (43, 11.5%), 100 cases (40, 10.7%) and 1000 cases (8, 2.1%). According to the surgeons, the most difficult aspect to master endoscopic technique is disparate surgical view (255, 68%), followed by novel instrument adaption (86, 22.9%) and hand-eye coordination (34, 9.1%). The most helpful training method to facilitate spine endoscopic surgeon of younger generation to improve is operating on simulation models or cadaver courses(216, 57.6%), followed by online or offline theoretical courses (67, 17.9%), acquiring the opportunities during surgeries (51, 13.6%) and frequently participating in surgeries as an assistant (41, 10.9%). Conclusion From the perspective of surgeons, to be skilled in spine endoscopic surgery has to overcome a steep learning curve. However, training system should be attached more importance to make it more accessible for surgeons of younger generations to operate on simulation models or take cadaver courses.

Objectives The study is aimed to evaluate clinical outcomes of debridement, decompression and interbody fusion by using biportal spine endoscopy to treat patients diagnosed with lumbar spine tuberculosis (LST). Methods Forty patients diagnosed with LST who underwent debridement, decompression and interbody fusion by using biportal spine endoscopy between January 2020 to March 2021 were studied. The operation time, blood loss, complication rate, fusion rate, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Oswetry disability index (ODI), Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and kyphotic Cobb’s angle were measured to explore the effects on LST patients. Results The patients were followed up for 12–16 months, with a mean of 14.6 months. The mean operation time was 223.4 ± 94.4 min (range, 140–410 min), together with 235.0 ± 190.5 cc of blood loss (range, 120–700 cc). From preoperation till last phase of follow-up, the mean preoperative VAS (5.86 ± 0.86) and ODI (74.29 ± 6.26) decreased significantly to 1.57 ± 0.65 and 8.29 ± 3.05, respectively. Additionally, the mean JOA increased from preoperative (10.29 ± 2.58) to (24.93 ± 1.86). Meanwhile, the mean preoperative ESR and CRP (74.36 ± 8.18 and 71.28 ± 8.58, respectively) decreased to average values. The preoperative kyphotic Cobb’s angle (21.40 ± 2.22 ) decreased to (9.86 ± 0.76 ) postoperatively. However, the kyphotic correction remained unchanged at the last phase of follow up. Furthermore, the fusion rate was identified to be 90%. Besides, the complication rate was 7.3% ( three cases of cerebrospinal fluid leakage). Conclusion Debridement, decompression and interbody fusion by using biportal spine endoscopy might be an ideal options to treat LST patients. More long term and multi-samples studies are needed to further verify the perspective.

This review focuses on recent advances and mechanistic views of aerobic C(sp3)–H oxidations catalyzed by organocatalysts, where metal catalysis and photocatalysis are not included.1 Introduction2 Carbanion Route: TBD-Catalyzed C(sp3)–H Oxygenation2.1 α-Hydroxylation of Ketones2.2 Carbonylation of Benzyl C(sp3)–H3 Radical Route: NHPI-Catalyzed C(sp3)–H Oxidation3.1 N-Oxyl Radicals and Mechanisms3.2 Oxygenation of Benzyl C(sp3)–H3.3 Solvent Effects4 Hydride-Transfer Route: TEMPO-Catalyzed Oxidations4.1 Oxoammonium Cation and Mechanisms4.2 Dehydrogenation of Alcohols4.3 Oxygenation of Benzyl C(sp3)–H5 Conclusions and Outlook

Compared to the general ionic liquids (ILs), a significant deviation of the binary mixtures of 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium tri(hexafluoroacetylaceto)-copper(II) ([C10 mim][Cu(hfacac)3 ]) with methanol was found, indicating the way methanol interacts with ILs might be governed by the special structure of the chelating anion. IR results showed that the v (C2-H) of 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluoroacetylacetonate ([C10 mim][hfacac]) blue-shifted more significantly than that of [C10 mim][Cu(hfacac)3 ], meanwhile the v (C=O) red-shifted in [C10 mim][Cu(hfacac)3 ], which is contrast with that in [C10 mim][hfacac]. Two-dimensional correlation analysis of the FTIR spectra indicated that the chelating cavity has little effect on the sequence of the ILs sites that interact with methanol. Combined with small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) results, the picture of mixing processes in these two systems were proposed. Methanol interacts directly with the anion followed by the cation in [C10 mim][hfacac], while methanol preferentially enters the chelating cavity and enhances the packing effect in the [C10 mim][Cu(hfacac)3 ] system.