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We present the case of a young male patient who presented with paralysing muscle weakness due to severe hypokalaemia and hypophosphataemia. The initial patient history evaluations could not establish the aetiology. Only after we reviewed the patient’s history did he reveal that he had been following a severe calorie-restricted regime, the human chorionic gonadotropin diet, which had ended 2 days prior to developing symptoms. This information then allowed us to diagnose severe refeeding syndrome. As a further complication, the patient developed rhabdomyolysis. After correction of serum electrolytes, symptoms resolved completely. This case emphasises the potential harm of severely calorie-restricted diets, often recommended by online ‘experts’. Furthermore, we underline the importance of thorough history taking.

A young male in his early 30s presented to us with increasing swelling at the umbilicus, and an umbilical hernia was diagnosed. At laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) repair, an unexpected finding of a thin innocuous-looking fibrous film over the small bowel was noted. This finding presented a dilemma as to the probable pathology of this material, and a decision had to be made on whether laparoscopic IPOM could be continued. It was prudently decided to abandon the plan of placing a mesh intraperitoneally and an open repair of the umbilical hernia was done. In retrospect this was a wise decision, as, after 7 months he had to have a laparotomy for intestinal obstruction, when the classic thick fibrous encapsulating abdominal cocoon was seen. Hence here we have followed the evolution of the abdominal cocoon from its original asymptomatic phase to the classic encapsulating sclerosing peritonitis with probably laparoscopic gas insufflation being the precipitating factor.

Efforts made to prevent road traffic crashes have reduced the number of crashes involving young drivers, however, overall, they are still the most common age group reported in these incidents. In this study, the driving behaviors of ten young male drivers were compared based on lane change—under time pressure and in normal conditions—on open roads where the surroundings constantly change. The study also chronologically analyzed the motions within five seconds from when the driver started steering. The results of the analysis revealed that, compared to normal conditions, drivers under time pressure responded by steering first and viewing their surroundings second. It was also estimated that, regardless of the conditions, the driver tended to use the indicator two to zero seconds before adjusting the steering. This finding indicates that the delay in viewing their surroundings resulted in delayed signaling, and the series of driving behaviors to change lanes may have been overcrowded in time. The findings of this study suggest that it is possible to prevent human error by focusing on the balance and connection between cognition and the behaviors required for a series of driving behaviors.

Summary Objectives This study aimed to examine the effect of dextrose drink (D) on blood glucose, VO2max, and sprint speed compared with Sodium-Dextrose drink. Equipment and Methods: We conducted a double-blinded crossover study of 22 young male (19 ± 1.1 years) soccer players, consumed either Dextrose drink or Sodium-Dextrose drink. We compared pre- and post-data of Blood Glucose, VO2max, and sprint speed between the dextrose and sodium-dextrose drinks groups. The primary outcome was differences in ΔBlood Glucose between D and Sodium-D group. Secondary outcomes were differences in ΔVO2max and Δsprint speed between D and Sodium-D group. Results The mean BG level was higher in D compared with Sodium-D group [136 ± 22.9 mg/dl vs. 118 ± 21.5 mg/dl] (P = 0.009). Mean differences of ΔBG of D (mean before and mean after) compared with ΔBG Sodium-D (mean before and mean after) is 16.8 mg/dl (P = 0.001). The mean of sprint speed is faster in the D group [15.2 ± 1.25 sec vs. 15.9 ± 1.61 sec] (P = 0.019), but we found no significant differences in VO2max between both groups [42.1 ± 3.44 ml/min/kg vs. 42.3 ± 3.98 ml/min/kg] (P = 0.834). Conclusion The present study demonstrated that dextrose drink without added sodium has a large influence on increasing blood glucose level and sprint speed.

Purpose: To examine differences in resistance exercise-induced hormonal responses among young athletes according to their maturity levels. Materials and Methods: A total of 12 collegiate and 32 junior high school male athletes were enrolled. The junior high school participants were divided into pre–peak height velocity (PHV) and post-PHV groups, according to their PHV ages. The salivary testosterone, cortisol, and human growth hormone levels were analyzed before (pre), immediately after (post), and at 15 minutes after performing body weight resistance exercise. Results: The testosterone levels were higher in the collegiate than in the junior high school group (P P P P P P P Conclusion: Exercise-induced acute hormonal responses to resistance exercise may depend on individuals’ maturity levels, even in those having the same age.

Background Methods that facilitate muscle quality measurement may improve the diagnosis of sarcopenia. Current research has focused on the phase angle (PhA) obtained through bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) as an indicator of cellular health, particularly cell membrane integrity and cell function. The current study therefore aimed to evaluate the relationship between the PhA and muscle quality and muscle‐related parameters and to determine factors associated with the PhA. Moreover, we attempted to determine the cut‐off value of PhA for predicting sarcopenia. Methods First‐year university students (830 male students, 18.5 ± 0.6 years old; 422 female students, 18.3 ± 0.5 years old) and community‐dwelling elderly individuals (70 male individuals, 74.4 ± 5.5 years old; 97 female individuals, 73.1 ± 6.4 years old) were included. PhA and other body composition data were measured using BIA, while muscle quality was calculated by dividing handgrip strength by upper limbs muscle mass. The relationship between PhA and the aforementioned parameters were then analysed, after which the cut‐off value of PhA for predicting sarcopenia was examined. Results Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that age, skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), and muscle quality were independently associated with PhA in both sexes [male (age: standardized regression coefficient (β) = −0.43, P

Pulmonary carcinoid tumors are considered as low-grade neoplasms, seen as centrally located endobronchial masses or as peripheral circumscribed nodules. Calcification or ossification is a known phenomenon, but presentation as large bony mass is extremely uncommon. Herein, we report a case of ossifying bronchial carcinoid along with nodular Hashimoto's thyroiditis as incidental autopsy findings in a 32-year-old patient with a prior recent excision of pituitary macroadenoma. This association suggests the possibility of multiple endocrine neoplasia in this young male.

Plant-derived proteins have been suggested to have less anabolic properties when compared with animal-derived proteins. Whether blends of plant- and animal-derived proteins can compensate for their lesser anabolic potential has not been assessed. The present study compares post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates following the ingestion of milk protein with wheat protein or a blend of wheat plus milk protein in healthy, young males. In a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group design, 36 males (23 (sd 3) years) received a primed continuous L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine infusion after which they ingested 30 g milk protein (MILK), 30 g wheat protein (WHEAT) or a 30 g blend combining 15 g wheat plus 15 g milk protein (WHEAT+MILK). Blood and muscle biopsies were collected frequently for 5 h to assess post-prandial plasma amino acid profiles and subsequent myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. Ingestion of protein increased myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in all treatments (P < 0·001). Post-prandial myofibrillar protein synthesis rates did not differ between MILK v. WHEAT (0·053 (sd 0·013) v. 0·056 (sd 0·012) %·h−1, respectively; t test P = 0·56) or between MILK v. WHEAT+MILK (0·053 (sd 0·013) v. 0·059 (sd 0·025) %·h−1, respectively; t test P = 0·46). In conclusion, ingestion of 30 g milk protein, 30 g wheat protein or a blend of 15 g wheat plus 15 g milk protein increases muscle protein synthesis rates in young males. Furthermore, muscle protein synthesis rates following the ingestion of 30 g milk protein do not differ from rates observed after ingesting 30 g wheat protein or a blend with 15 g milk plus 15 g wheat protein in healthy, young males.

PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the association between social physique anxiety and muscular dystrophy in bodybuilders. DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional study included 384 male bodybuilders. FINDINGS 5.7% of the participants reported muscular dystrophy. Younger age and use of protein powder were associated with higher scores on the muscle dysmorphic disorder Inventory. Higher muscular dystrophy was associated with higher social physique anxiety. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Young male bodybuilders using protein powder are at increased risk to suffer from social physique anxiety and muscular dystrophy.

Although the visibility of women farmers in agriculture is increasing, we have little knowledge about the impact this will have on the environmental management of family farms. Numerous studies have documented that young women farmers show high concern for environmentally friendly farming practices relative to young male farmers. However, family farms are still a prominent business form globally, and it is still unclear whether or not we can expect young women farmers in different employment statuses (manager, or full-time farm worker and spouse) and work schedules (full- or part-time) to show any differences in the adoption of environmental practices compared to young male farmers. This study investigates the question of how increasing the visibility of women on family farms, and young women's sensitivity to environmental concerns relative to male's, plays out in the dynamic of adopting Agri-Environment-Climate Measures (AECMs). Our results confirm gender differences in AECM adoption behavior when we investigate the employment statuses of young women farmers; however, for part-time family farms, gender differences in the adoption behavior disappears, while they emerge for environmental subsidies received. We argue that gender aspects of the adoption behavior of AECMs contain several overlapping issues, particularly gender differences in the spouse's involvement in farm work.

This case represents a unique example of stroke in a young patient involving major venous sinuses as well as major artery in a span of 6 months. After evaluation, he was found to have an abnormal thrombophilia profile. In young patients with recurrent stroke, investigating for an abnormal thrombophilia profile is crucial.

Introduction:Due to increase in Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) at a younger age, we should try to diagnose atherosclerotic process and population at risk, at the earliest. Flow Mediated Dilatation (FMD), Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (CIMT) and Ankle-Brachial Pressure Index (ABI) are probable markers for early atherosclerosis and may be useful in coronary risk stratification Objectives: To compare and correlate the FMD, CIMT, ABI and Pulse Pressure (PP) in young male patients of Myocardial Infarction (MI) with age and sex matched healthy controls Method50 patients of MI aged ≤45 years, who presented to iccu of Department of Medicine Indira Gandhi medical college Nagpur India, were recruited consecutively for this case control study and same number of age and sex matched healthy controls were also analyzed. 3 days after Myocardial infarction FMD of the brachial artery, intima media thickness of carotid artery, ABPI and PP were measured in the cases and compared with healthy control Results: The FMD was lower among young patients of MI than controls . CIMT was higher among cases than controls . ABI was lower among cases than controls . Compared to controls, PP was higher among cases . In all subjects, a negative correlation between FMD and CIMTand a positive correlation between FMD and ABPI was found. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between endothelial dependent FMD and PP among cases and control groups Conclusion: Biophysical parameters were deranged in young post MI patients. Majority of our young male patients fell in low risk Framingham risk score but still they manifested with CAD. Despite 3 days of treatment among young male patients of MI, various biophysical parameters were stillderanged.

Tuberculosis of the cystic duct lymph node is very rare. Only four cases have been reported in the literature. This paper presents the case of a young male patient with a tuberculous cystic duct lymph node and chronic cholecystitis, who was diagnosed with cystic duct stones and a gall bladder polyp preoperatively.

I use Chinese panel data to estimate the exogenous effect of economic growth on individuals’ smoking behavior. By instrumenting the endogenous provincial GDP growth rate with a dummy variable indicating whether the province has a new leader, my results show that a higher economic growth rate reduces overall cigarette consumption, but does not reduce the overall smoking participation rate. In addition, a higher economic growth rate reduces cigarette consumption of male but not female. It reduces cigarette consumption of the lower-middle and senior age males, but does not significantly change consumption among the young males. Of these three groups, only the middle-aged males show a decrease in their smoking participation rate with higher economic growth. Overall, the Chinese data show that economic expansion reduces men’s smoking amount. But the overall adjustment is intensive, rather than extensive.

Surf lifesaving in Australia is an iconic community volunteer service. Surf lifesaving members must attain their bronze medallion, which includes fundamental first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscita...

Spinal epidermoid cyst is a rare entity. It may be congenital with associated spinal dysraphism such asspina bifida ,dermal sinus tract and other neural tube defects or acquired due to repeated lumbar puncture and trauma. Congenital spinal epidermoid cysts without spinal dysraphism are rare. Here we are reporting a rare and interesting case of thoracic extramedullary intradural epidermoid cyst with no associated features of spinal dysraphism or history of iatrogenic trauma in a young male patient. Keywords: Epidermoid, Cyst, Spinal dysraphism, Extramedullary, Thoracic

PurposeThis study explored young males' suggestions for food skills education in three domains: food selection and planning, food preparation and food safety and storage. It also solicited young males' perspectives on mandatory food skills education.Design/methodology/approachThis descriptive qualitative study employed a semi-structured interview guide. A one-page list of food skills was provided to each participant to form a consistent basis for the interviews. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method.FindingsForty-four young men aged 17 to 35 participated in the study. Thirty-seven supported mandatory education for food skills. Gender stereotypes around food skills were identified as a barrier to young males enrolling in elective food skills courses. When asked how food skills should be taught, the two main strategies mentioned were “online” and “hands-on.” Most participants identified skills in the food preparation domain as essential to include in the curriculum, although some recognized the importance of incorporating skills from all three domains.Practical implicationsUnderstanding important characteristics of effective food skills education for young males may increase their participation in school, virtual and community-based food skills education. Curricular content should consider young males' interests and baseline competencies and emphasize practical hands-on skills. Mandatory food skills education in secondary schools for all genders represents a comprehensive solution.Originality/valueThis study is among the first to report young males' opinions on crucial components of, and methods for, effective food skills education for this population.

Clifford Shaw’s (1930) The Jack-Roller is a landmark study of naturalism, ethnography and crime. It is the ‘own story’ of Stanley—a young delinquent in Chicago. Shaw’s series of ethnographic studies on delinquency sought to humanize deviance in opposition to pathological understandings of delinquency. The article looks on the representation of crimes committed and punishment received by young male and female delinquents. Shaw’s argument focuses on structural inequalities and poverty as the cause of deviance; as a result, female delinquency was not explained by sexual promiscuity, although he failed to recognize young women’s vulnerabilities. The second edition of The Jack-Roller introduced by Howard Becker (1966, Introduction. The Jack-Roller: A delinquent boy’s own story, pp. v–xviii) redefined Shaw’s study within the symbolic interactionist tradition. From the 1950s, Shaw and Becker disagreed over the writing of the deviant’s ‘own story,’ the control of the narrative and the authorial voice. The article adds to the literature on narrative, female deviance and youth delinquency.

BACKGROUND: Marrow fat exists as a distinct adipose tissue and plays a critical role in affecting both the quantity and quality of bone. However, the effect of soccer training on marrow fat has been rarely reported. This study aims to evaluate and characterize the marrow fat content and composition in different bone areas of soccer players and age-matched healthy subjects using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS). METHODS: Between May 2020 and June 2020, 20 professional soccer players (20.7±0.9 years) and 20 age-matched healthy subjects (21.2±0.8 years) were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The (1)H-MRS were acquired from the 3(rd) lumbar vertebrae, bilateral femoral necks, and distal tibias of all subjects using a single-voxel point-resolved spatially localized spectroscopy (PRESS) sequence. Four soccer players underwent a second magnetic resonance (MR) examination within a 30-minute interval after the initial scan to evaluate test-retest reproducibility. Inter- and intra-observer measurement reliabilities were assessed using 10 randomly selected spectra from the soccer players group. All spectra were processed using the jMRUI software package (http://www.jmrui.eu/). Quantified water and lipid signals were used to calculate fat content (FC) and the unsaturated fatty index (UI). RESULTS: Compared with healthy subjects, we found that soccer players had a lower FC in L3 and bilateral femoral necks and higher UI in the left femoral neck (P0.05). The UI values of the right femoral neck or distal tibia were markedly higher than the left side in both inactive subjects and soccer players (P

We present the case of a young male with an orthopedic injury after a mechanical fall, who developed atypical chest pain associated with ST elevation and elevated biomarkers suggestive of myocardial injury. He was found to have myocarditis on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging that we postulate was secondary to inhalation of marijuana. Cannabis-induced myocarditis and its potential complications are a health hazard that is bound to grow with the legalization of marijuana use in many countries. Résumé: Nous présentons ici le cas d'un jeune homme souffrant d'une lésion orthopédique subie après une chute mécanique, qui a développé une douleur thoracique atypique associée à une élévation du segment ST et à des biomarqueurs élevés évocateurs d'une lésion myocardique. L'imagerie par résonance magnétique cardiaque a révélé qu'il souffrait d'une myocardite que nous supposons être consécutive à l'inhalation de marijuana. La myocardite induite par le cannabis et ses complications potentielles constituent un risque pour la santé qui ne peut que croître avec la légalisation de l'usage de la marijuana dans de nombreux pays.

Professional athletes and entertainers are often identified as the source of emulation for young males, especially Black males. With far less romanticized career representations than those in the athletic arena, many Black families foster, knowingly and unknowingly, a polarized path to elusive goals of a professional athletic career. Explicitly focusing on academically gifted Black males who are also athletically talented, gifted education teachers have an opportunity to support and cultivate dual identity development complement both athletic and scholar identities, acknowledging the cultural significance sport and athletics play. This article seeks to provide gifted education teachers with a framework to fulfill these goals—the Scholar Baller Model. Through its integration into the curriculum, gifted education teachers can enrich the pre-college experiences of academically and athletically gifted Black males, resulting in more positive convergence of their academic and athletic identities that will, in turn, cultivate more positive educational outcomes and career options for collegiate-level Black athletes.

The Indian population is predisposed to acute coronary syndrome at a younger age, but very few cases are reported at high altitude. Acute coronary syndrome is frequently associated with multiple cardiovascular risk factors. During management of seven young patients with acute coronary syndrome, it was found that none of them had conventional cardiovascular risk factors including recent physical exertion. It is a known fact that the risk of vascular thrombosis increases by 30 times in Indian soldiers after a long stay at high altitude. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out the tests for procoagulant markers to know whether the acute coronary syndrome was because of the prothrombotic state, and if yes, was high altitude responsible for the procoagulant state or whether the person per se had a procoagulant syndrome. With the absence of these tests at hospitals at high-altitude areas, it becomes difficult to ascertain the exact cause of acute coronary syndrome. This study highlights the importance of aggressively testing for procoagulant markers in young patients presenting with chest pain at high altitude, even in the absence of traditional risk factors.

Objective Infective endocarditis (IE) may cause devastating complications with high morbidity and mortality rates. The aim of the present study was to study the demographic, cardiological, microbiologic, and dental profiles of patients with oral bacteria–related IE. Study Design We present a retrospective study of patients with oral bacteria–related IE treated at Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil, between January 2009 and December 2019. Results Of the 100 patients included, 70% were male with a mean age of 45.4 years at diagnosis. The most affected sites were aortic and mitral valves, 60% in prosthetic heart valves, 34% in native valves, and 3% in pacemakers. The most common cause of valvular disease was rheumatic cardiopathy (51.9%), and the most frequent complications were valvular and perivalvular damage (26%). Streptococcus viridans was the most common species (96%), dental caries were present in 57% of the patients, 78% had tooth loss, 45% had apical periodontitis, and 77% were at high/moderate risk for periodontal disease. Conclusion Oral bacteria–related IE among Brazilians was predominant in the prosthetic heart valves of young male adults previously affected by rheumatic cardiopathy. Streptococcus viridans was the main cause of IE, which was linked to patients with a poor oral health status.

Background: Youth populations benefit from neuromuscular training; however, the extent to which training frequency, baseline fitness, and maturity status moderate the response to long-term neuromuscular training in male youth remains unclear. Hypothesis: Twice-weekly training (G2x) would induce larger improvements in movement competency and strength and power kinetics compared with once-weekly training (G1x). Maturity status and baseline fitness would also moderate the training response in strength and power kinetics. Study Design: Nonrandomized, repeated-measures design. Level of Evidence: Level 3 Methods: Ninety-five male athletes of varying maturity status (pre– or post–peak height velocity) were divided into G2x, G1x, or control (CON) groups. Training groups received G2x or G1x for 28 weeks. Back squat assessment (BSA) movement competency and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), squat jump (SJ), and countermovement jump (CMJ) kinetics were measured pre- and postintervention. Results: The G2x achieved significantly greater adaptations in BSA total score, IMTP allometrically scaled peak force (PFallo), IMTP peak rate-of-force development (PRFD), SJ PFallo and PRFD compared with G1x and CON ( P < 0.05; d = 0.3-0.9). Baseline fitness, training frequency and maturity status were significant predictors of IMTP PFallo ( R2 = 27.5%) and PRFD ( R2 = 42.9%), while a combination of training frequency and baseline fitness explained a small amount of variance in SJ PFallo ( R2 = 12.2%) and SJ PRFD ( R2 = 6.5%). There were no significant predictors of CMJ kinetics. Conclusion: G2x achieved significantly larger improvements in movement competency, isometric strength and concentric jump variables compared with G1x, with the training response greater in those youth with lower baseline fitness and more advanced maturity status. Clinical Relevance: Exposure to neuromuscular training twice-weekly elicits a greater response than G1x in young male athletes. Practitioners should take maturity status, training frequency, and baseline fitness levels of young male athletes into account when interpreting testing data, as these variables appear to moderate training responsiveness.

Приведен клинический случай лептоспироза у юноши, жителя Тернопольской области, который был госпитализирован в инфекционно-диагностическое отделение Тернопольской областной детской клинической больницы. Особенностью данного клинического случая является то, что у пациента была безжелтушная форма, которая сопровождалась лихорадкой с литическим снижением температуры, острой почечной недостаточностью, болями в икроножных мышцах, гепатоспленомегалией, тромбоцитопенией. У мальчика развился характерный геморрагический синдром, сопровождавшийся петехиальной сыпью на груди. При наличии острой почечной недостаточности, которая сопровождается тромбоцитопенией, гипертрансаминаземией, следует исключить лептоспироз.

A nighttime nap is expected to mitigate melatonin suppression during night work by blocking light input to the retina, but it is unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a nap break on melatonin level, subjective sleepiness, and vigilance performance during simulated night work. Eleven healthy young males (mean +/- SD age: 22.2 +/- 4.1 years) participated in counterbalanced crossover design experiments with two conditions (nap vs. no nap). The subjects performed I 2-hour simulated night work from 21:00 to 09:00 h (illuminance: similar to 500 lx). Subjects with a nap condition took a nap for 2 hours in a dark room from 03:00, si bile subjects with a no nap condition continued the simulated night work. The results showed that immediately after the 2-h nap break, the melatonin level at 05:00 h temporarily recovered from light-induced melatonin suppression during the simulated night work but significantly suppressed again at 07:00 and 09:00 h. Subjective alertness and vigilance performance were impaired immediately after the nap break but subsequently enhanced. The results suggest that a single nap break for 2 hours could be a strategy to enhance alertness (luring the last part of night shift but inadequate for mitigating melatonin suppression.

Актуальність. Ювенільний ідіопатичний артрит (ЮІА) — це термін, що використовується для позначення групи гетерогенних педіатричних ревматичних захворювань. Багато з цих станів персистують і в більш зрілому віці. Наявність хронічного запального захворювання разом із лікуванням глюкокортикоїдами є фактором ризику остеопорозу в молодих чоловіків. Метою роботи було вивчення мінеральної щільності кісткової тканини (МЩКТ), показників T і Z у молодих чоловіків з ЮІА. Матеріали та методи. Дослідження включало 50 пацієнтів віком 19–25 років, розподілених на дві групи: I — 25 практично здорових молодих чоловіків; ІІ — 25 молодих чоловіків із різних регіонів Украї­ни, у яких у дитинстві діагностований ЮІА, незалежно від наявності або відсутності активного запалення під час спостереження. Двохенергетична рентгенівська денситометрія (Prodigy, GE Lunar, Madison, США) була проведена в Інституті геронтології ім. Д.Ф. Чеботарьова, Українському науково-медичному центрі проблем остеопорозу разом з аналізом МЩКТ, показників T і Z у різних частинах скелета. Результати. Молоді пацієнти з ЮІА та здорові чоловіки не відрізнялися за віком, ростом, вагою й індексом маси тіла. У 4 пацієнтів з ЮІА (16 %) були переломи, тоді як у контрольній групі їх не відзначалося. Негативний вплив ЮІА на МЩКТ було виявлено в II групі на відміну від першої. МЩКТ поперекового відділу хребта в II групі була нижчою (p < 0,01), ніж у здорових суб’єктів, як і показник Z (p < 0,001) на рівні L1–L4 поперекового відділу хребта. МЩКТ, індекси T і Z в ділянці шийки стегнової кістки були нижчими в II групі, ніж у першій (p < 0,001; p < 0,001; p < 0,01 відповідно). Значні відмінності між двома групами були виявлені щодо загальної МЩКТ (p < 0,001), показників T (p < 0,01) і Z (p < 0,05). У пацієнтів з ЮІА нижчими були МЩКТ (p < 0,01) й індекс T (p < 0,05) в ультрадистальній ділянці променевої кістки. Зниження МЩКТ до рівня остеопенії (показник Z < –2 SD) було виявлено у 20 % пацієнтів на рівні L1–L4 поперекового відділу хребта, у 8 % — в ділянці шийки стегнової кістки, у 12 % — всього організму і у 8 % пацієнтів — в ультрадистальній ділянці променевої кістки. Висновки. У молодих чоловіків з ЮІА віком 19–25 років відзначається зниження загальної МЩКТ, показників T і Z, що вказує на негативний вплив захворювання на кісткову тканину порівняно зі здоровими чоловіками відповідного віку.

Indian adults tend to inappropriately accumulate body fat even at low Body Mass Index (BMI). Usually, fat that is stored in the fed state is mobilized for energy during nocturnal fasting, thus achieving daily fat balance. This is called metabolic flexibility, which may be lost in some individuals leading to body fat accumulation. Measuring fat balance requires 24h measurement of fat oxidation, but nocturnal fat oxidation could be a reasonable surrogate. The variability of nocturnal fat oxidation is also unknown. A retrospective analysis on 24h fat oxidation in adult men (n=18) was carried out to test the former hypothesis, while the variability of nocturnal fat oxidation was measured prospectively in 5 adult men, who were fed the same diet for 2 days prior to the measurement. Whole-body indirect calorimetry was used for measuring Respiratory Quotient (RQ), energy expenditure and fat oxidation. In 24h analyses, nocturnal (0.44 ± 0.21 g/kg) was significantly higher than diurnal fat oxidation (0.24 ± 0.21 g/kg) and was 64.5% of the total 24h value. Nocturnal fat oxidation was positively correlated with 24h fat oxidation (r = 0.937; p

Работа посвящена сравнительному изучению динамики тотальных размеров тела и диаметров сегментов конечностей у студенческого населения различных регионов Тувы при нарушении адаптивного баланса между организмом и окружающей средой на фоне изменений социально-экономических факторов на рубеже XX и XXI веков. Сбор антропологических данных студентов 17–26 лет был проведен в 2015–2019 гг. и г. Кызыле на базе Тувинского государственного университета по унифицированной методике. В качестве сравнительного материала использованы данные, собранные в 1976–1978 гг. у коренного населения в Дзун-Хемчикском, Тоджинском, Монгун-Тайгинском и Эрзинском районах. Для корректного сравнения с новыми материалами в настоящей работе из имеющихся в архиве антропометрических данных использованы сведения только для контингента в возрасте до 26 лет. В целях улучшения репрезентативности выборки все рожденное и проживающее в различных районах население было сгруппировано по макрорайонам: Западному, Южному, Восточному и Центральному. Отсутствие статистически значимых различий по величине тотальных размеров тела (за исключением обхвата груди у девушек) у современных студентов, проживающих в различных макрорайонах, отличающихся как климатогеографическими, так и социально-экономическими факторами, позволяет сделать вывод об относительной равномерности происходящих морфологических и экологических изменений. Однако жители западной части Тувы характеризуются несколько большей величиной всех тотальных размеров тела у студентов обоего пола. Межгрупповое сравнение тувинского молодого населения, обследованного 40 лет назад, дает отличающийся результат: достоверно более высокие величины подтверждены для длины тела девушек и юношей, проживавших на период обследования в Южном макрорайоне страны. Полученные результаты косвенно отражают усиление процессов онтогенетических изменений у населения данной части республики, что подтверждают и ускоренные темпы возрастных изменений скелетных признаков на кисти, описанные ранее. Подобная тенденция зафиксирована и для ширины дистальных эпифизов конечностей. При незначительном числе достоверных различий для всех макрорайонов республики четко фиксируется картина секулярных положительных сдвигов в величине показателей. Межгрупповая вариация величины диаметров дистальных сегментов конечностей в группах современной молодежи не выявлена. Исходя из имеющегося опыта экологического изучения подобных популяций, можно с уверенностью утверждать и об ускоренных темпах биологического созревания и старения во вновь обследованных группах.

Pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma (PHE) is a rare vascular neoplasm with intermediate malignant potential first described by Mirra et al. in 1992. Young males are most commonly effected, with the distal extremities the most likely site of disease. Metastases are extremely uncommon, and widely metastatic disease present at initial diagnosis even less so. These tumors are associated with FOSB gene fusions. We present an unusual case of PHE with widely metastatic disease at presentation, along with novel EGFL7-FOSB gene fusion.

Background and objective: Adolescence is a period when balance and coordination decrease as a result of rapid musculoskeletal growth. These changes may affect various sports-specific skills, including balance. This study aimed to examine the changes in balance performance and basketball passing speed in male youth basketball players following six weeks of balance training performed on unstable versus stable surfaces. Methods: Twenty-five male basketball players, mean age 15.53 ± 0.57 years, participated in balance training on different surfaces (unstable surface (US, n = 13); stable surface (SS, n = 12)) for six weeks (2 days/week; 35 to 50 min/day, incrementally). Their physical characteristics, passing skills (passing accuracy and speed test) and balance performance (Y-Balance Test and The Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test) were measured. Results: The improvement rates for passing accuracy (effect size (ES) = 0.86, moderate, P < 0.001), lower extremity (ES right = 0.94, moderate, P < 0.001; ES left = 0.88, moderate, P < 0.001) and upper extremity (ES right = 1.01, moderate, P < 0.001; ES left = 0.94, moderate, P < 0.001) balance scores, upper extremity stability test power (ES = 0.89, P ≤ 0.001) and the normalized scores (ES = 1.20, moderate, P < 0.001) of the US group were higher than those of the SS group. Passing speed significantly increased only in the US group (P < 0.028). Conclusion: A multi-dimensional surface training model improved balance performance and passing accuracy skills compared to a stable surface training model for male basketball players. US balance training may be used as a complementary training model to increase dynamic balance and passing accuracy skills for male basketball players.

Young road users constitute one of the most vulnerable groups in terms of experiencing road traffic accidents as either drivers or pedestrians. Pedestrian and driver behaviours are important predictors of the road users’ safety. The present study mainly aims to investigate the relationship between behaviours of young male and female road users as drivers and pedestrians. A total number of 573 young road users (316 male, 257 female) aged from 19 to 28 (M = 22.2, SD = 1.77) participated in the present study. Participants were requested to fill out a questionnaire package including demographic information form as well as the Pedestrian Behaviour Scale (PBS), the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) and the Positive Driver Behaviours Scale (PDBS). In line with the aims of the present study, first, the factor structure of the Pedestrian Behaviour Scale was investigated. Following that, gender differences in pedestrian and driver behaviours were examined. In terms of gender difference, males showed more pedestrian transgressions, pedestrian aggressive violations, driver aggressive violations, driver ordinary violations and fewer driver lapses compared to females. Moreover, aberrant pedestrian behaviours were positively related to aberrant driver behaviour, whereas positive pedestrian behaviours were negatively associated with aberrant driver behaviour. While pedestrian lapses and aggressive violations were negatively related to positive driver behaviours, pedestrian transgression and positive pedestrian behaviours were positively associated with positive driver behaviours. Overall, the results indicated that young road users who expressed more aberrant pedestrian behaviours also showed more aberrant driver behaviours. The results were discussed in relation to the administration of countermeasures against aberrant driver behaviours. Considering the consistency between displayed pedestrian and driver behaviours evidenced in the present study; focusing on different road user roles in detail was shown to be important especially for planning intervention programs for specific traffic conditions or driver behaviours. Additionally, investigating different roles that young road users have provides the literature with additional knowledge which could be reflected in field administrations in the complex and dynamic nature of the traffic environment., Genç yol kullanıcıları, sürücü veya yaya olarak trafik kazalarına maruz kalma konusunda en savunmasız gruplardan birini oluşturmaktadır. Yaya ve sürücü davranışları, yol kullanıcılarının güvenliğinin önemli yordayıcılarındandır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, genç erkek ve kadın yol kullanıcılarının yaya davranışları ile sürücü davranışları arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır. Çalışmaya 19-28 yaş arası (M = 22.2, SD = 1.77) 573 genç yol kullanıcısı (316 erkek, 257 kadın) katılmıştır. Katılımcılar Yaya Davranışları Ölçeği (PBS), Sürücü Davranışları Ölçeği (DBQ), Olumlu Sürücü Davranışları Ölçeği (PDBS) ve demografik bilgi formundan oluşan bir anket bataryası tamamlamıştır. Çalışmanın amaçları doğrultusunda çalışmada ilk olarak yaya davranışları ölçeğinin faktör yapısı incelenmiştir. Bu aşamayı takiben, yaya ve sürücü davranışlarındaki cinsiyet farklılığı incelenmiştir. Cinsiyet farklılıkları açısından, erkekler kadınlara göre daha fazla yaya ihlalleri, yaya saldırgan ihlalleri, sürücü saldırgan ihlalleri, sürücü sıradan ihlalleri ve daha az sürücü dalgınlığı göstermiştir. Ayrıca, sapkın yaya davranışları sapkın sürücü davranışlarıyla pozitif ilişkili gösterirken, olumlu yaya davranışları sapkın sürücü davranışlarıyla negatif ilişki göstermiştir. Yaya dalgınlığı ve yaya saldırgan ihlalleri olumlu sürücü davranışlarıyla negatif ilişki gösterirken, yaya ihlalleri ve olumlu yaya davranışları olumlu sürücü davranışlarıyla pozitif ilişki göstermiştir. Genel olarak, sonuçlar daha fazla sapkın yaya davranışları gösteren genç yol kullanıcılarının aynı zamanda daha fazla sapkın sürücü davranışları gösterdiğini vurgulamaktadır. Bulgular sapkın sürücü davranışlarına karşı alınacak önlemler ile ilgili olarak da tartışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada belirtilen yaya ve sürücü davranışları arasındaki tutarlılık dikkate alındığında, farklı yol kullanıcısı rollerine ayrıntılı olarak odaklanmanın, özellikle belirli trafik koşulları veya sürücü davranışları için müdahale programlarının planlanmasında önemli olduğu gösterilmiştir. Ek olarak, genç yol kullanıcılarının sahip olduğu farklı rollerin araştırılması, alan yazına trafik ortamının karmaşık ve dinamik yapısında saha yönetimlerine yansıtılabilecek ek bilgiler sağlamaktadır

This paper offers an exploration of the concept of ‘urban home’ (or, constructing home in city space) by focusing on two groups of young male migrants: refugees and international students in Cork, ...

Primary peritoneal carcinomatosis (PPC) is a rare tumor, described in the literature almost exclusively in women. Patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis were considered incurable with low survival rates. This underwent a paradigm shift with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) after optimal cytoreductive surgery which changed the entire scenario. This case report describes the management of a 28-year-old male patient who was diagnosed to have PPC when he presented with massive ascites, who underwent cytoreductive surgery combined with HIPEC in our hospital. This procedure was complex for both the surgical team due to an extensive surgery, but also the anesthetist during the hyperthermic phase where the chemotherapy was administered. The post-operative recovery in such a case is also many times stormy and requires extreme vigilance. We had major challenges such as prolonged surgery, massive blood loss, temperature management, maintaining adequate urine output, and post-operative critical care. Extensive pre-operative preparation and proper coordination with the multidisciplinary team led us to handle the condition satisfactorily. The PPC in a young patient itself is a rare which enthuses us to report the case.

Context A unique population of Merino sheep recorded for a range of production and reproduction traits presented an opportunity to calculate sire variation in dentition which may indicate maturity and influence marketing and selection decisions. A change in the definition of ‘lamb’ in the Australian sheep industry warranted an investigation of the relationship between production, reproduction and dentition. Aims To assess the variation in timing of dentition changes in Merino sheep and determine whether there are associations with key production and reproduction traits. Methods A population of 2150 pedigree-recorded Merino sheep were studied to analyse the sire variation in progeny for a range of dentition changes and production and reproduction traits. Dentition phenotypes included the age animals started to lose the deciduous lamb teeth, the age when one permanent incisor was in wear and the amount of time between these two events. Production records included bodyweight, fat and muscle traits. Reproduction records from the female progeny included the outcome of pregnancy scanning after the first joining opportunity. Sire variation for the age dentition changed was analysed. The effect of progeny age at hogget categorisation on production and reproduction was analysed. Key results Progeny that were heavier, fatter and with higher muscle measurements matured earlier. Female progeny were more likely to be pregnant if classed as hoggets earlier in life. Conclusions Dentition records provided useful indicators of maturity in Merino sheep in this study and can be used to inform decisions regarding the timing of marketing options and the likelihood of success when assessing female progeny for suitability to join at ~18 months of age. Implications Merino sires can exhibit a wide range of variation with respect to the age at which their progeny will mature, as indicated by their dentition. If animals are heavier at an earlier age, they are more likely to mature earlier, which has to be considered when planning nutritional requirements for growing out young male progeny, and females could be more successful as young breeders. Dentition is a useful tool to indicate maturity in young Merino sheep.

Castillo, D, Rodríguez-Fernández, A, Nakamura, FY, Sanchez-Sanchez, J, Ramirez-Campillo, R, Yanci, J, Zubillaga, A, and Raya-González, J. Influence of different small-sided game formats on physical and physiological demands and physical performance in young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2287-2293, 2021-The aim of this study was to quantify the acute impact of bout duration and individual interaction space on physical and physiological demands and on physical performance. Ten young male soccer players (age: 14.8 ± 0.6 years) from the same team playing in the National U-16 Division participated. Physical (total distance [TD]; distance covered at different speeds; and maximum velocity [Velmax]) and physiological (peak [HRpeak] and mean [HRmean] heart rate) parameters were collected for every bout during each small-sided game (SSG) format. Moreover, the effects of SSGs on horizontal jump (HJ) and 30-m sprint performances were evaluated. The SSG formats were composed of 6 players a side (including goalkeepers) and included 4 repetitions of 6 minutes in a space of 100 m2 (SSG1) or 200 m2 (SSG2) and 6 repetitions of 4 minutes in 100 m2 (SSG3) or 200 m2 (SSG4). The TD, the distance covered at different speeds, and Velmax were greater (p0.01, effect size [ES] = 1.25-5.95, large) in SSG2 and SSG4 than SSG1 and SSG3, respectively. Furthermore, the HRmean and HRpeak were lower (p0.05, ES = 1.53-2.23, large) during SSG3 than other SSGs. In addition, while a significant (p0.05, ES = 0.70-2.04, moderate to large) increase in SPR30 time in SSG1 and SSG3 was observed, HJ performance was not affected (p0.05, ES = 0.03-0.54, trivial to moderate) by any SSG format. These findings suggest increasing pitch size to induce greater physical demands and to use SSGs with smaller pitch size, and independently of the bout duration, to induce neuromuscular fatigue.

Background The sagittal maxillary fracture often coexists with maxillary fractures and warrants a definitive management strategy together with other maxillary fractures. Method This study was conducted on 60 patients suffering from sagittal maxillary fracture. Palatal fractures were classified into six subgroups. During management, patients were divided into three groups. In group A, patients with type I, IV, V, and VI were managed with maxillomandibular fixation and anterior maxillary buttress stabilization. Group B patients included type II, III, and IV palatal fractures. These fractures were undisplaced and were managed with maxillomandibular fixation, anterior alveolar plating, and anterior maxillary buttress stabilization. Group C included type II and III fractures with visible gap in the palate and were managed with maxillomandibular fixation, palatal vault plating, anterior alveolar plating, and anterior maxillary buttress stabilization. Result Sagittal maxillary fracture was more common in young males. Le Fort I and II fractures were more frequently associated with it in isolation or in combination. Parasagittal and sagittal fractures were the most common types. Sixteen patients of group A, twenty patients of group B, and twenty-four patients of group C were managed. Malocclusion (2), plate extrusion (2), and oroantral fistula (2) were the most common complications. Conclusion Sagittal maxillary fracture can be diagnosed with clinical and radiological examination. Palatal vault plating is required in displaced palatal fractures of type II and III. Single plate fixed in posterior half of middle one-third of palate gives sufficient stability to the palatal vault.

Background Many researchers have questioned whether shoulder kinematics such as the glenohumeral position and scapular kinematics would be different in different age groups. However, studies comparing shoulder kinematics between different age groups have been rare. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the three-dimensional (3D) glenohumeral position, scapular kinematics, and scapulohumeral rhythm (SHR) during scapular plane arm abduction between a normal young male group and a normal older male group. Methods Twenty normal men (10 young and 10 older) were enrolled in this controlled laboratory study. Fluoroscopic images were obtained using a single plane X-ray system. Bilateral computed tomography scans were taken to create a 3D model. A 3D-2D registration technique was used to determine the 3D position and orientation of the bones of the shoulder. Results During scapular plane arm abduction, there were significant differences in scapular kinematics between the groups. The older male group showed more upward rotation, posterior tilt, and external rotation than the young male group. On the other hand, the glenohumeral position such as superior inferior translation, anterior posterior translation, and external rotation of the humeral head did not show significant difference between the groups. The mean value of SHR for the overall arm elevation range from start to maximum elevation angle for the older group and young group was 2.298 ± 0.964 and 2.622 ± 0.931, respectively, showing a significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.035). Conclusions Scapular kinematics and SHR were significantly different between the older male group and the young male group. Our study could provide reference values of shoulder kinematics for older men aged 55-65 years.

Sleep loss causes mood disturbance in non-clinical populations under severe conditions, i.e., two days/nights of sleep deprivation or a week of sleep restriction with 4–5 h in bed each night. However, the effects of more-common types of sleep loss on mood disturbance are not yet known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine mood disturbance in healthy adults over a week with nightly time in bed controlled at 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 h. Participants (n = 115) spent nine nights in the laboratory and were given either 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 h in bed over seven consecutive nights. Mood was assessed daily using the Profile of Mood States (POMS-2). Mixed-linear effects models examined the effect of time in bed on total mood disturbance and subscales of anger-hostility, confusion-bewilderment, depression-dejection, fatigue-inertia, tension-anxiety, vigour-activity and friendliness. There was no effect of time in bed on total mood disturbance (F(4, 110.42) = 1.31, p = 0.271) or any of the subscales except fatigue-inertia. Fatigue-inertia was higher in the 5 h compared with the 9 h time in bed condition (p = 0.012, d = 0.75). Consecutive nights of moderate sleep loss (i.e., 5–7 h) does not affect mood but does increase fatigue in healthy males.

Introduction Despite findings that 1 in 4 eating disorder sufferers are male (Beat, 2017), they continue to be known as "female" disorders, an association which delays diagnosis in males and prevents them from seeking the help that they need to recover. Aim The current paper aimed to challenge this misconception by enabling and supporting Ben, a young male diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa aged 16, to share his experience of seeking and receiving treatment for the disorder. Method It achieved this by exploring how his disorder developed, his experience of a child and adolescent inpatient service and the events leading up to this, and his life post-discharge, all in collaboration with Ben himself and using his own words. Discussion The paper concludes with some implications for future practice, including that eating disorders should not be skewed towards any gender, treatment programmes need to ensure full inclusivity of males, and more gender sensitive information is required to raise awareness of this population and thus reduce the stigma and isolation they experience at present. It is hoped that these, along with the rest of the paper, will be accessible to and utilized by both professionals and non-professionals alike. Accessible summary ● Around one quarter of people diagnosed with an eating disorder are male, yet they continue to be known as "female" disorders. Because of this, young males are often missed by the system and as a result, receive treatment later than they should. They are currently underrepresented in services. ● This paper challenges the association above by supporting a young man who suffered with a type of eating disorder known as Anorexia Nervosa to share his journey from his personal perspective. It provides great insight into what it is like to be a male with an eating disorder, including how it felt to be the only male in an inpatient facility surrounded by females with the same disorder. ● The paper also provides important information for professionals working in the area. For example, eating disorders, including Anorexia Nervosa, should not be associated with one specific gender, and treatment programmes for young people with eating disorders should ensure they are appropriate for both females and males. As a society, we need to challenge the stigma which exists for males in admitting when they are struggling and asking for help, and we need to do everything we can to ensure that young men are picked up earlier in the system, in order to give them the best chance of recovery. ● It is hoped that Ben's story and the recommendations from it can go on to help other males who might be struggling.

The term “Dad Bod” first emerged in a 2015 article by college student Pearson and initially described a young male physique that balances fat and muscle and also connotes a relaxed lifestyle involving ample amounts of beer and pizza. The term has since gained in popularity and entered the household lexicon, often in relation to early-middle-aged men. Using Scott’s theory of “performative regulation” and digital articles from men’s health and fitness magazines, blogs, and other popular media outlets, this article examines connections between the Dad Bod and female sexual desire, health, well-being, men’s body positivity, and masculinity. The Dad Bod speaks to profound tensions in neoliberal society which men navigate in a range of ways by ignoring, resisting, and/or embodying this identity.

Childhood adversities, such as abuse, neglect and parental alcohol and substance abuse, has been linked to higher rates of youth delinquency. Drawing on interviews with 33 young male offenders, inc...

The drop jump (DJ) is commonly utilised to assess athletes. The criterion two force platform (2FP) method of assessing DJ performance involves two adjacent force platforms, one for the box and one for the athlete to rebound from. Most researchers and practitioners only have access to one force platform (1FP) and they rarely account for the often considerable discrepancy between box height and drop height (DH). Therefore, this study aimed to determine the criterion validity of evaluating DJ performance with 1FP. Twenty-six young male sports students performed three DJs, from a 0.30 m and 0.40 m high box, on two adjacent force platforms. The DH, touchdown velocity and several performance variables were calculated using the 2FP and 1FP methods. Ordinary least-products regression identified no fixed or proportional bias between methods for any DJ variable. The mean DH was 10% lower than the 0.30 m box and 14% lower than the 0.40 m high box. This discrepancy highlights the importance of accounting for DH when conducting DJ assessments. In conclusion, the 1FP method of evaluating DJ performance is a valid alternative to the criterion 2FP method and could be embedded into automated force analysis software for researchers and practitioners to utilise.

Aim: To study physiological conditions of the human body at different stages of adaptation to the climatic conditions of the High North. Methods: A longitudinal study included 17-21-year-old young men (n = 1 310) in the Magadan region (North-East of Russia) that were followed up for 10 years. Parameters of the cardio-respiratory system, the structure of the microvasculature, as well as the data of the biochemical profile and basic metabolism of the subjects were measured and analyzed. Results: Our main findings suggest that longer duration of residence in the High North is associated with decreased functional stress in cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The proportion of individuals with abnormal basal metabolic parameters and hyperglycemia was inversely associated with duration of stay in the High North. At the same time, the percentage of alterations in microcirculation indices increases from the 0 to the third generation of residents of the High North. Conclusion: The results of the study are in general in line with the results of earlier studies on conditions of the main physiological systems at different stages of adaptation. They provide additional support to the hypothesis of the formation of a new population of inhabitants in the Russian High North that were newcomers but gradually adapted to the conditions of the North.

We analyzed the validity of the estimation equations for skeletal muscle mass (SMM) using mass of appendicular lean soft tissue (ALST), evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), in healthy young males undergoing training, and compared it with the results obtained using whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We hypothesized that a novel variable, that is, trunk and trunk-to-appendicular ratio of lean soft tissues (trunk/ALST), would be useful in reducing estimation errors in athletes or physically active participants. We analyzed the data of 30 participants (mean age 19.9 ± 1.8 years). SMM was measured using whole-body MRI, while mass of trunk and ALST was assessed using DXA. Three previously utilized estimation equations were retrieved from the literature and used for comparison. The estimated SMM values using previous equations highly correlated with measured SMM, which was determined by MRI, but the mean estimated SMM values were significantly lower than the measured-SMM values. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that mass of ALST, trunk/ALST ratio, and percent body fat were significant predictors of SMM and were incorporated as the new suggested variables. This equation accounted for 90.3% of the variance in SMM. While the previous equations' estimated SMM correlated with measured-SMM in participants with trunk/ALST ratios ≤1.05, they underestimated SMMs in those with trunk/ALST ratios >1.05. The present study confirms that the previously used equations underestimate the actual SMM, particularly in participants with high trunk/ALST ratios (>1.05). The current equation may be used in healthy and active young males, including athletes, as a preliminary tool.

On Zhihu, China’s biggest social network platform for knowledge sharing, young male users are invited to put forward their experiences and suggestions on how to alleviate their partner’s menstrual ...