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Particulate matter has major climate and health impacts, and it is therefore of utmost importance to be able to measure the composition of these particles to gain insights into their sources and characteristics. Many methods, both offline and online, have been employed over the years to achieve this goal. One of the most recent developments is the Vaporization Inlet for Aerosols (VIA) coupled to a nitrate Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (NO3-CIMS), but a thorough understanding of the VIA–NO3-CIMS system remains incomplete. In this work, we ran a series of tests to assess the impacts from different systems and sampling parameters on the detection efficiency of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) in the VIA–NO3-CIMS. Firstly, we found that the current VIA system (which includes an activated carbon denuder and a vaporization tube) efficiently transmits particles (> 90 % for particles larger than 50 nm), while removing gaseous compounds (> 97 % for tested volatile organic compounds (VOCs)). One of the main differences between the VIA and traditional thermal desorption (TD) techniques is the very short residence time in the heating region, on the order of 0.1 s. We found that this short residence time and the corresponding short contact with heated surfaces, is likely one of the main reasons why relatively reactive or weakly bound, such as peroxides, were observable using the VIA. However, the VIA also requires much higher temperatures to fully evaporate the aerosol components. For example, the evaporation temperature of ammonium sulfate particles using the VIA was found to be about 100–150 °C higher than in typical TD systems. We also observed that the evaporation of particles with larger sizes occurred at slightly higher temperatures compared to smaller particles. Another major aspect that we investigated was the gas-phase wall losses of evaporated molecules. With a more optimized interface between the VIA and the NO3-CIMS, we were able to greatly decrease wall losses and thus improve on the sensitivity compared to our earlier VIA work. This interface included a dedicated sheath flow unit to cool the heated sample and provide the NO3-CIMS with the needed high flow (10 L min-1). Our results indicate that most organic molecules observable by the NO3-CIMS can evaporate and be transported efficiently in the VIA system, but upon contact with the hot walls of the VIA, the molecules are instantaneously lost. This loss potentially leads to fragmentation products that are not observable by the NO3-CIMS. Thermograms, obtained by scanning the VIA temperature, were found to be very valuable for both quantification purposes and estimating the volatility of the evaporating compounds. We developed a simple one-dimensional model to account for the evaporation of particles and the temperature-dependent wall losses of the evaporated molecules, and thereby estimate the concentration of HOMs in SOA particles. Overall, our results provide much-needed insights into the key processes underlying the VIA–NO3-CIMS method. Although there are still some limitations that could be addressed through hardware improvements, the VIA-NO3-CIMS is a very promising and useful system for fast online measurements of HOMs in the particle phase.

Internet of things technology is to collect any object or process that needs monitoring, connection and interaction in real time through various information sensing equipment and technology. At present, in the process of bee breeding, it is the most difficult problem to understand the internal situation of the beehive under the premise of least disturbance to the bee colony. The application of Internet of things technology can solve this problem. This paper discusses the design of intelligent beehive structure, and expounds the application of iot technology in beekeeping industry from two aspects: intelligent beehive and intelligent factory. This article aims to help the beekeeping industry reduce employment, increase production efficiency and improve the quality of honey.

The subject of this PhD thesis is the propagation of nonlinear waves in 1D acoustic metamaterials. More specifically we aim to study the interplay between nonlinearity, loss and dispersion. Our studies combine analytical calculations, numerical simulations and experimental results. In particular we focus our analysis on two main phenomena: the second harmonic generation and the formation of solitary waves. Two different acoustic metamaterials are studied: (i) A waveguide loaded with a periodic distribution of side holes (featuring negative effective bulk modulus) and (ii) a waveguide periodically loaded with clamped elastic plates (featuring negative effective mass density). Relying on the electroacoustic analogy and the transmission line approach, we derive a discrete lattice model for each system. The corresponding long wavelength, continuum approximation of the lattice models, leads to a nonlinear, dispersive and dissipative wave equation. From the latter, by utilising a perturbation method, we obtain analytical results regarding the second harmonic generation. Furthermore with the use of a multiple scale analysis we find various envelope (bright, gap, black and gray) soliton solutions supported by the acoustic metamaterial. The analytical predictions are corroborated by direct numerical simulations. We finally perform experiments on an acoustic waveguide loaded with a periodic distribution of side holes and measure the second harmonic generation in close agreement with our theoretical predictions.; Cette thèse porte sur la propagation d’ondes non-linéaires dans des métamatériaux acoustiques unidimensionnels. Plus précisément, nous voulons étudier les interactions entre les non-linéarités, les pertes et la dispersion. Ce travail combine des calculs analytiques, des simulations numériques et des résultats expérimentaux. En particulier, nous concentrons notre analyses sur deux phénomènes : la génération du second harmonique et la formation de solitons acoustiques. Deux types différents de métamatériaux sont étudiés : (i) un guide d’onde chargé par une distribution périodique de trous latéraux (milieu à densité effective négative) et (ii) un guide d’onde chargé périodiquement par des plaques élastiques encastrées (milieu à masse effective négative). En s’appuyant sur une analogie électroacoustique et sur la théorie des lignes de transmission, un modèle discret de la propagation est développé pour chaque système. L’approximation des grandes longueurs d’ondes est ensuite utilisée pour obtenir une modèle continu permettant d’établir une équation non-linéaire, dispersive et dissipative pour la propagation. Cette dernière est analysée à l’aide de la méthode des perturbations conduisant à une expression analytique pour la génération du second harmonique. De plus, la méthode des échelles multiples est utilisée pour obtenir les diverses solutions de solitons d’enveloppe (bright, dark et gray) présents dans les systèmes. Les prédictions analytiques sont corroborées par des simulations numériques directes et des mesures de la génération de second harmonique sont effectuées mettant en lumière un bon accord avec le modèle théorique.

The subject of this PhD thesis is the propagation of nonlinear waves in 1D acoustic metamaterials. More specifically we aim to study the interplay between nonlinearity, loss and dispersion. Our studies combine analytical calculations, numerical simulations and experimental results. In particular we focus our analysis on two main phenomena: the second harmonic generation and the formation of solitary waves. Two different acoustic metamaterials are studied: (i) A waveguide loaded with a periodic distribution of side holes (featuring negative effective bulk modulus) and (ii) a waveguide periodically loaded with clamped elastic plates (featuring negative effective mass density). Relying on the electroacoustic analogy and the transmission line approach, we derive a discrete lattice model for each system. The corresponding long wavelength, continuum approximation of the lattice models, leads to a nonlinear, dispersive and dissipative wave equation. From the latter, by utilising a perturbation method, we obtain analytical results regarding the second harmonic generation. Furthermore with the use of a multiple scale analysis we find various envelope (bright, gap, black and gray) soliton solutions supported by the acoustic metamaterial. The analytical predictions are corroborated by direct numerical simulations. We finally perform experiments on an acoustic waveguide loaded with a periodic distribution of side holes and measure the second harmonic generation in close agreement with our theoretical predictions.; Cette thèse porte sur la propagation d’ondes non-linéaires dans des métamatériaux acoustiques unidimensionnels. Plus précisément, nous voulons étudier les interactions entre les non-linéarités, les pertes et la dispersion. Ce travail combine des calculs analytiques, des simulations numériques et des résultats expérimentaux. En particulier, nous concentrons notre analyses sur deux phénomènes : la génération du second harmonique et la formation de solitons acoustiques. Deux types différents de métamatériaux sont étudiés : (i) un guide d’onde chargé par une distribution périodique de trous latéraux (milieu à densité effective négative) et (ii) un guide d’onde chargé périodiquement par des plaques élastiques encastrées (milieu à masse effective négative). En s’appuyant sur une analogie électroacoustique et sur la théorie des lignes de transmission, un modèle discret de la propagation est développé pour chaque système. L’approximation des grandes longueurs d’ondes est ensuite utilisée pour obtenir une modèle continu permettant d’établir une équation non-linéaire, dispersive et dissipative pour la propagation. Cette dernière est analysée à l’aide de la méthode des perturbations conduisant à une expression analytique pour la génération du second harmonique. De plus, la méthode des échelles multiples est utilisée pour obtenir les diverses solutions de solitons d’enveloppe (bright, dark et gray) présents dans les systèmes. Les prédictions analytiques sont corroborées par des simulations numériques directes et des mesures de la génération de second harmonique sont effectuées mettant en lumière un bon accord avec le modèle théorique.