Search

As China's urbanisation continues to advance, more people are choosing to live in cities. However, this trend has a significant impact on the natural ecosystem. For instance, the accumulation of keratin-rich substrates in urban habitats has led to an increase in keratinophilic microbes. Despite this, there is still a limited amount of research on the prevalence of keratinophilic fungi in urban areas. Fortunately, our group has conducted in-depth investigations into this topic since 2015. Through our research, we have discovered a significant amount of keratinophilic fungi in soil samples collected from various urban areas in China. In this study, we have identified and characterised 18 new species through the integration of morphological and phylogenetic analyses. These findings reveal the presence of numerous unexplored fungal taxa in urban habitats, emphasising the need for further taxonomic research in urban China.

As the core component of Android framework, Android system services provide a large number of basic and core function services for Android system. It has a lot of resources and very high system permissions. And for the Android system, it is a very important attack surface. Attackers can use Android system service vulnerabilities to steal user privacy, cause Android applications or Android system denial of service, remote malicious code execution and other malicious behaviors, which will seriously affect the security of Android users. Based on fuzzy testing technology, this paper designed and implemented a vulnerability mining system for Android system services, optimized and improved the fuzzy testing method, so as to improve the speed and effectiveness of vulnerability mining, and timely submitted the discovered vulnerabilities to the corresponding manufacturers and security agencies, to help Android manufacturers repair the vulnerabilities in time. The main work of this paper is as follows: Aiming at the null pointer reference vulnerability of Android system services, we designed and implemented an automatic fast mining system FASSFuzzer. FASSFuzzer uses ADB to quickly detect null pointer reference vulnerabilities in Android services. At the same time, FASSFuzzer added automatic design to automatically perceive the generation of vulnerabilities and ensure the full automation of the whole vulnerability mining process, and automatically generate a vulnerability mining report after the completion of vulnerability mining. &nbsp

Twenty-three strains of Chrysosporium were isolated from soil samples in different provinces of China. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequence data showed that these strains comprised nine new species and four already known species. The new species could be also distinguished from related species by their morphology. The results of phylogenetic and morphological analyses confirmed the nine new species of Chrysosporium. Descriptions and illustrations of these new species are provided.

Background: The effects of conduction system pacing (CSP) compared with conventional biventricular pacing (BVP) on heart function in patients with heart failure remain elusive.Methods: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane’s Library and Web of science databases were searched up to 1 October 2022 for pertinent controlled studies. Random or fixed-effect model were used to synthesize the clinical outcomes. Subgroup analysis was performed to screen the potential confounding factors.Results: Fifteen studies including 1,347 patients were enrolled. Compared with BVP, CSP was significantly associated with shortened QRS duration [WMD -22.51 ms; p = 0.000], improved left ventricular ejection fraction [WMD 5.53%; p = 0.000], improved NYHA grade [WMD -0.42; p = 0.000], higher response rate and lower heart failure rehospitalization rate. CSP resulted in better clinical outcomes in higher male proportion group than lower one compared with BVP. No significant differences of clinical outcomes were observed between left bundle branch area pacing (LBBaP) and his bundle pacing (HBP) except the pacing threshold. The pacing threshold of LBBaP was significantly lower than those in BVP and HBP.Conclusion: This study suggests that CSP might be superior to conventional BVP for HF patients. In a higher male proportion group, CSP may be associated with more benefits than BVP.Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022355991; Identifier: CRD42022355991.

The fungal taxa belonging to the Clavicipitaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) are widely distributed and include diverse saprophytic, symbiotic and pathogenic species that are associated with soils, insects, plants, fungi and invertebrates. In this study, we identified two new fungal taxa belonging to the family Clavicipitaceae that were isolated from soils collected in China. Morphological characterisation and phylogenetic analyses showed that the two species belong to Pochonia (Pochonia sinensis sp. nov.) and a new genus for which we propose Paraneoaraneomyces gen. nov. in Clavicipitaceae.

Quercetin (QUE) is a widely studied nutraceutical with a number of potential therapeutic properties. Although QUE is abundant in the plant kingdom, its poor solubility (≤20 μg/mL) and poor oral bioavailability have impeded its potential utility and clinical development. In this context, cocrystallization has emerged as a useful method for improving the physicochemical properties of biologically active molecules. We herein report a novel cocrystal of the nutraceutical quercetin (QUE) with the coformer pentoxifylline (PTF) and a solvate of a previously reported structure between QUE and betaine (BET). We also report the outcomes of in vitro and in vivo studies of QUE release and absorption from a panel of QUE cocrystals: betaine (BET), theophylline (THP), l-proline (PRO), and novel QUEPTF. All cocrystals were found to exhibit an improvement in the dissolution rate of QUE. Further, the QUE plasma levels in Sprague–Dawley rats showed a 64-, 27-, 10- and 7-fold increase in oral bioavailability for QUEBET·MeOH, QUEPTF, QUEPRO, and QUETHP, respectively, compared to QUE anhydrate. We rationalize our in vivo and in vitro findings as the result of dissolution–supersaturation–precipitation behavior.

Key to Acrocalymma species with asexual morph 1. Pycnidia without central ostiole......................................................................................................................................... A. bipolare 1. Pycnidia with central ostiole..............................................................................................................................................................2 2. Conidia without apical appendage......................................................................................................................................................3 2. Conidia with apical appendage...........................................................................................................................................................4 3. Conidia hyaline, subcylindrical, with three vertical eusepta............................................................................................. A. yuxiense 3. Conidia hyaline to brown, cylindrical to fusiform, 1–3 septate............................................................................................ A. vagum 4. Conidia> 5.5 µm wide.......................................................................................................................................................................5 4. Conidia A. hongheense 5. Conidia 17–19 × 5.5–6.5 μm, cylindrical to fusoid............................................................................................................. A. ampeli 6. Conidia> 25 μm long, (25–)28–32(–35) μm...................................................................................................................... A. cycadis 6. Conidia A. fici 7. Conidia without a small flattened central scar at base.......................................................................................................................8 8. Conidia with appendage at each end............................................................................................................................ A. medicaginis 8. Conidia with appendage at one end....................................................................................................................................................9 9. Conidia 3–4 µm wide, with a mucilaginous helmet-shaped appendage........................................................................... A. aquatica 9. Conidia 1.5–2.5 µm wide, with a small flabellate apical appendage.......................................................................... A. guizhouense, Published as part of Shao, Qiu-Yu, Qi, Ying-Hua, Wang, Jing, Yang, Yan-Ming, Zhang, Zhi-Yuan, Chen, Wan-Hao, Liang, Jian-Dong, Liang, Zong-Qi & Han, Yan-Feng, 2022, Acrocalymma guizhouense sp. nov. (Acrocalymmaceae, Dothideomycetes) from soil in China, pp. 229-236 in Phytotaxa 558 (2) on page 234, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.558.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7003013

Acrocalymma guizhouense Q.Y. Shao, Y.F. Han & Z.Q. Liang, sp. nov. (Fig. 2) MycoBank No.: MB843642 Type:— CHINA. Guizhou Province, Guiyang City, Guizhou University, the rhizosphere soil of potted Perilla frutescens (N 26°44′, E 106°67′), 29 August 2019, Q.Y. Shao, dried holotype HMAS 351907, ex-holotype CGMCC 3.208 53 (= GZUIFR H22.027). Colonies on PDA attaining 31 to 33 mm in diameter after 14 days at 25°C, suborbicular, raised, dense, fluffy to velvety with smooth aspects, slightly undulate at the margin, white to light gray, absent pigment and exudates; reverse: black to light brown in the center, white at the margin. Colonies on OA 44 mm diameter after 14 days at 25°C, circular, slightly raised, sparse, fluffy, with a smooth edge, taupe; reverse: brown to light brown. Colonies on MEA attaining 27 to 28 mm diameter after 14 days at 25°C, suborbicular, slightly raised, fluffy, with irregular edge, white to pale yellow; reverse: orange to yellow. Vegetative hyphae septate, hyaline, smooth, 1.0–2.5 μm wide, thin walled with dumbbellshaped or guttulate content. Chlamydospores hyaline, smooth, subglobose or lageniform, with guttulate content, in short to long chains. After 30 days of incubation at 25°C on PDA, the colonies almost covered the whole plate, fluffy, white to light brown, and black granular substances were visible. Through stereoscopic microscope (Motic China Co., Ltd, SZM-171) observation, these granular substances are pycnidia of this strain. Pycnidia 300–400 × 230–300 µm (av. = 353 × 250 μm, n = 10), semi-immersed to superficial, dark brown or black, globose or subglobose, separate but aggregated in clusters, papillate, with a central ostiole. Peridium 18–20 µm wide, composed of 5–8 layers of brown cells, arranged in a textura angularis, thick-walled, cells towards the inside hyaline to lightly pigmented, at the outside, darker. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 5–8 × 1.5–2.5 µm (av. = 6 × 2 μm, n = 20), discrete, cylindrical or lageniform, hyaline, formed from the inner layer cells of pycnidium wall. Conidia 9–13 × 1.5–2.5 µm (av. = 11 × 2 μm, n = 50), cylindrical to fusiform, unicellular, solitary, hyaline, smooth, straight, aseptate, thin walled with guttulate content, truncate at the base and becoming a little narrower at apex, one apex with small flabellate apical appendage. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Etymology:— guizhouense, referring to Guizhou Province where the type locality was situated. Additional specimens examined:— CHINA, Guizhou Province, Guiyang City, Guizhou University, N 26°44′, E 106°67′, from rhizosphere soil of potted medicinal plant Perilla frutescens, 29 August 2019, Q.Y. Shao. The dried cultures GZAC H22.028 and H22.029 and their living cultures GZUIFR H22.028 and GZUIFR H22.029 deposited in the Institute of Fungus Resources, Guizhou University, China (GZAC). The living cultures were kept in sterile 30% glycerol and deposited in a -80°C freezer. Geographical distribution:— Guizhou Province, China. Notes:— Phylogenetically, A. guizhouense clustered together with the other eleven known Acrocalymma in a clade with high support value, but formed a separated subclade (Fig. 1). Morphologically, among the known Acrocalymma species, A. Walkeri, A. pterocarpi and A. hongheense were observed to have sexual morph (Trakunyingcharoen et al. 2014, Jayasiri et al. 2019, Mortimer et al. 2021). In this study, three strains (CGMCC 3.208 53, GZUIFR H22.028 and GZUIFR H22.029) isolated from the rhizosphere soil of the potted Perilla frutescens only observed asexual morphs, but no sexual morph. Our strains tally with it being an Acrocalymma species in having globose, semi-immersed, ostiolate pycnidia, cylindrical or lageniform, hyaline conidiogenous cells and hyaline, smooth, guttulate, cylindrical to fusiform conidia (Trakunyingcharoen et al. 2014, Tennakoon et al. 2021). Acrocalymma guizhouense differs from the other species in having the narrowest conidia, with a width ranging from 1.5-2.5 µm. Therefore, morphological and molecular phylogenetic results indicated that these isolates are a new species in the genus Acrocalymma, described here as A. guizhouense., Published as part of Shao, Qiu-Yu, Qi, Ying-Hua, Wang, Jing, Yang, Yan-Ming, Zhang, Zhi-Yuan, Chen, Wan-Hao, Liang, Jian-Dong, Liang, Zong-Qi & Han, Yan-Feng, 2022, Acrocalymma guizhouense sp. nov. (Acrocalymmaceae, Dothideomycetes) from soil in China, pp. 229-236 in Phytotaxa 558 (2) on page 233, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.558.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7003013, {"references":["Trakunyingcharoen, T., Lombard, L., Groenewald, J. Z., Cheewangkoon, R., Toanun, C., Alfenas, A. C. & Crous, P. W. (2014) Mycoparasitic species of Sphaerellopsis, and allied lichenicolous and other genera. IMA Fungus 5: 391 - 414. https: // doi. org / 10.5598 / imafungus. 2014.05.02.05","Jayasiri, S. C., Hyde, K. D., Jones, E. B. G., McKenzie, E., Jeewon, R., Phillips, A. J. L., Bhat, D. J., Wanasinghe, D. N., Liu, J. J., Lu, Y., Kang, J., Xu, J. & Karunarathna, S. C. (2019) Diversity, morphology and molecular phylogeny of Dothideomycetes on decaying wild seed pods and fruits. Mycosphere 10 (1): 1 - 186.","Mortimer, P. E., Jeewon, R., Xu, J. C., Lumyong, S. & Wanasinghe, D. N. (2021) Morpho-phylo taxonomy of novel Dothideomycetous fungi associated with dead woody twigs in Yunnan Province, China. Frontiers in Microbiology 12: 654683. https: // doi. 10.3389 / fmicb. 2021.654683","Tennakoon, D. S., Kuo, C. H., Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Thambugala, K. M., Gentekaki, E., Phillips, A. L. J., Bhat, D. J., Wanasinghe, D. N., de Silva, N. I., Promputtha, I. & Hyde, K. D. (2021) Taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to Celtis formosana, Ficus ampelas, F. septica, Macaranga tanarius and Morus australis leaf litter inhabiting microfungi. Fungal Diversity 108: 1 - 215. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 021 - 00474 - w"]}

Chrysosporium villiforme Y.F. Han, W.H. Chen, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang, sp. nov. (Fig.10) Mycobank No.: MB 838871 Type: — CHINA. Shanxi Province: Linfen City, Ji county, N36.09°, E110.68°, from soils, August 2017, Y.F. Han, holotype GZAC. L19.4; ex-type culture GZU. L19.4. Colonies on PDA attaining about 40 mm diam. at 26 °C after 7 days, densely villiform in the center, sparsely villiform in the margin, creamy, margin irregular; reverse white to creamy. Hyphae septate, smooth, hyaline, 1.5–3.0 μm thick. Racquet hyphae absent. Conidia hyaline, smooth, abundant, arising from aerial hyphae directly or on short protrusions or side branches, unicellular, solitary or 2–3 in a short chain, ovoid, 4.0–7.5 × 2.0–2.5 μm, or pyriform,4.0– 5.5 × 2.5–3.0 μm, or clavate, 4.5–7.0 × 2.0–2.5 μm, with truncate base, basal scars 0.5–1.5 μm; intercalary conidia ellipsoidal, 2.0–3.0 × 1.0–2.5 μm. Chlamydospores absent. Etymology: —Referring to the villiform texture of colony on PDA media. Additional strains examined: — CHINA. Shanxi Province: Linfen, soil, N36.09°, E 110.68°, August 2017, Y.F. Han, GZAC. L19.5, living culture GZU. L19.5. Known distribution: —Linfen City, Shanxi Province, China.

Chrysosporium sichuanense Y.F. Han, W.H. Chen, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang, sp. nov. (Fig. 9) Mycobank No.: MB 838870 Type: ��� CHINA. Sichuan Province: Bazhong City, N31.15��, E106.21��, from soil, August 2017, Y.F. Han, holotype GZAC. FX8; ex-type culture GZU. FX8. Colonies on PDA attaining about 30 mm diam. at 26 ��C after 7 days, villiform, light raised, white; reverse white. Hyphae septate, smooth, hyaline, 1.5���3.5 ��m thick, sometimes having inflated structure. Racquet hyphae present, 34.0��� 129.0 �� 4.5���7.0 ��m. Conidia hyaline, smooth, abundant, arising from aerial hyphae directly or on short protrusions, unicellular or bicellular, solitary or 2���3 in short chain, clavate, 6.5���8.5 �� 2.0���2.5 ��m, or obovate, 4.0���6.5 �� 2.0���2.5 ��m, or pyriform, 5.0���9.5 �� 2.5���4.5 ��m, with truncate base, basal scars 1.0���2.0 ��m; intercalary conidia ellipsoidal, 4.5���5.5 �� 2.0���4.5 ��m; arthroconidia hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, 4.5���7.5 �� 2.0���2.5 ��m. Chlamydospores absent. Etymology: ���Referring to the region from which the holotype was isolated. Additional strains examined: ��� CHINA. Shanxi Province: Jinzhong, soil, N37.35��, E 112.33��, August 2017, Y.F. Han, GZAC. I17 and GZAC. I18, living cultures GZU. I17 and GZU. I18. Known distribution: ���Bazhong city, Sichuan Province; Jinzhong City, Shanxi Province, China., Published as part of Han, Yan-Feng, Ge, Wei, Zhang, Zhi-Yuan, Liang, Jian-Dong, Chen, Wan-Hao, Huang, Jian- Zhong & Liang, Zong-Qi, 2022, Morphological and phylogenetic characterisations reveal nine new species of Chrysosporium (Onygenaceae, Onygenales) in China, pp. 1-16 in Phytotaxa 539 (1) on page 11, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.539.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6345907

Chrysosporium fusiforme Y.F. Han, W.H. Chen, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang, sp. nov. (Fig. 2) Mycobank No.: MB 838863 Type:— CHINA. Shanxi Province: Jinzhong City, Qixian (N37.37°, E112.28°), from soil, August 2017, Y.F. Han, holotype GZAC.I9; ex-type culture GZU.I9. Colonies on PDA attaining about 35 mm diam. at 26 °C after 7 days, flat, felty, margin villiform, creamy to white from center to margin; reverse creamy to white from center to margin. Hyphae septate, smooth, hyaline, 1.0–2.5 μm. Racquet hyphae absent. Conidia abundant, hyaline, smooth, lateral or terminal, arising from aerial hyphae directly or on short protrusions, unicellular, fusiform, 5.5–10.5 × 2.0–4.0 μm, or ovoid, 3.5–5.0 × 1.0–3.0 μm, with truncate base, basal scars 1.0–1.5 μm; intercalary conidia fusiform, 6.5–9.0 × 2.5–3.0 μm. Chlamydospores absent. Etymology: —Referring to the shape of conidia. Additional strains examined: — CHINA. Shanxi: Linfen, soil, N36.09°, E110.68°, August 2017, Y.F. Han, GZAC.I8 and GZAC.L17.2, their living cultures GZU.I8 and GZU.L17.2. Known distribution: —Jinzhong and Linfen city, Shanxi Province, China.

Chrysosporium fusiforme Y.F. Han, W.H. Chen, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang, sp. nov. (Fig. 2) Mycobank No.: MB 838863 Type:��� CHINA. Shanxi Province: Jinzhong City, Qixian (N37.37��, E112.28��), from soil, August 2017, Y.F. Han, holotype GZAC.I9; ex-type culture GZU.I9. Colonies on PDA attaining about 35 mm diam. at 26 ��C after 7 days, flat, felty, margin villiform, creamy to white from center to margin; reverse creamy to white from center to margin. Hyphae septate, smooth, hyaline, 1.0���2.5 ��m. Racquet hyphae absent. Conidia abundant, hyaline, smooth, lateral or terminal, arising from aerial hyphae directly or on short protrusions, unicellular, fusiform, 5.5���10.5 �� 2.0���4.0 ��m, or ovoid, 3.5���5.0 �� 1.0���3.0 ��m, with truncate base, basal scars 1.0���1.5 ��m; intercalary conidia fusiform, 6.5���9.0 �� 2.5���3.0 ��m. Chlamydospores absent. Etymology: ���Referring to the shape of conidia. Additional strains examined: ��� CHINA. Shanxi: Linfen, soil, N36.09��, E110.68��, August 2017, Y.F. Han, GZAC.I8 and GZAC.L17.2, their living cultures GZU.I8 and GZU.L17.2. Known distribution: ���Jinzhong and Linfen city, Shanxi Province, China., Published as part of Han, Yan-Feng, Ge, Wei, Zhang, Zhi-Yuan, Liang, Jian-Dong, Chen, Wan-Hao, Huang, Jian- Zhong & Liang, Zong-Qi, 2022, Morphological and phylogenetic characterisations reveal nine new species of Chrysosporium (Onygenaceae, Onygenales) in China, pp. 1-16 in Phytotaxa 539 (1) on pages 3-5, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.539.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6345907

Chrysosporium jiangsuense Y.F. Han, W.H. Chen, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang, sp. nov. (Fig. 6) Mycobank No.: MB 838867 Type: ��� CHINA. Jiangsu Province: Yangzhou City, N32��24���, E119��26���, from soil, August 2017, Y.F. Han, holotype GZAC. I10; ex-type culture GZU. I10. Colonies on PDA attaining about 40 mm diam. at 26 ��C after 14 days, short densely villiform, margin sparsely villiform, white; reverse white to yellowish. Hyphae septate, smooth, hyaline, 1.0���3.5 ��m thick. Racquet hyphae absent. Conidia hyaline, rough, mostly lateral or terminal, arising from aerial hyphae directly, unicellular, solitary, obovoid, 3.5���6.0 �� 1.5���2.5 ��m, or ellipsoidal, 1.5���3.0 �� 1.5���2.5 ��m, with truncate base, basal scars 0.5���1.0 ��m; intercalary conidia absent. Chlamydospores absent. Etymology: ���Referring to the region from which the fungus was isolated. Known distribution: ���Yangzhou city, Jiangsu Province, China., Published as part of Han, Yan-Feng, Ge, Wei, Zhang, Zhi-Yuan, Liang, Jian-Dong, Chen, Wan-Hao, Huang, Jian- Zhong & Liang, Zong-Qi, 2022, Morphological and phylogenetic characterisations reveal nine new species of Chrysosporium (Onygenaceae, Onygenales) in China, pp. 1-16 in Phytotaxa 539 (1) on page 9, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.539.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6345907

Chrysosporium gansuense Y.F. Han, W.H. Chen, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang, sp. nov. (Fig. 3) Mycobank No.: MB 838864 Type: ��� CHINA. Gansu Province: Jiayuguan City, N39.47��, E98.17��, from soil, August 2017, Y.F. Han, holotype GZAC.C4.1; ex-type culture GZU.C4.1. Colonies on PDA attaining about 40 mm diam. at 26 ��C after 14 days, flat, powdery, margin villiform, creamy to white from center to margin; reverse creamy. Hyphae septate, smooth, hyaline, 0.5���2.0 ��m. Racquet hyphae absent. Conidia abundant, hyaline, rough, lateral or terminal, arising from aerial hyphae directly or on short protrusions, unicellular, pyriform or clavate, 3.5���6.0 �� 1.5���3.5 ��m, or ellipsoidal, 3.5���4.5 �� 2.5���4.0 ��m, with truncate base, basal scars 0.5���1.0 ��m; intercalary conidia ellipsoidal, 3.0���5.0 �� 1.5���2.5 ��m. Chlamydospores absent. Etymology: ���Referring to the region from which the fungus was isolated. Additional strains examined: ��� CHINA. Gansu Province: Jiayuguan, soil, N39.47��, E98.17��, August 2017, J.J. Wang, GZAC.C4.2, living culture GZU.C4.2. Known distribution: ���Jiayuguan city, Gansu Province, China., Published as part of Han, Yan-Feng, Ge, Wei, Zhang, Zhi-Yuan, Liang, Jian-Dong, Chen, Wan-Hao, Huang, Jian- Zhong & Liang, Zong-Qi, 2022, Morphological and phylogenetic characterisations reveal nine new species of Chrysosporium (Onygenaceae, Onygenales) in China, pp. 1-16 in Phytotaxa 539 (1) on pages 5-6, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.539.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6345907

Chrysosporium guangxiense Y.F. Han, W.H. Chen, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang, sp. nov. (Fig. 4) Mycobank No.: MB 838865 Type: — CHINA. Guangxi Province: Guilin City, N24°18 ’’, E09°45 ’’, from soil, August 2017, Y.F. Han, holotype GZAC.EB9001M; ex-type culture GZU.EB9001M. Colonies on PDA attaining about 45–50 mm diam. at 26 °C after 14 days, flat, felty, obvious annulation in the center, margin villiform, white; reverse creamy to yellowish. Hyphae septate, smooth, hyaline, 1.0–3.0 μm. Racquet hyphae present, 17–50 × 2.5–5.5 μm. Conidia abundant, hyaline, smooth, lateral or terminal, arising from aerial hyphae directly or on short protrusions, unicellular, solitary or in cluster of 2, long ovoid, 5.0–8.5 × 3.5–7.0 μm, or clavate, 7.0–13 × 2.5–3.0 μm, with truncate base, basal scars 0.5–1.0 μm; intercalary conidia ellipsoidal, 5.5–10.0 × 2.0–2.5 μm. Chlamydospores absent. Etymology: —Referring to the region from which the fungus was isolated. Known distribution: —Guilin city, Guangxi Province, China.

Chrysosporium guangxiense Y.F. Han, W.H. Chen, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang, sp. nov. (Fig. 4) Mycobank No.: MB 838865 Type: ��� CHINA. Guangxi Province: Guilin City, N24��18 ������, E09��45 ������, from soil, August 2017, Y.F. Han, holotype GZAC.EB9001M; ex-type culture GZU.EB9001M. Colonies on PDA attaining about 45���50 mm diam. at 26 ��C after 14 days, flat, felty, obvious annulation in the center, margin villiform, white; reverse creamy to yellowish. Hyphae septate, smooth, hyaline, 1.0���3.0 ��m. Racquet hyphae present, 17���50 �� 2.5���5.5 ��m. Conidia abundant, hyaline, smooth, lateral or terminal, arising from aerial hyphae directly or on short protrusions, unicellular, solitary or in cluster of 2, long ovoid, 5.0���8.5 �� 3.5���7.0 ��m, or clavate, 7.0���13 �� 2.5���3.0 ��m, with truncate base, basal scars 0.5���1.0 ��m; intercalary conidia ellipsoidal, 5.5���10.0 �� 2.0���2.5 ��m. Chlamydospores absent. Etymology: ���Referring to the region from which the fungus was isolated. Known distribution: ���Guilin city, Guangxi Province, China., Published as part of Han, Yan-Feng, Ge, Wei, Zhang, Zhi-Yuan, Liang, Jian-Dong, Chen, Wan-Hao, Huang, Jian- Zhong & Liang, Zong-Qi, 2022, Morphological and phylogenetic characterisations reveal nine new species of Chrysosporium (Onygenaceae, Onygenales) in China, pp. 1-16 in Phytotaxa 539 (1) on page 7, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.539.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6345907

Chrysosporium gansuense Y.F. Han, W.H. Chen, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang, sp. nov. (Fig. 3) Mycobank No.: MB 838864 Type: — CHINA. Gansu Province: Jiayuguan City, N39.47°, E98.17°, from soil, August 2017, Y.F. Han, holotype GZAC.C4.1; ex-type culture GZU.C4.1. Colonies on PDA attaining about 40 mm diam. at 26 °C after 14 days, flat, powdery, margin villiform, creamy to white from center to margin; reverse creamy. Hyphae septate, smooth, hyaline, 0.5–2.0 μm. Racquet hyphae absent. Conidia abundant, hyaline, rough, lateral or terminal, arising from aerial hyphae directly or on short protrusions, unicellular, pyriform or clavate, 3.5–6.0 × 1.5–3.5 μm, or ellipsoidal, 3.5–4.5 × 2.5–4.0 μm, with truncate base, basal scars 0.5–1.0 μm; intercalary conidia ellipsoidal, 3.0–5.0 × 1.5–2.5 μm. Chlamydospores absent. Etymology: —Referring to the region from which the fungus was isolated. Additional strains examined: — CHINA. Gansu Province: Jiayuguan, soil, N39.47°, E98.17°, August 2017, J.J. Wang, GZAC.C4.2, living culture GZU.C4.2. Known distribution: —Jiayuguan city, Gansu Province, China.

Chrysosporium multiforme Y.F. Han, W.H. Chen, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang, sp. nov. (Fig. 8) Mycobank No.: MB 838869 Type: — CHINA. Gansu Province: Lanzhou City, N36°03′, E103°40′, from soil, August 2017, J.J. Wang, holotype GZAC. U3; ex-type culture GZU. U3. Colonies on PDA attaining about 45–50 mm diam. at 26 °C after 14 days, sparsely villiform, flat, yellowish, with obvious conidial powder; reverse yellowish. Hyphae septate, smooth or rough, hyaline, 2.0–3.0 μm thick. Racquet hyphae absent. Conidia hyaline, smooth, abundant, arising from aerial hyphae directly or on short protrusions, unicellular, solitary, pyriform, 9.5–15.5 × 7.0–8.0 μm, or obovate or ellipsoidal, 8.5–10.0 × 7.5–9.0 μm, with truncate base, basal scars 1.5–3.0 μm; intercalary conidia long oval, solitary or 2–4 in a bunch, 7.5–13.5 × 4.0–8.0 μm, or fusiform, 9.0–24.5 × 5.5–8.0 μm. Chlamydospores absent. Etymology: —Referring to the various shape of conidia. Additional strains examined: — CHINA. Gansu Province: Lanzhou, soil, N36°03′, E103°40′, August 2017, J.J. Wang, GZAC. U302, living culture GZU. U302. Known distribution: —Lanzhou city, Gansu Province, China.

Chrysosporium sichuanense Y.F. Han, W.H. Chen, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang, sp. nov. (Fig. 9) Mycobank No.: MB 838870 Type: — CHINA. Sichuan Province: Bazhong City, N31.15°, E106.21°, from soil, August 2017, Y.F. Han, holotype GZAC. FX8; ex-type culture GZU. FX8. Colonies on PDA attaining about 30 mm diam. at 26 °C after 7 days, villiform, light raised, white; reverse white. Hyphae septate, smooth, hyaline, 1.5–3.5 μm thick, sometimes having inflated structure. Racquet hyphae present, 34.0– 129.0 × 4.5–7.0 μm. Conidia hyaline, smooth, abundant, arising from aerial hyphae directly or on short protrusions, unicellular or bicellular, solitary or 2–3 in short chain, clavate, 6.5–8.5 × 2.0–2.5 μm, or obovate, 4.0–6.5 × 2.0–2.5 μm, or pyriform, 5.0–9.5 × 2.5–4.5 μm, with truncate base, basal scars 1.0–2.0 μm; intercalary conidia ellipsoidal, 4.5–5.5 × 2.0–4.5 μm; arthroconidia hyaline, smooth, cylindrical, 4.5–7.5 × 2.0–2.5 μm. Chlamydospores absent. Etymology: —Referring to the region from which the holotype was isolated. Additional strains examined: — CHINA. Shanxi Province: Jinzhong, soil, N37.35°, E 112.33°, August 2017, Y.F. Han, GZAC. I17 and GZAC. I18, living cultures GZU. I17 and GZU. I18. Known distribution: —Bazhong city, Sichuan Province; Jinzhong City, Shanxi Province, China.

Chrysosporium kaiyangense Y.F. Han, W.H. Chen, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang, sp. nov. (Fig. 7) Mycobank No.: MB 838868 Type: — CHINA. Guizhou Province: Kaiyang City, N27°06′, E107°09′, from soil, August 2017, Yanfeng Han, holotype GZAC. EB0702 M; ex-type culture GZU. EB0702 M. Colonies on PDA attaining about 35 mm diam. at 26 °C after 14 days, raised in the center, felty, white, margin sparsely villiform; reverse yellowish. Hyphae septate, smooth, hyaline, 2.0–3.0 μm thick. Racquet hyphae absent. Terminal and lateral conidia hyaline, smooth, arising from aerial hyphae directly or on short protrusions, 1- or 3- celled, solitary, obovoid, 2.0–3.5 × 1.0–2.5 μm, or cylindrical to clavate, 4.0–10.5 × 2.0–3.0 μm, with truncate base, basal scars 1.5–2.0 μm; intercalary conidia absent. Chlamydospores absent. Etymology: —Referring to the region from which the fungus was isolated. Known distribution: —Kaiyang city, Guizhou Province, China.

Chrysosporium irregularum Y.F. Han, W.H. Chen, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang, sp. nov. (Fig. 5) Mycobank No.: MB 838866 Type: ��� CHINA. Gansu Province: Dunhuang City, Yumenguan, N40��21���, E93��51���, from soil, August 2017, J.J. Wang, holotype GZAC. J1.1; ex-type culture GZU. J1.1. Colonies on PDA attaining about 35 mm diam. at 26 ��C after 14 days, lightly raised in the center, densely villiform, margin sparsely villiform, irregular, yellow; reverse creamy to yellowish. Hyphae septate, smooth, hyaline, 0.5���3.0 ��m. Racquet hyphae absent. Conidia abundant, hyaline, smooth, lateral or terminal, arising from aerial hyphae directly or short protrusions, unicellular or bicellular, solitary or in pairs, cylindrical, 3.5���9.5 �� 1.0���2.5 ��m, or pyriform, 3.5��� 5.0 �� 1.5���3.0 ��m, or irregularly reniform, 3.0���5.0 �� 1.5���3.5 ��m, with truncate base, basal scars 0.5���1.0 ��m; intercalary conidia ellipsoidal, 2.0���15.0 �� 1.0���4.0 ��m. Chlamydospores absent. Etymology: ���Referring to the irregular colony. Additional strains examined: ��� CHINA. Gansu Province: Dunhuang City, Yumenguan, soil, N24��18 ������, E09��45 ������, August 2017, J.J. Wang, GZAC. J102, living culture GZU. J102. Known distribution: ���Yumenguan, Gansu Province, China., Published as part of Han, Yan-Feng, Ge, Wei, Zhang, Zhi-Yuan, Liang, Jian-Dong, Chen, Wan-Hao, Huang, Jian- Zhong & Liang, Zong-Qi, 2022, Morphological and phylogenetic characterisations reveal nine new species of Chrysosporium (Onygenaceae, Onygenales) in China, pp. 1-16 in Phytotaxa 539 (1) on pages 8-9, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.539.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6345907

Chrysosporium irregularum Y.F. Han, W.H. Chen, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang, sp. nov. (Fig. 5) Mycobank No.: MB 838866 Type: — CHINA. Gansu Province: Dunhuang City, Yumenguan, N40°21’, E93°51’, from soil, August 2017, J.J. Wang, holotype GZAC. J1.1; ex-type culture GZU. J1.1. Colonies on PDA attaining about 35 mm diam. at 26 °C after 14 days, lightly raised in the center, densely villiform, margin sparsely villiform, irregular, yellow; reverse creamy to yellowish. Hyphae septate, smooth, hyaline, 0.5–3.0 μm. Racquet hyphae absent. Conidia abundant, hyaline, smooth, lateral or terminal, arising from aerial hyphae directly or short protrusions, unicellular or bicellular, solitary or in pairs, cylindrical, 3.5–9.5 × 1.0–2.5 μm, or pyriform, 3.5– 5.0 × 1.5–3.0 μm, or irregularly reniform, 3.0–5.0 × 1.5–3.5 μm, with truncate base, basal scars 0.5–1.0 μm; intercalary conidia ellipsoidal, 2.0–15.0 × 1.0–4.0 μm. Chlamydospores absent. Etymology: —Referring to the irregular colony. Additional strains examined: — CHINA. Gansu Province: Dunhuang City, Yumenguan, soil, N24°18 ’’, E09°45 ’’, August 2017, J.J. Wang, GZAC. J102, living culture GZU. J102. Known distribution: —Yumenguan, Gansu Province, China.

Chrysosporium kaiyangense Y.F. Han, W.H. Chen, J.D. Liang & Z.Q. Liang, sp. nov. (Fig. 7) Mycobank No.: MB 838868 Type: ��� CHINA. Guizhou Province: Kaiyang City, N27��06���, E107��09���, from soil, August 2017, Yanfeng Han, holotype GZAC. EB0702 M; ex-type culture GZU. EB0702 M. Colonies on PDA attaining about 35 mm diam. at 26 ��C after 14 days, raised in the center, felty, white, margin sparsely villiform; reverse yellowish. Hyphae septate, smooth, hyaline, 2.0���3.0 ��m thick. Racquet hyphae absent. Terminal and lateral conidia hyaline, smooth, arising from aerial hyphae directly or on short protrusions, 1- or 3- celled, solitary, obovoid, 2.0���3.5 �� 1.0���2.5 ��m, or cylindrical to clavate, 4.0���10.5 �� 2.0���3.0 ��m, with truncate base, basal scars 1.5���2.0 ��m; intercalary conidia absent. Chlamydospores absent. Etymology: ���Referring to the region from which the fungus was isolated. Known distribution: ���Kaiyang city, Guizhou Province, China., Published as part of Han, Yan-Feng, Ge, Wei, Zhang, Zhi-Yuan, Liang, Jian-Dong, Chen, Wan-Hao, Huang, Jian- Zhong & Liang, Zong-Qi, 2022, Morphological and phylogenetic characterisations reveal nine new species of Chrysosporium (Onygenaceae, Onygenales) in China, pp. 1-16 in Phytotaxa 539 (1) on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.539.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6345907

Key to the Chrysosporium species found in this study: 1. Racquet hyphae present......................................................................................................................................................................2 1. Racquet hyphae absent.......................................................................................................................................................................3 2. Arthroconidia present............................................................................................................................. Chrysosporium sichuanense 2. Arthroconidia absent..........................................................................................................................................................................4 3. Intercalary conidia present.................................................................................................................................................................5 3. Intercalary conidia absent...................................................................................................................................................................6 4. Chlamydospores present............................................................................................................................ Chrysosporium alvearium 4. Chlamydospores absent......................................................................................................................................................................7 5. Intercalary conidia ellipsoidal............................................................................................................................................................8 5. Intercalary conidia fusiform, pyriform or long oval...........................................................................................................................9 6. Conidia smooth.................................................................................................................................................................................10 6. Conidia rough, obovoid, ellipsoidal........................................................................................................ Chrysosporium jiangsuense 7. Intercalary conidia absent........................................................................................................................... Chrysosporium hubeiense 7. Intercalary conidia ellipsoidal................................................................................................................ Chrysosporium guangxiense 8. Conidia rough, pyriform or clavate, ellipsoidal......................................................................................... Chrysosporium gansuense 8. Conidia smooth.................................................................................................................................................................................11 9. Conidia hyaline.................................................................................................................................................................................12 9. Conidia hyaline, pale brown, moderate brown................................................................................... Chrysosporium keratinophilum 10. Lateral or terminal conidia ovoid, 2.0���3.5 �� 1.0���2.5 ��m....................................................................... Chrysosporium kaiyangense 10. Lateral or terminal conidia ovoid, 5���15 �� 2.5���7 ��m.............................................................................. Chrysosporium ovalisporum 11. Lateral or terminal conidia cylindrical, 3.5���9.5 �� 1.0���2.5 ��m................................................................ Chrysosporium irregularum 11. Lateral or terminal conidia ovoid, 4.0���7.5 �� 2.0���2.5 ��m........................................................................... Chrysosporium villiforme 12. Intercalary conidia fusiform, 6.5���9.0 �� 2.5���3.0 ��m.................................................................................... Chrysosporium fusiforme 12. Intercalary conidia long oval, 7.5���13.5 �� 4.0���8.0 ��m............................................................................. Chrysosporium multiforme, Published as part of Han, Yan-Feng, Ge, Wei, Zhang, Zhi-Yuan, Liang, Jian-Dong, Chen, Wan-Hao, Huang, Jian- Zhong & Liang, Zong-Qi, 2022, Morphological and phylogenetic characterisations reveal nine new species of Chrysosporium (Onygenaceae, Onygenales) in China, pp. 1-16 in Phytotaxa 539 (1) on page 14, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.539.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6345907

Arthrographis multiformispora Xin Li, Y.F. Han & Z.Q. Liang, sp. nov. (Fig. 2) Mycobank No.: MB841967 Type: ��� CHINA. Guizhou Province, Guiyang City, the green ground of Qianlingshan Park (N 26��60���, E 106��69���), soil, September 2016, Zhi-Yuan Zhang, dried holotype HMAS 351881, ex-holotype CGMCC 3.20770, ibid., GZUIFR 21.927. Colonies slow-growing on PDA and MEA after 14 days of incubation at 25 ��C; on PDA reaching up 23���25 mm in diameter; white, flat or raised, glabrous toward the periphery, reverse white to buff; On MEA, attaining a diameter of 22���24 mm; pale to white, umbonate at center and flat toward the periphery, powdery, reverse white. Vegetative hyphae septate, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled, 0.5���2.0 ��m diam. Conidiophores simple or branched, erect, up to 88.0 ��m long, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous hyphae simple or branched, erect, 0.5���3.0 ��m wide, forming septa basipetally to form arthroconidia released by schizolythic secession. Arthroconidia unicellular, cylindrical with truncated or cuboid, straight or slightly curved, 0.5���3.0 �� 1.5���5.5 ��m, hyaline. Chlamydospores terminal, unicellular, globose or subglobose, 2.5���4.0 �� 3.5���4.5 ��m. Non- trichosporiella-like synasexual morph in culture. Sexual morph not observed. Etymology: ���Referring to the presence of multiple types of spores. Additional specimens examined: ��� CHINA, Guizhou Province, Guiyang City, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, N 26��59���, E 106��71���, from soil beside a road, September 2016, Zhi-Yuan Zhang GZUIFR 21.928, ibid., GZUIFR 21.929. Known distribution: ���Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China. Notes: ���Phylogenetically, our four strains (CGMCC 3.20770, GZUIFR 21.927, GZUIFR 21.928, and GZUIFR 21.929) clustered in a single clade with a high support value (BI pp = posterior probability 1, ML BS 99). Morphologically, member of the genus Arthrographis is generally recognized based on their slow growth rate, the presence of 1-celled, cylindrical arthroconidia released schizolytically from dendritic conidiophores (Sigler & Carmichael 1976). A. multiformispora differs from A. curvata, A. grakistii, A. kalrae and A. arxii in that it has no the trichosporiella-like synasexual morph (Giraldo et al. 2014; Hern��ndez-Restrepo et al. 2020). A. multiformispora resembles A. chlamydospora in the presence of chlamydospores, but the conidiophores of the latter mostly repeatedly branched, while A. multiformispora is simple or branched (Giraldo et al. 2014). In conclusion, morphological and molecular phylogenetic results indicated that these new isolates are a new species in the genus Arthrographis, described here as A. multiformispora., Published as part of Li, Xin, Zhang, Zhi-Yuan, Chen, Wan-Hao, Liang, Jian-Dong, Huang, Jian-Zhong, Han, Yan- Feng & Liang, Zong-Qi, 2022, A new species of Arthrographis (Eremomycetaceae, Dothideomycetes), from the soil in Guizhou, China, pp. 175-181 in Phytotaxa 538 (3) on pages 178-179, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.538.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6336751, {"references":["Sigler, L. & Carmichael, J. W. (1976) Taxonomy of Malbranchea and some other Hyphomycetes with arthroconidia. Mycotaxon 4: 349 - 488.","Giraldo, A., Gene, J., Sutton, D. A., Madrid, H., Cano, J., Crous, P. W. & Guarro, J. (2014) Phylogenetic circumscription of Arthrographis (Eremomycetaceae, Dothideomycetes). Persoonia 32: 102 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.3767 / 003158514 x 680207","Hernandez-Restrepo, M., Giraldo, A., van Doorn, R., Wingfield, M. J., Groenewald, J. Z., Barreto, R. W., Colman, A. A., Mansur, P. S. C. & Crous, P. W. (2020) The genera of Fungi - G 6: Arthrographis, Kramasamuha, Melnikomyces, Thysanorea, and Verruconis. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 6 (1). https: // doi. org / 10.3114 / fuse. 2020.06.01"]}

Arthrographis multiformispora Xin Li, Y.F. Han & Z.Q. Liang, sp. nov. (Fig. 2) Mycobank No.: MB841967 Type: — CHINA. Guizhou Province, Guiyang City, the green ground of Qianlingshan Park (N 26°60′, E 106°69′), soil, September 2016, Zhi-Yuan Zhang, dried holotype HMAS 351881, ex-holotype CGMCC 3.20770, ibid., GZUIFR 21.927. Colonies slow-growing on PDA and MEA after 14 days of incubation at 25 °C; on PDA reaching up 23–25 mm in diameter; white, flat or raised, glabrous toward the periphery, reverse white to buff; On MEA, attaining a diameter of 22–24 mm; pale to white, umbonate at center and flat toward the periphery, powdery, reverse white. Vegetative hyphae septate, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled, 0.5–2.0 μm diam. Conidiophores simple or branched, erect, up to 88.0 µm long, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous hyphae simple or branched, erect, 0.5–3.0 µm wide, forming septa basipetally to form arthroconidia released by schizolythic secession. Arthroconidia unicellular, cylindrical with truncated or cuboid, straight or slightly curved, 0.5–3.0 × 1.5–5.5 µm, hyaline. Chlamydospores terminal, unicellular, globose or subglobose, 2.5–4.0 × 3.5–4.5 μm. Non- trichosporiella-like synasexual morph in culture. Sexual morph not observed. Etymology: —Referring to the presence of multiple types of spores. Additional specimens examined: — CHINA, Guizhou Province, Guiyang City, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, N 26°59′, E 106°71′, from soil beside a road, September 2016, Zhi-Yuan Zhang GZUIFR 21.928, ibid., GZUIFR 21.929. Known distribution: —Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China. Notes: —Phylogenetically, our four strains (CGMCC 3.20770, GZUIFR 21.927, GZUIFR 21.928, and GZUIFR 21.929) clustered in a single clade with a high support value (BI pp = posterior probability 1, ML BS 99). Morphologically, member of the genus Arthrographis is generally recognized based on their slow growth rate, the presence of 1-celled, cylindrical arthroconidia released schizolytically from dendritic conidiophores (Sigler & Carmichael 1976). A. multiformispora differs from A. curvata, A. grakistii, A. kalrae and A. arxii in that it has no the trichosporiella-like synasexual morph (Giraldo et al. 2014; Hernández-Restrepo et al. 2020). A. multiformispora resembles A. chlamydospora in the presence of chlamydospores, but the conidiophores of the latter mostly repeatedly branched, while A. multiformispora is simple or branched (Giraldo et al. 2014). In conclusion, morphological and molecular phylogenetic results indicated that these new isolates are a new species in the genus Arthrographis, described here as A. multiformispora.

Recent works reveal that re-calibrating the intermediate activation of adversarial examples can improve the adversarial robustness of a CNN model. The state of the arts [Baiet al., 2021] and [Yanet al., 2021] explores this feature at the channel level, i.e. the activation of a channel is uniformly scaled by a factor. In this paper, we investigate the intermediate activation manipulation at a more fine-grained level. Instead of uniformly scaling the activation, we individually adjust each element within an activation and thus propose Element-Wise Activation Scaling, dubbed EWAS, to improve CNNs' adversarial robustness. Experimental results on ResNet-18 and WideResNet with CIFAR10 and SVHN show that EWAS significantly improves the robustness accuracy. Especially for ResNet18 on CIFAR10, EWAS increases the adversarial accuracy by 37.65% to 82.35% against C&W attack. EWAS is simple yet very effective in terms of improving robustness. The codes are anonymously available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/EWAS-DD64.

Background This study was performed to investigate the effect of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) on the biological behavior of tumor cells and tumorigenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods OSCC HB96, CAL27, and Tca8113 cells were transfected with the following plasmids: siRNA-IGFBP3, pcDNA-0-IGFBP3, or siRNA-NC (negative control). The effect of aberrant IGFBP3 on cell viability, apoptosis, and colony formation was assessed. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis were used to measure IGFBP3 mRNA and protein levels, respectively. HB96 and CAL27 cells were transfected with IGFBP3-expressing lentiviral plasmids and then transplanted into nude mice to monitor xenograft tumor formation. Results An optimal transfection efficiency was obtained with 50 pmol siRNA-IGFBP3. Transient silencing of IGFBP3 significantly reduced cell viability, and increased apoptosis in comparison with the non-targeting negative control (NC). Overexpressing IGFBP3 promoted cell viability. Additionally, in comparison with the NC group, both cell growth and colony formation were reduced, while apoptosis was elevated in stably transfected cells. Moreover, silencing IGFBP3 inhibited cell viability and tumor formation in nude mice after 3 weeks, and colony formation, diminished tumorigenesis in nude mice, but promoted cell apoptosis in OSCC cells. Conclusions Collectively, our study revealed a protumorigenic role for IGFBP3 in OSCC cancer cells, and demonstrated a potential mechanism for the dysregulation of IGFBP3 in cell growth. Therefore, IGFBP3 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of OSCC.

Apatinib is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets VEGFR2 signaling and shows potent antitumor effects in various cancers. In this study, we explored the efficacy of apatinib against oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The relationships between VEGFR2 protein expression and clinical variables were investigated in OSCC patients. OSCC tissues had higher VEGFR2 levels than paracancerous tissues. Compared to patients with low VEGFR2 expression, patients with high VEGFR2 expression had poorer overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Apatinib significantly induced G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis, inhibited cell growth and colony formation ability, and blocked autophagic flux by downregulating p-AKT and p-mTOR signaling via the VEGFR2/AKT/mTOR pathway in vitro. Moreover, the inhibition of ERK phosphorylation increased apatinib-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Apatinib synergized with SCH772984 to achieve a more significant suppression of tumor growth than individual treatment, suggesting the combination of apatinib and SCH772984 as a potent OSCC therapy.

List of GenBank accession numbers of sequences used in this study. Bold accession numbers were generated from this study.

Additional file 1.

An investigation of members of the soil keratinophilic fungi community in China resulted in the identification of one new monotypic genus, Zongqia, and 10 new species, 2 of which are affiliated with Solomyces, 1 with the new genus Zongqia, 4 with Pseudogymnoascus, and 3 with Scedosporium. These novel taxa form an independent lineage distinct from other species, based on morphological and multi-loci phylogenetic analyses. Descriptions, illustrations, and notes are provided for each taxon. These new taxa of the soil keratinophilic fungi add to the increasing number of fungi known from China, and it is now evident that numerous novel taxa are awaiting to be described.

An investigation of members of the soil keratinophilic fungi community in China resulted in the identification of one new monotypic genus, Zongqia, and 10 new species, 2 of which are affiliated with Solomyces, 1 with the new genus Zongqia, 4 with Pseudogymnoascus, and 3 with Scedosporium. These novel taxa form an independent lineage distinct from other species, based on morphological and multi-loci phylogenetic analyses. Descriptions, illustrations, and notes are provided for each taxon. These new taxa of the soil keratinophilic fungi add to the increasing number of fungi known from China, and it is now evident that numerous novel taxa are awaiting to be described.

Table S6. Correlation between NOTCH1 non-synonymous mutation and baseline characteristics in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. (DOCX 19Â kb)

Table S5. Correlation between TP53 non-synonymous mutation and baseline characteristics in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. (DOCX 19Â kb)

Table S1. Non-synonymous mutations (threshold of allele frequency of â Ľ10%) in the cancerous tissues from oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. (DOCX 22Â kb)

Table S7. Correlation between CAPS8 non-synonymous mutation and baseline characteristics in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. (DOCX 19Â kb)

Table S2. Non-synonymous mutations (threshold of allele frequency of â Ľ5%) in the cancerous tissues from oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. (DOCX 23Â kb)

Table S3. Non-synonymous mutations (threshold of allele frequency of â Ľ3%) in the cancerous tissues from oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. (DOCX 24Â kb)

Table S8. Correlation between CDKN2A non-synonymous mutation and baseline characteristics in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. (DOCX 19Â kb)

Table S4. Validation of TP53 mutations by Sanger sequencing in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. *NA: the DNA is not available. (DOCX 16Â kb)

Table S9. Correlation between CDH1 non-synonymous mutation and baseline characteristics in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. (DOCX 19Â kb)

In this paper, based on abundant data from Sina Weibo, we perform a comprehensive and in-depth empirical analysis of repostings and draw some conclusions. First, in regards to quantity, reposting takes up a large proportion of daily microblog activity. Second, the depth of repostings follows an exponential distribution and the first three orders of repostings hold 99 percent of the total amount of reposting, which provides an important foundation for solving the question of Influence Maximization. Third, the time interval for repostings also obeys exponential distribution. Therefore, we have built a dynamic information propagation model in terms of conclusions drawn from Weibo data and the Continuous-Time Markov Process. Due to the basis of the temporal network, our proposed model can change with the time and structure of a network, thus giving it good adaptability and predictability as compared to the traditional information diffusion model. From the final simulation results, our proposed model achieves a good predictive effect.

Nafion/TiO2 composite membranes were studied for the application in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) to be used with the humidified or dry reactant gases of H2 and O2. Composite membranes were prepared by carrying out in-situ sol–gel reaction of Ti (OC4H9)4 in Nafion perfluorosulfonic acid films, such as Nafion112, 1135 and 115. The influence of the concentration of Ti (OC4H9)4 isopropyl alcohol solution on the Ti content in the membranes of different thicknesses was investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated that TiO2 in the composite membranes had a structure of anatase with an average particle size of 4.0 nm. The energy dispersive spectra (EDS) analysis indicated a symmetrical distribution of the TiO2 particles in the modified membranes. The water retention ability and electrochemical performance of Nafion/TiO2 composite membranes were evaluated using a single PEMFC operated with humidified or dry gas reactants during a long period.

The problems of hybrid input of mechanical press are studied in this paper, with differential gear train as transmission mechanism. It is proposed that “adjustable-speed amplitude” or “differential-speed ratio” is the important parameters for the hybrid input mechanism. It not only defines the amplitude of the adjustable speed, but also determines the ratio of the power of the servomotor to the power of the conventional motor. The calculating equations of the ratio of transmission in all axes, the power of two motors, and the working load distribution are deduced. The two kinds of driving schemes are put forward that the servomotor and the conventional motor simultaneously drive and the servomotor and the conventional motor separately drive. The calculating results demonstrate that the latter scheme can use much lower power of the servomotor, so this scheme makes manufacture and use cost much lower. The latter scheme proposes a feasible way to apply the hybrid mechanism of mechanical press in practice engineering.

With the improvement of living standards, people pay more attention to the agricultural products with health protection function, and the selenium-rich agricultural products attract more and more consumers. The main biological role of selenium is to resist oxidation and inflammatory response, mainly focusing on resisting aging, preventing cardiovascular disease, protecting eyesight, counteracting or destroying the toxic properties, preventing cancer and thyroid disease. In most areas of China, there is a widespread shortage of selenium, thus producing selenium-rich agricultural products to provide natural selenium-rich health food to the areas in need of selenium, has gradually become a new hot spot of China's health food industry, but high content of selenium in food is detrimental to human body, even leads to selenium intoxication, and artificially adding inorganic selenium is difficult to guarantee that the selenium content of agricultural products is not exceeded. According to human body's daily demand for selenium in dietetics and the content of selenium in agricultural products in the Chinese food composition table, we put forward the recommendations on the standard of selenium in agricultural products, in order to provide the basis for China to formulate the health standard of selenium content in selenium-rich agricultural products.

With the improvement of living standards, people pay more attention to the agricultural products with health protection function, and the selenium-rich agricultural products attract more and more consumers. The main biological role of selenium is to resist oxidation and inflammatory response, mainly focusing on resisting aging, preventing cardiovascular disease, protecting eyesight, counteracting or destroying the toxic properties, preventing cancer and thyroid disease. In most areas of China, there is a widespread shortage of selenium, thus producing selenium-rich agricultural products to provide natural selenium-rich health food to the areas in need of selenium, has gradually become a new hot spot of China's health food industry, but high content of selenium in food is detrimental to human body, even leads to selenium intoxication, and artificially adding inorganic selenium is difficult to guarantee that the selenium content of agricultural products is not exceeded. According to human body's daily demand for selenium in dietetics and the content of selenium in agricultural products in the Chinese food composition table, we put forward the recommendations on the standard of selenium in agricultural products, in order to provide the basis for China to formulate the health standard of selenium content in selenium-rich agricultural products.

Our aim was to evaluate the sensitivity of positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance image (PET/MRI) in the detection of liver metastases in patients from colorectal cancer as compared with computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), PET and PET/CT images. From April 2008 to April 2010, twenty-four patients (mean age 56.5±10.5 years) with liver metastases from colorectal cancer diagnosed by pathology were retrospectively studied as above. All image data were respectively collected and fused. PET/CT and PET/MRI fusion images were successfully performed with a PET-MR-CT robot transmission-fusion imaging system. Pathologic findings and clinical follows-up were performed as referenced standards. Images were reviewed independently by at least three experts. We found a total number of 121 metastatic lesions and 35 of them, with a maximum diameter less than 1cm. According to a per-lesion analysis, the sensitivity on liver metastases was 64.5%, 80.2% and 54.5% on CT, MRI and PET, respectively. Based on reconstruction imaging analysis, PET/CT and PET/MRI showed sensitivities of 84.2% and 98.3%. Sensitivity comparison of PET/MRI had superior sensitivity of 98.08%. Paired data analysis (McNemar) resulted a type I error which equated to 0.05. There was a statistically significant difference between CT and MRI or PET for the detection of patients with liver metastatic lesions (P0.05). However, PET/MRI can efficiently detect more metastatic lesions than PET/CT (P0.05) among those with diameter1cm. In conclusion, PET/MRI was a quite efficient diagnostic modality compared to conventional imaging modalities and should be considered the procedure of choice in the detection of liver metastatic lesions from colorectal cancer.

Keystroke rhythm is an identity authentication technique which takes persons behaviour characteristics as basis. In this paper, the PR-RP model were analysed, in which four critical dataset were choosed. P-P and R-R relay dataset were rebuilt, and were processed only through using characteristics of some user entering password. And then, so as to improve the recongnition rate of authentication, a new characteristics template was built and real-time updated, which make the data in template always to be the latest charateristics. In consideration of the above matters, this paper presents an Improved PR-RP Model. The experimental results show that this model can get satisfactory effect.

采用超声辅助的溶胶–凝胶阳极氧化铝(AAO)模板法制备Lu 2 O 3 纳米线阵列。通过X射线衍射谱(XRD)、能量色散X射线谱(EDX)、扫描以及透射电镜(SEM及TEM)对纳米线阵列的晶体结构和形貌进行表征。结果显示: Lu 2 O 3 纳米线阵列的晶相呈纯立方相Lu 2 O 3 多晶结构; 纳米线形貌完整、取向一致、粗细均匀, 直径约200 nm。与简单浸泡法相比, 采用的超声辅助技术可有效提高Lu 2 O 3 在AAO孔道内的填充度, 填充度接近100%。该方法具有工艺简单、成本低廉、填充度高、重复性好等特点, 不仅可实现大面积Lu 2 O 3 纳米线阵列的制备, 而且还可推广到其他材料的纳米线阵列制备。