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The Amazon hosts one of the largest and richest rainforests in the world, but its origins remain debated. Growing evidence suggests that geodiversity and geological history played essential roles in shaping the Amazonian flora. Here we summarize the geo-climatic history of the Amazon and review paleopalynological records and time-calibrated phylogenies to evaluate the response of plants to environmental change. The Neogene fossil record suggests major sequential changes in plant composition and an overall decline in diversity. Phylogenies of eight Amazonian plant clades paint a mixed picture, with the diversification of most groups best explained by constant speciation rates through time, while others indicate clade-specific increases or decreases correlated with climatic cooling or increasing Andean elevation. Overall, the Amazon forest seems to represent a museum of diversity with a high potential for biological diversification through time. To fully understand how the Amazon got its modern biodiversity, further multidisciplinary studies conducted within a multimillion-year perspective are needed. ▪ The history of the Amazon rainforest goes back to the beginning of the Cenozoic (66 Ma) and was driven by climate and geological forces. ▪ In the early Neogene (23–13.8 Ma), a large wetland developed with episodic estuarine conditions and vegetation ranging from mangroves to terra firme forest. ▪ In the late Neogene (13.8–2.6 Ma), the Amazon changed into a fluvial landscape with a less diverse and more open forest, although the details of this transition remain to be resolved. ▪ These geo-climatic changes have left imprints on the modern Amazonian diversity that can be recovered with dated phylogenetic trees. ▪ Amazonian plant groups show distinct responses to environmental changes, suggesting that Amazonia is both a refuge and a cradle of biodiversity.

A narrowly endemic new species of Glossoloma is described from the Cordillera Oriental of the northern Andes, in the Colombian departments of Caquetá and Huila. Glossoloma magenticristatum J.L.Clark, D.Hoyos & Clavijo, sp. nov. differs from most other congeners by a habit that is usually epiphytic with elongate scandent subwoody shoots, the presence of a magenta corolla tube, and a creased calyx formed by tightly appressed adjacent lobes. A brief summary of Gesneriaceae diversity in the Colombia departments of Caquetá and Huila is discussed with an emphasis on the old highway between Florencia and Guadalupe. The conservation status of G. magenticristatum is assessed as Endangered (EN) based on IUCN Criteria.

International audience; As decisions on climate change adaptation involve stakeholders with different values, beliefs and attitudes (VBA), decision outcomes depend on how stakeholders interact and how power is distributed. In this paper, we explore the VBA of stakeholders involved in three water management projects focusing on dams, micro-reservoirs, or wetlands in a Peruvian watershed facing droughts. We apply a framework with the core ideas of the hydrosocial cycle, the decision context perspective, and the VBA hierarchy to show how stakeholders’ perspectives and power influence practices on the ground. The analysis of VBA reveals three different perspectives on water management held by different stakeholder groups. First, a community-based perspective, frequent among local communities, favors micro-reservoirs managed by communities. Second, an infrastructure-based perspective, frequent among public sector stakeholders, shows a preference for dams managed by the private sector. Third, a nature-based perspective, with a preference for wetlands managed by the public sector, is found across stakeholder groups. In the three water management projects, different power distributions determine which VBA dominate and influence practices on the ground. Dams on the ground represent power from the public and private sectors, while micro-reservoirs represent local grassroot control. In the wetland project, the outcomes of the evolving hydrosocial cycle are still unclear and will depend on how multiple perspectives are considered. Examining and questioning the decision context in which adaptation occurs can help excluded stakeholders achieve more power and agency and tackle the fundamental question of ‘adaptation of what and for whom’.

A checklist of Orchidaceae from Caquetá, Colombia is presented here. We recorded 98 genera and 418 species, exceeding a previous inventory by 276 species. The checklist is conservative in the number of genera and species by including only taxa that were fully and reliably identified and that are either linked to a corresponding herbarium voucher, a living collection specimen or a photo taken in the field and published in iNaturalist by one of the authors or a collaborator. The documented species diversity in the region could dramatically increase in the next few years with additional collecting efforts in the eastern slopes of the Andes nested in Caquetá. About 9% (418/4600) of all Orchidaceae species recorded for Colombia are reported for this area, showing the important contribution to orchid diversity of Andean-Amazonian foothills of Caquetá.

Ce texte propose un aperçu des recompositions du système des charges rituelles dans les Andes péruviennes. En effet, les communautés paysannes font face depuis les années 1980 à une accélération des transformations socioéconomiques ainsi qu’à une émigration massive vers les villes et l’étranger. Cela impacte l’organisation des fêtes, centrales dans la vie des communautés. Les systèmes de charges rotatives se reconfigurent localement pour s’adapter à ces bouleversements. À partir du cas de fêtes dans les Andes centrales du Pérou, l’article se penche sur la manière dont l’action des émigrés a largement contribué à ces transformations dans les villages d’origine. Este texto ofrece un panorama de las recomposiciones del sistema de cargos rituales en los Andes peruanos. Desde los años 1980, las comunidades campesinas se han enfrentado a una aceleración de las transformaciones socioeconómicas, así como a una emigración masiva a las ciudades y al extranjero. Esto tiene repercusiones en la organización de las fiestas, que son fundamentales en la vida de las comunidades. Los sistemas de cargos rotativos se reconfiguran localmente para adaptarse a estos trastornos. Tomando el caso de las fiestas en la sierra central del Perú, el artículo examina cómo la acción de los emigrantes ha contribuido en gran medida a estas transformaciones en sus pueblos de origen. This text offers an overview of the rearrangement of the system of ritual charges in the Peruvian Andes. Since the 1980s, peasant communities have been facing an acceleration of socioeconomic transformations as well as a massive emigration towards cities and abroad. This situation affects the organization of festivities, which are essential in the life of communities. Rotating charges systems reconfigure themselves locally to adapt to these upheavals. Based on the case of festivals in the central Andes of Peru, the article examines how the action of emigrants has largely contributed to these transformations in their original comunities.

A new species of the genus Charinus Simon, 1892 is described from Santa Teresa District (1436 –1511 m of altitude), La Convención, Cusco, Peru, being this the third Charinus species from this region and the fifth one for this South American country. Its general feature and female gonopods greatly resembles Charinus longitarsus Armas & Palomino-Cardenas, 2016, and C. yanatile Palomino-Cardenas & Armas, 2022, from Cusco, too; but it differs from them by having 16 instead of 14 trichobothria in the distitibia of leg IV; on the other hand, in C. longitarsus the leg I has 30 tarsomeres (43 in the new species); whereas C. yanatiles has larger median ocular tubercle and the first tarsomere of leg I is longer than tarsomeres 1+2 joined. Also, the description of the female gonopods of C. longitarsus is emended and a taxonomic key for the identification of the Peruvian species of Charinus is given. Publicación registrada en Zoobank/ZooBank article registered:LSID urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F00CAB9F-4562-466E-93AD-9C07AB977721Acto nomenclatural/nomenclatural act:Charinus castilloae Armas & Palomino-Cárdenas, 2023LSID urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4AC454B0-1DCB-46D4-8379-4876E28E684C, Se describe una especie nueva del género Charinus Simon, 1892, procedente del distrito Santa Teresa (1436 –1511 m de altitud), en La Convención, Cusco, Perú, la cual es la tercera para dicha región y la quinta para este país sudamericano. Su aspecto general y los gonópodos de la hembra son muy parecidos a los de Charinus longitarsus Armas & Palomino-Cardenas, 2016 y C. yanatile Palomino-Cardenas & Armas, 2022, también del Cusco; pero se diferencia de ambas por presentar en la distitibia del cuarto par de patas 16 tricobotrios, en lugar de 14; además, C. longitarsus posee 30 tarsómeros en las patas I (43 en la especie nueva); mientras que en C. yanatile, el tubérculo ocular es más grande y el tarsómero 1 del primer par de patas es más largo que los dos siguientes juntos (en la especie nueva es más corto). También se enmienda la descripción de los gonópodos femeninos de C. longitarsus y se incluye una clave taxonómica para la identificación de las especies peruanas de Charinus. Publicación registrada en Zoobank/ZooBank article registered:LSID urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F00CAB9F-4562-466E-93AD-9C07AB977721Acto nomenclatural/nomenclatural act:Charinus castilloae Armas & Palomino-Cárdenas, 2023LSID urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4AC454B0-1DCB-46D4-8379-4876E28E684C

Q-slope is one of the most recent empirical geomechanical classification systems and the least studied in South America. This study aims to expand the knowledge base regarding the Q-slope geomechanical method and demonstrate its applicability and reliability in rock slopes of Andean countries, such as Ecuador. To this end, thirty rocky slopes have been characterized considering (1) the physical visual approach—geographic location, climate, lithology, alteration, and stability (to obtain values of Jr, Ja, Jwice, and SRFa)—and (2) geomechanical stations and kinematic analysis (for the determination of the type of failure, Jn, O-factor, and SRFc for Q-slope). Field data were collected in contrasting environments (coastal, mountain, and forest), and different failure modes were considered (planar, wedge, block, and flexural topplings) to better understand the method. The results and main contributions of this research are (i) verifying the applicability of the Jwice parameters in different climatic settings and (ii) validating the Q-slope method by applying a confusion matrix to evaluate its reliability for slope stability assessment. The overall accuracy obtained is 80%, placing the Q-slope geomechanical method in the highest evaluation quartile and thus classifying it as very good for slope characterization. This work was partially funded by the University of Alicante (vigrob-157 project), the Prometheus Project of the Secretariat of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation of the Republic of Ecuador (for field data acquisition from 2014 to 2015), FCI Projects at the Faculty of Natural Sciences of University of Guayaquil, and by Conselleria de Innovación, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital in the framework of the project CIAICO/2021/335.

Q-slope is one of the most recent empirical geomechanical classification systems and the least studied in South America. This study aims to expand the knowledge base regarding the Q-slope geomechanical method and demonstrate its applicability and reliability in rock slopes of Andean countries, such as Ecuador. To this end, thirty rocky slopes have been characterized considering (1) the physical visual approach—geographic location, climate, lithology, alteration, and stability (to obtain values of Jr, Ja, Jwice, and SRFa)—and (2) geomechanical stations and kinematic analysis (for the determination of the type of failure, Jn, O-factor, and SRFc for Q-slope). Field data were collected in contrasting environments (coastal, mountain, and forest), and different failure modes were considered (planar, wedge, block, and flexural topplings) to better understand the method. The results and main contributions of this research are (i) verifying the applicability of the Jwice parameters in different climatic settings and (ii) validating the Q-slope method by applying a confusion matrix to evaluate its reliability for slope stability assessment. The overall accuracy obtained is 80%, placing the Q-slope geomechanical method in the highest evaluation quartile and thus classifying it as very good for slope characterization.

La chronique rédigée au début du XVIIe siècle par Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala est extraordinaire à plus d’un titre. Œuvre monumentale d’un Indien, elle est un véritable plaidoyer adressé au roi d’Espagne pour que ce dernier mette fin aux exactions commises par les colons au Pérou. Poma de Ayala est un cas pratiquement unique d’hybridation culturelle dans les Andes. Sa chronique, nourrie de sources européennes et andines, offre un regard acerbe sur le monde colonial et la société autochtone en pleine mutation. D’origine noble selon ses dires, christianisé par son demi-frère, interprète auprès de visiteurs ecclésiastiques, il oscille entre deux cultures. Ses modes de représentation s’en ressentent et son ouvrage est un parfait exemple du mélange de schémas mentaux d’origine indigène et européenne. Son profil particulier pousse à s’interroger sur sa place dans la société locale et son rôle de médiateur culturel entre les sociétés autochtone et coloniale. Resumen: La crónica escrita a principios del siglo XVII por Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala es extraordinaria en más de un sentido. Monumental obra de un indio, es una verdadera súplica al Rey de España para que éste ponga fin a los abusos cometidos por los colonos en el Perú. Poma de Ayala es un caso casi único de hibridación cultural en los Andes. Su crónica, nutrida de fuentes europeas y andinas, ofrece una mirada mordaz sobre el mundo colonial y la sociedad indigena en plena mutación. De origen noble, según él, cristianizado por su medio hermano, intérprete para los visitadores eclesiásticos, oscila entre dos culturas. Sus modos de representación lo dejan ver y su libro es un ejemplo perfecto de mezcla de patrones mentales de origen indígena y europeo. Su perfil particular conduce a cuestionar su lugar en la sociedad local y su papel como mediador cultural entre los indígenas y las autoridades coloniales. Abstract: The chronicle wrote by Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala at the beginning of the XVIIth century is extraordinary. Monumental work of an Indian, it’s a plea to the king of Spain that it put an end to abuses by settlers in Peru. Poma de Ayala is a virtually unique case of cultural hybridization in the Andes. His work, nourished by Andean and European sources, offers a scathing look at the world and colonial indian society changing. Originally noble in his words, christened by his half-brother, interpreter for visitors ecclesiastics, he oscillates between two cultures. Its modes of representation and experience in his work is a perfect example of the mixture of mental patterns of native and European. It’s particular profile questions about his place in local society and it’s role of cultural mediator between native and colonial societies.

Dataset for the article: Ayala, Á., Schauwecker, S., and MacDonell, S.: Spatial distribution and controls of snowmelt runoff in a sublimation-dominated environment in the semiarid Andes of Chile, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2023-23, in review, 2023. Abstract: Sublimation is the main ablation component of snow in the upper areas of the semiarid Andes (~26-32°S and ~69-71°W). This region reaches up to 6000 m, is characterized by scarce precipitation, high solar radiation receipt, and low air humidity, and has been affected since 2010 by a severe drought. In this study, we suggest that most of the snowmelt runoff originates from specific areas with topographic and meteorological features that permit large snow accumulation, limited removal by sublimation and sufficient energy for snowmelt. To test this hypothesis, we quantify the spatial distribution of snowmelt runoff and sublimation in a catchment of the semiarid Andes using a process-based snow model that is forced with field data. Model simulations over a two-year period reproduce point-scale records of snow depth and SWE and are also in good agreement with an independent SWE reconstruction product as well as satellite snow cover area and indices of snow winter absence and summer persistence. We estimate that 50% of snowmelt runoff is produced by 21-29% of the catchment area, which we define as “snowmelt hotspots”. Snowmelt hotspots are located at mid-to-lower elevations of the catchment on wind-sheltered, low-angle slopes. Our findings show that sublimation is not only the main ablation component, but it also plays an important role shaping the spatial variability of total annual snowmelt. Snowmelt hotspots might be connected with other hydrological features of arid and semiarid mountain regions, such as areas of groundwater recharge, rock glaciers and mountain peatlands. We recommend a more detailed snow and hydrological monitoring of these sites, especially in the current and projected scenarios of scarce precipitation.

In recent years, ecological tourism has become very important as it contributes significantly to sustainable development. In order to assess the potential for ecotourism and cultural-archaeological attributes, we studied the plant diversity of 10 traditionally visited natural routes of the valley of Cusco, Peru. Plant gamma diversity was represented by 384 species of vascular plants, with 220 genera, and 69 families; the most diverse were: Asteraceae with 93 species, Poaceae (36), and Fabaceae (15). The species with the highest frequency in the 10 routes are: Amaranthus caudatus, Escallonia resinosa, Stenomesson pearcei, and Baccharis buxifolia. Route 2 (Picol-Huaqoto) was the one with the greatest alpha diversity with 120 species. The CHAO-1 richness estimator estimates a gamma diversity of 570 species for all of the Cusco Valley. The Bray–Curtis beta diversity shows a high similarity (55%) and three floristic groups as determined by a non-metric multidimensional analysis (NMDS) and cluster analysis. The highest concentration of flowering plant species is grouped mainly during the rainy season (R2 = 0.19), and this relationship is significantly different from the dry season (p < 0.005). The integrative biological–cultural analysis identified routes R8, R10, R6, R7, and R2 as those with the greatest potential for ecotourism use in the Cusco Valley. The plant diversity and cultural–archaeological offerings along the tourist routes documented in this study present significant opportunities for the city of Cusco to attract both national and foreign tourists. Additionally, this study highlights the importance of prioritizing conservation and preservation efforts for these areas.

Currently in review. Methods are described in the full text. Please consult the README.txtfile for information about the included data.&nbsp

The lack of water is a fundamental issue for survival of peasant communities located at heights above 3200 masl in the Andean highlands, such as in the case of the Galte-Yaguachi community in central Ecuador. The social balance, agricultural development as well as animal subsistence and finally the economic income is pending on the availability of hydric resources. Therefore, a three-dimensional fog collector system was constructed with Urku Yaku material in order to provide water for the close-by community. Simultaneously, we determined the quality of the collected water per square meter of the mesh, during the period of the highest annual precipitations. The installed nets yielded a gain of at least 2.63 L/m2 and a minimum of 0.65 L/m2 per day. The analyzed water quality reflected the suitability for human consumption. As water collection has been successful, an expansion of the proposed system may provide this fundamental good also to other communities with similar characteristics. Fog catcher towers will produce 26,577.84 m3/year of water, fulfilling crops’ needs, and the economic analysis proves it is worth the investment, as demonstrated by a benefit cost ratio of 1.90.

A new species of Amanoa (Phyllanthaceae) is described from the sandstone Nangaritza Plateau in the Cordillera del Cóndor Region in southern Ecuador. Amanoa condorensis J.L.Clark & D.A.Neill is a small tree, 4 m tall that is only known from the type collection. The new species is distinct by a shrub habit, presence of coriaceous leaves with an acuminate apex, and congested inflorescences. The relatively high elevation of the type locality, presence of an androphore, and the habit as shrub or low tree are an unusual combination for Amanoa. The conservation status of A. condorensis is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR), based on IUCN Criteria.

The eastern Andean treeline (EATL) is the world’s longest altitudinal ecotone and plays an important role in biodiversity conservation in the context of land use/cover and climate change. The purpose of this study was to assess to what extent the position of the tropical EATL (9°N–18°S) is in near-equilibrium with the climate, which determines its potential to adapt to climate change. On a continental scale, we have used land cover maps (MODIS MCD12) and elevation data (SRTM) to make the first-order assessment of the EATL position and continuity. For the assessment on a local scale and to address the three-dimensional nature of environmental change in mountainous environments, a novel method of automated delineation and assessment of altitudinal transects was devised and applied to Landsat-based forest maps (GLAD) and fine-resolution climatology (CHELSA). The emergence of a consistent longitudinal gradient of the treeline elevation over half of the EATL extent, which increases towards the equator by ~30 m and ~60 m per geographic degree from the south and north, respectively, serves as a first-order validation of the approach, while the local transects reveal a more nuanced aspect-dependent pattern. We conclude that the applied dual-scale approach with automated mass transect sampling allows for an improved understanding of treeline dynamics.

Ecosystem services (ES) refer to the benefits that people obtain from the ecosystem. In this sense, Prunus serotina is associated with the provision of ES; however, these services have been scarcely studied. The objective of this research was to determine the knowledge and perceptions of individuals in rural areas regarding the importance of ES, as well as the factors that influence them. Surveys were applied in three study areas (Chimborazo, Tungurahua, and Cotopaxi) of the central Andes of Ecuador that detailed the sociodemographic and perception characteristics of ES based on the predefined ES of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). In the assessment, the interview data were analyzed to obtain the relationships between the variables using Spearman’s correlation in the R-studio software. The results showed that individuals’ level of education, age, and gender play an important role in variations in peoples’ knowledge of ES. A total of 21 ES were identified; the most representative services, according to their ecosystem category, were support (shelter for birds and insects and soil formation), provisioning (food, insecticide, wood, and firewood), regulation (improvement in the quality of air and climate regulation), and culture (scenic beauty and the maintenance of traditions). This analysis of the social perception of ES works as a strategy for the maintenance of Prunus serotina in the orchards and plots of families in the central Andes of Ecuador. The identification of ES through the social perception of their existence facilitates an understanding of the importance of ES in rural localities, which lays the foundation for strategies to be developed in the future for their conservation.

There is a dearth of information regarding prehistoric foraging societies from the intermontane longitudinal valleys of the South-Central Andes. Due to the intense anthropization of the landscape or the scarce research efforts on prehistoric populations of hunter-gatherers in the intermontane valleys of the Andes, occupation sites have been found on very few occasions. However, new perspectives in the Abra del Toro rock shelter in the Yocavil Valley (Catamarca province, Argentina) have opened up from recent and ongoing excavations. This rock shelter is the first archaeological case in which it is possible to analyze the relationship between a large-scale natural catastrophe and the prehistoric populations living in the Andean intermontane valleys of the southern Central Andes. This rock shelter's stratigraphy and archaeological remains contain the record of interactions between human communities and volcanism. The stratigraphic record of the rock shelter shows a 1-m-thick volcanic ash deposit formed by aeolian transport from primary outer ashfall deposits. Geomorphological and sedimentological context, texture, glass and mineral content, whole-rock chemical composition, and radiocarbon dating prove that the tephra was derived from the 4.2 ka BP eruption of the Cerro Blanco Volcanic Complex in southern Puna (NW Argentina). This volcanic eruption is the largest documented in the world in the last five thousand years and covered the surroundings of the archaeological site with an ash layer of approximately 1 meter thick. The stratigraphic sequence of the Abra del Toro rock shelter allows us to hypothesize that there were three main occupational moments: two hunter-gatherer moments, separated by the record of the large volcanic eruption, and a subsequent agro-pottery period (Carbonelli et al. 2022. J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep. 45, 103629). The rock shelter after the eruption remained in the memory of the hunter-gatherer groups. Good visibility, accessibility, and proximity to water were attributes of this space that made it possible for it to be re-occupied after the eruptive event. Our next objective is to reconstruct, using proxy analysis, how the paleoenvironment was in the intermontane valleys before and after the eruption. The evidence of this Mid-Holocene catastrophic volcanic event in the Abra del Toro rock shelter opens the possibility of knowing its impact on the contemporary hunter-gatherer community and drawing conclusions for similar future volcanic crises., CONICET (Grant PIP 112-201301-00178) Universidad de Buenos Aires (Grant UBACYT 20020170100318BA) ( Agencia Nacional de Promoción de la Investigación, el Desarrollo Tecnológico y la Innovación (Grant 2019-01229) QUECA Project (MINECO, Grant CGL2011-23307)

International audience; Early plant primary succession in recently deglacierized terrains is a good indicator of the species losses and gains that affect novel alpine plant communities migrating under the pressure of climate warming. In the tropical alpine -páramo- region of the northern Andes, home to the world's greatest alpine phyto-diversity, forced primary succession will condition the conservation of many species. Using a post-glacial chronosequence between the little ice age and present below the Conejeras glacier (Colombia) as a space-for-time substitution approach, we sought to determine how time since deglacierization affects the composition, the biogeographic origin and the growth form distribution of novel tropical alpine plant communities. Using an array of multivariate techniques and the Dirichlet model, we assessed relationships among plant communities and with environmental factors. Communities established in less than 169 years lacked a number of characteristic and endemic species usually found in the national park Los Nevados, such as Calamagrostis effusa, Senecio isabelis and Espeletia hartwegiana. Moreover, these communities have been colonized by non-native species, e.g., Rumex acetosella. Upright shrubs and large tussock grasses, characteristic of the alpine tropics, established slowly because they required highly organic, slow-developing soils. Taxa of tropical biogeographic origin were under-represented early after deglacierization in comparison with temperate taxa. These results suggest the existence of a strong climatic debt for some native species, tropical growth forms and taxa of tropical origin, which may translate into significant taxonomic and functional losses whereas the few observed gains concern the establishment of non-native species.

RESUMEN Los ecosistemas andinos constituyen uno de los más importantes centros de biodiversidad del mundo, sin embargo, sus coberturas boscosas tienden a desaparecer rápidamente debido a que están sometidas a una fuerte presión antrópica. En este estudio, se caracterizan las angiospermas presentes en los parches de bosque, sus bordes y en zonas de vegetación abierta o potrero de un área andina de la Cordillera Central de Colombia. Entre marzo de 2017 y febrero de 2018 se realizaron recolecciones de material fértil mediante recorridos del área. Se obtuvo información complementaria de colecciones históricas depositadas en herbarios. El material herborizado se depositó en el Herbario Nacional Colombiano (COL). Se registran 431 especies, agrupadas en 92 familias y 239 géneros, se encontraron cinco familias de magnólidas con siete géneros y 29 especies, 18 de monocotiledóneas (66/131) y 69 eudicotiledóneas (166/271). La mayor riqueza a nivel de especies la presentan Orchidaceae (54), Rubiaceae (24), Asteraceae (22), Araceae (22) y Piperaceae (20). Las hierbas terrestres son la forma de vida más numerosa (31,8 %), seguidas por arbustos (26,5 %) y árboles (17,6 %). A pesar de tratarse de áreas rodeadas por actividades productivas, principalmente agropecuarias, se encontraron 30 especies endémicas de Colombia, 170 taxones representan nuevos registros para la vertiente oriental de la Cordillera Central del departamento de Antioquia, dos nuevos registros para el departamento y cuatro nuevas especies. ABSTRACT The Andean ecosystems constitute one of the most important centers of biodiversity in the world; however, their forest covers tend to disappear rapidly as they are subjected to strong anthropic pressure. In this study, the angiosperms present in the forest patches, its edge, and in areas of open vegetation or pasture of an Andean area of the Central Cordillera of Colombia are characterized. General collections of fertile material were made through tours between March 2017 and February 2018. Complementary information was obtained from historic collections deposited in herbaria and the botanical material was deposited in the Herbario Nacional Colombiano (COL). A total of 431 species are recorded, grouped into 92 families and 239 genera, five families of magnolids were found with seven genera and 29 species, 18 monocotyledons (66/131) and 69 eudicotyledons (166/271). The highest species richness is presented by Orchidaceae (54), Rubiaceae (24), Asteraceae (22), Araceae (22), and Piperaceae (20). Terrestrial herbs is the most numerous life form (31.8 %), followed by shrubs (26.5 %) and trees (17.6 %). Despite being areas surrounded by productive activities, mainly agricultural, 30 species are endemic to Colombia, 170 taxa are new records for the eastern slope of the Central mountain range of the department of Antioquia, two are new records for the department, and four new species are reported.

RESUMEN La Orinoquia andina en Colombia ha sido muy afectada por la intervención antrópica. Aunque se han realizado ejercicios de priorización de áreas importantes para la conservación que han incluido a los peces de agua dulce, estos sólo han tenido en cuenta variables como la riqueza, endemismos y estatus de amenaza, que resultan insuficientes para representar la variabilidad geográfica y los patrones de distribución de las especies. En este trabajo, se propone una priorización para la conservación de los peces en la Orinoquia andina a partir de tres enfoques: identificación de áreas de endemismo, riesgo y complementariedad. Los tres enfoques coinciden en la priorización de la subcuenca del río Ariari como la más importante para la conservación de los peces, seguida por la subcuenca del río Guamal, abarcando en conjunto el 72,35 % de la ictiofauna de la Orinoquia Andina. Aunque el 47,07 % del área de estudio pertenece a algún tipo de área protegida, solo el 0,97 % de los registros de peces provienen de áreas protegidas nacionales y el 14,8 % de áreas regionales, resaltando el bajo conocimiento de la diversidad de peces en estas áreas. Se exhorta a las autoridades ambientales, institutos de investigación y universidades, a realizar investigación básica en las áreas protegidas, que permitan conocer su riqueza y analizar su efectividad para conservar la ictiofauna. ABSTRACT The Andean Orinoco basin in Colombia has been strongly affected by the anthropic impact. Although prioritization efforts have been done in important areas for conservation that have included freshwater fish, they have only considered richness, endemism, and threat status which are insufficient to represent the geographical variability and the distribution patterns of species. In this work, prioritization for the conservation of fishes in the Andean Orinoco is proposed based on three approaches: identification of areas of endemism, risk, and complementarity. The three approaches coincide in the prioritization of the Ariari river sub-basin as the most important for fish conservation, followed by the Guamal River sub-basin, together encompassing 72.35 % of the Andean Orinoco ichthyofauna. Although 47.07% of the study area belongs to some type of protected area, only 0.97 % of the fish records come from national protected areas and 14.8 % from regional areas, highlighting the low knowledge of the freshwater fish diversity in these areas. Environmental authorities, research institutes, and universities are urged to carry out basic research in the protected areas that allow to know its richness and to analyze its effectiveness to conserve ichthyofauna.

High Andean ponds and reservoirs are among the least-studied environments. We evaluated the composition of littoral macrobenthos and how it is affected by the physicochemical conditions of the water in El Pañe reservoir (Peru), located at 4,550 m.a.s.l. Samples were taken between November 2017 and October 2018 from three zones in the reservoir: low (downstream), middle and high (upstream); two of these zones with fish farms (low and middle) and one zone without fish farms (high). The following physicochemical parameters of the water were measured: dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH and temperature. The macrobenthic community was analysed through diversity indices such as Shannon-Wiener (H’), Simpson’s dominance index (D), Pielou’s evenness (J’), true diversity (D1), and richness (S). The influence of the physicochemical variables on the macrobenthos was estimated by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Dissolved oxygen was found to have lower values (, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

The species Valeriana praecipitis (Caprifoliaceae), new to science and endemic to the Ñuble Region, Central Chile, is formally described. Morphological data support its placement in a new species, clearly different from V. philippiana. A detailed description, insights about its habitat and ecology, distribution map and illustration are provided. A table of comparison is also given with the morphological characters discriminating V. praecipitis from V. philippiana. The species is assessed as Endangered (EN) under the IUCN categories.

Two new species, Drymonia intermedia Clavijo & J.L.Clark, sp. nov. and D. longiflora J.L.Clark & Clavijo, sp. nov. (Gesneriaceae, Columneinae), are described from the western Andean slopes of Ecuador and Colombia. The new species are similar to D. fimbriata, D. laciniosa, D. macrophylla, and D. peponifera because of the facultative epiphytic habit, deeply serrate to laciniate calyx margins, and fleshy bivalved capsules with tardily dehiscent endocarps. Leaves with brochidodromous venation, narrowly elongate corolla tube, and laciniate calyx margins differentiate D. intermedia. The longest corolla of any known Drymonia (> 6.5 cm long) differentiates D. longiflora. Digital photographs, geographic distributions, and IUCN categories are provided for the new species.

This research contributes to environmental microbiology in deciphering and understanding the complex terrestrial and aquatic system, particularly, the microbial evaluation of extreme ecosystems. In such environments, highly adapted organisms inhabit the most adverse landscapes. Such adaptation is highly dynamic and complex, and often more than one evolutionary process is involved. For example, in glaciers, temperatures below 0°C, high ultraviolet radiation and scarcity of energetic sources are challenging factors that microorganisms in this type of habitat must successfully cope with. Many of these types of microorganisms can reduce energy consumption and express enzymes with high catalytic activity that can be applied to industry. This proximal study covers both the technology employed to achieve the objectives, as well as the most important aspect about the structure and identification of the bacterial communities present in the two locations in the Ecuadorian Andes, the Cayambe glacier and the Sumaco volcano, not reported until now. Esta Investigación aporta a la Microbiología ambiental en descifrar y comprender el complejo sistema terrestre y acuático, particularmente, la evaluación microbiana de ecosistemas extremos. En este tipo de ambientes, los organismos altamente adaptados habitan los paisajes más adversos. Dicha adaptación es muy dinámica y compleja, y a menudo más de un frente evolutivo está involucrado en este proceso. Por ejemplo, en los glaciares, las temperaturas por debajo de 0ºC, la alta radiación ultravioleta y la escasez de fuentes energéticas, son factores desafiantes que los microorganismos en este tipo de hábitats deben enfrentar con éxito. Se han descubierto diferentes rutas para superar estas fuerzas evolutivas. Muchos de este tipo de microorganismos son capaces de reducir el consumo de energía y de expresar enzimas de alta actividad catalítica que pueden aplicarse en la industria. Este estudio cubrió tanto la tecnología empleada para lograr los objetivos, así como el aspecto más importante acerca de la estructura e identificación proximal de las comunidades bacterianas presentes en las dos ubicaciones de los Andes ecuatorianos, el glaciar Cayambe y el volcán Sumaco, no reportadas hasta la actualidad.

El artículo describe la situación de los habitantes que viven en las provincias ecuatorianas de esmeraldas, Carchi y Sucumbíos, que colindan con los departamentos colombianos de Nariño y Putumayo. En la actualidad este sector es considerado zona de guerra, debido a la alta presencia de los grupos ilegales armados ligados al negocio del narcotráfico y a otras actividades conexas. Como resultado, ambos Estados realizan a diario operaciones de control para disuadir la presencia de cultivos de hoja de coca, laboratorios de cocaína y bases clandestinas de guerrilleros y paramilitares colombianos. Este estudio contó con la colaboración de moradores en los 725 km de frontera, quienes relataron cómo es su vida cotidiana y cuáles son sus demandas frente al Estado para reducir su vulnerabilidad a lo ilegal. Además, se realiza una breve descripción del contexto histórico del narcotráfico en la región andina y de la influencia de la política antidrogas de Estados Unidos. This article describes the situation of people living in the Ecuadorian provinces of Esmeraldas, Carchi and Sucumbios, which abut the Colombian departments of Nariño and Putumayo. Nowadays this place is considered a war zone due to the high presence of illegal armed groups linked to the drug trade and other related activities. As a result, both states conducted daily monitoring operations to deter the presence of coca leaf crops, cocaine laboratories and clandestine bases of guerrillas and paramilitaries. This study had the cooperation of residents that lived within the 725 km border, who recounted how their daily lives were and what their demands were to reduce their vulnerability to illegal activity. In addition was a brief description of the historical context of drug trafficking in the Andean region and the influence of the anti-drug policy of the United States.

Repository for: Caught in the Act: Incipient Speciation at the Southern limit of Viburnum in the Central Andes In this repository, we are storing the following: HDF5 file of the assembly produced by ipyrad of our RADseq reads (bolivia_history.seqs.hdf5) HDF5 files with the SNPs found in item 1 (bolivia_history.snps.hdf5) Phylip file containing the final alignment used for the tree reconstruction (10-bolivia-initial_mcov0.25_rcov0.1_ALLscaff_SelectiveSampling.phy) For additional reproducibility material (scripts, notebooks) check:https://github.com/camayal/southern-oreinotinus

Chinchillula sahamae Thomas, 1898 is a sigmodontine rat, known to occur in southern Peru, northern Chile, and western Bolivia. In this study, we report new records of the species in the departments of Huancavelica and Junín, Peru, which extend this species’ known distribution 370 km northwest, and new records in the department of Tacna, which extend the upper elevational range of the species to 5100 m, 250 m higher than previously known. In addition, we include notes on natural history, especially nesting behaviour, based on direct observations.

A new species of Mummuciidae, Mummucina huaripampae sp. nov., from Huaripampa, between 3352 and 3568 m a.s.l. in the department of Junín, central Peru, is described and illustrated. This is the first Mummucina species registered for Junín, and the fourth for Peru. With this description, the number of known Mummucina species rises to seven., Una nueva especie de Mummuciidae, Mummucina huaripampae sp. nov. colectada en Huaripampa, entre 3352 y 3568 m de altitud en el departamento de Junín, en el Perú central, es descrita e ilustrada. Esta es la primera especie de Mummucina registrada para Junín y la cuarta para Perú. Con esta descripción, el número de especies conocidas de Mummucina asciende a siete.

Knowledge of Carex L. (true sedges) and Hypericum L. (St. John's wort) in the Neotropics is fragmentary. As a result of a fieldwork campaign in Ecuador and revision of herbarium collections (K, QCA and QCNE), we present here relevant records of twelve Carex (Cyperaceae) and four Hypericum (Hypericaceae) species. Regarding Carex, we present the novel report for South America of C. aztecica, as well as the first Ecuadorian records for C. brehmeri, C. collumanthus, C. fecunda, C. melanocystis and C. punicola. The three later records have additional biogeographical significance, as they represent the new northern limit of these species. We also include observations for another five species included in the Ecuadorian Red List of Endemic Plants. As a result, the list of native Carex reported for Ecuador would now include 52 taxa. With regard to Hypericum, we include the new report of H. sprucei for the province of Bolívar, and the confirmation of the presence of three rare species (H. acostanum, H. matangense, H. prietoi) in their type localities, although with extremely low population sizes. We discuss their conservation status and implications.

On-going land-use change has profound impacts on biodiversity by filtering species that cannot survive in disturbed landscapes and potentially altering biotic interactions. In particular, how land-use change reshapes biotic interactions remains an open question. Here, we used selectivity experiments with nectar feeders in natural and converted forests to test the direct and indirect effects of land-use change on resource competition in Andean hummingbirds along an elevational gradient. Selectivity was defined as the time hummingbirds spent at high resource feeders when feeders with both low and high resource values were offered in the presence of other hummingbird species. Selectivity approximates the outcome of interspecific competition (i.e., the resource intake across competing species); in the absence of competition, birds should exhibit higher selectivity. We evaluated the indirect effect of forest conversion on selectivity, as mediated by morphological dissimilarity and flower resource abundance, using structural equation models. We found that forest conversion influenced selectivity at low and mid-elevations, but the influence of morphological dissimilarity and resource availability on selectivity varied between these elevations. At mid-elevation, selectivity was more influenced by the presence of morphologically similar competitors than by resource abundance while at low-elevation resource abundance was a more important predictor of selectivity. Our results suggest that selectivity is influenced by forest conversion, but that the drivers of these changes vary across elevation, highlighting the importance of considering context-dependent variation in the composition of resources and competitors when studying competition., Oecologia, 201 (3), ISSN:0029-8549, ISSN:1432-1939

Resumen En este artículo, voy a analizar el sistema de género y la construcción de la masculinidad en la escritura autobiográfica de Lurgio Gavilán Sánchez. Ofrezco un análisis textual y hermenéutico de la segunda etapa de su escritura, que empieza con el «Epílogo» de la reedición de Memorias de un soldado desconocido de 2017 e incluye Carta al teniente Shogún de 2019. En esta segunda etapa, el lugar de enunciación de Gavilán Sánchez es una generación con coordenadas de región, clase social y género: los exsoldados ayacuchanos que participaron en el conflicto armado interno - CAI. En el rol de narratario o audiencia lectora implícita, esta generación de exsoldados coexiste con la figura del teniente Shogún, quien se convierte en modelo de masculinidad, paternidad y principio guía para el objetivo del memorialista de recuperar la dimensión familiar. Gavilán Sánchez emplea una retórica religiosa y un modo melodramático para narrar sus interacciones y las de miembros de su generación con este militar y otras figuras paternas. Propongo que la figura de Shogún, a quien el memorialista presenta como emblema de una práctica humanitaria y democratizadora, en realidad encarna el patriarcado colonial moderno y subordina la masculinidad racializada de Gavilán Sánchez. Asimismo, el modo melodramático impone el binarismo de género del patriarcado colonial moderno que despolitiza a las mujeres (el caso de la militante senderista Rosaura). Abstract In this article, I will analyze the gender system and the construction of masculinity in the autobiographical writing of Lurgio Gavilán Sánchez. I offer a textual and hermeneutical analysis of the second stage of his writing, which begins with the «Epilogue» of the 2017 reissue of Memorias de un soldado desconocido and includes Cartas al teniente Shogún from 2019. In this second stage, the Gavilán Sánchez’s place of enunciation is a generation with coordinates of geographical region, social class, and gender -the ex-soldiers from Ayacucho who participated in the Internal Armed Conflict - IAC. For the role of narratario or implicit reading audience, the generation of ex-soldiers coexists with Lieutenant Shogun, who becomes the model of masculinity, paternity, and guiding principle in Gavilán Sánchez’s goal of recovering the family dimension. His writing employs religious language and a melodramatic mode to narrate his peers’ and own interactions with this military and other paternal figures. I propose that the figure of Shogun, an emblem of humanitarian and democratizing practice according to Gavilán Sánchez, actually embodies the modern colonial patriarchy and subordinates the memorialist’s racialized masculinity. Likewise, the melodramatic mode imposes the gender binary of modern colonial patriarchy that depoliticizes women (the case of the Shining Path militant Rosaura).

Currently in review. Methods are described in the full text. Please consult the README.mdfile for information about the included data.&nbsp

En este artículo argumento que los inicios de la arqueología moderna en los Andes supusieron la transformación de las espacialidades campesinas e Indígenas de las que los edificios precolombinos eran parte, para lo cual sostengo que se hace necesaria una mirada a los márgenes de los archivos visuales producidos durante las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Para este fin, analizo algunos registros pocos estudiados del archivo visual del ingeniero alemán Hans Heinrich Brüning (1848-1928) y propongo algunas vías para expandir nuestro conocimiento de su archivo y así enriquecer los debates sobre los orígenes de la arqueología andina moderna. Asimismo, incorporo varios de los estudios que se han hecho sobre su vida, sus trabajos, y su posterior influencia, así como los estudios que desde la geografía crítica ayudan a pensar la división y el control del espacio en contextos de capitalismo temprano. De esta forma, concluyo proponiendo algunas ideas para pensar los orígenes de la arqueología andina como parte de proyectos más amplios de uso de regímenes locales de espacialidad. Al incluir ciertas imágenes del archivo expandido de Brüning en nuestras lecturas de la historia de la arqueología se podrán acceder a las tensiones de representación surgidas durante las primeras décadas del siglo XX. In this paper, I argue that the beginnings of modern archaeology in the Andes entailed the transformation of the peasant and Indigenous spatialities of which pre-Columbian buildings were a part, a task for which looking at the margins of the visual archives produced during the first decades of the twentieth century is necessary. To this end, I analyze some little-studied records from the visual archive of German engineer Hans Heinrich Brüning (1848-1928) and offer new ways to expand our knowledge of his archive and thus enrich debates about the origins of modern Andean archaeology. Likewise, I incorporate several works that have looked at his life, his works, and his later influence, as well as perspectives from critical geography that analyze the division and control of space in contexts of early capitalism. In this way, I conclude by proposing some ideas for thinking about the origins of Andean archaeology as part of broader projects utilizing local regimes of spatiality. Including specific images from Brüning's expanded archive in our readings of the history of archaeology will provide access to the tensions of representation that emerged during the first decades of the twentieth century.

This thesis is a historical ethnography of the parish of Simiatug, from the turn of the twentieth century to the present but focused mainly between 1970-2020. Simiatug is a rural parish located in the Bolívar province in the central highlands of Ecuador, where Kichwa indigenous communities, a major hacienda (Hacienda Talahua), and a white-mestizo town coexisted until the early 1980s. Relationships of exploitation and racial discrimination against indigenous people were predominant during this period. Legislation such as the agrarian reforms were not implemented locally, due to the unassailable power of the landowning family, the Cordovez, who were able to maintain their estate despite the law. This began to change in the 1970s, and social change accelerated during the 1980s. Indigenous peasants organised themselves to create a Peasant House for adult literacy, founded independent bilingual schools and a Kichwa radio frequency. They also demanded changes in market relations with mestizos, refusing the asymmetrical exchange systems that had been usual until then. In April 1981, hundreds of people marched to occupy the land of hacienda Talahua, pressing for the application of land reform legislation. In 1982, they were successful, and the hacienda’s land was granted to the indigenous organisation Fundación Runacunapac Yachana Huasi (FRY). FRY still owns several hundred hectares of communal land, on which they have since carried out many agricultural and educational projects. Each chapter of the thesis analyses a different aspect of the transformation of Simiatug, contrasting observations made during fieldwork with archival material, including documents from the Land Reform Archive and several unpublished video interviews with indigenous leaders filmed by anthropologists in the 1980s. Chapter One describes the hacienda through the landowners’ and peasants’ concepts of land, Chapter Two portrays the town and its market as a second backdrop for the struggles, Chapter Three describes the uprising in which indigenous peasants occupied Hacienda Talahua, Chapter Four looks at education and Chapter Five reflects on indigeneity as a form of historical consciousness. The main historical narrative woven through the thesis has been reconstructed from the perspective of the generation who participated in the occupation of the hacienda. This narrative is complemented by other interpretations made by the indigenous youth, mestizos, and landowners. Focusing on indigeneity, from the point of view of different actors - including not only the indigenous peasants’ perceptions of their identity but also the mestizos’ and the elites’ discourses - I trace how being indigenous in Simiatug is a complex, intricate and changing reality. I argue that the struggles for land, education and fair commerce, as a practice and lived experience of political mobilisation, shaped certain forms of historical and ethnic consciousness. This allows the consideration of historical consciousness not only as an abstract process, but as a multi-layered, embodied experience, with a strong relation to certain forms of indigeneity. Unravelling these histories of change and the pivotal events that made change possible from the perspective of my interlocutors, I present the complexities of being indigenous in Simiatug in the recent past and today and across different generations., Partially funded by SENESCYT Ecuador

Introducción Sábado 29 de diciembre de 2018: el Perú amaneció con los medios de comunicación transmitiendo en vivo la demolición del “mausoleo terrorista”, en un cementerio del barrio popular limeño de Comas. Las máquinas demoledoras demoraron menos de dos horas en tumbar esa edificación que albergaba los huesos de ocho senderistas. Con un imponente resguardo policial, el alcalde dirigió la operación de traslado de los féretros hacia tumbas individuales cuya ubicación era desconocida por sus ...

—¿Qué fue lo que te motivó a trabajar el tema de la violencia política peruana y a elaborar finalmente un proyecto de trilogía? Diego Trelles paz—La violencia política ha estado presente en todo lo que he escrito. No inicia con Bioy [2012] ni con el proyecto de la trilogía. En mis dos primeras obras (Hudson el redentor [2001] y El círculo de los escritores asesinos [2005]) es una presencia oblicua que funciona en distintas direcciones. No solo contextualiza (es muy raro que no haya un context...

La violencia que no cesa busca romper estereotipos y comprender las huellas y persistencias del conflicto armado peruano en la actualidad. A veinte años de la creación de la Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación, ¿cuáles fueron los usos del metarrelato de su Informe final en las reparaciones a las víctimas? ¿Cómo se manifiesta el “continuum de violencia” en los conflictos sociales actuales, las migraciones o las violencias de género? ¿En qué medida las producciones culturales interrogan la herencia de la violencia política? Abordamos estas preguntas desde una perspectiva multidisciplinaria que articula ciencias sociales, humanidades y artes.

Introducción Durante las tres últimas décadas, las exhumaciones relacionadas con los conflictos armados del siglo xx aumentaron considerablemente en el mundo entero. Miles de cadáveres fueron exhumados para ser analizados en laboratorios e identificados. Tanto el marco jurídico que favoreció el desarrollo masivo de las exhumaciones como la participación de antropólogos, arqueólogos, patólogos y otros científicos forenses en los escenarios de violencia en masa para buscar, ubicar y recuperar l...

Convocados por Karen Bernedo, más de treinta artistas peruanos realizaron el conjunto de serigrafías que componen la “Carpeta colaborativa de resistencia visual 1992-2017”. El objetivo: interrogar la herencia de la última década del conflicto armado interno, así como sus consecuencias en la sociedad peruana de inicios del siglo xxi. El resultado: un cadáver exquisito de 36 afiches, cuyo centenar de ejemplares ha sido distribuido gratuitamente a diferentes colectivos y presentado en más de cin...

Introducción A inicios de los años 2000, la caída del régimen autoritario y la transición democrática permitieron la reactivación de las protestas sociales en el Perú. Después de una década de nuevo impulso neoliberal, inscrito en la Constitución de 1993, la actividad minera se convirtió en el foco de una conflictividad social rural difícil de contener para el Estado peruano que apeló a nuevas maneras de responder a la protesta en los territorios mineros. Este texto interroga las relaciones ...

Introducción Entre octubre y diciembre de 2014, una obra llamada La Cautiva fue puesta en escena en un teatro de los distritos más pudientes de Lima. La obra cuenta la historia de María Josefa, una niña andina de 15 años que, alrededor de la década de 1980, se despierta en la morgue de una base militar. María Josefa insiste en contarle su historia al técnico forense encargado de preparar su cuerpo sin vida para que pueda ser nuevamente violado por sus verdugos. La cautiva y el técnico forense...

Introducción A la luz de los resultados obtenidos en las últimas elecciones parlamentarias en el Perú, en el que ocho militares excombatientes resultaron electos como congresistas de la república, resulta necesario promover una nueva línea de investigación interdisciplinaria que aborde con rigurosidad la “cuestión militar” y de modo más específico el papel que los militares vienen ocupando en el escenario político peruano posterior al conflicto armado interno (1980-2000). Este esfuerzo académ...

Introducción Tras el fin del régimen fujimorista y la publicación del Informe final de la Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación (CVR), la voluntad de resemantizar y resignificar el conflicto armado interno (CAI) se reafirmó notablemente en las prácticas artísticas y culturales. Esto las llevó a convertirse, como lo señala Víctor Vich, en uno de los principales “agentes de memoria” que han venido contribuyendo a reformular los imaginarios ciudadanos sobre dicho período [2015, pp. 14]. En cuan...

Introducción La ciudad de Ayacucho, capital del departamento epónimo, fue la cuna de Sendero Luminoso (PCP-SL). Este movimiento subversivo nació en la universidad local, a fines de los años sesenta, de una última escisión del Partido Comunista ayacuchano, y en el marco de una efervescencia social y política. Este dio inicio a su “guerra popular” contra el Estado peruano el 17 de mayo de 1980 en Chuschi, una comunidad andina del sur del departamento y, en un principio, desarrolló sus actividad...

Introducción La producción literaria peruana sobre el conflicto armado interno no es un fenómeno nuevo. Desde el principio de la década de 1980, mientras la violencia se extendía desde el sur de los Andes centrales, los autores peruanos trataron el tema, ya sea en novelas, cuentos o poemas. Así, Mark R. Cox [2008] señala una importante cantidad de obras que se han enfocado en el conflicto y sus diferentes manifestaciones desde principios de los ochenta: “Desde el 2000, que inicia el tercer p...

Introducción México y Perú son los países con mayor población indígena en esta región, con casi 17 millones y 7 millones, respectivamente [Comisión Económica y Política de América Latina (CEPAL), 2014, pp. 99]. El último censo peruano [2017] confirmó que la cuarta parte de su población, que es de más de 31 millones, se autoidentificó como indígena u originaria, dentro de la cual más de 55 mil se autoidentificó como asháninka [Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática del Perú (INEI), 20...

¿Quién no presta oídos a cualquier campana, en cualquier circunstancia en que esta dobla? — John Donne Introducción Este artículo hace una presentación de la problemática búsqueda de los desaparecidos en el excuartel militar Los Cabitos (hoy Domingo Ayarza). El caso de los desaparecidos en este cuartel configura un caso singular a nivel nacional, ya que se trata del mayor número de casos de desaparición asociados a un solo lugar, en un período determinado y con un solo actor perpetrador en l...

Introducción El cine documental o cine de no ficción ha experimentado un nuevo auge en el ámbito de la producción audiovisual de los últimos años. La aparición de nuevos circuitos de exhibición por internet, a través de plataformas dedicadas a la difusión, surge como la continuación del reciente aumento de festivales nacionales e internacionales y redes de proyecciones dedicadas al documental. El creciente interés del público por este género del cine reimpulsó una dinámica de producción que s...

“Sabemos que no ha cambiado su pensamiento, sigue siendo el mismo, y que venga al distrito que mayor daño ha recibido del terrorismo [...]. Puso en peligro la integridad física de todos los parlamentarios, así como la infraestructura del Parlamento”. [sic] —Declaraciones en prensa sobre los casos de Maritza Garrido-Lecca y Nancy Madrid respectivamente. [Correo, 2017; Expreso, 2018a] Introducción La excarcelación de mujeres que han cumplido sentencias de pena privativa de libertad por el del...