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Purpose- This article aims to highlight the various prosthodontic applications and their contributions in the field of forensic dental sciences. Data Sources- PubMed, ResearchGate, Google scholar, and Google Study selection- The database identified many publications during this electronic search. Titles and abstracts of the found publications were studied. A total of thirty-nine publications were judged to be relevant by the title and abstract. Their full text was read and analysed. All these articles had the most appropriate data, thus were included for this review article and conclusion was established. Data extraction- After extracting the intended data from the results of each study done. They were carefully segregated and complied in a self-designed format. The overall data was analysed to conclude the review and establish the results. Results- Appreciation of the forensic field gives the dental practitioner another reason to maintain legible and legally acceptable record and assist legal authorities in the identification of victims and suspects. Role of the forensic odontologists is to recognize the abuse, reassure the victim about confidentiality and report to the proper agency. Conclusion- The prosthodontist must understand about the implications of forensic odontology. The knowledge about the forensics helps him/her to assist the legal authorities for identification of victims and suspects. Though this is not a recent concept but still more studies should be performed to explore this field of forensic odontology.

Background The wrinkles and grooves present on the sulci labiorum of human lips form characteristic patterns. As previous authors claimed, these can be used for personal identification in forensic cases because they are unique, permanent, and classifiable. Many scientists had devised different systems to classify the lip prints (Suzuki and Tsuchihashi, Martin Santos, Renaud, Afchar Bayar, and Jose Maria Dominguez). These systems were based solely on the shape of patterns present on the whole lip. However, sometimes, lip prints affected by either habitual smoking or any other pathological conditions are encountered. The investigator may have to form an opinion on partial lip print to identify the culprit. Therefore, in the present study, an alternative comprehensive system to classify even the partial prints has been proposed. Lip print samples were collected from 500 individuals (400 females and 100 males, respectively) using the tape lifting method. The whole lip print (Klein’s zone) was divided into 10 quadrants (five each on upper and lower lips) to study the whole pattern area thoroughly. The sample-wise and quadrant-wise frequency of all the patterns was statistically calculated. Sexual dimorphism of the lip print patterns was also assessed statistically. Results The method used emphasizes the consistency of patterns, which have been divided into Basic and Combination Patterns. Detailed examination of lip prints revealed that all the quadrants tend to have 7 types of Basic Patterns and 43 types of Combination Patterns despite similar appearance. These patterns can be further categorized into various subtypes based on the direction and orientation of wrinkle lines constituting the original pattern. Most of the Basic and Combination Patterns were widely distributed in all the analysed lip print samples and showed significant dependence on the sex of the subject. Conclusions The lip print patterns examined in the present study can be useful as an alternative to the existing systems to classify even partial lip marks recovered at the crime scene.

Human identification by virtue of dental identification is on the increase in the past few years and has served as a major adjunct in the identification process. The science associated with the dealing of evidences from dental, oral, and paraoral structures—Forensic Odontology, is a boon in itself. It has been seen that the role of forensic odontology has increased as most of the times teeth and other orally associated structures remain the only means of identification in the worst of scenarios where the conventional biometrics such as fingerprint, iris scan, palm print, etc., may be lost and are therefore not reliable enough to resolve the purpose of identification. There are various important aspects in forensic odontology which are associated with the study of tooth prints, i.e., ameloglyphics, radiographs, the study of palatal rugae patterns, i.e., rugoscopy, cheiloscopy, i.e., the study of lip patterns, tongue prints which can serve as an important biometric tool to aid in the human identification process. Dental biometrics helps to determine several parameters that serve in the interest of forensics such as type of specimen, population affinity, sex, age, stature, race, and various other individualization factors. So, comparative dental identifications with the help of a biometric recognition system will play a major role in identifying deceased individuals in disasters, crimes, or any other mass tragedies. How to cite this article: Kaul B, Vaid V, Gupta S, et al. Forensic Odontological Parameters as Biometric Tool: A Review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(3):416–419.

Purpose Assessment of children's behavior in the dental setting and its correlation with thumb print and lip print. Materials and methods The behavior pattern, lip print pattern, and thumb print pattern of 518 children aged 5–12 years were recorded in their first dental visit. The behavior pattern, lip print pattern, and thumb print pattern were determined using Frankl's Behavior Rating Scale, Tsuchihashi's classification, and Cummin's classification, respectively. The data were tabulated according to the classified criteria and statistically analyzed. Results It was observed that positive and definitely positive Frankl Behavior was associated with the children bearing an arch pattern of thumb print, whereas their lip pattern had no association with their behavior pattern, particularly in dental sittings. Conclusion Thumb print pattern can aid as a behavior marker before a child's first dental appointment and this can prove beneficial for both the child and the clinician in providing a high quality of dental care and modify behavior for future dental appointments. How to cite this article Navit S, Pramanik S, Khan SA, et al. Cheiloscopy and Dactyloscopy as Behavior Assessment Tool in Dental Settings: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(2):238–242.

For almost a century, methods of identifying a person by prints have been recognized as a reliable tool for forensic experts in the world. Cheiloscopic examination is used to solve a wide range of issues facing the investigation, especially in cases of absence of other material evidence. The article reveals the historical stages of development and improvement of methods of examination of lip prints, a list of issues that can be solved using such methods. Materials of the practical achievements of world scientists in the application of cheiloscopic research methods are provided., Методи ідентифікації людини за відбитками майже сторіччя визнані вірогідним інструментом судово-медичних експертів світу. Хейлоскопічна експертиза застосовується для вирішення широкого спектра питань, що постають перед слідством, особливо за умов відсутності інших речових доказів. Стаття розкриває історичні етапи розвитку та вдосконалення методів проведення експертизи відбитків губ, перелік питань, що можливо вирішити за їхньою допомогою. Надані матеріали щодо практичних досягнень вчених світу сьогодення в застосуванні хейлоскопічних методів дослідження.

Background: The prevalence of obesity has been steadily increasing worldwide. Reliable and noninvasive tools that can be used to diagnose such conditions may help us in mass screening and prevention. Finger prints and lip prints have been used as the genetic markers in some diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Studies to correlate a possible association of such markers among obese individuals have not been reported in India to date. The present study was conducted to determine and compare the lip print and finger print patterns in normal and obese individuals and also to evaluate any possible correlation between the lip prints and finger prints in both the study groups. Methodology: Lip and finger print patterns of 100 obese and equal number of age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were analyzed. Right thumb, right index, left thumb and left index finger prints were evaluated. Gender-wise comparison was also made. Results: Lip prints revealed no significant difference between obese and nonobese individuals. Predominant Type I lip print was observed in both the study groups. Comparison of finger prints between obese and nonobese individuals revealed a highly significant results for all the fingers. Predominant finger print patterns in the right thumb, right index, left thumb and left index among obese individuals were whorl (51%), loop (83%), whorl (79%) and arch (74%), respectively. No correlation between the lip prints and finger prints was noted. Conclusion: Finger prints in the obese individuals showed significant differences when compared to the normal controls while lip prints failed to reveal any significant difference. Lip prints did not correlate with the finger prints. Right thumb revealed a significant gender difference among obese individuals.

There are widely increased in sexual abuse that becomes a serious predicament in every society. It has not only put permanent stains on the deceased but as well as her entire family into degrades and shame. The progressive contribution of the sensual abuse cases was being targeted mostly on women, infants, and homosexuals, by the disparate manner of assault-style like Sodomy and the killer is male. Many children, sadly become a sufferer of sex-related homicides perpetrated by the individual who is intended to protect them from evil. There are four categories of rapists are power reassurance, power assertive, anger retaliatory, and anger excitation. It is necessary to bring justice to society and should fear the consequences the criminals will face. We present a case study which will bring about the important facts and figures of how forensic science is helpful to give conclusions to the cases. In some situations, Offender profiling has been debated on recommending psychiatric and psychological analysis of the sexual offender in such despicable crime., {"references":["Irimia R, Gottschling M (2016) Taxonomic revision of Rochefortia Sw. (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales). Biodiversity Data Journal 4","Hilal, M., Said, A., El-sayed, W., Kamel, M., Mostafa, M. (2017). Study of sodomy cases referred to medico-legal department / Ministry of Justice in sohag in the period from January 2014 to January 2017. Sohag Medical Journal, 21","Jour Hilal, Maha Said, Ahmed, El-Sayed, Walaa, Kamel, Mohamed, Mostafa, Mohamed,349Study of sodomy cases referred to medico-legal department / Ministry of Justice in sohag in the period from January 2014 to January 20 21 10.21608/smj.2017.40 Sohag Medical Journal.","Staffsites.sohag-univ.edu.eg. 2020. staffsites.sohag-univ.edu.eg/uploads/1092/","Khairkar SR, H., 2015. Detection of Semen Stains in Rape Cases by a Very High-Powered UV-VIS Light Source, Facilitated Conviction of Accused Person. Journal of Forensic Research, 06(04).","Portal Myhealth. 2020. Victims of Rape And Sodomy - Portal Myhealth.","John O. Savine and Brent E. Turvey. Rape Investigation and Handbook. Second Edition.","Paparo, G. and Siegel, H., \"Histologic Diagnosis of Sodomy,\" Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 24, No. 4, 1979, pp. 772-774","Richard Saferstein. Forensic Science Crime and Investigation. Forensic Science from the Cr (BookZZ.org).pdf.","Yurtoğlu, Nadir. History Studies International Journal of History, vol. 10, no. 7, 2018, pp. 241–264., DOI:10.9737/hist.2018.658.","Geberth, V. J. (2003). Sex-Related Homicide and Death Investigation. DOI:10.1201/b14605","Collection and Preservation of Physical Evidence in Sex-Related Death Investigations. (2010). Sex-Related Homicide and Death Investigation, 289-354. DOI:10.1201/b16710-15","Buka, P. (2010). Sex-Related Homicide and Death Investigation. DOI:10.1201/b16710","The Crime Scene Investigation. (2010). Sex-Related Homicide and Death Investigation, 225-288. DOI:10.1201/b16710-14","The BTK Investigation. (2010). Sex-Related Homicide and Death Investigation, 653-692. DOI:10.1201/b16710-22"]}

Lip print (LP) evidence can be an essential tool for human forensics. LPs have conventionally been developed using substances such as lysochrome dyes, fluorescent dyes, indigo dye, aluminium powder, and silver metallic powder. However, techniques for LP enhancement from various substrates are currently inconsistent and lack standardisation in practice. This review summarises current knowledge on the physical and chemical techniques of LP enhancement, identifies limitations, and provides suggestions for future research on practical applications of cheiloscopy as a forensic tool in criminal justice.Key points The grooves and wrinkles of the human lip establish unique patterns that persist throughout life. Cheiloscopic patterns exhibit discriminatory individual characteristics that may constitute circumstantial forensic evidence. Enhancement techniques for latent lip prints on porous and nonporous substrates can be classified as physical or chemical. Unlike fingerprint, there is a current lack of consistency and/or standardisation on latent lip print enhancement methods in frontline forensic practice.

Background: The most crucial evidence that is left behind at the crime scenarios that might narrow down the suspect pool are lip prints and fingerprints. These are undoubtedly the most reliable and valuable evidence till date in the court of law. One more biological record that remains unchanged throughout the lifespan of a person is the blood group. Aim and Objectives: To study, correlate and compare cheiloscopy and dactyloscopy with blood group among dental students in the Western Maharashtra population. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 dental students with age groups ranging between 18–25 years were included in the study. Lip print pattern, fingerprint pattern and ABO blood groups were collected and compared. SPSS version 20.0 was used to analyse the data. Results: There was a statistically significant correlation between lip prints and ABO – Rh (χ2 37.56, P < 0.05) as well as between fingerprints and ABO-Rh blood groups (χ2 30.6, P < 0.05).Conclusion: Hence, this study concluded that fingerprints–ABO blood group and lip prints–ABO blood groups are valuable evidence that can be relied upon in forensic investigations for the identification of the suspect in crime.

Background: Lip prints are seen to remain the same for an individual throughout his/her life. Cheiloscopy can be used as an effective tool in the identification of the persons from pieces of evidence that may be left behind from lip prints. Aim and Objectives: The aim of the current research was to evaluate the predominant lip groove pattern among Calicut population, Kerala. Materials and Methods: The study involved 2112 individuals (1056 males and 1056 females) in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, KMCT Dental College, Calicut, Kerala. Lipstick was used to record the lip groove patterns and the patterns were visualized by magnifying lens after the institutional ethical clearance and informed consent from the individual. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software 22.0. Results: Among the study population, Type 1', Type 1, Type 4, and Type 5 were found to be common lip groove patterns. Males showed predominance on Type 1' and Type 1 lip groove patterns, whereas females showed predominance on Type 4 and Type 5 lip groove patterns. The results were similar when analyzed on upper and lower lips separately on males and females. Conclusion: Cheiloscopy is a reliable tool in personal identification and gender determination of an individual. The geographical prevalence of lip groove patterns was reported in the current research and is added to the database of the anthropological data. Studies in different geographical regions will add lip groove patterns on the database in the future and henceforth the potential of cheiloscopy could be further utilized.

Background and Aims: The oral cavity allows for a numerous prospects for personal identification of subjects. Dental profiling, palatoscopy, cheiloscopy had enabled in nailing the suspects in addition to traditional methods like anthropometry, finger prints, blood groups, DNA analysis. The aim of this study is to assess the reliability of digitized lip prints, finger prints and combination approach in gender determination in Panchkula population. Method: A total of 500 healthy subjects, (250 females and 250 males) aged 20 to 30 years of both genders were recruited and evaluated. Lip prints were obtained by painting lip stick and using cellotape to take the impression, while finger prints were obtained by fingerprint rolling technique. Scanned images of the obtained lip and finger prints were analyzed according to Suzuki K and Tsuchihashi Y and classification by Cummins and Midlo, respectively, using applications of 'Adobe Photoshop 7' software. Results: Finger print analysis correctly classified gender in 52.6%, but was not statistically significant (Canonical correlation = 0.117, P = 0.230) Lip print analysis correctly identified gender in 64.8% and was statistically significant (Canonical correlation = 0.350,P < 0.001). When a combination approach was used, the gender was correctly identified in 65.8% and was statistically significant (Canonical correlation = 0.369,P < 0.001). Conclusion: Although not a 100% accurate method, the combination method was found to be more accurate and thus can be used as a supplementary tool in sex determination.

Objective: To demonstrate the effectiveness to determine sex through cheiloscopy using the Vahanwala method in scanned lip impressions at the Tupac Amaru Apurímac Secondary Training Entity for Minors in Lima, Peru in 2017. Methods: 94 lip imprint samples were collected for the study, of which 44 were from male and 50 from females. The lip prints were made using black lipstick, adhesive tape, swabs, and bond paper. After the collection, a HP Deskjet 2540 scanner was used to obtain images of the lip prints, and these were analyzed with the Adobe Photoshop CS6 program. The following aspects were recorded and evaluated; type of labial grooves, distribution of the labial commissures, lip thickness and the relationship these aspects had in the differentiation of gender. Concordance between the result of the method and the real sex of the lip print was evaluated with the statistical-kappa test. Results: 55.4% presented horizontal labial commissures in both sexes, 45.5% of the males presented medium lip thickness, while 34.0% of the females presented mixed type lip thickness. In relation to lip furrows, class IV furrows predominated in 59.2% of men, with class I and II furrows being found in 72.0% of women. Conclusions: The Vahanwala method is effective for sex determination using scanned lip impressions. Objetivo: Demostrar la eficacia para determinar el sexo mediante la queiloscopia utilizando el método de Vahanwala en impresiones labiales escaneadas en la Institución Educativa de Menores Túpac Amaru Apurímac 2017 (Lima, Perú). Para el estudio se recogieron 94 muestras huellas labiales, las cuales 44 fueron de varones y 50, de mujeres. Las huellas labiales se realizaron utilizando lápiz labial color negro, cinta adhesiva, hisopos y papel bond. Posterior a la recolección se utilizó el escáner HP Deskjet 2540, con el cual se obtuvieron las imágenes para ser analizadas con el programa Adobe Photoshop CS6. Se registraron y evaluaron los siguientes ítems; tipos de surcos labiales, distribución de las comisuras labiales, tipo de grosor labial y la relación que poseían en la diferenciación del género. La concordancia entre el resultado del método y la condición real del sexo fueron evaluadas con la prueba estadística de Kappa. Resultados: El 55,4% presentó comisuras labiales de tipo horizontal para ambos sexos, con relación al grosor labial; el 45,5 % del sexo masculino presentó labios de tipo medianos, mientras que el 34,0% del sexo femenino presentó labios de tipo mixtos, en relación con los surcos labiales analizados en la impresión labial escaneada. Para los hombres hubo predomino de la clase IV (59,2%) y para las mujeres la clase I y II (72,0%). En cuanto a la clasificación precisa del método Vahanwala empleado en el estudio, existe exactitud para la determinación del sexo utilizando impresiones labiales escaneadas. Conclusiones: El método de Vahanwala es eficaz para la determinación del sexo utilizando impresiones labiales escaneadas.

The human identification, one of the most searched areas on the forensic field, is based on the application of methods and techniques to individualize people. The cheiloscopy is a method of human identification based in the study of morphological characteristics of labial grooves, considered unique patterns for every person, same as finger prints. We evaluated the existing scientific evidence about cheiloscopy as a method of human identification through a systematic review, based on the Preferred Report of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol. The searches were performed in the databases: Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane, Lilacs and Sigle following the strategy of the acronym PICO/PECO. 10,715 records were recovered and, after removing duplicates and initial screening, 26 articles were read in full. Ultimately, 22 articles remained, of which 21 had a cross-sectional and 1 longitudinal design. The assessment of methodological quality, performed by the QUADAS-2, indicated that all studies met more than 80% of the quality requirements. The classification systems used for analysis varied between the studies, with Suzuki and Tsuchihashi being the most used (82%). To search the more common standards of labial grooves and their unicity, the studies used statistical analysis that involved 7 types of tests and in 5 studies were used descriptive statistics. We concluded that cheiloscopy is an effective method for human identification, being faster and low budget. However, the method is not effective to estimate the sex and evidences are still needed to confirm it’s applicability on the analysis of the parental relation. La identificación humana, una de las más importantes labores en el campo forense, se basa en la aplicación de técnicas y métodos para individualizar un sujeto. Una de ellas, la queiloscopía, estudia los patrones morfológicos característicos de los surcos labiales, únicos, como las huellas dactilares. Se evaluaron las evidencias científicas sobre la queiloscopía, mediante una revisión sistemática, según el protocolo Preferred Report of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA), con búsquedas realizadas en las bases de datos Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane, Lilacs y Sigle, siguiendo la estrategia PICO/PECO. Fueron localizados 10.715 registros y, después de la primera clasificación y eliminación de los duplicados, se leyeron 26 artículos en su totalidad. Finalmente, quedaron 22 artículos, de los cuales 21 tenían un diseño transversal y 1, longitudinal. La evaluación de la calidad metodológica, valiéndose del QUADAS-2, indicó que todos los estudios cumplían con más del 80% de los requisitos de calidad. Los sistemas de clasificación utilizados para el análisis variaron, siendo Suzuki y Tsuchihashi, los más frecuentes (82%). Para investigar patrones de huellas labiales y su unicidad, se utilizaron 7 tipos de análisis estadísticos, y en 5 estudios, sólo se empleó estadística descriptiva. Se concluyó que la queiloscopía es un método rápido, eficaz y de bajo costo para la identificación humana. Sin embargo, no resulta de utilidad para estimar el sexo, siendo necesarias más investigaciones, para confirmar su aplicabilidad en el análisis del parentesco. A identificação humana, uma das áreas mais investigadas no campo forense, se baseia na aplicação de técnicas e métodos para individualizar sujeitos. A queiloscopia é um método de identificação humana baseada no estudo das características morfológicas dos sulcos labiais, considerados padrões únicos assim como a impressão digital. Avaliou-se as evidências científicas existentes acerca da queiloscopia como método de identificação humana por meio de uma revisão sistemática, baseada no protocolo do Preferred Report of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA), sendo as buscas realizadas nas bases: Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane, Lilacs e Sigle, seguindo a estratégia do acrônimo PICO/PECO. Foram recuperados 10.715 registros e, após a remoção das duplicatas e da triagem inicial, 26 artigos seguiram para leitura na íntegra. Ao final, permaneceram 22 artigos, dos quais 21 tiveram delineamento transversal e 1 longitudinal. A avaliação da qualidade metodológica, realizada por meio do QUADAS-2, indicou que todos os estudos atenderam a mais de 80% dos requisitos de qualidade. Os sistemas de classificação utilizados para análise variaram entre os estudos, sendo o de Suzuki e Tsuchihashi o mais utilizado (82%). Para buscar os padrões de impressão labial e a sua unicidade, os estudos utilizaram análises estatísticas que envolveram 7 tipos de testes e em 5 estudos foi utilizado estatística descritiva. Conclui-se que a queiloscopia é um método eficaz para a identificação humana de baixo custo e maior rapidez. Entretanto, não é eficaz para estimar o sexo e ainda são necessárias evidências para confirmar sua aplicabilidade na análise da relação parental.

Lip print pattern (LPP) is unique to each individual. For decades, forensic experts have used LPP for personal identification to solve criminal cases. However, studies investigating ethnic variation in LPP are scanty. Our study wanted to investigate variation in LPP between two ethnic groups, Oraon tribals and Bengalee Hindus, residing in West Bengal, India. A total of 280 participants included 112 Oraons and168 Bengalee Hindus of both. Prints were taken using dark shaded lipstick and transparent cellophane tape and recorded into white A4 sheet. Prints were divided into four quadrants and examined by magnifying glass. For analysis of results, classification of Suzuki and Tsuchihashi was followed. A p value of 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. It was observed that Type II pattern was dominant in first and second quadrants in both ethnic groups, irrespective of sex. Combination of Type II+III was found to be the most common pattern in males among both Oraons (16.2%) and Bengalee Hindus (12.2%) whereas in females Type II pattern (25.0%) among Oraons and Type III pattern among Bengalee Hindus (11.4%) was the most common. Chi square test showed statistically significant difference among females (p

Aim To determine the relationship between lip prints and sagittal skeletal jaw relation in children of age 9–14 years. Materials and methods The lateral cephalograms of a total of 90 children were analyzed cephalometrically to categorize as skeletal class I, II, or III jaw relation groups. Each group had 30 patients. Lip prints of each sample were recorded and analyzed. Statistical analysis The data obtained were statistically analyzed (Z test) to compare lip print patterns among patients of different sagittal skeletal jaw relations. Results (1) Type IV lip print pattern was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in occurrence on lower lip of class III group males when compared to males of class I group; (2) The proportion of type I lip print pattern on lower lip was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in overall subjects having class II jaw relation; (3) Type II lip print pattern on upper lip and type I lip print pattern on lower lip were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in females of class II group as compared to class III group; (4) Type III upper lip print pattern was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in females of class III group as compared to class II group. Conclusion In the present study, type I lip print pattern on lower lip was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in overall subjects having class II jaw relation; some interrelations between lip print patterns and malocclusions were found especially in skeletal class II and III jaw relation groups. No definite lip print pattern could be associated with any particular sagittal skeletal jaw relation. Clinical significance Lips prints and craniofacial skeleton develop at the same embryonic period. Developmental factors that cause malocclusions might also reflect in the lip print patterns. How to cite this article Allani S, Setty JV, Srinivasan I, et al. Determination of Relationship between Lip Prints and Skeletal Malocclusion in Children of Age 9–14 Years. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(6):494–499.

Background Cheiloscopy is the study of furrows and grooves present on the red part, or the vermilion border of the human lips. The type of groves is unique for an individual and can be used for person identification. Aim The aim of this study is to ascertain whether the uniqueness of lip print (LP) can help in identifying a person. In addition to evaluate the comparison of LP types and blood groups was taken up to see if there is any correlation between the two. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 participants (77 males and 123 females), aged between 25 to 45 years, to determine any correlation between LP types and blood groups. These lip patterns were analyzed and interpreted using Tsuchihashi's classification and later associated blood group matching was performed to determine the predominant LP type with the ABO and Rh blood grouping system. Results The present study showed a positive correlation between LP pattern and blood group among males and females. Thus, distribution of LP patterns, and ABO blood groups might help in the identification of an individual. Conclusion Since LP and blood group are unique for a person. Hence, cheiloscopy along with blood group can play a vital role in person identification.

The robust nature of teeth and their ability to resist destruction, make them indispensable evidence in caseswhere human identification by a scientific method is required. Forensic odontology is the branch of dentistrythat combines knowledge of teeth and oral and maxillofacial region of a dentist with the legal system. Dentalidentification has proven to be a boon in disaster victim identification. Besides teeth, an odontologist canalso help identify unknown domains from other features such as the palatal rugae, lip prints, frontal sinus,etc. Forensic Odontology can also assist in the biological profiling of human remains by sex determination,age assessment, racial profiling, and information about habits or pathologies from dental traits. Dental ageestimation is a crucial part of the age estimation process in the medico-legal system. Research has shownthat dental age estimation by studying mineralization and development of teeth in children and young adultscan be fairly accurate and supplement skeletal age assessment. Biological profiling is required to be donefor reconstructive identification by forensic facial reconstruction, especially in cold cases. Equipped with theexpertise of dental structures, oral and maxillofacial region, overall skull anthropology, forensic odontologycan contribute towards the identification of skeletonized, decomposed, or mutilated remains especially incold cases.

Objective: To evaluate the pattern of cheiloscopic inheritance, transmitted from mother to daughter, and its applicability in human identification. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study of a qualitative and quantitative nature, prepared in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE). The sample consisted of 30 dentistry students from the State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), and their respective mothers. The method consisted of three steps: measurement of lip thickness, classification of the commissures of the lips and evaluation of the sulcular pattern, following the classification of Suzuki and Tsuchihashi. The data were analyzed statistically using Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Results: The most prevalent lip characteristics were the presence of mixed, thick / very thick lips and the lip commissure arranged horizontally. In the evaluation of the sulcular pattern, type I (complete vertical lines) and I '(incomplete vertical lines) prevailed. The thickness and type of lip commissure showed greater potential for transmission from mother to daughters, when compared to the types of lip grooves. Conclusion: The analysis of the lips showed some characteristics that show greater similarity between mothers and daughters, with the pattern of the lip impressions being the characteristic of less similarity among the descendants studied. Objetivo: Evaluar el patrón de herencia queiloscópica, transmitido de madre a hija, y su aplicabilidad en la identificación humana. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio transversal de carácter cualitativo y cuantitativo, elaborado de acuerdo con el Fortalecimiento de la Reporte de Estudios Observacionales en Epidemiología (STROBE). La muestra estuvo conformada por 30 estudiantes de Odontología de la Universidad Estatal de Feira de Santana (UEFS) y sus respectivas madres. El método constaba de tres pasos: medición del grosor de los labios, clasificación de las comisuras de los labios y evaluación del patrón sulcular, siguiendo la clasificación de Suzuki y Tsuchihashi. Los datos se analizaron estadísticamente mediante la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson y la prueba exacta de Fisher. Resultados: Las características labiales más prevalentes fueron la presencia de labios mixtos, gruesos / muy gruesos y la comisura labial dispuesta horizontalmente. En la evaluación del patrón sulcular prevaleció el tipo I (líneas verticales completas) e I '(líneas verticales incompletas). El grosor y el tipo de comisura labial mostraron mayor potencial de transmisión de madre a hijas, en comparación con los tipos de surcos labiales. Conclusión: El análisis de los labios mostró algunas características que muestran mayor similitud entre madres e hijas, siendo el patrón de las impresiones labiales la característica de menor similitud entre los descendientes estudiados. Objetivo: Avaliar o padrão de herança queiloscópico, transmitido de mãe para filha, e sua aplicabilidade na identificação humana. Metodologia: Tratou-se de um estudo transversal de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa, elaborado de acordo com o Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE). A amostra foi composta por 30 acadêmicas de Odontologia da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), e suas respectivas mães. O método consistiu em três etapas: mensuração da espessura labial, classificação das comissuras dos lábios e avaliação do padrão sulcular, seguindo a classificação de Suzuki e Tsuchihashi. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente utilizando testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher. Resultados: As características labiais mais prevalentes foram a presença de lábios mistos, grossos/muito grossos e da comissura labial disposta horizontalmente. Na avaliação do padrão sulcular prevaleceram os sulcos tipo I (linhas verticais completas) e I’ (linhas verticais incompletas). A espessura e o tipo de comissura labial apresentaram maior potencial de transmissão de mãe para filhas, quando comparado aos tipos de sulcos labiais. Conclusão: A análise dos lábios evidenciou algumas características que apresentam maior semelhança entre mães e filhas, sendo o padrão das impressões labiais a característica de menor semelhança entre os descendentes estudados.

Introduction: Lip prints, due to their unique patterns are typical to an individual, hence, used for personal identification. They vary in predominance, gender and race among different populations. The objective is to study their distribution among medical students and identify the predominant type. Methods: The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on the medical students of Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, from April 2019 to May 2019 after the ethical approval. Convenience sampling was used. The prints were classified according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi. The collected data was entered in SPSS to determine the frequency and percentage. Sub group analysis was done on basis of gender and types of lip print. Results: Out of 205 participants, prevalence of type I lip print among medical students is 70 (34.1%). Type I lip print was found to be most common followed by Type II in 57 (27.8%) and Type V in 6 (2.9%). One hundred forty one (68.8%) were male and 64 (31.2%) were female. The predominating pattern in RUQ; LUQ; LLQ; RLQ among male and female is Type I 46 (32.6%) and Type I 39 (27.7%); Type II 39 (27.7%) and Type II 44 (31.2%); Type I 19 (29.7%) and Type II 19 (29.7%); Type I 31 (48.4%)and Type I 27 (42.2%) respectively. Conclusions: Type I was the most common while Type V was the least common lip print. However, there was variation in its frequency and distribution according to the quadrant and sex.

Cheiloscopy is the branch of forensic dentistry studying the patterns and the systems of the lips’ grooves for identification purposes. Different authors have studied different ethnic population bu...

The objective of the study was to specify the method with the highest probability of correct sex identification based on lip furrow pattern. Three methods were verified: Vahanwala’s method, identification based on the mid-section of lower lip print and our own method. The examined group included 242 persons aged 15- 30 years, 68.6% females and 31.4% males. Cheilograms were taken with the method proposed by Vanahwala, modified in such a way that the prints of lower and upper lips were taken separately. The lip furrow patterns were classified according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi, modified to include horizontal furrows which were considered by Renaud. In all the quadrants patterns II, III and VI prevailed among males and patterns I, I’ and II among females. Females were more frequently diagnosed correctly than males. Our method in which all the lip print was analysed without division into quadrants was the most effective, while Vahanwala’s method was the least so.

Identification of a person's individuality and sex determination are important for legal as well as identification purposes. The aim of the present study was to check the reliability of cheiloscopy and mandibular canine index (MCI) in the determination of sex in an individual. The aim of this study is to analyze different lip patterns reproduced by the natural dye (vermilion) and lysochrome (Sudan Black II) dyes and to compare the MCI in males and females for the determination of sex and to check the reliability of cheiloscopy and MCI for the same. Latent lip prints were developed using natural dye (vermilion) and lysochrome (Sudan Black II) dyes and their patterns categorized according to Tsuchihashi's classification. MCI were calculated. Analysis of the two was performed. According to discriminant functional analysis, percentage accuracy for cheiloscopy in the determination of sex was found to be 55% while for MCI, the same value was 85%. Natural dye (vermilion) was found as an efficient dye compared to lysochrome (Sudan Black II) dyes for the development of latent lip prints. Both the dyes showed Type I lip print pattern to be common in males and females. Furthermore, all the parameters in MCI were found to be significant in the determination of sex in an individual. The results of the present study revealed MCI to be more reliable in the determination of sex than cheiloscopy.

Introduction Early detection of susceptibility to dental caries by studying its genetic basis by effectively utilizing noninvasive, less expensive, and effective tools is gaining popularity. Cariogenesis is affected by a combination of environmental and behavioral factors. Aim The aim of this study was to compare the reliability of dermatoglyphic, cheiloscopic, and rugoscopic patterns for assessing the risk of dental caries in children. Materials and methods The study included 100 children aged 3-7 years who were divided into two groups based on their decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT/deft) index. Fingerprints, lip prints, and rugae patterns were recorded and analyzed. Results The most common fingerprints patterns in the children with higher deft scores were loop pattern (52%), followed by whorls (32%) and arches (16%). The branched pattern of lip prints was found to be the most prevalent in all children irrespective of their caries status. Among palatal rugae shapes, wavy was found to be the most prevalent (54%) one in our study population, irrespective of the deft scores. Considering the palatal rugae unifications, it was found that converging type was significantly (P = 0.032) more prevalent in children with less deft scores (32%) compared to those with high deft caries (14%). Conclusion Palatal rugae unifications have proved to be a good marker of dental caries. Among the various genes that may be playing a role in caries formation, BCOR and BCORL1 genes may also be playing a role in the development of palate and the rugae patterns and also in the development of enamel, which is known to be the most vulnerable dental tissue to dental caries.

Context (Background): Lips prints are unique and are a tool for personal identification. Aims: Indian population can be divided into different ethno-racial groups. In this study, we aimed at finding the most and the least prevalent lip print patterns in these groups and also to observe any similarities or differences that may exist in these groups in terms of lip print patterns. Settings and Design: Lip prints in 755 individuals categorized into different ethno-racial groups were studied. Materials and Methods: Brown- and pink-colored lipsticks, cellophane tape, and magnifying lens were used to record and study the lip prints. Results: Among all the three ethno-racial groups, Type I was the most prevalent lip print pattern observed. The least prevalent lip print pattern in all the three groups was Type IV. Inference/Conclusion: Lip prints hold potential as supplementary tools for identification where they can be recorded with ease. The observation and classification of lip print patterns in different ethno-racial groups not only provide some useful data but also open a new window to a field that can contribute extensively to criminal investigation and identification.

Introducción: Los sistemas de identificación biométricos son herramientas que permiten medir e identificar las características de los seres humanos, basados en uno o más rasgos conductuales o físicos únicos en cada individuo. La Queiloscopía es un método de identificación biométrica, que se basa en el reconocimiento de los patrones de las huellas labiales, sirviendo como alternativa en la identificación, validación y prueba en eventos criminales, fortaleciendo así las estrategias en el campo legal, forense y de seguridad. Objetivos: Con la implementación de un prototipo de sistema de identificación y reconocimiento biométrico soportado en las huellas labiales, se establece una alternativa que permitirá capturar este rasgo con mayor precisión y su almacenamiento, lo que permitirá cerrar procesos de duelos ante sucesos violentos, realizar cotejos de una manera rápida y eficaz, e identificar a las personas cuando esto se requiera. Con esta motivación, se presenta el desarrollo y validación de un prototipo de sistema biométrico para realizar los procedimientos de registro y autenticidad de la identidad de personas con imágenes digitales de las huellas labiales. Materiales y métodos: Para desarrollar lo planteado se utilizó una cámara con sensor COMS, fuentes de iluminación artificial fluorescente y un módulo software basado en visión artificial y redes neuronales artificiales computacionales, que simulan el comportamiento del cerebro humano, teniendo como objetivo resolver los problemas de la misma manera que este lo hace, mediante técnicas algorítmicas convencionales. Para la creación del aplicativo, se utilizó el lenguaje de programación “Python” (Python Programming Language), que facilitó un alto nivel de programación orientada a objetos. Posteriormente se realizó el aislamiento de las regiones de interés del resto de la imagen, con la librería de software llamada “Opencv” (Open Source Computer Vision), que es una biblioteca de visión artificial, dirigida fundamentalmente a la visión por computador en tiempo real, para luego usar la umbralización como técnica de segmentación y finalmente hacer la comparación de características utilizando “feature matching by brute forcé” Resultados: Se evaluaron las huellas labiales de 100 estudiantes, se creó una entrada en la base de datos para cada usuario con el fin de la validar identidad y se evidenció un correcto rechazo de los usuarios no registrados y así mismo una aceptación en todos los usuarios que se encontraban ya establecidos, generando una tasa de verdadero rechazo y verdadera aceptación del 100% con un tiempo en promedio de 454 segundos para dar el resultado final. Conclusiones: En la presente investigación se evidenció la creación de un nuevo concepto para la identificación de individuos basados en las técnicas de la queiloscopía. El resultado de la aplicación de nuevas tecnologías y de métodos modernos facilitará enormemente la tarea de todos los organismos que requieran de este servicio. Introduction: Biometric identification systems are tools that allow to measure and identify the characteristics of human beings, based on one or more unique behavioral or physical traits in each individual. The Cheiloscopy is a biometric identification method, which is based on the recognition of the patterns of the lip prints, serving as an alternative in the identification, validation and testing of criminal events, thus strengthening the strategies in the legal, forensic and security fields. Objectives: With the implementation of a biometric recognition and identification system prototype supported in the lip prints, an alternative is established that will allow capturing this trait with greater precision and its storage, which will allow to close processes of duels before violent events, perform collations in a quick and effective way, and identify people when this is required. With this motivation, the development and validation of a biometric system prototype is presented to carry out the registration and authenticity procedures of the identity of people with digital images of the lip prints. Materials and methods: In order to develop what was proposed, a COMS sensor camera, artificial fluorescent lighting sources and a software module based on artificial vision and computational artificial neural networks were used, which simulate the behavior of the human brain, aiming to solve problems in the same way as it does this, using conventional algorithmic techniques. For the creation of the application, the programming language "Python" (Python Programming Language) was used, which facilitated a high level of object-oriented programming. Later the isolation of the regions of interest of the rest of the image was made, with the software library called "Opencv" (Open Source Computer Vision), which is a library of artificial vision, directed fundamentally to the vision by computer in real time, to then use the thresholding as a segmentation technique and finally make the comparison of features using "feature matching by brute force" Results: Lip prints for 100 students were taken, an entry was created in the database for each user in order to validate the identity and a correct rejection of the non-registered users was evidenced, as well as an acceptance in all the registered users. This generated a true rejection rate and true acceptance of 100% with an average time of 454.32 seconds to give the final result. Conclusions: In the present investigation, the creation of a new concept for the identification of the means in the techniques of cheiloscopy was evidenced. The result of the application of new technologies and methods will greatly facilitate the task of all agencies that require this service. Odontólogo http://www.ustabuca.edu.co/ustabmanga/presentacion Pregrado

Context: “Identity” is a set of physical characteristics, functional or psychic, normal or pathological, that defines an individual. Identification of an individual is a crucial and an exigent task in forensic investigation. Aims: The aim of the present pilot study was to investigate the accuracy of various methods employed in gender determination such as lip prints, mandibular canine index (MCI), fingerprints, and correlation between them. Subjects and Methods: The pilot study group consisted of 300 samples aged between 18 and 25 years. Lip prints, fingerprints, and impressions of lower mandibular arches were collected. Statistical Analysis Used: The results were analyzed using Chi-square test for lip prints and fingerprints with an independent sample t-test for the MCI. Intergroup comparison between the parameters was analyzed by ANNOVA test. Results: Type II lip print pattern and loop pattern of fingerprints were the predominant patterns in both males and females, and mesiodistal width of right MCI has greater sexual dimorphism than left MCI. Conclusions: Although lip prints, fingerprints, and MCI had their own specifications, correlation of the three parameters did not show any significance.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between different cheiloscopic patterns with the canine relationship in deciduous dentition. Materials and Methods: Three-hundred children who were 3–6 years old with complete primary dentition were recruited and the relationships between maxillary and mandibular canines were recorded in the pro forma. Lip prints of the patients were recorded with the lipstick-cellophane method, and middle 10 mm of the lower lip was analyzed for the lip print pattern. The patterns were classified based on the Tsuchihashi and Suzuki classification. Results: Type II (branched) pattern was the most predominant cheiloscopic pattern. The predominant patterns which related to the terminal planes were Type IV (reticular) pattern for Class I, Type IV (reticular) and I (complete vertical) patterns for Class II, and the presence of Type V (irregular) pattern for Class III. Presence of Type I (complete vertical) and II (branched) patterns in males and Type II (branched) pattern alone in females can suggest for a Class II canine relationship. Conclusion: Lip prints can provide an alternative to dermatoglyphics to predict the canine relationship in primary dentition. Further studies with larger sample size are required to provide an insight into its significant correlations.

Introduction: Cheiloscopy and dactyloscopy have long been the most commonly used methods for forensic investigations. Orthodontists perform numerous diagnostic procedures, which include radiographs, photographs and impressions of the teeth and palate for the evaluation of malocclusion. The data recorded by them provide immense information about a patient. Fingerprints, lip prints and palatal rugae have been considered the most stable, reliable, imitable, convenient, cost-effective and time-friendly modes of investigating crime and other purposes. Aim: The main aim of this study is to correlate cheiloscopy, fingerprint pattern and palatoscopy to skeletal Class I sagittal jaw relationship and to include cheiloscopy, fingerprint pattern assessment and palatoscopy in routine orthodontic investigation procedures as an adjunct procedure in individual identification. Methods: Fingerprints, lip prints, palatal rugae pattern and lateral cephalograms of 37 skeletal Class I patients were obtained using standardized procedures. Results: In Class I skeletal malocclusion, the maximum number of patients exhibited ulnar loop dermal pattern, Type 1 and Type 2 lip patterns and a wavy rugae pattern (Kapali et al. primary classification). Conclusion: Orthodontists prepare various antemortem records for diagnostic purposes, i.e., photographs, the impression of the teeth and palate, lateral cephalograms, orthopantomograms and hand-wrist radiographs. If orthodontists recorded additional data of finger and lip prints, the archives of an orthodontist would be of tremendous profit to forensic sciences in individual identification.

Resumen El presente estudio, tuvo como objetivo, analizar los distintos patrones morfológicos presentes en las huellas labiales de una determinada población costarricense y su correlación con las variables, sexo, edad y afinidad biológica. Se analizaron 105 huellas labiales pertenecientes a estudiantes de quinto y sexto año de la carrera de odontología de la Universidad de Costa Rica durante el II semestre del 2016. De las 105 huellas labiales analizadas mediante el método de Renaud, el patrón más prevalente fue el tipo C de manera general, mientras que, de manera individual, en labio superior predomina el patrón tipo A y en labio inferior predomina el patrón tipo C. De la totalidad de muestras analizadas, se destaca que todas revelaron patrones distintos y la correlación estadística entre las variables, sexo, edad y afinidad biológica, permitió conocer la existencia de elementos que podrían ser útiles para identificación de individuos en el ámbito forense. Los resultados demuestran que, con la aplicación de las técnicas adecuadas en la toma de muestras y un análisis estandarizado, las huellas labiales pueden ser utilizadas en el ámbito forense como método de identificación de individuos. Este estudio, además, pone en evidencia la necesidad de realizar más investigación sobre huellas labiales en Costa Rica, no sólo por la necesidad de un aumento en el número de muestras y así obtener mayores resultados estadísticos, si no también, para desarrollar las herramientas necesarias en la toma, revelado y análisis de huellas labiales, así como su aplicabilidad al servicio de la justicia costarricense. Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the different morphological patterns present in the lip prints of a certain Costa Rican population and its correlation with the variables, sex, age and biological affinity. 105 lip prints were analyzed belonging to fifth and sixth year students of the dental career of the University of Costa Rica during the second semester of 2016. Of the 105 labials analyzed by the Renaud method, the most prevalent pattern was type C in general, while, individually, in the upper lip, predominantly, the type of pattern, A and the lower lip, predominantly the type C pattern. Of the total of the analyzed samples, the different patterns and the statistical correlation between the variables, sex, age and biological affinity, remarks information that can be useful to identify individuals in the forensic field. The results show that, with the application of the appropriate techniques in the taking of samples and a standardized analysis, the lip prints can be used in the field of forensic science as a method of identification of individuals. This study also highlights the need to conduct more research on lip prints in Costa Rica, not only to increase the number of samples, but also to obtain more extended statistical results. Besides, this research can be used to develop the necessary tools in the taking, development and analysis of lip print. Moreover, the results obtained may be taken into consideration in order to improve forensic research in the Costa Rican justice system.

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Background: Many elevations and depressions found on the external surface of the lip forming a characteristic pattern are called lip prints, the examination of which is referred to as cheiloscopy. Aim: To determine the predominant lip print pattern in Rajasthani population of the Indian subcontinent. Materials and Methods: 201 subjects of Rajasthani including 107 males and 94 females who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study and after application of a dark colored lipstick and impressions of the lips were taken on the self adhesive cellophane tape which were subsequently transferred onto bond sheets for analysis of lip prints patterns. Results: Results of this study showed that most prevalent pattern in Rajasthani population was found to be type IV, followed by type I, type V, type III, type I’ and type II being the least prevalent. Statistical analysis with chi square test revealed no statistically significant differences were found among male and female subjects in their prevalence. Conclusion: The most prevalent lip print pattern in Rajasthani population was found to be type IV, followed by type I, type V, type III, type I’ and type II being the least prevalent with no statistically significant gender differences. Further studies with large population groups will help in providing the practical applications of this identification method.

Background: Cheiloscopy or the study of lip prints is an important tool in forensic dentistry which is gaining popularity in current times. Not only has it proven effective in identification of individuals, but its role in sex determination has also been investigated. There are six different types of cheiloscopic/lip print patterns according to Tsuchihashi. Aims: The present study was conducted to find the prevalence of cheiloscopic/lip print pattern in 755 individuals and also to assess their efficacy in sex determination. Materials and Methods: According to classification by Tsuchihashi, the lip prints were analysed. Sex determination using lip print was done by method given by Vahanwala et al. Results: It was found that Type I was the most prevalent cheiloscopic pattern. Based on the method of sex determination using lip prints by Vahanwala et al., the percentage of individuals correctly identified was less. Conclusion: Although cheiloscopy holds promise as a supplementary tool along with other modes to recognize the sex of an individual, there is need for further studies using standardized methods to evaluate the same in larger population sizes.

Context: Cheiloscopy and dactyloscopy, both are well-established forensic tools used in individual identification in any scenario be it a crime scene or civil cause. Like finger prints, lip prints are unique and distinguishable for every individual. But their relationship to personality types has not been established excepting the hypothesis stating that finger prints could explain these personality patterns. Aims: The study was aimed to record and correlate the lip and finger prints with that of character/personality of a person. Settings and Design: The lip and finger prints and character of a person were recorded and the data obtained was subjected for statistical analysis, especially for Pearson's Chi-square test and correlation/association between the groups was also studied. Materials and Methods: The study sample comprised of 200 subjects, 100 males and 100 females, aged between 18 and 30 years. For recording lip prints, brown/pink-colored lipstick was applied on the lips and the subjects were asked to spread uniformly over the lips. Lip prints were traced in the normal rest position on a plain white bond paper. For recording the finger prints, imprints of the fingers were taken on a plain white bond paper using ink pad. The collected prints were visualized using magnifying lens. To record the character of person, a pro forma manual for multivariable personality inventory by Dr. BC Muthayya was used. Statistical Analysis Used: Data obtained was subjected for statistical analysis, especially for Pearson's Chi-square test and correlation/association between the groups was also studied. Results: In males, predominant lip pattern recorded was Type I with whorls-type finger pattern and the character being ego ideal, pessimism, introvert, and dogmatic; whereas in females, predominant lip pattern recorded was Type II with loops-type finger pattern and the character being neurotic, need achievers, and dominant. Conclusion: Many studies on lip pattern, finger pattern, palatal rugae, etc., for individual identification and gender determination exist, but correlative studies are scanty. This is the first study done on correlating patterns, that is, lip and finger pattern with the character of a person. With this study we conclude that this correlation can be used as an adjunct in the investigatory process in forensic sciences.

Introduction: Lip prints, like fingerprints, are unique to an individual and can be easily recorded. Therefore, we compared direct and indirect lip print patterns in males and females of different age groups, studied the inter- and intraobserver bias in recording the data, and observed any changes in the lip print patterns over a period of time, thereby, assessing the reliability of lip prints as a forensic tool. Materials and Methods: Fifty females and 50 males in the age group of 15 to 35 years were selected for the study. Lips with any deformity or scars were not included. Lip prints were registered by direct and indirect methods and transferred to a preformed registration sheet. Direct method of lip print registration was repeated after a six-month interval. All the recorded data were analyzed statistically. Results: The predominant patterns were vertical and branched. More females showed the branched pattern and males revealed an equal prevalence of vertical and reticular patterns. There was an interobserver agreement, which was 95%, and there was no change in the lip prints over time. Indirect registration of lip prints correlated with direct method prints. Conclusion: Lip prints can be used as a reliable forensic tool, considering the consistency of lip prints over time and the accurate correlation of indirect prints to direct prints.

Introduction: The present study was undertaken with the objective of ascertaining whether latent lip prints generated by persistent lipsticks and developed using lysochrome dyes have the potential of use in sex determination and personal identification. Materials and Methods: This study included a total of 100 subjects (50 males and 50 females) whose latent lip prints were obtained by applying the persistent lipstick Revlon ColorStay Overtime ® manufactured by Revlon ® consumer products corporation, NewYork, USA, and lifting the prints with cellophane sheets. The prints were then developed using lysochrome dyes, and all the samples were blinded and then graded based on defined patterns from the Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification. Results: No two lip prints were found to be alike. Type I was found to be the most prevalent type. In the female population, Type I (61%) was most prevalent, followed by Type I' (28%), Type II (9%), Type III (2%), Type IV (1%), and Type V (1%); in the male population, Type I (33%) was most prevalent, followed by Type II (23%), Type III (18%), Type IV (14%), Type I' (10%), and Type V (3%). Two examiners were able to determine the correct sexes from the given sample sizes. Their interobserver agreement was assessed using the kappa coefficient for males (κ =0.870) and females (κ = 0.870). Their accuracy was assessed with a confidence interval (CI) of 91.48-99.38. Conclusion: Lysochrome dyes are very efficacious in developing latent lip prints. This preliminary study has conclusively proved that latent lip prints developed with lysochrome dyes hold the potential for use in sex determination and can be maintained in a digital database.

Context: With the ever-changing field of criminal justice, the constant revision of criteria for acceptable evidence by the judiciary poses new challenges in forensic investigation. The applicability of cheiloscopy in individual identification is an area of extensive research in recent years. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine the distribution of different lip print patterns in North Kerala population, to assess any sexual dimorphism in lip patterns, and to correlate lip print patterns with ABO and Rh blood groups. Materials and Methods: A total of 858 students, 471 males and 387 females, from different colleges in the district of Kozhikode in North Kerala were included in the study. Lip prints were obtained using lipstick and cello tape and transferred onto white papers. Blood group of the participants was noted. Results: The most predominant pattern observed was Type I (48.3%), followed by Type II, Type III, Type IV, Type I', and Type V. We also observed that the lower lip exhibited an overwhelming predominance of Type I pattern in the North Kerala population while the upper lip showed a more even distribution. Gender-wise difference was observed with Type II being the most common in males and Type IV being the predominant pattern in females. No correlation was obtained between the blood groups and lip patterns. Conclusion: The potential usefulness of cheiloscopy in forensic medicine still remains largely untapped and under-recognized. Similar studies in different populations with large sample sizes will allow a more definite picture of lip print patterns to emerge.

Forensic odontology is the branch of dentistry which deals with the proper handling, examination, evaluation and presentation of dental findings in the interest of justice. After major disasters and perimortem assaults such as earthquakes, fires, severe head and neck trauma or gross decomposition, accurate and early identification of dead and injured becomes important. In the absence of other records in such cases, identification is based on restorations, missing teeth and prosthetic devices such as partial and complete removable/fixed prosthesis or implant retained devices. This brings out the major role of prosthodontics to investigate the identity of suspects in the criminal cases as well as the deceased human beings in traumatic injuries or in disasters. Denture identification systems are being used as means of postmortem identification of edentulous persons which has evolved from the inclusion of some form of printed label in a denture to more high-tech methods. The provision of implant retained complete lower denture, antemortem, and postmortem radiographs of edentulous persons and correlation of bite marks using special impression techniques provide another potential source of evidence for human identification. Hence, this literature review throws some light on the role played by prosthodontist in forensic odontology.

Nanostructured materials find potential benefits for surface-based science such as latent fingerprints (LFPs) and lip print detection on porous and non-porous surfaces. To encounter the drawbacks viz. low sensitivity, high background hindrance, complicated procedure and high toxicity associated with traditional fluorescent powders were resolved by using hollow/solid BaTiO 3 :Dy 3+ (1–5 mol %) microspheres. The visualization of LFPs stained by the optimized BaTiO 3 :Dy 3+ (2 mol %) hollow/solid microspheres exhibits well-defined ridge patterns with high sensitivity, low background hindrance, high efficiency and low toxicity on various surfaces. The powder X-ray diffraction results revealed the body centered cubic phase of the prepared samples. The emission spectra exhibit intensive peaks at ∼480, 575, and 637 nm, which were attributed to transitions 4 F 9/2 → 6 H J (J = 15/2, 13/2, 11/2) of Dy 3+ ions, respectively. Surface morphologies were extensively studied with different sonication times and concentrations of the used barbituric acid. The Commission International De I-Eclairage (CIE) and Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) analyses revealed that the present phosphor is highly useful for the fabrication of white light emitting diodes.

Introduction: Dermatoglyphic and cheiloscopic analysis have been useful in understanding basic questions in biology, medicine, genetics, evolution and forensics. They are now begin ning to prove themselves as an extremely useful tool for preliminary investigations into conditions with a suspected genetic basis. Materials and methods: Case-control type of study consisting of two groups of thirty parents each of cleft lip with/without palate, CL(P) affected children (Group A) and normal children (Group B). Study aims to determine the presence of any dermatoglyphic asymmetry and correlation between finger prints and lip pattern, among the two groups. Prints of all ten fingers were taken by Ink method and recor ded on white paper. Lip patterns were obtained by direct photo graphy of the subjects in natural head position. Results: Chi-square test was done to determine the significance of occurrence of different patterns among the two study groups. Increased dermatoglyphic asymmetry with higher ulnar loop patterns was seen in Group A. Whorl patterns were increased in Group B. An increase in type I (straight grooves) and II (branches) in Group A and type III (intersected lines) in Group B was seen in lip patterns. Conclusion: A highly significant correlation was observed in finger prints and lip patterns in parents with CL(P) affected children and hence can prove to be an extremely useful screening tool for CL(P) and other associated genetic anomalies.

Objective: Human identification is a universal process of certification of death and for personal, social and legal reasons. Aim of this study is to check whether there are any peculiar / common lip patterns among males and females and to establish lip prints as a tool for identification. Background: The present study was conducted among 500 subjects, aged 1-70 years. Method: The lip-imprints were taken by researcher no. 1 on a simple bond paper after applying lip stick evenly. Analysis of different patterns was done by researcher no.2 to avoid bias. Results: 229 male out of 250 and 226 female out of 250 were positively identified. Type I, I’, II patterns were most commonly seen among female, while type III and IV lip patterns were most predominantly seen among males and type II lip pattern was present in both sexes. Conclusion: Lip prints are unique and do not change during the life of a person. So it can be taken as one of the person identification tool.

Background: The interaction between the offender and the victim produces visible or latent prints on objects and utensils. The study of lip prints has reportedly stayed away from the basic cinematic concept of the lip-to-surface relationship. Materials and Methods: Three regular powders were used to reveal the latent lip prints on a typical metallic straw called bombilla, and the revealed prints were photographed, preserved, and analyzed. Results: Better definition was observed in the lower lip print, and nine anatomical patterns were identified, but a higher definition of wrinkles was observed with indestructible white powder. Conclusion: Knowledge of labial dynamics, the real value of the processed surfaces, and the need for testing in field conditions are discussed.

Background: Although several studies have been done on lip prints for human identification in forensic science, there is a doubt about their use in gender determination. Aims: The present study was designed to study the lip groove patterns in all the quadrants of both male and female subjects to identify the sex, based on the patterns of the grooves of the lip prints. Study Design: 300 lip prints were collected from volunteers of D. J. College of Dental Sciences and Research, Modinagar (UP). Materials and Methods: Lip prints were recorded with lip stick and transferred on to a glass slide. Statistical Analysis: Pearson chi-square test was adopted for statistical analysis and probability value (P value) was calculated. Conclusion: In our study, none of the lip prints were identical, thus confirming the role of lip prints in individual identification. According to Suzuki's classification, Type I, II, III and IV patterns were significant in gender determination.

Aims and Objective: The study aims to develop latent lip prints on glass surface using fingerprint black powder and its comparison with standard lipstick prints and also determines the effectiveness of the technique. Materials and Methods: This study included a total of 100 subjects, comprising of 50 males and 50 females with age ranging from 17 to 38 years. Latent lipprint was developed by pressing the lips against a glass slab with lips together and the print formed was developed by sprinkling the black finger print powder and transferred to a bond sheet. Subsequently, standard lipstick print was developed from the same subject. All the samples were coded and graded according to the patterns suggested in the literature. Results: Out of 100 latent prints only 29 prints showed lip patterns in all four quadrants. The percentage matching with self lipstick print of good latent prints ranged from 25% to 100% and those of random prints ranged from 8% to 92%. Quadrant wise matching ranged from 52.67% to 57.67%. Statistically significant difference was observed between males and females. Conclusion: The study demonstrates the usefulness of latent lip print in personal identification.

Background: Identification is of paramount importance in any forensic investigation. Positive identification of living or deceased using distinctive traits is a cornerstone of forensic science. The uniqueness of these patterns and subtle distinction between traits has offered worthy supplemental tools in establishing the true nature of facts. Aim: The first aim of our study was to determine the most common pattern of lip prints, palatal rugae, and finger prints in the study subjects. Secondly, to determine if any specific pattern of lip print, palatal rugae, or the finger print concurs in individuals, and thereby establish a database of these prototypes for human identification from a defined cohort. Materials and Methods: The sample size comprised 100 female students of a dental college staying together in the hostel. Lip prints were recorded on a white bond sheet using lipstick, palatal rugae on dental casts, and finger prints using printer's blue ink. Results: Our observation suggested that the reticular pattern of lip print, the wavy pattern of palatal rugae, and the loop pattern of finger prints were the predominant patterns. Correlation of the three parameters did not reveal significant differences. Conclusions: This approach of human identification utilizing conventional techniques and relevant parameters is pertinent in defined groups. However, larger representative sample with robust analytical tools may provide a necessary blueprint of human identification.

Introduction: Cheiloscopy is the study of the furrows or grooves present on the red part or vermilion border of the human lips. The present study aims to classify the characteristics of lip prints and to know the most common morphological pattern specific to Mangalorean people of Southern India. For the first time, this study also assesses the association between gender and different lip segments within a population. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 residents of Mangalore (100 males and 100 females) were included of age ranging from 18 years to 60 years. Materials used to take the impression of lips included red lipstick, A4 size white bond paper and cellophane tape. The prints obtained were scanned using a Canon Image Scanner and stored in a folder on a personal computer. The images were cropped and inverted in gray scale using Adobe Photoshop software. Each lip print was divided into eight segments and was examined. Suzuki and Tsuchihashi's classification (1970) was used to classify the types of grooves, and the results were statistically analyzed. Six types of grooves were recorded in the Mangalorean's lips. Statistical Analysis: Association between gender and different lip segments was tested using Chi-square analysis in the given population. Results: In males, the groove Type I' was the highest recorded followed by Type III, Type II, Type I, Type IV and Type V in descending order. In females, Type I' was the highest recorded followed by Type II, Type III, Type IV, Type I and Type V in descending order. Conclusion: Males and females displayed statistically significant differences in lip print patterns for different lip sites: lower medial lip, as well as upper and lower lateral segments. Only the upper medial lip segment displayed no statistically significant difference in lip print pattern between males and females. This shows that the distribution of lip prints is generally dissimilar for males and females, with varying predominance according to lip segment.

Introduction: Lip prints don’t change during the life of a person and are unique. Lip prints are the characteristic patterns of the fissures (sulci labiorum) in the form of elevations and depressions on the labial mucosa and characterises the human being the same as finger prints. Variations in lip print patterns could help in sex determination. Aim: The present study was initiated with the aim to develop a baseline data for cheiloscopy, to investigate the variability of lip prints in relation to gender in two different ethnic groups of Haryana and also establishes the usefulness of lip print patterns in identification of a person. Materials and Methods: The study consisted of 40 families belonging to Haryanvi Baniyas and 40 families belonging to Haryanvi Jats. Out of the total subjects studied, 88 mlaes and 76 females belonged to Haryanavi Baniyas and 84 males and 81 females were from Haryanavi Jats. Study material used were transparent cellophane tape glued on one side (24 mm), Black powder (computer printer powder of Oddyessy ), White paper, Digital camera (Sony, 12 mega pixels), Magnifying lens. The lip prints were analysed by using Adobe Photoshop@7.0 software after dividing each lip print into 8 compartments. Results: Lip print analysis showed that the most predominant lip pattern in the entire study population was type IV was found to be maximum. However, separately in each endogamous group, incidence of type IV was found to be maximum in population of Haryanvi Baniyas whereas, in Haryanvi Jats, the incidence of lip prints was maximum of type II.Lip print pattern in upper lip in haryanavi baniyas is type IV in males, type II in females and in lower lip is type IV both in males and females. In case of harayanavi jats in upper lip it is type II in both males and females while in lower lip it is type IV in males and type II in females. Conclusion: The lip print patterns are similar to some extent between males and females of the same ethnic group but varied between different ethnic groups. They serve supplementary tool for identification of an individual along with other modes to recognize the sex of an individual.

The purpose of this study is to estimate sex from lip print pattern. Sex estimation is important to identify whether the crime has been committed by a male or female or to identify the perpetrator. Cheiloscopy is the study of lip print pattern, which is very useful in forensic identification of a person. Lip prints are actually lines and fissures in the form of wrinkles in the zone of transition of lip i.e. red part of lips. These ridges, grooves or wrinkles are studied for the purpose of positive identification of a person. Lip prints can also prove to be as one of the best method of personal identification. Lip print is unique to individual and thus can be used for identification purpose. Lip prints are important evidence in case like sexual assault, murder, rape and also remain at scene of crime unknowingly on cups, glasses, cigarette butts, clothing’s, skin etc.

Identification plays a very important role in any crime investigation. Cheiloscopy helps in identifying the humans based on the lips' traces. The pattern of wrinkles on the lips has individual characteristics like fingerprints. A review of the literature reveals very little research done on lip prints so far. The present article reviews in detail the history, scope of cheiloscopy, and the use of lip prints in crime detection. It also highlights the current research carried out in the field of cheiloscopy. An effort has been made to help the researchers by reviewing in detail the various methods of classifying and analyzing the lip prints. It concludes by enlightening the readers with the fact that the possibilities to use the red part of lips to identify a human being are wider than it is commonly thought.

Objective: This study is intended to analyze the predominant pattern of lip and finger prints in males and females and to correlate lip print and finger print for gender identity. Materials and Methods: The study sample comprised of 200 students of Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, 100 males and 100 females aged between 18 to 27 years. Brown/pink colored lip stick was applied on the lips and the subject was asked to spread it uniformly over the lips. Lip prints were traced in the normal rest position of the lips with the help of cellophane tape. The imprint of the left thumb was taken on a white chart sheet and visualized using magnifying lens. While three main types of finger prints are identified, the classification of lip prints is simplified into branched, reticular, and vertical types. Association between lip prints and finger prints was statistically tested using Chi-square test. Results: This study showed that lip and finger patterns did not reveal statistically significant results within the gender. The correlation between lip and finger patterns for gender identification, was statistically significant. In males, branched type of lip pattern associated with arch, loop, and whorl type of finger pattern was most significant. In females, vertical lip pattern associated with arch finger pattern and reticular lip pattern associated with whorl finger patterns were most significant. Conclusion: We conclude that a correlative study between the lip print and finger print will be very useful in forensic science for gender identification.