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Phytoremediation is a promising green technology for the remediation of various industrial effluents. Notably, aquatic plants are widely applied to remove dyes and toxic metals from polluted environments. In the present study, the phytoremediation potency of aquatic macrophytes such as Pistia stratiotes L, Salvinia adnata Desv, and Hydrilla verticillata (L.f) Royle were assessed based on the removal capability of pollutants from dyeing effluent. Physicochemical characterizations were carried out for industrial wastewater collected from a cotton material dyeing unit located in the Karur District of Tamilnadu, India. The physicochemical characteristics of the dyeing effluent, such as color, odor, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, acidity, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, chemical oxygen demand (COD), fluoride, and toxic metal levels were determined. The core parameters such as total dissolved solid (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and chloride level were determined and found to be 6500 mg/L, 2400 mg/L, and 2050 mg/L, respectively, which exceeded the regulatory limit prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board of India. The levels of toxic metals such as Hg, Ni, and Zn were under the acceptable concentration but Cr and Pb levels in the dyeing effluent were a little bit higher. The effluent was subjected to treatment with Pistia stratiotes L, Salvinia adnata Desv and Hydrilla verticillata (L.f) Royle separately. After the treatment, the toxic metal results were recorded as below detectable levels and the same results were obtained for all three aquatic plants samples used for treatment. Among the three plants, P. stratiotes L efficiently removed 86% of color, 66% of TDS, 77% of COD, and 61.33% of chloride. The variation in phytochemicals of the macrophytes was studied before and after treatment using GC&ndash, MS which revealed the reduction of ascorbic acid in the plant samples. The toxic effect of treated effluent was investigated by irrigating an ornamental plant, Impatiens balsamina L. The plant biomass P. stratiotes L obtained after the treatment process was subjected to manure production and its nutrient quality was proved, which can be applied as a soil conditioner. Among the aquatic plants, the results of P. stratiotes L indicated a higher remediation potential, which can be used as an ecologically benign method for treatment of industrial effluents and water bodies contaminated with dyeing effluents.

Uma das alternativas para diminuir o volume de lixo urbano a ser descartado é a compostagem, cujo produto - o composto - é utilizado na agricultura. Esses compostos podem apresentar substâncias tóxicas ao ser humano, a exemplo dos metais pesados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características químicas de compostos de lixo urbano de seis capitais brasileiras. Analisaram-se, também, amostras de esterco, calcário, superfosfato simples, KCl e uréia, para comparações com os compostos de lixo. Foram feitas determinações de M.O., C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn, Fe, Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti e V. As análises foram realizadas, em 1995, nos Laboratórios do Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura - CENA/USP. Houve diferenças nos teores de nutrientes entre os compostos, provavelmente devidas aos diferentes processos de compostagem, estando alguns deles acima dos níveis toleráveis em compostos na Alemanha. Os demais elementos analisados, incluindo os metais pesados, estão dentro da faixa observada em lodo de esgoto na Inglaterra. De acordo com a legislação alemã, o Pb, Cr, Ni e o Cd estão acima dos valores toleráveis para compostos de lixo. Na maioria dos compostos analisados, os teores totais de nutrientes foram menores do que no esterco, mas a concentração dos outros elementos, incluindo metais pesados, foi mais elevada do que no esterco. Embora os teores dos elementos avaliados nos compostos sejam os totais, é necessário cautela para seu uso, até que sejam obtidos resultados seguros sobre a "disponibilidade" desses elementos para as plantas. One of the alternatives to diminish the urban waste volume to be discarded is the composting process, whose final product - the compost - can be used in agriculture. However, these composts may present toxic substances for humans, i.e. heavy metals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of waste composts from six Brazilian capitals. Samples of cattle manure, lime, ordinary phosphate, potassium chloride, and urea were analysed to compare with the waste compost. Determinations of organic matter, C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn, Fe, Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, and V were made. Nutrient contents in the compost samples were dependent on the composting processes involved. Micronutrient content was variable, some presenting values above the tolerable level of the German waste composts. The other elements analyzed, including heavy metals, were at the same reported levels for sludges in England. Considering the German tables of tolerable levels in waste compost values for Pb, Cr, Ni, and Cd, some of the samples were very high. In most of them, the total content of nutrients was smaller than in cattle manure, while that of heavy metals was higher. Considering that the content of analyzed elements is the total content, caution is advised on its use until secure results are available on the bioavailability to the plants of these elements in the composts.