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Изучен вещественный состав двух проб руды Раисинского месторождения. Определено, что содержание меди в пробах 1 и 2 невысокое – 0,43 и 0,57%, массовая доля серебра составляет 7,1-7,2 и 13,8-14,2, золота – менее 0,1 г/т, содержание серы низкое и составляет 0,17 и 0,76% соответственно. Из цветных металлов в незначительных количествах присутствует цинк (0,015 и 0,025%), свинец (менее 0,002% в обеих пробах), кобальт (менее 0,005% в обеих пробах) и кадмий (0,015 и 0,031%).Пробы руды имеют сравнительно несложный минеральный состав: существенно преобладают породообразующие минералы, представленные кварцем, кальцитом, доломитом, альбитом, ортоклазом и мусковитом. Количество первичных минералов меди (халькозин и др.) – до 2-4, пирита – менее 0,5% соответственно.Выполнены исследования по получению флотационных концентратов. Из лабораторной пробы 1 получен флотационный концентрат марки КМ4, из пробы 2 – КМ7. Полученные концентраты по содержанию основных компонентов и вредных примесей соответствуют требованиям ГОСТ Р52998-2008 «Концентрат медный. Технические условия (с поправкой)»., The material composition of two samples of ore from the Raisinskoe deposit was studied. It has been determined that copper content in samples 1 and 2 is low – 0.43 and 0.57%, mass fraction of silver is 7.1-7.2 and 13.8-14.2, gold – less than 0.1 g/t, sulfur content is low – 0.17 and 0.76% respectively. Of the base metals, zinc (0.015 and 0.025%), lead (less than 0.002% in both samples), cobalt (less than 0.005% in both samples) and cadmium (0.015 and 0.031%) are present in minor amounts.Ore samples have a relatively simple mineral composition: rock-forming minerals represented by quartz, calcite, dolomite, albite, orthoclase and muscovite predominate considerably. The amount of primary copper minerals (chalcocite etc.) is up to 2-4, pyrite less than 0.5% respectively.Studies on the production of flotation concentrates were carried out. Flotation concentrate of KM4 grade was obtained from laboratory sample 1 and KM7 from sample 2. The concentrates obtained meet the requirements of GOST R52998-2008 "Copper Concentrate. Technical Conditions (as amended)"., Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 6 (132) 2023

The depletion of high-grade ore deposits, as well as the generation of large quantities of tailings by mining and metallurgical activities, necessitates an urgent search for not only more cost-effective, but also more eco-friendly methods of recovering minerals from low-grade deposits and secondary resources. Research in the bioflotation process appears to be an answer to this search, thanks to the contribution of the microbial world. This study constitutes the first systematic and the most comprehensive review on bioflotation. The bioflotation studies in the literature were examined in a certain chronological order and by classifying the reagents in terms of both their origin and their use in flotation. Aside from the benefits of bioreagents to the mining industry, the review attempted to reveal the issues that prevent the transition to industrial application. This review aims to raise awareness of future research opportunities for mining and biology researchers while also presenting current bioflotation studies.

Since the start-up of the Sossego copper concentrator, located in the Carajás Mineral Province in the southeast of Para State, Brazil, the low-grade ore (~0.34% Cu) has been stockpiled, as defined in the long-term mine plan, to be reclaimed at the end of the mine life. Given this imminent need to process around 40 Mt of this low-grade ore, questions have been raised related to the extent of oxidation that might have occurred in this stockpiled ore. In this context, a study was designed to characterize the stockpiled ore and assess the effect of the ore oxidation on its flotation response. A sampling campaign of the stockpiled ore was carried out to analyze the main variables that could influence the level of oxidation, and, consequently, copper recovery, such as stockpiling time, depth, and particle size. The results showed that there are two main factors negatively impacting the copper recovery of the low-grade stockpiled ore: the surface oxidation and the level of liberation of the copper mineral. Depth and period of stockpiling were not found to influence the level of oxidation, nor the flotation response. An empirical model was proposed for the copper recovery in the rougher stage, which resulted in a predicted value of 90.7%, which was lower than that for the fresh (and higher copper content) ore fed to the plant (93%).

Precious metals such as gold and platinum, which are essential for manufacturing, are essential resources that support Japan's industries. In the recovery of precious metals, primary resources such as mineral resources and secondary resources such as scrap are utilized. This paper considers precious metal scrap and electrical and electronic scrap as secondary resources. The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively show the interrelationships among four variables -- precious metal scrap, electrical and electronic scrap, copper concentrates, and industrial production. First, the analysis results show that precious metal scrap and electrical and electronic scrap have an asymmetric interrelationship. Second, the explanatory factors of shocks to electrical and electronic scrap are found to be different in the short run and long run. Finally, it is shown that the impact of precious metal scrap and industrial production should be taken into account in forecasting imports of electrical and electronic scrap.

Боспорские статеры 285/286-341/342 гг. н. э. подверглись исследованию методами рентгенофлуоресцентного анализа (РФА) и рентгеноспектрального микроанализа (РСМА) в сканирующем электронном микроскопе (СЭМ) с целью определения химического состава сплава и возможных источников медного сырья для чеканки монет. Установлено, что на боспорском монетном дворе применялась широкая номенклатура медных сплавов: медь, свинцовая, оловянная, оловянно-свинцовая и многокомпонентная бронзы, а также сплавы меди с добавками серебра. В условиях дефицита чистой меди на монетном дворе использовался медный лом, содержащий другие цветные металлы. Археометрические исследования позволяют проследить по годам эмиссий динамику деградации сплавов статеров, вызванную высокими темпами инфляции в правление Фофорса - Рескупорида VI. «Порча» медной монеты вызвана напряженными поисками государством финансов для борьбы с варварами. Полученные данные проливают новый свет на малоизвестные особенности монетного производства позднего Боспора. The Bosporan staters of AD 285/286-341/342 were investigated at their surfaces by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) and at the cross-sections by X-ray spectral microanalysis in the scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDXMA) in order to determine the chemical composition of the alloy and proposal sources of copper raw materials for coin production. It is established that the Bosporan mint used a wide range of copper alloys: copper, lead-, tin-, tin-lead and multicomponent bronzes, as well as copper alloys with silver additives. When there was a deficit of pure copper, the mint used copper scrap containing other non-ferrous metals. Archaeometric studies allow us to trace the dynamics of degradation of coinage alloys over the years of emissions caused by high rates of inflation during the reign of Thothorses to Rhescuporis VI. The ‘damage' of the copper coin is caused by the state's intense search for money to fight the barbarians. The obtained data shed new light on a little-known feature of the Later Bosporan Kingdom coin production.

The high mineralogical and lithological variability of polymetallic ores mined from copper and silver sedimentary deposits (SW Poland) has a strong influence on the upgrading processes and properti...

LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) is a useful tool in decision-making for most businesses that opt for sustainability and offers the possibility to compare different products, processes, and value chain scenarios, both real and hypothetical. Coupled with S-ROI (Sustainable Return on Investment), the LCA has a great potential in using available data for existing mining sites in the North-East Region of Romania to assess the economic, social and environmental benefits of certain sustainability measures on a local and regional level. The article will explore this approach of combining the two methodologies: LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) and S-ROI (Sustainable Return on Investment), with necessary adjustments according to the characteristics of the local mining activities, to show key investment areas that can improve the value chain of copper exploitation and preparation in the mining perimeter Mănăila. The case of the copper mine in Mănăila offers a great opportunity to apply the current LICYMIN (Life Cycle of Mining) research and to use available Ecoinvent data for the copper ore by comparing the current value chain scenario with a proposed scenario that includes a different location for a mining ore preparation unit, closer to the quarry. The results will give an insight into the potential social and economic impact (the measure can translate into a higher local employment rate, better social stability, lower transportation costs, etc.) as well as the environmental impact (reduction of GHG emission, pollution, and energy efficiency) of the suggested changes.

Until now, influences of different grinding mechanisms on specific energy consumption have been subject of many researches. In this regard, the technologies of impact and attrition milling have been compared by several studies. Although energy consumption is of major concern, the product properties or the behaviour of the components within the mixture may vary depending on the mechanism chosen. Such investigation is still missing for the dry stirred media milling. Moreover, its comparison with the conventional techniques regarding to this phenomenon is also lacking within the literature. This paper initially aims to provide an insight on components' interaction within ball milling and stirred milling and then comparison of the two outcomes. Within the scope, the first phase of grinding tests consisted of ball milling and stirred milling of calcite within a single and multi-component environment. For the mixtures, each component was separated via chemical analyses hence comparisons were made regarding to size reduction of the individuals. Further tests were performed with a copper ore to investigate the behaviours of the minerals by benefitting from MLA analyses. As a result, the two technologies were compared on the basis of energy consumption, components' interaction and their contributions to the liberation characteristics of the minerals. (c) 2021 The Society of Powder Technology Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. and The Society of Powder Technology Japan. All rights reserved.

Slurry pumps are used to move and lift a mixture of copper ore and water at mineral processing plants. However, in the process, the pumps wear out at a high rate, which is costly and time consuming. This paper is a characterization of the chemical composition, microstructure, and hardness of samples from a copper ore mining company’s slurry pump and gravel material. With this information, studies using new technology and cladding materials can then be conducted, to compare and select the most effective treatment of the slurry pump’s surfaces to increase its operational lifetime.

In this study, several tests were performed to analyse the triboelectrostatic charging behaviour of an artificially mixed sulfidic copper ore consisting of quartz and chalcopyrite. To check the surface charge of the pure mineral samples, they were analysed in a self-developed triboelectrostatic charging unit. After that, the artificially mixed sulfidic copper ore was sorted by using a triboelectrostatic belt separator.The objective of the study is to generate basic knowledge about the triboelectrostatic charge behaviour and furthermore the sortability by using electrostatic separation. All separation tests were carried out under controlled ambient conditions.

The work uses the UFRJ mechanistic mill model and DEM to analyze the effect of several design and operating variables on the apparent breakage rates and breakage distribution function of a batch gravity-induced stirred mill grinding copper ore. It shows that breakage rates increase significantly with stirrer speed; that increase in percent solids decreased breakage rates, whereas the increase in grinding media size resulted in increase in breakage rates of coarser and reduction for finer particles. Reduction in mill diameter resulted in higher breakage rates, while smooth liners were responsible for higher breakage rates of coarse particles, but at a much higher mill power. The work also shows that increasing the mill filling to match the power demanded when the screw is new allows reaching approximately the same mill performance when the screw is worn and in its end of life.

Motivation: The results of the research shall broaden the knowledge required for interpretation of synergy effects in the mineral mining sectors. The results obtained shall be used for further research when developing procedures for analysis and evaluation of the effects of mergers and acquisitions in the copper ore mining sector and may also be used by the management of an acquiring party involved in mergers and acquisitions in the copper mining sector. Aim: The aim of the research, the results of which has been presented in this article, was to identify areas of processes concerning operations and costs as possible sources of synergies in the merger and acquisition processes in the copper ore mining sector. A critical review of literature about the subject as well as desk research have been used to make the study. Results: The obtained results confirm the need for synergy effects, in the areas of both operations and costs, to be considered in the processes of mergers and acquisitions in the copper ore mining sector. Taking into account the strategy map and the cost structure in the copper mining sector, we may conclude that the costs of mining and milling are the key parameters of the cost structure (in relation to overheads) and they should be considered as the specific subject of due diligence, because apparently, this is the area where the greatest synergy value may be achieved.

Kagarlinsk copper deposits have been worked out since IV millennium BC and till the end of II millennium BC in the steppes of the South Urals and a huge amount of copper have been recovered from their ores in the Bronze Age. Geophysical studies have been conducted in the south periphery of the Kagarlinsk ore field not far from Belousovka village at the mining-processing complex with the length of 900—1000 m and 30—70 m size across. Something like a hundred of small open-cut mines from 3 to 12 m in diameter are fixed in this area with near side mine dumps, sites for assortment of extracted ore adjoined at stove pits 3—5 m in diameter for burning up lump ores. Thorough topographic, gradient magnetic and geo-radar surveys have been fulfilled in areas where typical objects: open-cut mine, a pit for pilot burning up ores, slime sites and ore store are situated. As a result new data have been obtained on the structure of ancient outputs and associated technological facilities. Numerous magnetic anomalies revealed near the open-cut mine and a pit testify that copper ore encloses sufficient amount of iron and pilot assortment of the burned up ore took place near the pits. According to the results of geo-radar survey special features of pit-stove have been reconstructed and 3D model of the ancient open-cut mine built. A pit for burning up ore was cone-shaped with steps for comfort of loading and unloading ore. Its bottom diameter was 5m, the principal mine was 1—1.5 m in diameter and depth rough 3 m, the volume of the pit did not exceed 13—15 m3. Transversal size of a mine was 7—9 m and the depth was up to 4 m. The open-cut mine had steep sides from the north, east and south and in the west the relief was mildly sloping. The entrance to the open-cut mine was from the west. Initial depth of the open-cut mine differed from the present day surface by 2—3 m. According to our appraisal the amount of extracted ore in this mine was 25—30 tons. Taking into account the overall number of mines some 2—2.5 thousand tons of bulk ore were extracted during operation of Belousovka mining-metallurgical complex.

Belt conveyors are used for transporting bulk materials over distances. The core of the belt, by transferring the longitudinal stresses and ensuring proper frictional coupling of the belt, enables belt movement and transportation of materials on its surface. As the belt cover and edges are used, the belt becomes abraded, and the core is subject to fatigue. The result is the development of cracks in rubber covers across the belt, which leads to the development of damage not only along the cables (the natural direction of water migration and corrosion) but also in the direction transverse to the belt axis. Conducting a series of scans of the St-type belt operating in one of the underground copper ore mines in Poland allowed identifying the number of failures as well as their size and changes over time. These data were in turn used to determine the measures defining the condition of the belt such as the density of defects (the number of defects per 1 m of the belt), the density of the area of damage (the area of damage per 1 m of the belt) and the change in the average area of a single defect over time. By determining the regression of these measures in time and the rate of damage development in both directions (along the axis of the belt and across the belt), it was possible to forecast future states of the belt, as well as to evaluate the costs of different belt replacement strategies and the economic rationalization of the decision to replace them. This research has become possible owing to the development of the DiagBelt system for two-dimensional imaging of the damage to the core of steel-cord belts with resolution sufficiently high to allow tracking the development of single core defects.

This study aims to investigate the best route to increase the recovery of oxide-sulfide copper ore. Among various methods, using nanoparticles is more desirable because of their high efficiency. So, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized and surface modified via anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactants. The results showed a recovery increased increase from 27.37 to 38% using the ZnO nanoparticles. Moreover, it was observed that changing pH could leads to some changes in the recovery value. According to the results, because of changing the surface charge of ZnO nanoparticles with pH and anionic SDS, the recovery will vary in various PH values. Besides, it was found that increasing the concentration of nanoparticles modified with SDS (from 2.25 to 7.5 ml) leads to an increase in the recovery (from 77 to 88%), indicating the synergistic effect of SDS on nanoparticles.

The authors study the ground surface displacement in the area of Zhezkazgan copper ore field now subjected to extraction of ore reserves from rib pillars. The high-precision leveling procedure using digital leveling instrumentation and invar leveling staffs is proposed for the application in arrangement of a geodynamic test site at the settlements of Zhezkazgan and Lermontovo. The steel control survey points are firmly connected with rock mass by means of grouting. The observation results made it possible to detect and evaluate the ground surface displacements.

Deep copper ore mines in Poland have been struggling with seismic hazard since almost fifty years ago when the first rock burst occurred. Increasing exploitation depth and mined-out space make the mining conditions constrained and severe causing the seismic activity to grow substantially. Consequently, rock burst preventive activities have to be incorporated into mining technology to provide work safety. To date, the group winning blasting has posed the most commonly used preventive measure, so its efficiency in seismic energy reduction is of significant importance for the rock burst hazard mitigation. The more energy blasting works provoke to release the safer the work environment gets. The article aimed to assess the efficiency of such an energy reduction, which was approached in two ways. Firstly, the drop of energy and in turn its reduction efficiency was assessed simply using a percentage of provoked tremors’ energy and number. Next, the analysis employed passive seismic tomography results to find if provoked tremors took place in high-velocity zones. The analysis made it possible to verify the assumption that the more provoked energy occurs in such zones the more successful preventive blasting is.

In view of the many shortcomings of traditional copper ore detection methods, this paper proposes a new method for copper ore content detection, which is to detect copper ore content through spectr...

To comprehensively reuse copper ore tailings, the recovery of γ-Fe2O3 from magnetic roasted slag after sulfur release from copper ore tailings followed by magnetic separation is performed. In this work, after analysis of chemical composition and mineralogical phase composition, the effects of parameters in both magnetization roasting and magnetic separation process with respect to roasting temperature, residence time, airflow, particle size distribution, magnetic field intensity, and the ratio of sodium dodecyl sulfonate to roasted slag were investigated. Under optimum parameters, a great number of γ-Fe2O3 is recycled with a grade of 66.86% and a yield rate of 67.21%. Meanwhile, the microstructure, phase transformation and magnetic property of copper ore tailings, roasted slag, and magnetic concentrate are carried out.

SUMMARYMining-induced seismic events can be followed by aftershocks that increase the risk associated with the exploitation. The understanding of the aftershock generation process in induced seismicity may improve post-earthquake safety procedures applied in mines. Rudna copper ore mine in southwestern Poland commonly experiences intense and strong seismic activity accompanying the room-and-pillar exploitation of copper ore. Some strong (magnitude >2) mining events are followed by numerous aftershocks and some are not followed by any. In this study, we seek to find whether there is any geological, technological or seismological cause of this diversity. We study 46 strong mining events and focus on their aftershock productivity. We analyse the geological and mining setting of the studied events, their signal similarity, stress drops and the ground motion effect using data from three different seismic networks. Our results show that seismic events producing large aftershock sequences may share similar focal mechanisms and have larger ground effects than events with no aftershocks. The results also indicate the potential differences in stress drops. This interesting observation may help to better evaluate the aftershock hazard in mines. It also indicates the need for a more detailed analysis of the focal mechanisms of strong events and their relationship to the exploitation technique.

Faience beads have been excavated from the Gebusailu site in western Tibet and date back as far as the second half of the 2nd millennium BC. As the earliest faience found on the Tibetan Plateau so far, these beads provide important evidence for the cross-regional exchange in the pre-historic western Tibet. Randomly selected thirteen samples were analyzed by SR-μCT, EPMA and LA-ICP-MS. The CT slices suggested that the structure of the samples was formed on cylindrical core and glazed by cementation. The glaze recipes indicate the samples can be classified as soda-rich faience with pure copper ore, the scrap or oxidation product of the copper metal, as the possible colorant. Those beads were possibly imported from Egypt or somewhere impacted by the Egyptian faience production technology. This implies that the ethnic groups on the plateau or other regions already crossed the Himalayas and integrated into the treasure exchange network of Eurasia, making the decorative luxury commodities penetrate to the Tibetan Plateau in 3500 years ago.

In most cases, copper ore deposits occur at great depths, so the optimization of excavation costs is of utmost importance to identify the most cost effective and productive mining methods, such as block caving or similar methods specifically developed for these deposits. To be able to apply such methods, it is necessary to have a detailed knowledge of the rock mass in terms of its geomechanical, engineering geological and hydrogeological characteristics. This research aims to reduce geological and geotechnical unknowns, analyze in detail the geological environment, and predict geotechnical conditions for the construction of the shaft. This paper uses the example of Borska Reka Copper Deposit, located in Serbia to illustrate the importance of geotechnical investigation to enable best practice in design and construction of shafts that are over 1000 m deep.

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) can flow by its self-weight and fill structural formwork without any mechanical devices. It solidifies the structure due to its strength and homogeneity. To improve SCC and to make a green concrete waste copper slag (WCS) is used as a partial replacement of fine aggregate. In this study, fine aggregate is replaced at 0%, 10% & 20% with WCS which is a by-product of the smelting process of copper ore in SCC mixes. The slump flow test, V-funnel test, and L-Box test are done to determine the fresh workability properties of SCC mixes. In addition, cubes of 100* 100*100 mm and prisms of size 100 mm × 100 mm × 500 mm are cast and cured for 28 days. On hardened SCC with WCS, compressive strength and flexure strength under two-point loading are conducted at the curing of the age of 28 days. The results show the workability property satisfy the EFNARC and IS 10262:2019 and the maximum increment of compressive and flexure strength at 40% and 5.5% at 28 days of curing of SCC mixes.

The paper includes the results of laboratory studies for the copper-bearing ore flotation with the use of a combined reagent. The combined flotation reagent was preliminarily passed through a UZDN-A1200T ultrasonic disperser before flotation to obtain a reagent microemulsion. The copper content in the concentrate was 21,5 % with extraction of 83,3 % in a closed cycle in the base mode. It was 21,8 % with an extraction of 88,3 % when a combined flotation reagent was used. There is an increase in copper extraction by 5 %. The combined reagent consumption is reduced by 15 % compared to the main technology.

In mineral crushing operations, the feed rate and feed size distribution affect the crushing rate and particle size distribution of the crushed products. In the present study, copper ore feed charg...

Information about copper deposits of Kazakhstan, development of which is carried out in the Saryarka region and its role in the development of the mining industry are considered in the article. Geological, structural and tectonic features of the deposits are presented. Research results on improvement methods of studying and geomechanical processes management in the development of mineral resources are presented. It is shown that the problem of geomechanical processes management can be solved on the basis of methodology for rock condition geomonitoring considered in this article, which provides comprehensive accounting and analysis of all natural and technogenic factors, as well as use of control tools developed by the authors. The article presents technical solutions to ensure operational safety during the development of Saryarka region field reserves, which occur in difficult mining and geological conditions. Ore bodies of the deposit have different sizes and are located at different depths, therefore, seismic surveys are carried out. The geodetic network of provisional seismic surveys at the field has been substantiated. It is proposed to conduct surveys using modern geodetic instruments, such as satellite technologies, electronic, digital geodetic instruments. The geodetic survey methods proposed by the authors provide information on the bowels of the earth with a high degree of accuracy.

The prominent pottery type of the Catacomb cultures of the northern Pontic steppe in 2500—2300 BC are the beakers of the Donetsk type. Donetsk beakers can be described as globular vessels with straight neck and articulated foot. Beaker’s body is often decorated with impressions of braid that form circles or a garland. Though the majority of Donetsk beakers originate from the burials of Donetsk Catacomb culture of the Seversky Donets basin, several beakers were found to the west from the Donetsk culture area. Currently, 14 Donetsk beakers coming from the Inhul Catacomb culture are known. Mapping of the Donetsk beakers found in the burials of the Inhul Catacomb culture indicates the distribution of the Eastern vessels among all local groups of the Inhul culture such as Molochansk, the North-Crimea, the Oril-Samara, the Southern and Northern Inhul and Kryvyi Rih territorial areas. As an exception can be named the Dniester-Southern Bug group. The latter is often described in historiography as an inclusion from outer influences during the second half of the 3rd millennia and the study of beakers is supported by such a conclusion. Mapping also reveals the concentration of Donetsk beakers near Kryvyi Rih copper ore basin, which had been exploited since the second half of the 4th millennia BC. It may be assumed that the appearance of Donetsk beakers represents the migration of Donetsk culture’s metallurgists who were searching for the new sources of raw materials. The distribution of the Donetsk Catacomb culture burials, as well as Donetsk beakers, allows reconstructing two routs of migration of the Donetsk people. Some of them could have come from the South, the North-Eastern Azov region. Others could have come from the North, the territory of the Left-bank Ukraine Forest-Steppe. Distribution areas of the Donetsk and Inhul cultures collide on the line Poltava-Lozova which is attested by the materials of Storozhove, Ternivka and Petrivka burial mound. Thus, numerous examples of Donetsk beakers found inside the burials of the Inhul Catacomb culture indicate a long-running migration of the Donetsk people from the Sevesky Donets basin to the Ukrainian Right-bank steppe during the period from 2500 to 2300 BC.

Several Ni-Cu deposits occur within the Kotalahti area, central Finland, in proximity to an Archaean gneiss dome surrounded by a Palaeoproterozoic craton-margin supracrustal sequence comprising quartzites, limestones, calc-silicate rocks, black schists and banded diopside amphibolites. The geology of the area and age of the Ni-bearing intrusions (1.88 Ga) are similar to the Thompson Ni belt in the Canadian Trans-Hudson Orogen. The small mafic-ultramafic and Ni-Cu -bearing Särkiniemi intrusion, closely associated with the Archaean basement core of the Kotalahti Dome, is composed of a western peridotite and eastern gabbro body, both of which are mineralized. The eastern gabbro has a contact aureole several meters thick, consisting of orthopyroxene +/- cordierite bearing hornfels between the intrusion and the migmatites. Geochemically, the Särkiniemi intrusion shares many features in common with other Svecofennian mafic-ultramafic intrusions, including crustal contamination and nickel depletion. The related Ni-Cu deposit has a low Ni/Co value (15) and low nickel content in the sulphide fraction (2.8 wt.%), together with a low estimated magma/sulphide ratio of around 170. Svecofennian 1.88 Ga mafic-ultramafic intrusions occur in terrains of variable metamorphic grade (from low-amphibolite to granulite facies) and are likely to represent emplacement at different crustal depths. Multi-equilibrium thermobarometry indicates that the contact aureole at Särkiniemi reached equilibrium at pressures of 4.5–6 kbar (15–20 km depth) and temperatures of 600–670 °C. Combined with the results of earlier research on the Svecofennian intrusions, this study indicates that a depth of 15–20 km crustal level was favourable, along with other critical factors, for nickel sulfide deposition at 1.88 Ga.

The review of copper ore processing flow charts in application at ore mills in Russia and abroad is presented. The scope of the analysis embraced the reagent regimes and flotation performance. Brief information about collecting agents, frothers and depressants is given. The influence of actuation medium in flotation of copper–nickel ore is studied in terms of bulk copper–nickel concentration. The tests were carried out with production of a rougher concentrate in the acid and alkaline media with its further scavenging.

The Author discusses the evidence of copper ore winning and smelting in Lombardy during the late Bronze/early Iron Ages and observes that far more copper ore reduction sites than copper deposits ar...

At the moment, climatic conditions are a primary problem of the exploitation of copper ore. The efficiency of preventive actions in order to improve climatic conditions is connected with the knowle...

The site of L’anse de la République, Talmont-Saint-Hilaire, Vendée, France, belonging to the Beaker culture, was discovered by Roger Joussaume in the 1960s. It was subsequently investigated during the late 1980s and more recently in 2014. Several items excavated during these operations are clearly linked to metallurgy. This article assesses the results of new analyses (XRF, petrographic analysis, metallographic microscope observation, SEM and EDS microprobe analysis) undertaken on the different artefacts (copper residue, slags, smelting-crucible sherds), which allow the authors to assert that copper ore was smelted on the site. Radiocarbon dating of organic residue preserved on a ceramic sherd confirms the dating of the site to the earliest phase of the Beaker culture (2500bc). The metallic copper produced here is characterised by two main impurities: arsenic and nickel. This provides an opportunity to review the extremely rare vestiges of Beaker metallurgy in France, which contrast with the numerous metal objects recovered. This article also considers the use of domestic smelting vessels for smelting ore; this technique may have been more widespread than previously thought in the Beaker culture on the Atlantic coast of Europe.

Spray drying has gradually become an effective method for large-scale preparation of oxygen carriers due to its unique advantages (high efficiency, scalable production, etc.). However, expensive ch...

The article addresses processability of old copper–zinc ore flotation tailings. Potential reserves and processability of mining waste are considered in terms of Uchaly Mining and Processing Plant. The mineral composition and chemistry of old tailings are determined. The analysis of modes of interaction between gold and tailings minerals reveals inefficiency of conventional technologies in extraction of valuable components. The authors validate thermochemical processing technology for old tailings with gold and silver recovery using chlorammonium reagents. The thermal study determines the mode of thermochemical interaction of old flotation tailings with NH4Cl and NH4Cl–NH4NO3 mixture, efficient sequence of tailings processing with chlorammonium reagents and the optimum temperature ranges.

We describe smelting furnaces found in southwestern Siberia, at the Tartas-1 ritual site, representing the eastern variant of the Pakhomovskaya culture. This is so far the only known site where the ritual complex, which includes post holes, and utility and ritual pits, adjoins a special manufacturing area with furnaces for smelting copper ore and processing bronze. The pits, differing in form, depth, and size, belonged to a structure. Furnaces are of two types: deep ones, dug into virgin soil, and shallow ones with domes. The former were destined for smelting ore, and the latter for processing metal. The construction of both types is described in detail. The smelting furnaces are peculiar and have no direct parallels in the Late Bronze Age settlements and sanctuaries of southwestern Siberia, while being somewhat similar to smelting furnaces of the Early Iron Age Itkul culture of the Trans-Urals. Furnaces of the second type resemble those of the local Late Irmen culture. Apparently, in the Baraba forest-steppe, where no copper ore outcrops are available, the ritual complexes included furnaces destined for both smelting ore and processing metal. The bronze metallurgy in the region may have been introduced by immigrants practicing both copper ore smelting and metal processing.

The localization patterns and mechanisms of orebody formation are critical in understanding and exploring for mineral deposits. Skarn ore deposits are especially difficult to study because of their complex features. The Fenghuangshan ore field is a maturely explored skarn copper ore field with many underground workings that reveal the skarn orebodies and related geological context in detail. This situation enables us to use computational modeling to investigate the irregular localization pattern of the skarn orebodies and their origin. Our 3D geometric modeling results show that the skarn orebodies are irregularly localized along the intrusion contact zone and that the irregular localization pattern is closely related to the topography and orientation of the contact zone. The largest orebodies and dominant reserves occur in the western contact zone (WCZ), mainly in the southern segment, where the contact zone is most concave (toward the intrusion). The thicknesses of the major orebodies in the WCZ are correlated with the Gaussian curvature of the contact surface. To investigate the localization mechanism of such irregular orebodies, we use numerical dynamic modeling to study the intrusion cooling process, which is critical for skarn orebody formation. The model consisted of a granodiorite intrusion and carbonate wall rocks, and it was ran on the FLAC3D platform to test three different scenarios: (1) syn-extensional cooling, which is the likely regional tectonic condition during the mineralization period; (2) syn-compressional cooling; and (3) cooling with no tectonic load. The dynamic modeling results for these three scenarios are distinctly different. Only the first scenario (NE–SW extension) can produce large-scale maximum dilation zones with a distribution pattern similar to that of the orebodies. As the maximum dilation zones are favorable for the formation of skarn ores, we conclude that the tectonic phase is also a critical constraint condition for the irregular localization of skarn orebodies.

We examined copper production at the archaeological site of El Manchón, located in the Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero, using archaeological, historical, ethnographic, and materials engineering data. Thirty-six AMS wood charcoal samples from El Manchón, analyzed using Bayseian statistics, date the two domestic sectors of El Manchón from cal AD 1250–1440 (Sector 1) and cal AD 1280–1680 (Sector 3). The smelting sector (Sector 2) contains copper ore and slag and dates to cal AD 1630–1825. Historical sources show that the Spanish had no experience smelting copper metal and were forced to negotiate with indigenous specialists to acquire smelted copper. These specialists provided it in return for tax exemptions and other economic privileges. The indigenous specialists requested iron tools for mining; the Spanish suggested introducing bellows to smelt copper in volume. In the smelting sector we excavated the stone foundations and a slag cake that conform to the dimensions of a hand-powered bellows-driven furnace in which the copper ore was smelted in a circular depression known as acendrada. Thus far, this furnace design has only been excavated at El Manchón. This bellows-powered furnace was likely operated by indigenous Manchón specialists, who probably initially smelted copper using the more ancient blowpipe technology. The dates for the smelting and occupation of El Manchón overlap.

Mathematical modeling of surface deformations caused by underground mining operation is commonly carried out with use of empirical, numerical or stochastic models. One of the most frequently applied model for prediction of ground deformation in many countries is Knothe model. The model developed by Knothe belongs to the stochastic methods and is based on the influence function. In China a prediction method named Probability Integration Method (PIF) was established by Liu Baochen and Liao Guohua based on the stochastic medium theory. Modified version of that model allows to predict ground movements caused by mining operation in extremely complex technical and geological conditions. That model is commonly applied for coal, metal ore and salt deposits. The article presents several modifications of the mathematical model used in China and Poland. This model is very widespread in the world, therefore the generalizations proposed in the article can be implemented for the purposes of prediction surface deformations for various types of deposits in many countries. The presented generalizations were then tested on specific examples of coal mining, copper ore mining and rock salt deposit. The obtained results indicate high efficiency of methods based on the influence function in complex geological and mining conditions. Keywords: Mining operation, Modeling of surface deformations, Stochastic models, Probability integration method, Influence function, Salt hard coal mining copper ore mining

The paper is devoted to tin ores as an alloying impurity in the bronze production by the ancient population of the Dnieper-Don region in the Late Bronze Age. The eastern and western supply vectors providing the local population with both ore (cassiterite) and its products are considered. The author draws attention to the assumptions of some researchers not confirmed by geological surveys about the possibility of finding tin deposits in the Donbass and Krivoy Rog basin, which could probably have been developed in the Early Metal Age. An opinion was given regarding the production of bronze from copper ore with a high content of metals - impurities in the mineral phase and separately from polymetallic ore. In ancient times for the development of any mineral, its availability for development, as well as a great volume or high content of useful mineral in ore were indispensable conditions. Due to existing technologies, the requirements for minerals in antiquity were much higher than modern ones. On the issue of tin raw materials for bronze production of the ancient population of Ukraine, attention is drawn to the assumption, not yet confirmed by geological surveys of some researchers (S.I. Tatarinov, D.P. Kravets, D.P. Nedopako) on the possibility of finding tin deposits in such ore-rich regions of Ukraine as the Donbass and Krivoy Rog. The experimental work carried out on the basis of ores of the Kartamysh ore occurrence have indeed confirmed the idea of chemical elements redistribution, when some metals decrease and others increase. This trend with reference to the results of spectral analyzes of Bakhmut ores, slags and products of the Donetsk Mining and Metallurgical Center, performed by E.N. Chernykh was noted by S.I. Tatarinov. However, to obtain bronze, a high percentage of bronze-forming impurities is required, including tin in the minerals. However, the copper and polymetallic ores of Donbass do not contain enough tin in the initial ore to produce tin bronze. A series of our experiments yielded just pure copper. Thus, the author reposes on the commune notion, according to which it is not possible to obtain bronze from copper ores of Donbass and bronze without on purpose input of the appropriate elements into the melt.

In this paper, a novel crushing pretreatment: the inhibitory effect for micro-fine particles of China copper ore was investigated based on high voltage pulse. The ore structural weakening performance, inhibitory effect, size-reduction energy intervals, energy efficiency were determined. The results show that the main size-reduction energy interval is affected by voltage, and the interval is 3–4 kWh/t at 150 kV. The pretreatment effect of HVP was improved with an increase in energy consumption, and the maximum grinding index was 1.28 at 90 kV and 4 kWh/t. The content of −74 μm product is 72.91% for pretreated ore compared with 57.16% for untreated ores. The inhibitory effect can be reflected on the contents of micro-fine particles. The ratio of −45 μm in −74 μm product decreases from 71.29% to 53.52% for untreated and treated ores and the inhibitory index is 0.24. The inhibitory effect for micro-fine particles can be effectively achieved by electrical pretreatment.

The author studied the process of copper removal from underspoil water at Blyavinskoe and Safyanovskoe copper ore deposits by cementation by iron. The influence of pH, consumption of cementation agent impurity ions Fe3+, Al3+ and Ca2+, as well as timing on the cementation performance was analyzed. The mechanism of the process was determined, and by-reactions resulting in over-consumption of cementation agent were revealed. The studies of the material constitution of cemented copper showed that the concentrate quality worsened because of the joint settling of basic aluminum and calcium sulfates. The obtained results make it possible to draw the conclusion on applicability of cementation for removal of copper from underspoil water.

This paper presents the results of an industrial testing of the phase of rough flotation of copper ore from the deposit "North revir" in the Copper Mine Majdanpek. The achieved technological parameters in the rough flotation process, the results of grain size analysis by size classes of on the tested products, as well as the recovery and content of copper by size classes in the products of rough flotation show that the process of rough flotation does not work satisfactorily.

В статье рассматривается проникновение капиталистических отношений в грузинскую фабрично-заводскую промышленность во второй половине XIX–начале XX вв. Изучается процесс постепенного перехода от мануфактуры к фабрично-заводской промышленности, зарождение и развитие капиталистических отношений, формирование классов буржуазного общества в Грузии. Рассматривается процесс проявления общих закономерностей и специфических черт этого направления на основании изучения богатого архивного материала, дореволюционной и советской литературы. Отслеживается поэтапный процесс, как возникал и развивался капитализм в промышленности Грузии, каким образом происходил переход от простых и примитивных стадий капитализма к наиболее развитым формам капиталистического производства. Вместе с анализом различных отраслей промышленности в статье рассмотрены также вопросы изменения уровня и темпов развития капиталистической промышленности Грузии в исследуемый период. В некоторых отраслях производства господствующее положение заняла капиталистическая фабрика. Прежде всего это было связано с увеличением применения в процессе производства паровых машин. Благодаря развитию капиталистических отношений и складыванию фабрично-заводской промышленности, экономика Грузии была вовлечена в общероссийский внутренний рынок. В статье сделан вывод о том, что фабрично-заводская промышленность Грузии в исследуемый период поднялась на новую, более значительную ступень развития., The article examines the penetration of capitalist relations into the Georgian factory industry in the second half of the XIX–early XX centuries. The process of gradual transition from manufacture to factory industry, the origin and development of capitalist relations, the formation of classes of bourgeois society in Georgia is studied. The process of the manifestation of general patterns and specific features of this direction is considered on the basis of the study of rich archival material, pre-revolutionary and Soviet literature. A step-by-step process is being tracked, how capitalism arose and developed in Georgia’s industry, how the transition from simple and primitive stages of capitalism to the most developed forms of capitalist production took place. Along with the analysis of various industries, the article also examines the issues of changes in the level and pace of development of capitalist industry in Georgia during the period under study. In some industries., История науки и техники, Выпуск 2 2022

This paper describes the adopted approach for increasing the capacity of an existing industrial grinding circuit by adapting the respective configuration to process the ore from a new mine. Accordingly, due to Sossego mine exhaustion, Vale S. A. decided to use the existing industrial facilities and infrastructure for processing the Cristalino ore deposit located in Para state, within the Brazilian Amazon. Considering the higher hardness of Cristalino ore compared to Sossego ore, a reduction in capacity in the existing SAG grinding circuit was anticipated. A comprehensive grinding pilot plant campaign was conducted with a characterization program including 98 Cristalino ore samples, as described throughout this paper. Sossego grinding circuit was also surveyed for mathematical modeling and simulations to assess such an estimative further. The mathematical model calibration for setting different circuit configurations and operating conditions to enhance the circuit’s capacity was based on the combination of pilot plant results and ore characterization. Simulations indicated that a capacity increase of 12% would be achieved in the existing grinding circuit by further crushing 35% of SAG mill fresh feed. Such figures would represent yearly additions of 8.3 kt in copper and 250 kg in gold productions.

The moisture of bulk material has a significant impact on the energetic efficiency of dry grinding, resultant particle size distribution and particle shape, and conditions of powder transport. This research aims to develop computer vision and thermovision techniques for the on-site estimation of moisture content in copper ore, for use, e.g., in dry grinding installations. The influence of particle size on the results of moisture estimation is also studied. The tested granular material was copper ore of particle size 0–2 mm and relative moisture content of 0.5–11%. Both vision and thermovision images were taken at standard and macro scales. The results suggest that median-intensity vision images monotonically reflect copper ore moisture in the range of about 0.5–5%. Suitable models were identified and cross-validated here. In contrary, thermograms should not be analyzed simply for their mean temperature but treated with computer vision processing algorithms.

The verification efficiency and precision of copper ore grade has a great influence on copper ore mining. At present, the common method for the exploration of reserves often uses chemical analysis and identification, which have high costs, long cycles, and pollution risks but cannot realize the in situ determination of the copper grade. The existing scalar spectrometric techniques generally have limited accuracy. As a vector spectrum, polarization state information is sensitive to mineral particle distribution and composition, which is conducive to high-precision detection. Taking the visible-near infrared parallel polarization reflectance spectrum data and grade data of a copper mine in Xiaoyuan village, Huaining County, Anhui Province, China, as an example, the characteristics of the parallel polarization spectra of the copper mine were analyzed. The spectra were pretreated by first-order derivative transform and wavelet denoising, and the dimensions of wavelet denoising spectra, parallel polarization spectra, and first-order derivative spectra were also reduced by principal component analysis (PCA). Three, four, and eight principal components of the three types of spectra were selected as variables. Four machine learning models, the radial basis function (RBF), support vector machine (SVM), generalized regression neural network (GRNN), and partial least squares regression (PLSR), were selected to establish the PCA parallel polarization reflectance spectrum and copper grade prediction model. The accuracy of the model was evaluated by the determination coefficient (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE). The results show that, for parallel polarization spectra, first-order derivative spectra, and wavelet denoising spectra, the PCA-SVM model has better results, with R2 values of 0.911, 0.942, and 0.953 and RMSE values of 0.022, 0.019, and 0.017, respectively. This method can effectively reduce the redundancy of polarized hyperspectral data, has better model prediction ability, and provides a useful exploration for the grade analysis of hydrothermal copper deposits at meso-low temperatures.