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The current work is aimed at analyzing the speech of nine Brazilian teachers who teach English as a Foreign Language (EFL) for three renowned institutions of English language teaching in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, so as to verify if the mental models built justify polarization of the groups denominated as groups of US and THEM (VAN DIJK, 2015a). Such polarization has occurred in a reverse way, since Brazilian EFL teachers look up to the American culture in detriment of their own. This polarization reversal was caused in Brazil, not only by the exposure to American products, but also by the country's historical context. The influence of the American government upon Brazil, and its hegemonic power, began effectively around the 1940s, when they established a Bureau in Brazil to foster cultural exchange. Nonetheless, its creation favored the implantation of the American hegemony, which was channeled by diplomatic agreements with Brazil, which were established by the American government and materialized by institutions along with the export of its English language. This research uses a qualitative, transversal and analytical methodology and analysis was guided in the light of Critical Discourse Studies, having Van Dijk (2015a) as the main theoretician. It will support us to comprehend the socio-cognitive discourse aspects and their components, using the discourse triangle proposed by the author, discourse-cognition-society, as well as Souza (2018) and Moita Lopes (2003) among others to understand the historical context of the North American culture coming to Brazil and the mental representations built subjectively. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o discurso de nove professores brasileiros que ensinam inglês, como língua estrangeira, em três instituições renomadas de ensino de língua inglesa, na cidade de Recife, Pernambuco, a fim de verificar se os modelos mentais construídos justificam a polarização de grupos denominados como grupos de NÓS e ELES (VAN DIJK, 2015a). Essa polarização ocorre de modo reverso, uma vez que os professores brasileiros de EFL exaltam a cultura dos norte-americanos em detrimento da sua. Essa inversão de polarização foi causada no Brasil, não só pela exposição dos produtos norte-americanos, mas também pelo contexto histórico do país. A inserção do governo norte-americano no Brasil e seu poder hegemônico começaram, efetivamente, por volta dos anos 40, quando eles fundaram no, Brasil, um Birô com propósito de realizar intercâmbio cultural. Entretanto, sua criação favoreceu a implantação da hegemonia norte-americana que aconteceu entre acordos diplomáticos com o Brasil e que foram estabelecidos por instituições norte-americanas, juntamente com a exportação da sua língua inglesa. Assim, a pesquisa utiliza uma metodologia qualitativa, transversal e analítica e teve suas análises norteadas à luz dos Estudos Críticos do Discurso (ECD), tendo como principal teórico Van Dijk. Essa teoria nos ajudará a compreender os aspectos discursivos sociocognitivos e seus componentes, utilizando o triângulo do discurso proposto pelo autor, discurso-cognição-sociedade, bem como Souza (2018), Moita Lopes (2003) entre outros, para entender o contexto histórico da vinda da cultura norte-americana ao Brasil e as representações mentais construídas subjetivamente.

This paper juxtaposes and examines in a fresh light the genealogy of concepts (especially the labels Nakba and War of Independence, used by Palestinians and Israelis, respectively), to conceptualize and represent the ethnic cleansing of Palestine—a process that gathered momentum in 1948, and lead to both the displacement of the Palestinian people and the transformation of Mandate Palestine into present-day Israel. The article seeks to answer the question of whether these conceptualizations or labels are accurate in what they represent, and attendant repercussions. Utilizing a discourse-conceptual analysis framework, the article demonstrates how both of these lexical representations have mystified and perpetuated settler-colonialism. The article argues for a necessary counter-discourse that would rename and restructure the world’s understanding of key events in the continued ethnic cleansing of Palestine. The article concludes that the first step towards social change and decolonization entails a conceptual and discursive change in nationalist discourse: the key carrier of conceptual dynamics and change of social reality and history.Keywords: The Palestine question, 1948, Nakba, CDA, critical discourse studies (CDS), discourse-conceptual analysis (DCA), sister concepts, ethnic cleansing, lexical representation

Treball de fi de màster en Estudis del Discurs. Tutor: Teun van Dijk. This investigation is centered on the representations of the sociopolitical conflict between police and Rio de Janeiro’s favela communities within news discourse and online commentary on the Facebook fan page of one of Brazil’s leading newspapers, Jornal O Globo. This study combines a sociocognitive approach with a crucial intertextual focus as the multidisciplinary framework for critical analysis of news coverage and online reactions to a series of highly mediated events within the Cidade de Deus community, with the aim of uncovering the ideologies and sociopolitical structures supported by this discourse. The results show a strong ideological relationship between O Globo’s meditated discourse and the meta-representations within fan-page commentary. The analysis, however, also reveals a discordance amongst followers regarding O Globo’s depictions of the various actors and actions involved within the newsworthy events, which is fueled by neo-liberal and neo-racist ideologies favoring a more negative and criminalized representation of the favela. La actual investigación está situada en las representaciones del conflicto sociopolítico entre la policía y las comunidades de las favelas de Rio de Janeiro dentro del discurso periodístico y del comentario online en la fan page de Facebook de uno de los periódicos más destacados en Brasil, Jornal O Globo. Este estudio combina un enfoque sociocognitivo con un enfoque intertextual, como el marco multidisciplinar para el análisis crítico de la cobertura mediática y reacciones públicas online a una serie de eventos mediáticos dentro de la comunidad de Cidade de Deus, con el objetivo de destapar las ideologías y estructuras sociopolíticas apoyadas por este discurso. Los resultados muestran una relación ideológica fuerte entre el discurso mediático de O Globo y las meta-representaciones de los comentarios de la fan page. Sin embargo, el análisis también demuestra un desacuerdo entre seguidores respecto a las representaciones de O Globo de los diferentes actores involucrados y sus acciones en los sucesos relevantes, impulsadas por ideologías neo-liberales y neo-racistas que favorecen una representación más negativa y criminalizada de la favela.

With this thesis, we are aiming at presenting how critique was incorporated into linguistics and discourseanalysis, first in the United-Kingdom in the 1970s and later spread to all European Anglophone discourseanalysis where it became its own discipline, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) or alternatively, Critical DiscourseStudies (CDS). With a francophone audience in mind, we have translated excerpts of the major publications ofthe field to French in order to present first how CDA and CDS came into being as established disciplines, startingfrom Critical Linguistics. Then, we explore the main tenets of CDA and CDS and what constitutes them ascoherent scientific fields despite what appears at first sight to be a very eclectic body of works gathered underthese labels. We show that it has to do with critique as a governing principle for discourse analysis; how theresearcher’s position in society is defined; social problems as starting points for research; and a very pragmaticapproach when choosing methodological tools. Our last part presents the major approaches to “doing CDA”,from the founders’ approaches (Wodak’s Discourse Historical Approach, Fairclough’s Dialectical-RelationalApproach, Van Dijk’s Socio-Cognitive Approach, Van Leeuwen’s Representation of Social Actors) to largercurrent trends (CDA with a Cognitive Linguistics or Gender Studies input, Social Semiotics, Forensic Linguistics).; Ce travail de thèse a pour enjeux de rendre accessible à la communauté scientifique francophone en analyse dudiscours la manière dont le postulat critique s’est mis en place dans les sciences du langage européennes delangue anglaise à partir des années 1970 avec la Critical Linguistics jusqu’à son évolution actuelle donnant formeet programme à un courant de recherche connu sous les noms de Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) et de CriticalDiscourse Studies (CDS). Au moyen de nombreuses traductions réalisées dans le but de donner accès aux textes dece courant, nous faisons émerger, à travers leurs publications marquantes, comment sont nés ces courants, etcomment ils se sont établis scientifiquement et institutionnellement dans le paysage des sciences du langageanglophones en tant que disciplines désormais pleinement reconnues et disposant d'une reconnaissanceimportante dans les institutions universitaires. Malgré l’éclectisme de ces disciplines, qui pourrait à première vues’apparenter à un éclatement, nous identifions dans une exploration épistémologique ce qui fait leur unité et leurcohésion interne : principe critique appliquée à l’analyse du discours, posture définie du chercheur comme partieprenante de la société, focalisation sur des problématiques sociales construites comme objets de recherche,interdisciplinarité théorique pour ne jamais se limiter dans l’analyse, et pragmatisme dans le choix desméthodologies de recherche, toujours envisagées comme étant au service d’une analyse la plus complète possibledes aspects sémiotiques et discursifs des problèmes sociaux. Dans notre dernière partie, nous donnonsprécisément à voir des manières de faire de l’analyse du discours en CDS. À travers la présentation et l’analysedes grandes approches et tendances méthodologiques des CDS, nous montrons comment les chercheurss’emparent de problèmes sociaux concrets pour proposer des analyses répondant à une visée d’émancipation,démêlant ce qu'il en est des rapports entre langage et pouvoir. Nous montrons que ces analyses sont basées à lafois sur une théorisation critique du discours, de l’idéologie et de la société dans une visée interdisciplinaire(mêlant librement aux théories linguistiques des concepts issus des sciences sociales, de l’homme ou de lacognition), et sur des méthodologies qui empruntent sans restriction à toutes les branches des sciences dulangage pour appréhender le discours de manière complète, tant sous l’angle de son contenu que de samatérialité, analysant par exemple conjointement les macropropositions sémantiques, les stratégies rhétoriques,la représentation des acteurs sociaux ou les microphénomènes syntaxiques.