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Additional file 4 Supplementary Fig. 4. Alignment of the nucleotides sequences. Nucleotides alignment of optimized (oSbMATE) and original Sorghum bicolor MATE (SbMATE - SbMATE03g043890) sequences generated by Geneious software (Kearse et al., 2012). (*) Symbols under the alignments indicate identical.

Additional file 3 Supplementary Fig. 3 (a) Schematic representation of the binary vector p7U (DNA Cloning Service, Germany). The vector contains the Sorghum bicolor MATE gene with optimized codon (oSbMATE) under the control of ZmUbi1 promoter. The selective marker is bar (phosphinothricin acetyl transferase) gene under the control of the ZmUbi1 promoter, confers resistance to glufosinate-ammonium herbicide. (b) Agarose gel electrophoresis showing the expected amplicon of SbMATE gene (301 bp) in the transgenic events.

Additional file 6 Supplementary Table 1 Sequence of the pair of primers used for PCR and qPCR analysis.

Additional file 2 Supplementary Fig. 2 Relative gene expression of the SoMATE (left panel) and SbMATE (right panel) genes in the NT and transgenic events submitted to {0} and {505.9} μM Al3+ during six weeks. *Significantly different at p

Additional file 7 Supplementary Fig. 6 (a) Hydroponics system of sugarcane in greenhouse. (b) Sugarcane transgenic plants SbMATE and NT plants in the hydroponic system, before aluminum treatment.

Additional file 1 Supplementary Fig. 1 Conserved motifs of SoALMT proteins according to MEME software.

Additional file 5 Supplementary Fig. 5. Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences. Geneious software (Kearse et al., 2012) alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences of optimized (oSbMATE) and original Sorghum bicolor MATE (SbMATE - SbMATE03g043890) sequences. (*) Symbols under the alignments indicate identical.

Most lichens and their photobionts are considered desiccation tolerant, however, the mechanisms involved in their incredible ability to survive the water loss and resume active metabolism are still poorly studied. It is believed that the desiccation tolerance (DT) of lichenized photobionts may be, at least partially, associated with constitutive and induced species-specific mechanisms of protection, related with the activation of the antioxidant system and the synthesis of protective molecules. Thus, the objective of this PhD Thesis was to analyze the composition, metabolic and defense system alterations of two species of lichenized microalgae, with different hydric behaviors: Trebouxia sp. (TR9) and Coccomyxa simplex (Csol) and relate them with the DT of each species. For this, analyzes of metabolic profile, antioxidant enzymes, characterization of polyols, and quantification of nitric oxide (NO) and transcripts levels of antioxidant and sugar alcohols-related genes were performed. Initially, microalgae cultures were subjected to a single cycle of desiccation-rehydration (D/R), under relative humidity (RH) of 25%-30%. Under these conditions, the relative water content and the water potential indicated that each specie present a DT strategy adjusted to the water regime of their natural habitat. The metabolic profile analysis indicated that TR9 constitutively accumulated higher amounts of polyols, while Csol induced the synthesis of these compounds, which seemed to play an important role in the DT of both species. In a second approach, DT was tested by subjecting the species to different RH conditions and consecutive D/R cycles. The results showed that the RH close to that of their natural habitats (RH 25% for TR9 and RH 60% for Csol) is crucial for maintaining the photosynthetic rates. Some key antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant genes (transcript levels) were induced by the subsequent D/R cycles in a species-specific way, probably due to the increase in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, the analysis of the transcript levels related to the synthesis of myo-inositol and raffinose also demonstrated, in general, an induction during the consecutive D/R cycles, especially in Csol. Correlation analyzes also suggest that NO can act as signaling factor, assisting to modulate metabolic pathways of polyols production. In conclusion, among the experimental evidences presented in this PhD Thesis, it is highlighted the species-specific induction of the antioxidant system and synthesis of polyols by exposition to cyclic desiccation, which strongly suggest a process of metabolic "priming" performed by lichenized microalgae to cope with the oxidative and osmotic stress during the sudden changes in water content to which they are normally subjected.