Search

Depth maps acquired with ToF cameras have a limited accuracy due to the high noise level and to the multi-path interference. Deep networks can be used for refining ToF depth, but their training requires real world acquisitions with ground truth, which is complex and expensive to collect. A possible workaround is to train networks on synthetic data, but the domain shift between the real and synthetic data reduces the performances. In this paper, we propose three approaches to perform unsupervised domain adaptation of a depth denoising network from synthetic to real data. These approaches are respectively acting at the input, at the feature and at the output level of the network. The first approach uses domain translation networks to transform labeled synthetic ToF data into a representation closer to real data, that is then used to train the denoiser. The second approach tries to align the network internal features related to synthetic and real data. The third approach uses an adversarial loss, implemented with a discriminator trained to recognize the ground truth statistic, to train the denoiser on unlabeled real data. Experimental results show that the considered approaches are able to outperform other state-of-the-art techniques and achieve superior denoising performances.

Los universos narrativos transmedia y sus multiversos se han convertido en las mayores fuentes de producciones audiovisuales de la industria cinematográfica y del videojuego. Star Wars, el universo Tolkien, DC Comics, Harry Potter o Marvel, son ejemplos de narrativas transmedia que contienen numerosos storyworlds interconectados mediante conexiones transmediáticas, formando así universos con capacidad para crear incesantemente nuevas producciones cinematográficas y nuevo contenido multiplataforma. Gran parte de su éxito se debe a la expansión y la profundidad como elementos clave de la transmedialidad y la convergencia de medios. El artículo analiza los elementos característicos de estos universos narrativos a través del estudio de caso de la saga Los Vengadores, parte nuclear del Universo Cinematográfico de Marvel (UCM), desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar mediante el estudio del discurso y la semiótica. El análisis del contenido de las cuatro películas que forman parte de la citada saga permite identificar, en primer lugar, el uso constante de recursos intertextuales que provienen de las humanidades (la literatura, la historia, la filosofía, la mitología y la cultura fílmica) y, en segundo lugar, su relación con las citadas capacidades de expansión y profundidad de las narrativas transmedia. El texto propone la necesidad de remarcar la importancia de los fundamentos humanistas para la creación de un universo narrativo profundo, orgánico y en constante expansión de la saga, así como de la comprensión holística de su sentido por parte de los receptores, que puede conllevar el incremento de la participación activa de la comunidad fandom, la creación de contenidos generados por usuarios y su vinculación con dicho universo. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Nature-like fish passes are commonly designed as a preferred way to overcome barriers in rivers. However, meeting the recommended hydraulic parameters for these passes can be challenging. As a result, boulders or sills are often incorporated to supplement their structure. From a hydraulic standpoint, the crucial parameters under investigation are the depths and velocities (or the corresponding velocity field). In this study, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on a full-width rock-ramp fish pass constructed in a river, specifically targeting the barbel zone. The achieved parameters were assessed through direct field measurements, complemented by mathematical modeling using 1D and 2D HEC-RAS models (version 6.3.1). For the assessment of model accuracy, the error indices root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) were used. Based on their evaluation, the 1D model provides more precise results in the assessed profiles (the RMSE for depths (m) was 0.0663 (for velocities (m∙s−1) 0.293) compared to the 2D model, where the RMSE for depths (m) was 0.070 (for velocities (m∙s−1) 0.398), the MAE for the 1D model for depths (m) was 0.0350 (for velocities (m∙s−1) 0.185) compared to the 2D model, where the MAE for depths (m) was 0.0375 (for velocities (m∙s−1) 0.274)). The findings highlight the differences in the problem-solving approaches between the models as well as the potential for simplifications in practical applications.

Aims We aimed at assessing the influence of above- and below-ground environmental conditions over the performance of Centaurea jacea L., a drought-resistant grassland forb species. Methods Transpiration rate, CO2 assimilation rate, leaf water potential, instantaneous and intrinsic water use efficiency, temperature, relative humidity, vapor pressure deficit and soil water content in one plant and root length density in four plants, all grown in custom-made columns, were monitored daily for 87 days in the lab. The soil water isotopic composition in eleven depths was recorded daily in a non-destructive manner. The isotopic composition of plant transpiration was inferred from gas chamber measurements. Vertical isotopic gradients in the soil column were created by adding labeled water. Daily root water uptake (RWU) profiles were computed using the multi-source mixing model Stable Isotope Analysis in R (Parnell et al. PLoS ONE 5(3):1–5, 2010). Results RWU occurred mainly in soil layer 0–15 cm, ranging from 79 to 44%, even when water was more easily available in deeper layers. In wet soil, the transpiration rate was driven mainly by vapor pressure deficit and light intensity. Once soil water content was less than 0.12 cm3 cm− 3, the computed canopy conductance declined, which restricted leaf gas exchange. Leaf water potential dropped steeply to around − 3 MPa after soil water content was below 0.10 cm3 cm− 3. Conclusion Our comprehensive data set contributes to a better understanding of the effects of drought on a grassland species and the limits of its acclimation in dry conditions.

We centrally explore the significance of conceptual imagery, particularly ideas of ‘depth’ and its relationship to ideals of critique, emancipatory action, and conceptions of social structure and action. We consider how depth imagery is invoked in critiques of sociological thinkers understood to employ ‘flat’ social ontologies. We develop a three-way comparison between Pierre Bourdieu’s ‘field,’ Howard Becker’s ‘world,’ and Norbert Elias’s ‘figuration’ to argue that not only is the ‘flatness’ charge unwarranted in the case of Becker’s and Elias’s ontologies, but the axioms upon which it is made are static, substantialist, and reductively mechanistic. Drawing on the work of Elias, we consider the merits of alternative more dynamically oriented conceptual imagery, reflecting upon its implications for how we might revisit the ‘politics’ of figurational sociology and understandings of emancipatory critique more generally. Resumo Este estudo explora o significado do imaginário conceitual, particularmente a ideia de “profundidade” e sua relação com os ideais de crítica, ação emancipatória e os conceitos de estrutura e ação social. Examinamos como o imaginário da profundidade é evocado pela crítica de sociólogos conhecidos por ontologias sociais “planas”. A partir de uma triangulação comparativa ente o “campo” de Pierre Bourdieu, o “mundo” de Howard Becker e a “figuração” de Norbert Elias, argumentamos que não apenas a acusação de “planicidade” é injustificada no caso das ontologias de Becker e Elias, mas os axiomas sobre os quais ela se assenta são estáticos, substancialistas e mecanicistas. Baseados no trabalho de Elias, consideramos os méritos de um imaginário conceitual mais dinâmico, refletindo sobre suas implicações para a forma como podemos revisitar a “política” da sociologia figurativa e os entendimentos da crítica emancipatória.

Understanding the spatial use of reintroduced fish is useful for fisheries management and evaluating restoration success. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were reintroduced into Lake Ontario in the 1990s; however, the movement ecology of these land-locked fish is unknown. Using acoustic telemetry and Floy tag mark-recaptures, we examined seasonal home range and space use of Atlantic salmon in Lake Ontario. Hatchery-raised adult Atlantic salmon were tagged with acoustic transmitters (n = 14; 8 with depth sensors) or Floy tags (n = 1915) and released. Both acoustic telemetry and Floy tag recaptures (n = 90) indicated cross lake movements, and home ranges encompassed nearly the entire lake in summer but was smaller in winter. Movements were nearshore (

This study investigated the perception of numbers in humans in 3D stimuli. Recent research has shown that number processing relies on “number sense” for small values, in line with Weber’s law. While previous studies have reported 3D numerosity overestimation mainly in higher numerical values, our experiment examined whether this phenomenon occurs at lower numerical values. We also explored whether the Weber ratio follows Weber’s law when comparing 2D and 3D stimuli in terms of the number of elements. Observers were presented with pairs of stimuli on a monitor and were asked to identify the stimulus with a larger number of elements. Using the constant method, we calculated the point of subjective equality (PSE), just noticeable difference (JND), and Weber ratios from the collected data. As a result, it was confirmed that the phenomenon of over-estimation of 3D numerical values occurs even when the numerical values are small. Additionally, we observed that the Weber fraction adhered to Weber’s law within the measured range. These findings contribute to the existing body of research, supporting the existence of distinct mechanisms for perceiving numerosity and density.

Large-scale electronic tagging is a very powerful tool to study how fish movements and migrations shape the internal dynamics of populations. This knowledge, crucial for improving fishery management, was still limited for the European seabass, whose stocks in the Northeast Atlantic have declined drastically over the last decade. To better understand the species ecology and the spatio-temporal structure of the population, we tagged seabass in the North Sea, the English Channel, and the Bay of Biscay, from 2014 to 2016. Out of 1220 deployed DSTs, 482 have been recovered by November 2022. Approximately half of them included a period of potential spawning migration. Reconstructed trajectories confirmed seabass to be a partial migratory species, as individuals exhibited either long-distance migrations or residence. Most migrants exhibited fidelity to summer feeding areas and winter spawning areas. Our dataset enriches the knowledge of seabass biological traits (e.g. temperature and depth ranges, vulnerability to predation and fishing). Our results suggest a spatial structure of the Atlantic population that differs from the stock structure currently considered for assessment and management. The consequences should be explored at both the European level and by regional managers involved in conservation outcomes.

An analysis of archival and literary materials, as well as recently collected data in coastal areas at 14 locations in the Eurasian seas showed that the diversity of biomass-dominating key bryozoan species is low, totaling 26 species, less than 1/15 of the total bryozoan fauna richness. Their number decreases eastward from 17 species with an average total biomass of >16 g/m2 in the Barents Sea to three species with an average biomass of about 3 g/m2 in the East Siberian Sea. In the Chukchi Sea, their number and average biomass increase to 10 species and ~12 g/m2, respectively. Average biomass strongly correlates with the number of species in each sea. Furthermore, variation in biomass is significantly correlated with the composition of bottom sediments and, in some locations, with depth. The marked decrease in the number of key species along the vector from Barents→Kara→Laptev→East Siberian Sea is due to a decline in the number of boreal and boreal–Arctic bryozoans of Atlantic origin. In contrast, the appearance of boreal and boreal–Arctic Pacific species is responsible for the increase in key species in the Chukchi Sea.

Understanding the micro-mechanisms underlying the localized–ductile transition (LDT) as well as the brittle–plastic transition (BPT) has become crucial for our wider understanding of crustal processes and seismicity. Given how difficult in situ observations of these transitions are to perform, laboratory experiments might be our only way to investigate the processes active under these conditions (high T and high P). Here, we present Triaxial AppaRatus for GEoThermal energy, a new gas-based triaxial apparatus located at EPFL in Switzerland that was specifically designed to operate under conditions where both the LDT and BPT can occur in geomaterials. We show that the machine is capable of deforming rock samples at confining pressures of up to 400 MPa, temperatures of up to 800 °C, and pore pressures (liquid or gas) of up to 300 MPa while keeping the temperature gradient along samples of 40 mm in length and 20 mm in diameter minimal (less than 30 at 700 °C). Most importantly, the maximum load is 1000 kN (stresses as high as 2.2 GPa on 24 mm samples and 3 GPa on 20 mm samples), allowing for the deformation of very competent rock samples. Moreover, during deformation, the pair of syringe pore pressure pumps allow for continuous permeability or dilatancy recording. We benchmarked our machine against existing data in the literature and show that it accurately and precisely records stress, strain, permeability, pressure, and temperature.

Cilj ovog završnog rada bilo je izmjeriti protok otvorenog kanala pomoću radarskog uređaja Viatronics SVR-3 Pro koji mjeri površinsku brzinu. S ciljem određivanja protoka bilo je potrebno saznavanje površine poprečnog presjeka i srednje brzine fluida. Površina poprečnog presjeka kanala je bila dobivena putem množenja aritmetičke sredine dubine i širine kanala koja je određena preko Google karte. Nakon toga su određeni svi parametri koji su potrebne za izračun srednje brzine fluida. Kontaktiranjem HE Varaždin je dobivena informacija kako stvarni protok rijeke Drave iznosi 215 m³/s te je pomoću te informacije uspoređen protok dobiven mjerenjem koji iznosi 195,84 m3/s. To je odstupanje od svega 9% s obzirom na to da je puno parametara za određivanje srednje brzine pretpostavljeno kao i izračun površine poprečnog presjeka., The aim of this final work was to measure open channel flow using a Viatronics SVR-3 Pro surface velocity radar device. In order to determine the flow, it was necessary to know the cross-sectional area and the mean velocity of the fluid. The cross-sectional area of the channel was obtained by multiplying the arithmetic mean of the depth and width of the channel, which was determined via the Google map. After that, all the parameters needed to calculate the mean fluid velocity were determined. By contacting HPP Varaždin, information was obtained that the actual flow of the Drava River is 215 m³/s, and with the help of this information, the flow obtained by measurement, which is 195,84 m3/s, was compared. This is a deviation of only 9%, given that many parameters for determining the average speed were assumed, as well as the calculation of the cross-sectional area.

During the pulsed laser ablation of metals, as well as other materials, the development of a plasma plume close to the ablated surface leads to the emission of radio frequency energy. In this paper, we describe a process for analysing the received radio frequency power (RFP) for an aluminium (Al) surface ablation process in atmosphere using picosecond laser pulses at a wavelength of 1064 nm. The analysis of the RFP was carried out on two sets of experiments, where two parameters of the laser (repetition rate of laser (RRL) and power of laser (PL)) were varied while other parameters remained constant. In addition to the RFP measurement during the laser processing, the spatter area (SA), which is defined in this paper, and the depth of the ablated hole were measured post-process using a 3D microscope. It was observed that there is a direct relationship between (RFP)2 and SA. Accordingly, an appropriate RF calibration was performed, which leads to the definition of a quantity called the RF regulation % (RFR%). By comparing the RFR and PL/RRL variations, to which the laser beam fluence is proportional in these experiments, a diagnostic process (i.e., flowchart) for real-time depth evaluation was proposed and experimentally confirmed. This diagnostic process can indicate if the depth of the laser ablated crater is less than or exceeds a predetermined depth, which in this study was set to 15 µm. It is also demonstrated that the SA variation can be estimated in real-time by analysing the received RF power and, secondly, the depth of ablation can be measured in real time using a combination of information from the received RF power and laser parameters.

Composite biopolymer/conducting polymer scaffolds, such as polylactic acid (PLA)/ polyaniline (PAni) nanofibers, have emerged as popular alternative scaffolds in the electrical-sensitive nerve tissue engineering (TE). Although mimicking the extracellular matrix geometry, such scaffolds are highly hydrophobic and usually present an inhomogeneous morphology with massive beads that impede nerve cell-material interactions. Therefore, the present study launches an exclusive combinatorial strategy merging successive pre- and post-electrospinning plasma treatments to cope with these issues. Firstly, an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) treatment was applied on PLA and PLA/PAni solutions prior to electrospinning, enhancing their viscosity and conductivity. These liquid property changes largely eliminated the beaded structures on the nanofibers, leading to uniform and nicely elongated fibers having average diameters between 170 and 230 nm. After electrospinning, the conceived scaffolds were subjected to a N2 dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) treatment, which significantly increased their surface wettability as illustrated by large decreases in water contact angles for values above 125° to values below 25°. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses revealed that 3.3% of nitrogen was implanted on the nanofibers surface in the form of C–N and N–C=O functionalities upon DBD treatment. Finally, after seeding pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells on the scaffolds, a greatly enhanced cell adhesion and a more dispersive cell distribution were detected on the DBD-treated samples. Interestingly, when the APPJ treatment was additionally performed, the extension of a high number of long neurites was spotted leading to the formation of a neuronal network between PC-12 cell clusters. In addition, the presence of conducting PAni in the scaffolds further promoted the behavior of PC-12 cells as illustrated by more than a 40% increase in the neurite density without any external electrical stimulation. As such, this work presents a new strategy combining different plasma-assisted biofabrication techniques of conducting nanofibers to create promising scaffolds for electrical-sensitive TE applications.

As much of the world grapples with post-Covid price gouging, it seems like a good time to revisit our understanding of inflation. In this post, I’m going to test Jonathan Nitzan and Shimshon Bichler’s ‘stagflation thesis’. The idea is that ‘stagflation’ — economic stagnation combined with high inflation — is not some exogenous ‘market shock’. According to Nitzan and Bichler, stagflation is a business strategy — one of two main routes to profit. The first route to profit is for businesses to hold prices steady while they try to sell more stuff. The second route is to jack up prices. Since this latter option requires restricting the flow of resources (stuff that flows freely cannot be dear), Nitzan and Bichler reason that when inflation rears its head, it ought to come with economic stagnation. In other words, stagflation is the norm. If this stagflation thesis is correct, then inflation ought to correlate negatively with economic growth. Looking at the United States, Nitzan and Bichler find evidence that it does. Here, I broaden their stagflation research by looking at all countries in the World Bank’s global development database. I find that both within and across countries, economic growth (measured in terms of energy use) tends to decline as inflation increases. So Nitzan and Bichler appear to be onto something. Over the last half century, stagflation is the general rule.

In the last three decades, benthic foraminiferal ecology has been intensively investigated to improve the potential application of these marine organisms as proxies of the effects of climate change and other global change phenomena. It is still challenging to define the most important factors affecting foraminiferal communities and derived faunistic parameters. In this study, we examined the abiotic-biotic relationships of foraminiferal communities in the central-southern area of the Adriatic Sea using modern machine learning techniques. We combined gradient forest (Gf) and structural equation modeling (SEM) to test hypotheses about determinants of benthic foraminiferal assemblages. These approaches helped determine the relative effect of sizes of different environmental variables responsible for shaping living foraminiferal distributions. Four major faunal turnovers (at 13–28 m, 29–58 m, 59–215 m, and >215 m) were identified along a large bathymetric gradient (13–703 m water depth) that reflected the classical bathymetric distribution of benthic communities. Sand and organic matter (OM) contents were identified as the most relevant factors influencing the distribution of foraminifera either along the entire depth gradient or at selected bathymetric ranges. The SEM supported causal hypotheses that focused the factors that shaped assemblages at each bathymetric range, and the most notable causal relationships were direct effects of depth and indirect effects of the Gf-identified environmental parameters (i.e., sand, pollution load Index–PLI, organic matter–OM and total nitrogen–N) on foraminifera infauna and diversity. These results are relevant to understanding the basic ecology and conservation of foraminiferal communities.

В данной работе на основании анализа результатов геомеханического мониторинга за выработанным пространством рудника Жомарт показан один из способов обоснования изменения конструктивных элементов камерно-столбовой системы на примере месторождения Жаман-Айбат, которое имеет схожие горно-геологические условия (слагающие породы, глубина залегания, мощность рудных тел) с Жезказганским месторождением, но его прочностные характеристики массива ниже почти в два раза. Строение толщи характеризуется частым прослаиванием вмещающих пород и руды, включая значительно более слабые прослойки углистых и глинистых пород. Были выявлены закономерности, на основе которых предложены и изменены параметры камерно-столбовой системы разработки для отработки запасов в блоке 19-С2., In this paper, based on the analysis of the results of geomechanical monitoring of the goaf of the Zhomart mine, one of the ways to justify the change in the structural elements of the room-and-pillar system is shown using the example of the Zhaman-Aibat deposit, which has similar mining and geological conditions (constituent rocks, depth of occurrence, thickness of ore bodies ) with the Zhezkazgan deposit, but its strength characteristics of the massif are almost two times lower. The structure of the sequence is characterized by frequent interbedding of host rocks and ore, including much weaker interlayers of carbonaceous and clayey rocks. Regularities were identified, on the basis of which the parameters of the room-and-pillar mining system for mining reserves in block 19-C2 were proposed and changed., Горный журнал Казахстана, Выпуск 2 (214) 2023, Pages 37-41

Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most problematic weed in rice fields due to the few control management alternatives to control it, because of the genetic similarity with the crop. Different cropping systems (regarding soil preparation before sowing) have been used as options to control the persistence and emergence of the weed seedbank. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the longevity and vertical distribution of weedy rice seeds in the soil seedbank after 22 years of different rice cropping systems. Data was analyzed as a two-way factorial, with cropping systems carried out for 22 years [no-tillage (NT), conventional tillage (CT), wet direct-seeded (WDS)] as one factor and sampling depth (0-2, 2-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm) as the other factor. The number of whole and deteriorated seeds per m-2 were assessed, as well as the viability (%). No effect between the systems were detected up to 5 cm, however at 5-10 cm CT and WDS showed higher amount of seeds, and WDS at 10-20 cm. As the sampling depth increased, NT showed fewer amount of seeds, while less reduction of the soil seedbank was observed in WDS. CT and WDS spread viable seeds in the soil profile from 0 to 20 cm depth. After 22 years there are viable weedy rice seeds up to 10 cm of depth in the three cropping systems and there is no difference among them up to 5 cm of depth, demonstrating the serious problem of the seedbank for this species. RESUMO: O arroz daninho (Oryza sativa L.) é a principal planta daninha do arroz cultivado e, devido à similaridade genética com a cultura, são poucas as alternativas de controle. Uma possibilidade são os sistemas de cultivo, em razão da influência na emergência e sobrevivência da espécie no banco de sementes do solo. Diante disso, o trabalho objetivou avaliar a longevidade e a distribuição das sementes de arroz daninho no perfil do solo, após 22 anos de cultivo, sob diferentes sistemas. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial, em que o fator A foi composto por três sistemas de cultivo, realizados consecutivamente durante 22 anos, sendo esses: semeadura direta (SD), sistema convencional (SC) e pré-germinado (PG); e, o fator B composto por quatro profundidades de amostragem: 0-2, 2-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm. As variáveis avaliadas foram: o número de sementes íntegras e deterioradas m-2; e, a porcentagem de viabilidade. Não foi verificado efeito dos sistemas até 5 cm, mas a 5-10 cm SC e PG mostraram maior quantidade de sementes, e PG a 10-20 cm. A SD proporcionou diminuição de sementes íntegras conforme aumentou a profundidade de amostragem, enquanto o sistema PG elimina menos sementes do banco de sementes do solo. Os sistemas SC e PG distribuem sementes viáveis no perfil do solo de 0 a 20 cm de profundidade. Após 22 anos, nos três sistemas de cultivo há sementes de arroz daninho viáveis até 10 cm de profundidade, sendo igual a quantidade de sementes viáveis até cinco centímetros de profundidade.

Depth working memory (DWM) refers to the memory for the depth location information of the objects (Qian et al., 2020). Previous research has identified two types of DWM: WM for absolute distance and WM for relative order. These two types exhibit different characteristics in classic change detection task (CDT). For distance WM, the capacity is limited to approximately one or two items and recall is imprecise (Qian & Zhang, 2019). For order WM, the capacity is relatively larger and its detection is more sensitive (Qian et al., 2020). These differences likely reflect differences in their respective functions. To the best of our knowledge, less researches explored how different types of DWM impact everyday activities such as action or recall. This study aims to explore whether different types of DWM serve different functional goals, such as recalling or grasping. CDT and grasping task are employed to examine the recall and action precision. To create a realistic environment, we will conduct the experiment in virtual reality (VR) scene.

The bucket recursive tree is a natural multivariate structure. In this paper, we apply a trivariate generating function approach for studying of the depth and distance quantities in this tree model with variable bucket capacities and give a closed formula for the probability distribution, the expectation and the variance. We show as j → ∞, lim-iting distributions are Gaussian. The results are obtained by presenting partial differential equations for moment generating functions and solving them.

Native to the Ponto-Caspian region, the benthic round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) has invaded several European inland waterbodies as well as the North American Great Lakes and the Baltic Sea. The species is capable of reaching very high densities in the invaded ecosystems, with not only evidence for significant food-web effects on the native biota and habitats, but also negative implications to coastal fishers. Although generally considered a coastal species, it has been shown that round goby migrate to deeper areas of the Great Lakes and other inland lakes during the cold season. Such seasonal movements may create new spatio-temporal ecosystem consequences in invaded systems. To seek evidence for seasonal depth distribution in coastal marine habitats, we compiled all available catch data for round goby in the Baltic Sea since its invasion and until 2017. We furthermore related the depths at capture for each season with the ambient thermal environment. The round goby spend autumn and winter at significantly deeper and offshore areas compared to spring and summer months; few fish were captured at depths 25 m. The thermal conditions at which round goby were caught varied significantly between seasons, being on average 18.3 °C during summer, and dropping to a low 3.8 °C during winter months. Overall, the fish sought the depths within each season with the highest possible temperatures. The spatial distribution of the round goby substantially overlaps with that of its main and preferred prey (mussels) and with that of its competitor for food (flatfish), but only moderately with the coastal predatory fish (perch), indicating thereby very complex trophic interactions associated with this invasion. Further investigations should aim at quantifying the food web consequences and coupling effects between different habitats related to seasonal migrations of the round goby, both in terms of the species as a competitor, predator and prey.

This study proposes an easy method for calculating the spatial arrangement of Indonesian city planning, in line with sustainable urban forms. Several Indonesian cities originated during the Dutch colonial era. Although it is very important to consider the original plans of these cities to maintain their sustainability, generally, the original plans tend to be ignored. The master plans investigated in this work are those of three cities in Indonesia designed by Dutch planners of Semarang, Bandung, and Malang, and which are compared to two cities in the Netherlands (Delft and Amsterdam). The method used was by collecting images of ancient maps of Amsterdam, Delft, Bandung, Semarang, and Malang, then digitising the image from raster to vector so that it can be calculated using DepthMapX. This study utilised maps for computing the Depth of the cities. Then, a space syntax approach using Depth Calculation (DC) techniques is deployed for determining the similarity ratio among the cities. Based on the results of the assessment, it is found that there is similarity in Depth in the cities of Amsterdam and Delft against three Dutch colonial cities in Indonesia. This study supports that the DC in the master plan of cities in Indonesia is similar. The resulting ratio shows the extent of the difference between the pattern of Indonesian colonial cities and the pattern of Dutch cities. It is expected that this study will contribute to urban planners’ and city governments’ determination of the direction of development of a city designed during the Dutch colonial period. Maintaining the sustainability of the old colonial urban form requires harmony between urban planning and the policies made by the city government.

Purpose of review We will explain the basic principles of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) during spinal surgery. Thereafter we highlight the significant impact that general anesthesia can have on the efficacy of the IONM and provide an overview of the essential pharmacological and physiological factors that need to be optimized to enable IONM. Lastly, we stress the importance of teamwork between the anesthesiologist, the neurophysiologist, and the surgeon to improve clinical outcome after spinal surgery. Recent findings In recent years, the use of IONM has increased significantly. It has developed into a mature discipline, enabling neurosurgical procedures of ever-increasing complexity. It is thus of growing importance for the anesthesiologist to appreciate the interplay between IONM and anesthesia and to build up experience working in a team with the neurosurgeon and the neurophysiologist. Safety measures, cooperation, careful choice of drugs, titration of drugs, and maintenance of physiological homeostasis are essential for effective IONM.

We developed new measures of structural complexity using single point terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) point clouds. These metrics are depth, openness, and isovist. Depth is a three-dimensional, radial measure of the visible distance in all directions from plot center. Openness is the percent of scan pulses in the near-omnidirectional view without a return. Isovists are a measurement of the area visible from the scan location, a quantified measurement of the viewshed within the forest canopy. 243 scans were acquired in 27 forested stands in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, in different ecoregions representing a broad gradient in structural complexity. All stands were designated natural areas with little to no human perturbations. We created “structural signatures” from depth and openness metrics that can be used to qualitatively visualize differences in forest structures and quantitively distinguish the structural composition of a forest at differing height strata. In most cases, the structural signatures of stands were effective at providing statistically significant metrics differentiating forests from various ecoregions and growth patterns. Isovists were less effective at differentiating between forested stands across multiple ecoregions, but they still quantify the ecological important metric of occlusion. These new metrics appear to capture the structural complexity of forests with a high level of precision and low observer bias and have great potential for quantifying structural change to forest ecosystems, quantifying effects of forest management activities, and describing habitat for organisms. Our measures of structure can be used to ground truth data obtained from aerial lidar to develop models estimating forest structure.

Treated wastewater (TWW) is considered as an alternative for agricultural irrigation. The aim of this study was to understand the medium- and long-term effects of TWW on soil physicochemical parameters. Two perimeters (P1 and P2)receiving TWW for 38 and 20 years, respectively, in Tunisiawere selected for study. In each perimeter, two water types were adopted: TWW and groundwater (GW). Soil physicochemical traits (pH, EC, and concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) were measured up to 100 cm, and three indexes were calculated: sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), cation ratio of structural stability (CROSS), and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Overall, all soil parameters were significantly affected in the irrigation area using GW. However, in the case of TWW, only the pH was found to be affected, increasing by 4.7% from P1 to P2. Moreover, compared to GW, TWW enhanced the soil salinity by 127%, particularly at deeper subsoils. More interestingly, the results revealed an accumulation of Mg2+, Ca2+, and K+ and a depletion of Na+ at the soil surface. Notably, TWW showed the lowest CROSS and SAR indexes, indicating the benefits of applying TWW even after long-term use in improving soil physicochemical parameters such as sodicity and structural stability. Our results provide valuable information for decision-makers to use wastewater in irrigated marginal soils.

Centré sur la pensée baudelairienne de l’art, le présent article s’attache à montrer que les promesses de l’image sont pour Baudelaire comme la réserve secrète du beau et les puissances préservées de l’art face à l’invasion des formes de la représentation par la « faiblesse » et la « pauvreté d’invention » de chacun. Elles favorisent ainsi, contre les pesanteurs conjuguées de l’académisme et du réalisme, l’éclosion d’une atmosphère surnaturaliste, véritable tremplin aux arts de la mémoire. Centered around the Baudelarian conception of art, this article focuses on the fact that, for Baudelaire, images are a secret provision for beauty as well as a strength against the invasion of representation by everyone’s “weakness” and “lack of inventivity”. They favor, against academism and realism, the birth of a supernaturalist atmosphere, a stepping-stone to memory arts.

Stable water isotopes are used as a paleothermometer in ice cores for climate reconstructions over the past millennia. The underlying physical processes involved in the isotope-temperature relation, however, unfold at much shorter timescales. Here, we study the temporary archival of frontal passages in the seasonal Alpine snow cover. We combine five snow profiles sampled in winter 2017 at the Weissfluhjoch with a quantitative snow layer age reconstruction and atmospheric reanalysis data to characterize the circulation and clouds associated with the precipitation producing synoptic-scale cold and warm fronts. We find that the vertical cloud structure and the air parcels' net cooling during transport leave a distinct imprint in the delta O-18 and delta D vertical profile in the snow. The near-surface humidity gradient at the moisture source is reflected in the second order isotope parameter deuterium excess. In the cold season, these environmental conditions during cloud formation and at the moisture source are preserved in the snow. In the melt season, significant post-depositional effects due to wet snow metamorphism, however, leads to an enrichment in heavy isotopes in the snow and a strong smoothing of the initial atmospheric imprint. These findings show that the isotope signal archived in the dry snow cover is strongly modulated by individual weather systems prior to deposition. Major shifts in the upper-level jet stream and cyclone tracks likely leading to changes in moisture source regions and conditions, could therefore be detectable in the isotope composition of Alpine ice.

Prolonged degradation of a forest has the tendency to reduce its potentials for regeneration, most especially when the degradation impact has dovetailed to the soil level. This study investigated soil seed bank status of Omo forest reserve in Ogun state through seedling emergence in randomly sampled soil at 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm depths. One kilogramme of air-dried soil samples (approximately 1.3 L) of each depth were placed in separate plastic trays, watered and observed for seedling emergence within 20 weeks. Emerged wildlings were identified by species, counted and removed. Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results showed that seed bank varied significantly (p

The development trend of deepening regional trade agreements (RTAs) is becoming more prominent, traditional RTAs based on border terms continue to shift to deep RTAs based on the high level of border terms and a series of post-border terms, but the relationship between deep RTAs and residents’ health has not drawn much attention. Based on Gallup World Poll data from 2009 to 2017 covering 786,040 respondents in 143 countries, this study empirically examined the impact of deep RTAs on the health of residents as well as its influence mechanisms by using the combination of fixed effects and stepwise regression. The results show that deep RTAs have a significantly positive impact on residents’ health, which means that an increase in the depth of RTAs can improve residents’ health. However, the impact of deep RTAs on residents’ health is heterogeneous, caused by the different terms of RTAs, the different income levels of different countries, and the different types of residents. Meanwhile, deep RTAs mainly improve the health of residents through employment effects and environmental effects. This study highlights the importance of deep RTAs for improving the health of residents and provides new ideas for governments to assist in the formulation of policies that can effectively improve their residents’ health.

Unutar obuhvata Dobra Luka predviđena je izgradnja manje luke za privez plovila do uključivo 65 metara duljine. Temeljem dostupnog tehničkog rješenja, ovim radom definiranju se maritimni uvjeti unutar štićenog akvatorija luke, dubine za privez plovila te stanje valnog polja uslijed dominantnih mehanizama transformacije. Osim navedenog, rad obrađuje problematiku priveza plovila u četverovezu inkorporirajući mjerodavna djelovanja vjetra, a kroz procjenu parametara plovila i definiciju privezne infrastrukture., The aim of this research was to determine maritime conditions for boat mooring in Dobra Luka marine, where the construction of small port for yachts up to 65 m length is planned. According to existing technical solution, this study defines maritime conditions in protected port basin, mooring depth and wave field during the dominant mechanism of transformation. Furthermore, study deals with problems such as boat mooring by incorporating wind actions through the assessment of boat parameters and mooring infrastructure definition.

The melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a quarantine pest that causes considerable economic losses to growers of vegetables and fruits worldwide. Spalangia endius (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is a solitary pupal parasitoid of various dipteran hosts. We assessed the impact of the host pupal age (2, 4, and 6 days old), host density (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30), and parasitoid density (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) on the parasitizing potential of S. endius on B. cucurbitae pupae under laboratory conditions. The effects of different soil depths on the parasitism rate of S. endius and the dispersal behavior of S. endius at distances of 0, 5, and 10 m were also evaluated under field conditions. The results showed that the parasitism rate of S. endius significantly increased with the increase in host density and parasitoid density. The host pupal age did not influence the number of pupae parasitized by S. endius and the progeny sex ratio of S. endius under different host densities. In the fields, different puparium burial depths of B. dorsalis pupae significantly influenced the parasitism and eclosion rates of S. endius but did not influence the eclosion rate of B. cucurbitae. Spalangia endius females could travel up to 10 m to parasitize at a similar rate on B. cucurbitae pupae compared to S. endius placed at 0 m.

UIDB/00183/2020 UIDP/00183/2020 Heidegger explains our emotional life using three schemes: causal explanation, mental internalisation of emotions and metaphorical expression. None of the three schemes explains emotion though. Either because the causal nexus does not always occur or because objects and people in the external world are carriers of emotional agents or because language is already on a metaphorical level. Moreover, how is it possible that there are presently emotions constituting our life without our being aware of their existence? From the analysis of boredom in its three varieties (“bored by X”, “get oneself bored”, and “it is boring”) we will get to the depth where emotions lie, trying to rouse them and to keep them awake. Although it surfaces with the force and energy of the present, every emotion has its past and future constitution. How can we understand the future of a present emotion along with its past? publishersversion published

In this study, we used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to investigate prokaryotic community composition of the Caribbean sponges Xestospongia muta and Agelas sventres from three depth ranges: X. muta was enriched in Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexota, and Crenarchaeota compared to samples from mesophotic depths, while mesophotic samples of X. muta were enriched in Acidobacteriota. For A. sventres, relative abundance of Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexota, and Gammaproteobacteria was higher in shallow samples, while Proteobacteria and Crenarchaeota were enriched in mesophotic A. sventres samples. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by screening crude extracts of sponges against a set of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, a yeast, and an oomycete. Antibacterial activities from crude extracts of shallow sponge individuals were generally higher than observed from mesophotic individuals, that showed limited or no antibacterial activities. Conversely, the highest anti-oomycete activity was found from crude extracts of X. muta individuals from lower mesophotic depth, but without a clear pattern across the depth gradient. These results indicate that sponge-associated prokaryotic communities and the antimicrobial activity of sponges change within species across a depth gradient from shallow to mesophotic depth.

Abstract This study investigates the adsorption and dissipation of glyphosate and the formation/dissipation of AMPA in non-tilled (NT) and conventionally tilled (CT) soil at 0–5 and 5–20 cm depth. Glyphosate adsorption was mainly related to the different NT and CT soil properties (clay and amorphous Al oxides), whereas an effect of the soil management could not be identified. Glyphosate dissipation was initially fast, and it slowed down later. The initial glyphosate concentration in NT soil at 0–5 cm was significantly lower than the dose applied due to the interception by the weeds and crop residues. AMPA began to form early after treatment and persisted longer than glyphosate. The DT50 range was 8–18 days for glyphosate and 99–250 days for AMPA. Longer glyphosate and AMPA DT50 were observed in NT soil compared to CT soil but, for glyphosate, the difference was significant only at 5–20 cm. Higher glyphosate and AMPA concentrations were detected in NT than in CT soil at the end of the study at 0–5 cm. The differences in glyphosate and AMPA DT50 and persistence were mainly attributable to the influence of different NT and CT soil characteristics. However, other factors could have contributed to the different glyphosate and AMPA dynamics between the soils, like glyphosate wash-off from crop residues on NT soil with the rainfall, the delayed glyphosate return to the soil by weed root exudation or weeds decomposition, and the NT soil compaction which may have reduced the microbial degradation of glyphosate at low concentrations. Graphic abstract

Habitat selection has long been a central theme in ecology and has historically considered both physiological responses and ecological factors affecting species establishment. Investigating habitat selection patterns at different scales can provide important information on the relative roles of the environmental factors influencing the organisms’ abilities to use their surrounding habitat. This work aimed at investigating which environmental factors determine habitat selection by Rhinella icterica tadpoles, and also took the opportunity to investigate how the scale in which tadpoles and environmental data are sampled might influence the habitat selection results. A total of 2.240 tadpoles were counted in the whole sampling area, and while substrate cover and depth were the variables that better explained the abundance of tadpoles at the larger scale (plot level), depth and water turbidity better explained tadpoles’ abundance at the smaller scale (subplot level). The results suggest that avoiding predation by matching the background color is a likely process explaining tadpoles’ occupancy at both scales. Depth is known to influence tadpole habitat use in the tropics, and although its combination with turbidity and substrate cover varied between scales, our study suggests that sampling at different scales might not affect the inferred ecological processes driving habitat selection. This information might also be useful to predict tadpoles’ responses to micro-environmental perturbations and help in guiding the choice of parameters that should be taken into account when analyzing the effects of habitat degradation in Atlantic Forest amphibian populations.

Background Cortical visual prostheses often use penetrating electrode arrays to deliver microstimulation to the visual cortex. To optimize electrode placement within the cortex, the neural responses to microstimulation at different cortical depths must first be understood. Objective We investigated how the neural responses evoked by microstimulation in cortex varied with cortical depth, of both stimulation and response. Methods A 32-channel single shank electrode array was inserted into the primary visual cortex of anaesthetized rats, such that it spanned all cortical layers. Microstimulation with currents up to 14 μA (single biphasic pulse, 200 μs per phase) was applied at depths spanning 1600 μm, while simultaneously recording neural activity on all channels within a response window 2.25–11 ms. Results Stimulation elicited elevated neuronal firing rates at all depths of cortex. Compared to deep sites, superficial stimulation sites responded with higher firing rates at a given current and had lower thresholds. The laminar spread of evoked activity across cortical depth depended on stimulation depth, in line with anatomical models. Conclusion Stimulation in the superficial layers of visual cortex evokes local neural activity with the lowest thresholds, and stimulation in the deep layers evoked the most activity across the cortical column. In conjunction with perceptual reports, these data suggest that the optimal electrode placement for cortical microstimulation prostheses has electrodes positioned in layers 2/3, and at the top of layer 5.

Background: Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is one of the helpful tools to diagnose depth of early gastric cancer (EGC). In this study, we examined efficiencies of EUS for EGC such as overall accuracy, risk factors of over/under-staging, and accuracies of each invasive distance. Methods: A total of 403 EGC lesions that could be investigated by EUS during pre-operation and histological diagnosis after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) or surgery were enrolled in this study. For the 403 cases, we analyzed the accuracies of depth by conventional endoscopy (CE) and EUS retrospectively. We evaluated the clinical survey items of CE and EUS which will be described later to compare the differences between “accuracy group” and “over-staging group”, and between “accuracy group” and “under-staging group”, retrospectively. Additionally, 78 EGC lesions which were confined to the submucosa and for which it was possible to measure accurate invasive distance from the muscularis mucosae were examined for the relationship between preoperative diagnosis of depth by CE and EUS and invasive distance retrospectively. Results: The overall accuracies of both CE and EUS in predicting EGC invasion depth were 87.3%. For CE staging, histological classification was the factor which influenced over-staging. Gastric regions and tumor area were the factors which influenced under-staging of CE. For EUS staging, tumor area was the factor which influenced over-staging, and gastric regions were the factors which influenced under-staging. Both CE and EUS were not sufficient for predicting the lesions confined to < 500 µm from the muscularis mucosae because the accuracies of both in predicting depth were less than 50%. However, EUS has a higher accuracy than CE for the lesions confined to 500 - 2,000 µm. Conclusions: The overall accuracies of both CE and EUS in predicting EGC invasion depth were equal, but the contributing factors for over/under-staging were different. Both CE and EUS are not sufficient at present to predict the lesions confined to < 500 µm from the muscularis mucosae. However, the accuracy of EUS in predicting them may increase if high-performance EUS systems are developed in the future. J Clin Med Res. 2021;13(4):222-229 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr4465

Relevance. At present, oil production in a number of fields is complicated by the formation of asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits on the surface of oil field equipment. The formation of deposits leads to decrease in tubing useful section and increased wear of pumping equipment, decrease in oil production. The aim of the research is to investigate the analytical models for determining the depth of the onset of asphaltene, tar and paraffin deposits in wells; assess the influence of production technological parameters (water cut, flow rate, pressure, etc.) on the depth of the beginning of formation of asphaltenes, resins and paraffins deposits. Object: Shershnevskoe field of the Perm region. Methods: laboratory research, field data analysis, computer modeling. Results. The authors have reviewув the composition and properties of formation fluids of the Shershnevskoe field. The generalization of the models is carried out to predict the depth of the beginning of the intensive formation of asphaltenes, resins and paraffins on the walls of downhole pumping equipment. It was revealed that in order to predict the formation of asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits, as well as the selection of the most optimal technology to combat them, it is necessary to take into account, in addition to the flow temperature, the water cut of the product, the back pressure at the wellhead, and the flow rate. Determination of the depth of the beginning of intensive waxing of well products using the example of production wells of the Shershnevskoe oil field showed that there is a tendency to decrease the depth of the beginning of the formation of asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits with increase in water cut and well flow rate by liquid. With increase in the water cut of well production, the depth of the onset of asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits formation decreases on average by 20 m with growth in water cut by 10 %. With increase in the buffer pressure by 1 MPa, the depth of the beginning of formation of asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits increases by 30 m. With increase in the frequency of the electric motor current by 2 Hz, the depth of the beginning of borehole waxing grows by 28 m.

Background: The assessment and classification of burin severity and extent is very important for proper treatment. A computer system to assess burns seems to be crucial for the determination of fluid and nutritional requirements. The aim of the work: The objectives of this work are to design a computer system to assess and classify burns according to burn depth and extent and to implement the designed system for the assessment of fluid and nutritional needs using a database system for the automation of the entire process. Then test the computer system in reality through clinical application of the system on fifty patients with acute burn injury. Patients and Methods:This study was divided into two parts: Development of a burn management computer system [BMS]to facilitate the process of documentation, classification, and management of acute burn patients. The BMS contains three subsystems: Database, Classification, and Management subsystems. The second part was the clinical application of the system on fifty patients to test the efficacy, accuracy, and applicability of this system in comparison to the traditional method used at our unit. Results:Clinical application of the BMS has showed a reduction in the burn percentage calculation with 7.36%. It also decreased the amount of fluid calculated automatically by the system by about 7.28%, while the reduction in nutrition calculated automatically by the BMS was about 2.7%. Burn Management System has showed an overall shorter time in dealing with the cases. Conclusion: Clinical application of the BMS showed an accurate estimation of the burn percent, accurate and rapid calculation of resuscitation fluids and nutritional needs, and easy electronic documentation of patients’ data that required a minimal effort.

Unutar obuhvata Dobra Luka predviđena je izgradnja manje luke za privez plovila do uključivo 65 metara duljine. Temeljem dostupnog tehničkog rješenja, ovim radom definiranju se maritimni uvjeti unutar štićenog akvatorija luke, dubine za privez plovila te stanje valnog polja uslijed dominantnih mehanizama transformacije. Osim navedenog, rad obrađuje problematiku priveza plovila u četverovezu inkorporirajući mjerodavna djelovanja vjetra, a kroz procjenu parametara plovila i definiciju privezne infrastrukture. The aim of this research was to determine maritime conditions for boat mooring in Dobra Luka marine, where the construction of small port for yachts up to 65 m length is planned. According to existing technical solution, this study defines maritime conditions in protected port basin, mooring depth and wave field during the dominant mechanism of transformation. Furthermore, study deals with problems such as boat mooring by incorporating wind actions through the assessment of boat parameters and mooring infrastructure definition.

The objective of the present work was to quantify soil carbon stock at different depths under agroecosystems and secondary vegetation area. The research was developed in the localities Caiana and Mata Redonda, belonging to the municipality of Remígio-PB. Four areas were selected, characterized according to the cultivation system in: conventional system, pasture, agroforestry system (SAF) and area with secondary vegetation. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement [(3x3)+1], being the factors: cropping system (conventional, pasture and agroforestry system), depth (0-20; 20-40 and 40-60 cm) and an additional treatment corresponding to secondary vegetation. Organic carbon was extracted using the Walkley-Black method (oxidation-reduction), in which organic matter is oxidized using potassium dichromate. Organic matter was obtained by multiplying the carbon content by the constant 1,724. To determine the soil density (Ds) samples were collected with the aid of volumetric rings of 100 cm3 of internal volume from the layers 0-20, 20-40 and 40 to 60 cm. After collecting the samples, still in the field, the excess soil was removed from the edges of the rings, with the aid of a stylet. Then, the volumetric rings were sealed with cling film to avoid possible damage and deformation. Crop systems cause greater changes in chemical characteristics and soil carbon stock than secondary vegetation. The carbon stock is higher in the surface layer (0-20 cm) and in environments where the characteristics are closer to equilibrium, decreasing in depth. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue cuantificar el stock de carbono del suelo a diferentes profundidades bajo agroecosistemas y área de vegetación secundaria. La investigación se desarrolló en las localidades Caiana y Mata Redonda, pertenecientes al municipio de Remígio-PB. Se seleccionaron cuatro áreas, caracterizadas según el sistema de cultivo en: sistema convencional, pastizal, sistema agroforestal (SAF) y área con vegetación secundaria. El experimento se realizó en un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial [(3x3)+1], siendo los factores: sistema de cultivo (convencional, pastura y sistema agroforestal), profundidad (0-20; 20-40 y 40-60 cm) y un tratamiento adicional correspondiente a la vegetación secundaria. El carbón orgánico se extrajo mediante el método de Walkley-Black (oxidación-reducción), en el que la materia orgánica se oxida utilizando dicromato de potasio. La materia orgánica se obtuvo multiplicando el contenido de carbono por la constante 1,724. Para determinar la densidad del suelo (Ds) se recolectaron muestras con ayuda de anillos volumétricos de 100 cm3 de volumen interno de las capas 0-20, 20-40 y 40 a 60 cm. Después de recolectar las muestras, aún en campo, se eliminó el exceso de suelo de los bordes de los anillos, con la ayuda de un estilete. Luego, los anillos volumétricos se sellaron con film transparente para evitar posibles daños y deformaciones. Los sistemas de cultivo provocan mayores cambios en las características químicas y las reservas de carbono del suelo que la vegetación secundaria. El stock de carbono es mayor en la capa superficial (0-20 cm) y en ambientes donde las características están más cerca del equilibrio, decreciendo en profundidad. O objetivo com o presente trabalho foi de quantificar o estoque de carbono do solo em diferentes profundidades sob agroecossistemas e área de vegetação secundária. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida nas localidades Caiana e Mata Redonda, pertencentes ao município de Remígio- PB. Foram selecionadas quatro áreas, caracterizadas de acordo com o sistema de cultivo em: sistema convencional, pastagem, sistema agroflorestal (SAF) e área com vegetação secundária. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial [(3x3)+1], sendo os fatores: sistema de cultivo (convencional, pastagem e sistema agroflorestal), profundidade (0-20; 20-40 e 40-60 cm) e um tratamento adicional correspondente a vegetação secundária. O carbono orgânico foi extraído através do método de Walkley-Black (oxi-redução), em que a matéria orgânica é oxidada com o uso de dicromato de potássio. A matéria orgânica foi obtida pela multiplicação do teor de carbono pela constante 1,724. Para determinar a densidade do solo (Ds) foram coletadas amostras com o auxílio de anéis volumétricos de 100 cm3 de volume interno das camadas de 0-20, 20-40 e 40 a 60 cm. Após a coleta das amostras, ainda no campo, foi retirado o excesso de solo dos bordos dos anéis, com o auxílio de um estilete. Em seguida, os anéis volumétricos foram vedados com papel filme para evitar possíveis danos e deformações. Os sistemas de cultivo provocam maiores alterações no estoque de carbono do solo que a vegetação secundária. O estoque de carbono é maior na camada superficial (0-20 cm) e nos ambientes onde as características estão mais próximas às de equilíbrio, decrescendo em profundidade.

Cho (R, m) là vành giao hoán Noether địa phương, M là R-môđun Cohen-Macaulay hữu hạn sinh và I là iđêan của vành R mà không chứa trong bất kỳ iđêan nguyên tố cực tiểu nào của M. Trước hết chúng tôi chứng minh rằng tồn tại số nguyên t1 sao cho \(depth_{R_{p}} \) (M/InM) = \(depth_{R_{p}} \) (M/It1M)p, với mọi n ≥ t1 và mọi p ∈ Spec(R). Thứ hai, chúng tôi chứng minh với mọi số nguyên i ≥ 0, tập hợp \(\bigcup_{j\leq k}Var(a_{j}(M/I^{n}M))\) ổn định khi n đủ lớn., {"references":["Brodmann, M. (1979a). Asymptotic stability of Ass_{R}(M/I^{n}M), Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., (1) 74, 16- 18.","Brodmann, M. (1979b). The asymptotic nature of the analytic spread, Math. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., 86, 35-39","Brodmann, M. (1979b). The asymptotic nature of the analytic spread, Math. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc., 86, 35-39","Bruns, W. & Herzog, J. (1993). Cohen - Macaulay Rings. Cambridge University Press.","Chau, T.D.M., Nga, N.T.K. & Nhan, L.T. (2021). Annihilator of local cohomology of homogeneous parts of a graded module, J. Algebra and Its Appl., 20, 2150092 (13 pages).","Macdonald, I.G. (1973). Secondary representation of modules over a commutative ring, Symp. Math., 11, 23-43.","Ratliff, L.J. (1976). On prime divisors of In, n large, Michigan Math. J., 23, 337-352.","Rotthaus, C. & Sega, L.M. (2006). Open loci of graded modules, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 358, 4959– 4980."]}

Objective: The current study examined the change processes in three Animal Assisted Therapies (AATs) by assessing the relationship between the human-animal bond and the therapeutic alliance, depth of elaboration, and smoothness of treatment sessions. Methods: This was a retrospective study assessing videotaped AATs conducted with three children aged from 7 to 9 years old from the observer perspective. The AATs were based on the Federico II Model of Healthcare Zooanthropology, and each consisted in 8 sessions. A one-way analysis of variance and linear regression models was performed. Results: The human-animal bond, therapeutic alliance, depth of elaboration, and smoothness significantly improved during the sessions. Furthermore, the improvement in therapeutic dimensions proved to be a function of the increase in the human-animal bond. Conclusions: The findings have provided empirical evidence of the change processes occurring during AATs with children, offering some limited but specific insights into the interspecific relationship as a central axis of such treatments., Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol 10, No 2 (2022)

The aerosol impact on liquid water path (LWP) is a key uncertainty in the overall climate impact of aerosol. However, despite a significant effort in this area, the size of the effect remains poorly constrained, and even the sign is unclear. Recent studies have shown that the relationship between droplet number concentration (Nd) and LWP is an unreliable measure of the impact of Nd variations on LWP due to the difficulty in establishing causality. In this work, we use satellite observations of the short-term development of clouds to examine the role of Nd perturbations in LWP variations. Similar to previous studies, an increase followed by a general decrease in LWP with increasing Nd is observed, suggesting an overall negative LWP response to Nd and a warming LWP adjustment to aerosol. However, the Nd also responds to the local environment, with aerosol production, entrainment from the free troposphere and wet scavenging all acting to modify the Nd. Many of these effects act to further steepen the Nd–LWP relationship and obscure the causal Nd impact on LWP. Using the temporal development of clouds to account for these feedbacks in the Nd–LWP system, a weaker negative Nd–LWP relationship is observed over most of the globe. This relationship is highly sensitive to the initial cloud state, illuminating the roles of different processes in shaping the Nd–LWP relationship. The nature of the current observing system limits this work to a single time period for observations, highlighting the need for more frequent observations of key cloud properties to constrain cloud behaviour at process timescales.

Corticotomy is a surgical procedure that induces injury to the cortical bone to accelerate tooth movement. This study aimed to increase the depth of corticotomy to the trabecular bone and to evaluate the amount and rate of tooth movement and alveolar bone changes in response to various degrees of cortical and trabecular bone injury. Seventy-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups based on procedure used: (1) baseline control group of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) only; (2) OTM + 4 corticotomies (CO); (3) OTM + 4 osteotomies (OS); and (4) OTM + 16 CO. A closed-coil nickel–titanium spring was placed to move the maxillary first molar mesially with a 10 g force. On days 0, 7, 14, and 21, alveolar bone alteration and tooth movement were measured using microcomputed tomography. Significant tooth movement was related to the number and the depth of the perforations. The OTM + 16 CO group showed a greater amount and rate of tooth movement than the OTM + 4 CO group. When osteotomy and corticotomy were compared with the same volume of bone removed, the OTM + 4 OS group had a faster rate of tooth movement than the OTM + 16 CO group during the first week, with significantly reduced bone volume. However, no significant difference was observed in the amount of tooth movement between the OTM + 4 OS and OTM + 16 CO groups at the end of the study. Extending the depth of corticotomy to trabecular bone increased the amount of tooth movement by accelerating the induction and completion of bone remodeling, which accelerated the rate of tooth movement during the initial stage.

A new method for generating 3D images using both disparity parameters due to the color filtered aperture (CFA) and depth alignment of the multi-plane images for an acquired 2D image using a novel computational imaging system is presented. A CFA is created using add-on red, green, and blue color filters in front of the objective lens for a conventional 2D camera system. The multiple plane images are computed using various image regions identified by 2.1D sketch and the corresponding inter-region depth information with the aid of color disparities caused in the acquired 2D image. Our emphasis is to handle possible occlusions in single 2D image regions due to various object features for the acquired scene using ordered multiple plane images and to generate a 3D image by exploiting the order existing in the computed multiple plane images and compositing the region with aligned inter-image region depth information. The simulation and analysis demonstrate the elegance of the 3D image generation. Ultimately, the proposed computational imaging system is not only cost-effective but also an alternative to the stereo-based imaging system, which is not suited for ophthalmic or endoscopic imaging applications.

This work presents a practical approach to reconstructing past and present discharge and water depth time series for operational monitoring of small-sized ungauged watersheds using remotely sensed and freely accessible datasets in conjunction with hydrological models. The methodology was applied to the Tsiribihina watershed in Madagascar. Mostly, satellite data are used, such as water levels from satellite altimetry missions and rainfall from the African Rainfall Climatology 2 product. In contrast, the Modelo de Grandes Bacias is calibrated using historical discharge measurements to simulate distributed discharge in the basin. Rating curves are computed by crossing the altimetry information of water height with the simulated discharge outputs. These rating curves enable the conversion of water levels, discharge and depth interchangeably. Present-day discharge and depth can thus be estimated in near real time with any update of satellite rainfall data and/or water level gained by altimetry missions currently flying in operational mode.

The distributions of many sister species in the sea overlap geographically but are partitioned along depth gradients. The genetic changes leading to depth segregation may evolve in geographic isolation as a prerequisite to coexistence or may emerge during primary divergence leading to new species. These alternatives can now be distinguished via the power endowed by the thousands of scorable loci provided by second‐generation sequence data. Here, we revisit the case of two depth‐segregated, genetically isolated ecotypes of the nominal Caribbean candelabrum coral Eunicea flexuosa. Previous analyses based on a handful of markers could not distinguish between models of genetic exchange after a period of isolation (consistent with secondary contact) and divergence with gene flow (consistent with primary divergence). Analyses of the history of isolation, genetic exchange and population size based on 15,640 new SNP markers derived from RNAseq data best support models where divergence began 800K BP and include epochs of divergence with gene flow, but with an intermediate period of transient isolation. Results also supported the previous conclusion that recent exchange between the ecotypes occurs asymmetrically from the Shallow lineage to the Deep. Parallel analyses of data from two other corals with depth‐segregated populations (Agaricia fragilis and Pocillopora damicornis) suggest divergence leading to depth‐segregated populations may begin with a period of symmetric exchange, but that an epoch of population isolation precedes more complete isolation marked by asymmetric introgression. Thus, while divergence‐with‐gene flow may account for much of the differentiation that separates closely related, depth‐segregated species, it remains to be seen whether any critical steps in the speciation process only occur when populations are isolated., Two depth‐segregated, genetically isolated ecotypes of the sea fan Eunicea flexuosa co‐occur across the Caribbean, with high levels of gene flow among populations. Demographic analyses based on SNPs derived from RNA‐seq data suggest a long history of genetic exchange during this pairs' divergence, but also 100K years of transient isolation that may have played a key role in finalizing speciation.

A methodology for measuring residual stresses based on drilling small diameter holes with subsequent fixation of deformation using a strain gauge as applied to thin-walled complex parts of gas turbine engines has been presented. It is known that the bulk of the details of small-sized short-life aircraft engines are thin-walled and have a complex profile and a variable cross-section in the direction of the main axes of symmetry. At the same time, the geometrical features of the parts and the specifics of the technology of their manufacture can lead to the formation of uneven high residual stresses on the surface and depth. Stresses with technological and structural stress concentrators can lead to premature occurrence and propagation of fatigue cracks at relatively low cyclic voltages. The measurement of residual stresses by hole drilling has great potential for modern aircraft mechanical engineering of gas turbine engines. Measurement of residual stresses and their depth distribution on thin-walled folding-profile surfaces of titanium alloy parts hardened by steel balls in an ultrasonic field was performed. It was used tensometric method of measuring deformation after drilling holes. The method of measuring residual stresses is based on measuring strain by a strain gauge outlet during step-by-step drilling of a hole. It was shown that the method of drilling small holes has several advantages over the method of layer-by-layer removal of thin layers of metal, which is widely used in the aviation industry. It was also established that the accuracy of determining the magnitude of stresses is significantly affected by the following factors: the accuracy of the positioning of the drill relative to the plane of the part being studied, its temperature, the actual drilling depth at each step, the dwell time at each depth, the frequency and time of interrogation of the sensors, calibration of the tensor sockets and strain gauge, etc. The proposed method for measuring residual stresses makes it possible to take into account their nature and shape of distribution, as well as to evaluate their value on folding thin-walled aerodynamic surfaces of parts made of titanium alloy after ultrasonic hardening or diamond smoothing.

Aim The aim of this prospective cohort study was to assess the effect of a pocket irrigator/evacuator device (IED) in the non-surgical treatment of peri-implantitis. Material and Methods In total 24 patients having 38 implants diagnosed with peri-implantitis were included in this study. Peri-implant pockets were irrigated six times in three consecutive weeks. The primary outcome was bleeding on probing (BoP). Secondary outcome parameters included plaque index (Pl), suppuration on probing (SoP), probing pocket depth (PPD), marginal bone loss (MBL), presence and numbers of periodontal pathogens. Parameters were assessed at baseline and 3 months after the last treatment. Treatment pain perception was scored using the visual analog scale (VAS) after the first and last treatment. Results At 3 months, IED treatment revealed significant reduction of peri-implant BoP (71% [+/- 20] vs 57% [+/- 28] [P = .014]) and peri-implant plaque scores (10 [+/- 14] to 5 [+/- 9] [P = .039] [T0 vs T3 respectively]). Significant reduction in mean peri-implant PPD from 4.92 mm (SD +/- 1.28) to 4.66 mm (SD +/- 1.35) (P = .041) was observed. In addition, a reduction in VAS pain score between the first and the last (6th) treatment was found (P = .039). No reduction in SoP (P = .088) was found. No changes in mean periodontal full mouth plaque, BOP, SOP and PPD levels, MBL and microbiological outcomes were found. Conclusion Beneficial clinical effects in terms of BoP, PPD and PI were found at 3 months after IED treatment. However, the IED does not seem to effectively treat peri-implantitis in terms of disease resolution.