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Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi razlike u učincima bilateralnog i unilateralnog vježbanja primjenom specifičnih vježbi skokova (SVS) na izvedbu skoka u vis prekoračnom tehnikom i utvrditi nastale promjene u živčano-mišićnoj funkciji djece i mladih sportaša odrazom s dominantne noge. Uzorak ispitanika činila su sedamdeset i četiri djeteta u dobi od sedam do dvanaest godina (AS ± SD, 9,24 ± 1,34). Ispitanici su bili raspoređeni u dvije eksperimentalne skupine. Eksperimentalni program trenažnih intervencija trajao je dvanaest tjedana tijekom kojih su ukupno realizirane dvadeset i četiri trenažne jedinice. Sudionici prve eksperimentalne skupine (ES1; n = 41) provodili su specifične vježbe skokova primjenom lijevog i desnog donjeg ekstremiteta (bilateralni trening), dok su sudionici druge eksperimentalne skupine (ES2; n = 33) provodili isti set vježbi isključivo sa svojom odraznom nogom (unilateralni trening). Kriterij isključenja ispitanika iz uzorka bio je sudjelovanje ispitanika na manje od 80 % treninga te bilo koji oblik sportske ozljede ili bolesti. Prije i nakon trenažne intervencije ispitanici su podvrgnuti testiranju skoka u vis prekoračnom tehnikom, unilateralnog dubinskodaljinskog skoka i unilateralne statičke ravnoteže, a svaki navedeni test izvodio se s unaprijed određenom odraznom nogom. Nakon završenih trenažnih intervencija obje eksperimentalne skupine ostvarile su statistički značajan napredak u rezultatu skoka u vis prekoračnom tehnikom (ES1 – završno mjerenje 1 6,70 %, retencija 5,37 %, ES2 – završno mjerenje 1 6,32 %, retencija 6,32 %), a bilateralna skupina ujedno je značajno smanjila translaciju mjernog uređaja u medio-lateralnom smjeru u završnom mjerenju (C = 72,10, Q3-1 = 47,01) uodnosu na početno mjerenje (C = 87,73, Q3-1 = 45,01). Provedbom testa unilateralnog dubinsko-daljinskog skoka koji daje uvid u promjene živčano-mišićnih funkcija (eksplozivna i maksimalna jakost) nisu se utvrdile statistički značajne promjene u niti jednoj promatranoj varijabli. Najznačajniji nalaz ovog istraživanja jest da se nisu utvrdili statistički značajni interakcijski učinci između faktora vremena mjerenja i trenažne intervencije u niti jednoj promatranoj varijabli koji bi ukazali na to je li jedna trenažna intervencija bolja ili lošija od druge. Raspodjela ukupnog volumena opterećenja primjenom specifičnih vježbi skokova na lijevi i desni donji ekstremitet djeluje jednako učinkovito kao i vježbanje isključivo dominantnom nogom kod djece. Dakle, oba načina vježbanja poboljšavaju promatrane parametre koje ukazuju na promjene u obrascu kretanja i sposobnosti, no nema razlika kad se promatra učinkovitost jednog naspram drugog načina vježbanja. Nakon dvanaest tjedana izvođenja specifičnih vježbi skokova primjenom dominantnog i nedominantnog donjeg ekstremiteta mogu se očekivati promjene u transferu motoričkih vještina, međumišićnoj koordinaciji i blagim prosječnim promjenama u kinematičkimparametrima. Stoga se može opservirati da utvrđeni rezultati imaju vrlo važan praktični doprinos, posebno u radu s djecom rane školske dobi, a prije svega zbog ravnomjernijeg mišićnog i lokomotornog razvoja. Nadalje, takav pristup omogućuje unapređenje sposobnosti koordinacije tijela u prostoru, simetričan razvoj jakosti, snage, statičke ravnoteže, a uporaba obiju strana tijela važna je i za učenje novih i složenijih motoričkih kretnji. Rezultati istraživanja mogu se primijeniti ne samo u treningu skoka u vis, već općenito u treningu skokova, odnosno odraza. The aim of this thesis is to determine differences in effects of bilateral and unilateral exercising by applying specific ways of high jump performing the high jump with the scissors technique, and to measure any changes created in neuromuscular function of children and young sportsman with a take-off from the dominant leg. The sample pool consisted of 74 children, ages 7 -12 (AS ± SD; 9.24 ± 1.34). These were divided in two experimental groups. The experimental program of training interventions lasted twelve weeks during which 24 training units were accomplished. The participants of the first experimental group (ES1; n=41) performed a specific practice of jumps, applying left and right lower extremities (bilateral training), while the participants of the second group (ES2; n=33) performed the same exercise explicitly with their take-off leg (unilateral training). The criteria to exclude a participant from the pool happened when a person participated in less than 80% of training, or due to any form of injury or illness. Before and after the training intervention examinees were tested for high jump with scissors technique, unilateral horizontal drop jump and unilateral static balance. Each of these mentioned tests was performed with a take-off leg designated in advance. After the training intervention, both experimental groups achieved statistically remarkable progress in results of high jump with scissors technique (ES1- final measuring 1; 6.70% retention; 5.37%; ES2- final measuring 1; 6.32%, retention; 6.32%), and the bilateral group decreased immensely with the oscillation of the measuring device in the mediolateral direction during final measuring (C=72.10, Q3-1=47.01) compared to the initial measuring (C=87.73, Q3-1=45.01). By testing the unilateral horizontal jump, which provides an insight into neuromuscular functions (explosive and maximal strength), there are no statistically significant changes in any of the observed variables.The most significant finding of this research is the fact that there are no determined statistically significant interactive effect between the factor of time measuring and training intervention in neither of the observed variables, that would point out one training intervention as better or worse than the other. The division of the total load volume by applying specific exercises of jumps to left and right lower extremities is as effective as exclusively exercising with dominant leg in children. After twelve weeks of applying specific exercise through jumps with dominant and non-dominant lower extremities, it is possible to expect changes in transfer of motoric skills, intramuscular coordination and slight average changes in kinematic parameters. Therefore, it is possible to observe that results found have a very significant practical use, especially in work with children of early school age, and, most of all, in symmetric muscular and locomotor development. Furthermore, this approach enables advances in coordinative body skills in space, symmetric development of strength, power, and static balance. The use of both sides of the body is important for apprehension of new and complicated motoric movements. It is possible to use these research results not in high jump training only, but also generally in regard to jumps and take offs.

The purpose of this research was to establish the differences in the bilateral and unilateral exercising effects on high jump performance using the scissors technique, with take-off from the dominant leg. As many as 74 participants aged 7 to 12, who were randomly chosen and divided into two experimental groups, took part in the study. The experimental groups had training twice a week for twelve weeks. Measurements were conducted at three points in time, and the results showed that the bilateral training intervention produced symmetrical effects equal to those from unilateral interventions of exclusively the dominant leg, which finding is extremely important for symmetrical muscular and locomotor development, as well as for a practical approach to children.

Objective: Background The present research aimed to compare landing kinematics parameters at different minutes of a simulated soccer game. Methods: In total, 15 soccer players from the youth team of Sanay Mes of Kerman with records (2 years) in the Premier League of Iran voluntarily participated in this study. Their mean±SD age and weight were 25.7±2.71 years and 77.30±7.78 kg, respectively. The players followed the Bangsbo's fatigue protocol, i.e. a simulated soccer game. Then, every 15 minutes, the studied players performed two countermovement jumps, and we compared their landing kinematics parameters accordingly. Performances were recorded with 3 cameras, 120 HTZ (Sony A7S). Information extracted from Kinova and repeated-measures analysis of variance was used for data analysis. Results: The obtained results suggested significant differences between the investigated players' knee flexion at landing at minute 0 and minute 60, and other durations (P

WOS: 000465580900004, Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate of the acute effects of isoinertial resistance application on sprint, vertical and horizontal jump performance. Material: Volunteered 32 male students were divided into randomized experimental group and control group. Before and after 4-repetition maximal back squat with (for experimental group) or without isoinertial resistance application (for control group), 30 m sprint, vertical squat and countermovement jump tests with both legs, dominant leg, and non-dominant leg, standing broad jump and standing broad countermovement jump tests with both legs were assessed. Wilcoxon t test for pre- and post-test differences within the group, and Mann Whitney U test for pre- and post-test differences between the groups were used. Results: There were no significant differences within the group and between the groups for 30m both legs sprint parameters except pre-test mean stride length between the groups (Z=-2.27; p, Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects [1706S376], This study was supported by Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects by Project 1706S376.

Resistance exercise effectively improves bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle quality (e.g., muscle mass and muscle strength). The present study aimed to examine the effect of a 24-week resistance exercise training (RT) program on body composition, BMD, functional fitness, and isokinetic muscle strength in obese older women. Forty obese older women were initially enrolled. Among them, 30 participants (age: 80.55 ± 4.94 years; body fat percentage: 36.25 ± 3.44%) completed the study. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups: the RT group (n = 15) and the control (CON) group (n = 15). The RT group participated in the exercise for 60 min per session and two sessions per week for 24 weeks. Pre-test and post-test body composition, BMD, functional fitness, and isokinetic muscle strength were evaluated. The RT group increased significantly in functional fitness (hand grip strength: 1.70 kg, p < 0.01, and lower body strength: 3.87 n, p < 0.001), and isokinetic muscle strength (non-dominant leg extensor peak torque %BW at 60°/s: 13.20%, p < 0.05, dominant leg (DL) flexor peak torque at 60°/s: 3.87 Nm, p < 0.05, and DL flexor peak torque %BW at 60°/s: 7.60%, p < 0.05). However, the CON group showed negative changes in body composition (fat mass: 1.15 kg, p < 0.001, body fat percentage: 1.59%, p < 0.001, and fat-free mass: −0.58 kg, p < 0.05), BMD (whole-body: −0.01 g/cm2, p < 0.001 and forearm: −0.01 g/cm2, p < 0.05), functional fitness (lower body flexibility: −3.23 cm, p < 0.01, upper body strength: −2.06 n, p < 0.01, and agility and dynamic balance: 0.54 s, p < 0.01), and isokinetic muscle strength at 60°/s and 180°/s (all peak torque % body weight variables: −7.31–−1.50, p < 0.05). Our findings show that the CON group negatively affects body composition, BMD, functional fitness, and isokinetic muscle strength in obese older women for 24 weeks.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the body balance control of people walking and hurdling with or without a specific dominant leg in a monopodal position. This study involved 28 physical education students. The center of pressure (COP) was measured with a force plate under four conditions: single-leg standing (right and left) with eyes open and two upper limb positions (the arms were positioned in either a specific hurdle technique manner or alongside the body). A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted separately for five parameters of the COP in the medial-lateral (ML) and anterior-posterior (AP) directions under the four conditions. In the single-leg position, athletes without a dominant lower leg had better body balance than those with a dominant lower leg. The position of the upper limbs influenced the body position when hurdling. Accepting the correct position of the upper limbs helped to maintain balance (when overcoming hurdles). In hurdles, the position of the upper limbs should be improved to maintain postural stability and save this function for more demanding postural tasks.

The purpose of the present study was to verify the influence of lower limb dominance and physical activity (PA) levels on flexibility in healthy young subject. Ninety-nine university students (46 males and 53 females) volunteered for this study. Hip flexion range of motion (ROM) during the passive straight leg raise test was used to estimate lower limb flexibility. PA levels were determined by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF). The dominant limb of the subjects with high PA levels had higher flexibility values than the dominant and non-dominant limb of the subjects with low PA levels (p = 0.026 and p = 0.011, respectively) and the non-dominant limb of the subjects with moderate PA levels (p = 0.038). Thus, this investigation shows that lower limb dominance and PA levels have an influence on the flexibility. High flexibility values were observed in the dominant limb of the subjects with high PA levels. Therefore, this information may be useful when planning injury prevention or rehabilitation protocols for subjects with different PA levels and lower limb flexibility asymmetries. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência da dominância dos membros inferiores e dos níveis de atividade física (AF) na flexibilidade em sujeitos jovens e saudáveis. Noventa e nove estudantes universitários (46 homens e 53 mulheres) voluntariaram-se para este estudo transversal. A amplitude de movimento (ADM) de flexão do quadril durante o teste passivo de elevação da perna reta foi medida para estimar a flexibilidade dos membros inferiores. Os níveis de AF foram aferidos pela versão curta do Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ-SF). O membro dominante dos sujeitos com alto nível de AF apresentou maior valor de flexibilidade do que o membro dominante e não dominante dos sujeitos com baixo nível de AF (p = 0,026 e p = 0,011, respectivamente) e do que o membro não dominante dos sujeitos com moderado nível de AF (p = 0,038). Assim, este estudo demonstrou que a dominância do membro inferior e o nível de AF influenciam nos valores de flexibilidade. Maiores valores de flexibilidade foram observados na perna dominante dos sujeitos com alto nível de AF. Desta forma, esta informação pode ser relevante para o planejamento de protocolos de prevenção de lesões ou de reabilitação em indivíduos com níveis distintos de AF e assimetrias de flexibilidade nos membros inferiores.

WOS: 000427351200005, OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of kicking leg preference on the bilateral leg strength asymmetries of amateur football players. METHODS: Thirty-four right-dominant (RD) and twenty-three left-dominant (LD) amateur football players volunteered to participate in the study. Squat and countermovement jump, standing long jump, and isokinetic knee strength (at 60, 180 and 300 degrees/s) were tested with respect to inter-limb asymmetry index (ASI). RESULTS: There were significant differences in horizontal jump and H/Q ratio at 60 degrees/s between DL and NDL in all football players. There were also significant differences in standing long jump, hamstring peak torque at 180 degrees/s and H/Q ratio at 60 degrees/s in the LD football players (p < 0.05). Moreover, the LD group had greater percentage of subjects with ASI > 15% for standing long jump, hamstring peak torque at 180 degrees/s. Furthermore the percentage of subjects with H/Q Ratio < 0.60 for 60 degrees/s was greater in the LD players' DL. CONCLUSION: Bilateral leg strength asymmetries may be affected by a single leg predominantly in the mobilization workouts. Having higher inter-limb asymmetry index, LD players may be screened and trained to minimize leg strength asymmetries., Anadolu University, This study was supported by grants from Anadolu University.

The current literature shows no consensus regarding the difference between the dominant leg (D-Leg) and the non-dominant leg (ND-Leg) in terms of postural control. This lack of consensus could stem from motor experience (i.e., symmetric or asymmetric motricity) and/or the physiological state induced by physical exercise. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of fatiguing exercise on postural control when standing on the D-Leg and the ND-Leg, in athletes practicing symmetric (SYM) and asymmetric (ASYM) sports. Thirty healthy male participants were recruited and divided into two groups, (SYM n = 15) and (ASYM n = 15, on the basis of the motricity induced by the sport they practice. Monopedal postural control was assessed for the D-Leg and the ND-Leg before and after the fatigue period (which consisted of repeating squats until exhaustion). A force platform was used to calculate the spatio-temporal characteristics of the displacements of the center of foot pressure (COP). A significant fatigue effect was observed in both groups on the D-Leg and the ND-Leg for all the COP parameters. There was a tendency (p = 0.06) between the ASYM and SYM groups on the D-Leg, concerning the relative increase in the COP velocity in the frontal plane after the fatigue period. The fatigue condition disturbed postural control in both the SYM and ASYM groups on the D-Leg and ND-Leg. This disturbing effect related to fatigue tends to be more marked in athletes practicing asymmetric sports than in athletes practicing symmetric sports on the D-Leg.

運動イメージ課題をリハビリテーションに効果的に応用するために，一人称イメージを用いて 利き足と非利き足の運動イメージ想起の違いに着目し，機能的磁気共鳴画像法（以下f-MRI）を用いて 脳活動部位の比較を行った．対象は，全例右利き足で，右下肢（利き足）課題群20 名，左下肢（非利き足） 課題群17 名である．結果，右下肢課題群は，左下肢課題群と比較し，第三者の動く足趾映像を見なが ら運動実行課題を行った場合においても被験者自身の動く足趾映像を見ながら運動実行課題を行った場 合においても，左右のBA40（SMG: supramarginal gyrus, 縁上回）と右BA10（前頭極）及び左BA21（MTG: Middle temporal gyrus, 中側頭回）の活動が増加することが示唆された．しかし，左下肢課題群は，右下 肢課題群と比較して，有意に賦活する部分がなかった．この結果から，一人称イメージを用いた場合， 自己の映像と他者の映像に関わらず，利き下肢運動時には脳半球を両側性に左右SMG・右BA10・左 BA21 が，運動イメージ作成に関与するが，非利き下肢は運動イメージ作成が困難である可能性が示唆 された．非利き足のリハビリテーションには，模倣運動のみならず，他の刺激を併用する必要性がある と考える．

Kicking is one of the most important skills in soccer and the ability to achieve ma ximal kicking velocity with both legs leads to an advantage for the soccer player. This study examined the relationship be tween kicking ball velocity with both legs using anthropometric measurements and vertical jumps (a squat jump (SJ); a countermovement jump without (CMJ) and with the arm swing (CMJA) and a reactive jump (RJ)). Anthropome tric measurements did not correlate with kicking ball velocity. Vertical jumps correlated significantly with kicking ball velocity using the dominant leg only (r = .47, r = .58, r = .44, r = .51, for SJ, CMJ, CMJA and RJ, respectively) . Maximal kicking velocity with the dominant leg was significantly higher than with the non-dominant leg (t = 18.0 4, p < 0.001). Our results suggest that vertical jumps may be an optimal test to assess neuromuscular skills involved in kicking at maximal speed. Lack of the relationship between vertical jumps and kicking velocity with the non-dominant leg may reflect a difficulty to exhibit the neuromuscular skills during dominant leg kicking.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the plantar pressure distribution of dominant and non-dominant legs of females who were participated in the kata and kumite national team. Methods: Twelve kumite and 8 kata female athletes of the Karate national team participated in this study. Plantar pressure was measured using emed platform during barefoot walking. After dividing the foot into 10 masks, peak pressure, pressure-time integral, maximum force and force-time integral were calculated. Wilcoxon and U-Mann-Witney tests were used to analyze parameters at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results: In comparison of kata and kumite teams it was found that, kata plantar pressure parameters in Metatarsal-2 (p=0.05) and Metatarsals-3, 4, 5 (p=0.04) were significantly less than those in kumite. Also, in comparison of dominant and non-dominant leg, plantar pressure parameters of dominant leg were less in Metatarsal-2 (p=0.04) and more in Bigtoe (p=0.04) and Toes-3, 4, 5 (p=0.03) than those in the non-dominant leg. Conclusion: Results may be indicative different of natures of the two athletic fields in that Kumite has a higher impact on plantar pressure due to higher mechanical loads. Furthermore, the unequal use of the legs may affect plantar pressure because of leg dominance. Thus, further and more comprehensive studies are necessary to prevent exercise-induced adaptations in professional levels and their treatments.

Futbolcular kuvvet gerektiren dinamik hareketlerde genellikle baskın bacaklarını kullanırlar. Bu zamanla bacaklar arasında bir kuvvet asimetrisi oluşmasına sebep olabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kadın futbolcularda baskın bacağın yön değiştirme performansı üzerine olan etkilerini ortaya koymaktır.Bu çalışmada 20 kadın futbolcuya (Ortalama ± Standart Sapma, yaş: 17 ± 1.56 yıl, beden ağırlığı: 55.7 ± 4.94 kg, boy: 1.61 ± 0.05 cm) yön değiştirme performanslarını ortaya koymak için farklı yönlerde yön değişim testi, kuvvet değerleri için izometrik kuvvet testi ve bacaklar arasındaki asimetriyi belirlemek için de asimetrik derinlik sıçraması testi uygulanmıştır. Yön değiştirme testinde ilk beş metresi düz olan on metrelik bir parkurda 45-90-135 ve 180 derecelik açılarda 0-5 metre, 5-10 metre ve 0-10 metre süreleri ölçülmüştür. Baskın ve baskın olmayan bacak arasında fark olup olmadığını belirlemek için bağımlı gruplarda t-testi, yön değiştirme performansları ile sıçrama ve kuvvet değerleri arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığını belirlemek için de ilişki testi yapılmıştır. Verilere bakıldığında, kadın futbolcuların 45-90-135 ve 180 derecelik açılarda yön değiştirme testlerinde baskın bacakları ile gerçekleştirdikleri 5-10 metre ve 0-10 metre performanslarının baskın olmayan bacağa göre daha iyi olduğu gözlemlenmiştir (p

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi razlike između dvije skupine entiteta u nekim motoričkim sposobnostima na osnovu različite morfologije stopala. Istražile su se i utvrdile razlike između učenika sa normalnim stopalom (NST) i učenika sa spuštenim stopalom (SST) u eksplozivnoj jakosti donjih ekstremiteta, u unilateralnoj izvedbi (UIZ) i u bilateralnoj izvedbi (BIZ), kao i razlike u dinamičkoj ravnoteži u unilateralnoj izvedbi (UIZ) na osnovu njihovih antropoloških obilježja. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 208 ispitanika, godišnjeg uzrasta 13 – 14 god. (+/- 6 mjeseci) odnosno dječaci sedmog i osmog razreda osnove škole na području grada Zagreba. Ispitanici su bili podijeljeni u dvije skupine: skupinu (1) činilo je 107 ispitanika s normalnim stopalom (NST) i skupinu (2) 101 ispitanik sa spuštenim stopalom (SST). U istraživanje su bili uključeni samo ispitanici s fiziološkom, odnosno fleksibilnom spuštenošću stopala, dok su iz istog bili isključeni ispitanici s fiksiranom, tj. rigidnom spuštenošću stopala, kao i ispitanici s izdignutim stopalom. Istraživana je isključivo medijalna spuštenost stopala. Svi rezultati, analize, rasprava i zaključci rada bazirani su na rezultatima odrazne (dominantne) noge i na rezultatima neodrazne (nedominantne) noge. Morfologija stopala odnosno medijalna spuštenost stopala bilateralno je procijenjena uz pomoć tehničkog pomagala (podoskopom s polariziranim svijetlom) te je evaluirana pomoću Clark-ove metode. Za procjenu motoričkih sposobnosti eksplozivne jakosti i dinamičke ravnoteže donjih ekstremiteta koristio se veći broj mjernih instrumenata. Za utvrđivanje eksplozivnih svojstava koristile su se varijable za procjenu brzinsko-snažnih svojstava mišića, koncentrično-ekscentrične kontrakcije mišića donjih ekstremiteta, u UIZ i u BIZ vertikalne i horizontalne skočnosti. Za procjenu komponente dinamičke ravnoteže koristio se zvjezdoliki test (engl. Star Excursion Balance Test - SEBT) u UIZ odrazne i neodrazne noge. U analizama rezultata dinamičke ravnoteže korištene su samo normalizirane vrijednosti rezultata zvjezdolikog testa - SEBT-a (udaljenost dosega / dužina noge x 100). U istraživanju je procijenjena razina tjelesne aktivnosti (RTA) ispitanika posebnim anketnim upitnikom (PAQ-C; The physical activity questionnaire for older children and adolescents) i indeksom tjelesne mase (engl. Body Mass Intex BMI = m / h²), ITM kg / cm2. Primarno je utvrđeno da između dviju grupa ispitanika ne postoje statistički značajne razlike u ITM kao i u RTA na nivou značajnosti (p > 0.05) i time je potvrđeno da ne postoji inicijalna razlika između grupa. Na osnovi postavljenih hipoteza i koeficijenta p–vrijednosti (p < 0,05) utvrdilo se da od ukupno 16 varijabli dinamičke ravnoteže koje se odnose na odrazne i neodrazne noge, u šest varijabli pronađene su statistički značajne razlike među grupama. Na temelju kružne mreže zvjezdolikog testa, od ukupno osam pravaca, varijable u kojima se statistički značajno razlikuju ispitanici sa stajnom odraznom i neodraznom nogom su medijalni (DRONM- DRNNM), posteriorni (DRONP – DRNNP) i lateralni (DRONL- DRNNL) pravac. Ispitanici sa normalnim stopalom NST pokazali su bolje rezultate u odnosu na ispitanike sa spuštenim stopalom SST. Naime ovaj prostor obuhvaća cijelu stražnju polovicu kružne mreže zvjezdolikog testa. U prednjoj polovici kružne mreže zvjezdolikog testa odnosno u varijablama anteriolateral (DRONAL-DRNNAL), anterior (DRONA-DRNNA), anteriomedial (DRONAM -DRNNAM), iako su ispitanici sa NST pokazali nešto bolje rezultate, nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika između grupa. U eksplozivnoj jakosti tipa vertikalne i horizontalne skočnosti u UIZ ustanovilo se da od ukupno šest varijabli u pet ne postoji statistički značajna razlika, te da su ispitanici obje grupa skoro jednako efikasni. Ipak uočeno je da su ispitanici sa normalnim stopalom postigli statistički značajno bolje rezultate samo u jednoj varijabli horizontalne skočnosti. U eksplozivnoj jakosti bilateralne izvedbe tipa horizontalne skočnosti ustanovilo se da postoje statistički značajne razlike među grupama u jednoj varijabli u kojoj su ispitanici sa NST efikasnije izvodili zadatak od ispitanika sa SST. U eksplozivnoj jakosti bilateralne izvedbe tipa vertikalne skočnosti ustanovilo se da između grupe ispitanika ne postoji statistički značajna razlika. U eksplozivnoj jakosti bilateralne izvedbe tipa sprinta utvrdilo se da postoje statistički značajne razlike među grupama u jednoj varijabli u kojoj su ispitanici sa SST postigli bolje rezultate, odnosno trčali su brže od ispitanika sa NST. Rezultati rada eksplozivne jakosti pokazali su da se grupe ispitanika razlikuju u dvije od pet varijabli horizontalne skočnosti u kojim su ispitanici sa NST postigli znatno bolje rezultate. U svim varijablama vertikalne skočnosti obje grupe ispitanika postigli su iste rezultate i ne postoje statistički značajne razlike između grupa ispitanika. The aim of this study was to determine the differences between two entity groups in some motor skills based on different foot morphology. Differences were studied and determined between students with normal feet (NST), and students with flat feet (SST) in explosive strength of the lower extremities, in unilateral performance (UIZ) and bilateral performance (BIZ), as well as differences in dynamic balance in unilateral performance (UIZ) based on their anthropological features. The study involved 208 respondents, 13 to 14 years of age (+/- 6 months), i.e. the seventh and eighth grade elementary school boys from the city of Zagreb. The respondents were divided into two groups: the group (1) comprised 107 respondents with normal feet (NST) and the group (2) 101 respondents with flat feet (SST). The study included only subjects with physiological, i.e. flexible lowering of the arches, while those with fixed, i.e. rigid lower arches, as well as those with high arches, were excluded from it. Only the median lowering of the arch was studied. All the results, analyses, discussions and conclusions of the study are based on the results of the dominant leg and the results of the non-dominant leg. Foot morphology, i.e. median lowering of the arch, was assessed bilaterally with the help of technical aids (polarized light podoscope) and was evaluated using the Clark's method. A high number of measuring instruments were used to assess the motor skills of explosive strength and the dynamic balance of the lower extremities. Variables for assessing the velocity-strength muscle properties, concentric-eccentric lower extremity muscle contraction, in UIZ and in BIZ vertical and horizontal jump were used to determine the explosive properties. To evaluate the dynamic balance component, the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) was used in UIZ of the dominant and the non-dominant leg. The analyses of the dynamic balance results only used the normalized values of the star test - SEBT (distance/leg length x 100). The study estimated the physical activity level (RTA) of the respondents with the use of the special questionnaire (PAQ-C; The physical activity questionnaire for older children and adolescents) and Body Mass Index (BMI = m/h²), ITM kg/cm2. Primarily, it was established that there were no statistically significant differences between ITM and RTA at the level of significance (p> 0.05) between the two groups of respondents, confirming that there was no initial difference between the groups. Based on the set hypothesis and p-value coefficient (p

〔目的〕利き脚や組み脚習慣が立位姿勢の骨盤前傾角に与える影響を検討することとした．〔対象〕下肢・下肢帯に既往のない男子大学生24名とした．〔方法〕質問票にて，①利き手，②利き脚，③組み脚を調査した．その後，立位姿勢での骨盤前傾角を角度計にて測定し，左右で比較した．利き脚群と軸脚群，および組み脚上群と下群に分類し，それぞれ比較した．〔結果〕右側骨盤は左側より有意に前傾していた．また，利き脚群は軸脚群より有意に前傾しており，組み脚上群は組み脚下群より有意に前傾していた．〔結語〕骨盤は立位姿勢において歪んでおり，利き脚や組み脚の影響があると考えられた．, [Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the dominant leg and leg-crossing preference on pelvic anteversion angle in the standing posture. [Subjects] Subjects were 24 male university students with no medical history involving the lower extremity or the pelvic girdle. [Methods] We used a questionnaire to determine the dominant hand, dominant leg, and leg-crossing preference. We measured the pelvic anteversion angle in the standing position with a goniometer, and compared the right and left sides. We categorized the subjects into the dominant leg group, the pivot leg group, the crossing the upper leg group, and the crossing the lower leg group, and compared them. [Results] The right side pelvis inclined forward more significantly than the left side. The, dominant leg group pelvis inclined forward more significantly than the pivot leg group, and the crossing the upper leg group pelvis inclined forward more significantly than the crossing the lower leg group. [Conclusion] Our results suggest that the pelvis is distorted in the standing posture, due to the effects of the dominant leg and leg-crossing preference.

〔目的〕利き脚や組み脚習慣が立位姿勢の骨盤前傾角に与える影響を検討することとした．〔対象〕下肢・下肢帯に既往のない男子大学生24名とした．〔方法〕質問票にて，①利き手，②利き脚，③組み脚を調査した．その後，立位姿勢での骨盤前傾角を角度計にて測定し，左右で比較した．利き脚群と軸脚群，および組み脚上群と下群に分類し，それぞれ比較した．〔結果〕右側骨盤は左側より有意に前傾していた．また，利き脚群は軸脚群より有意に前傾しており，組み脚上群は組み脚下群より有意に前傾していた．〔結語〕骨盤は立位姿勢において歪んでおり，利き脚や組み脚の影響があると考えられた．, [Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the dominant leg and leg-crossing preference on pelvic anteversion angle in the standing posture. [Subjects] Subjects were 24 male university students with no medical history involving the lower extremity or the pelvic girdle. [Methods] We used a questionnaire to determine the dominant hand, dominant leg, and leg-crossing preference. We measured the pelvic anteversion angle in the standing position with a goniometer, and compared the right and left sides. We categorized the subjects into the dominant leg group, the pivot leg group, the crossing the upper leg group, and the crossing the lower leg group, and compared them. [Results] The right side pelvis inclined forward more significantly than the left side. The, dominant leg group pelvis inclined forward more significantly than the pivot leg group, and the crossing the upper leg group pelvis inclined forward more significantly than the crossing the lower leg group. [Conclusion] Our results suggest that the pelvis is distorted in the standing posture, due to the effects of the dominant leg and leg-crossing preference., 理学療法科学, 29(1), pp.39-43; 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cross-country skiing training on dominant leg strength. The study included fifteen junior and twelve youth cross country skiers, and fourteen sedentary male volunteers. Test data were obtained from Cybex II Norm isokinetic strength measurement equipment. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon matched pairs test. Strength was determined at the 60°/sec (Isokinetic Speed 60°/sec Reps 5) and the 180°/sec (Isokinetic Speed 180°/sec Reps 20). Junior cross-country skiers did not have any significant difference for peak torque and ratio between legs (p

Aim: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of functional balance training on static and dynamic balance performance, kicking velocity and to define the relationship between balance ability and kicking velocity of adolescent soccer players.Material and Methods: Sixteen male players randomly divided into 2 groups (Control Group: age 14,23±0,44; Training Group: age 14,31±0,48). While the control group (n=8) followed regular soccer training, the training group (n=8) performed a functional balance training program additively. The balance training was performed on both stable ground and unstable surface (BOSU ball). SportKat2000 system were used to elicit static and dynamic balance scores of right, left and both leg stance of the soccer players.Results: All static balance variables (dominant, non-dominant and both leg) of training group and one variable (non-dominant leg) of control group showed statistically significant differences (p, Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı fonksiyonel denge antrenmanının adölesan futbolcuların statik-dinamik denge performansları ve vuruş hızları üzerine etkilerini incelemek ve denge yeteneği ile vuruş hızı arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymaktır.Materyal ve Yöntem: Onaltı erkek futbolcu rastgele iki gruba ayrıldı (Kontrol Grubu: yaş 14,23±0,44; Antrenman Grubu: yaş 14,31±0,48). Kontrol Grubu (n=8) rutin futbol antrenmanlarına devam ederken Antrenman Grubu (n=8) buna ek olarak fonksiyonel denge antrenmanı uyguladı. Denge antrenmanları hem sert zemin hem de BOSU topları üzerinde gerçekleştirildi. Futbolcuların sağ, sol ve çift bacak statik ve dinamik denge skorlarını belirlemek için SportKat 2000 denge ölçüm sistemi kullanıldı.Bulgular: Antrenman sonrası deney grubunun tüm değişkenlere (dominant, dominant olmayan, çift bacak) ilişkin statik denge skorları ve dominant bacağa ilişkin dinamik denge skorları, kontrol grubunun ise dominant olmayan bacağa ait hem statik hem de dinamik denge skorları istatiksel olarak anlamlıydı (p

El presente estudio analiza la diferencia de la presión plantar entre el pie dominante y el no dominante en cuatro gestos deportivos propios de la práctica del fútbol en 16 jugadores de fútbol profesional, pertenecientes a la liga Adelante BBVA (Promedio 28 años, 180 cm altura y 76,75 kg de peso). Para obtener la distribución de la presión plantar, se utilizó la misma equi¬pación en todos los participantes, excepto en los que utilizaban ortesis plantar de forma terapéutica, que realizaron la prueba usándolas; se usaron unas plantillas instrumentadas Biofoot® con 64 sensores y se dividió la planta del pie en 6 zonas. La presión plantar se registró con éxito en los cuatro gestos deportivos: carrera, salto, aterrizaje y chut. Se realizan 128 comparaciones entre ambos pies, durante la realización de los 4 gestos seleccionados y a los 16 participantes, y dieron siempre resultados dis¬tintos. La presión máxima se encontró en el pie dominante durante el salto y la carrera, y durante el aterrizaje y el chut en el pie no dominante, lo que nos indica que el pie dominante ejerce una acción directa sobre la realización del gesto deportivo, mientras que el pie no dominante proporciona la estabilidad. A la vista de los datos obtenidos, creemos que individualizar el trata¬miento a cada pie evitaría lesiones, ya que disminuiría la asimetría existente en cada pie. Recomendamos ejercicios de entrenamiento que busquen la simetría así como el uso de ortesis plantares con funciones específicas para cada pie. This study analyzes the difference in plantar pressure between the dominant foot and the non-dominant foot, in four sports gestures own football practice in 16 professional soccer players belonging to the League Adelante BBVA (average 28 years, 180cm tall and 76,75 kg). For the distribution of plantar pressure, we used the same gear for all parti¬cipants, except those using orthotic treatment of plantar whom were tested using them, we used instrumented insoles “Biofoot” with 64 sensors and divided sole in 6 zones. Plantar pressure was recorded successfully in all four sports movements: running, jum¬ping, landing and shot. 128 comparisons are made between both feet while performing gestures of 4 and 16 selected participants always giving different results. The maximum pressure was found in the dominant foot during the jump and the race, finding the non-dominant foot during the landing and shot. Which indicates that the dominant foot exerts a direct action on the implementation of the sporting movement, while the non-dominant foot provides stability. In view of the data, we have to individualize treatment to each foot pre¬vent injuries by reducing the asymmetry in each foot. We recommend training exercises that seek symmetry and the use of plantar orthoses with specific functions for each foot. Podología

peer-reviewed Large ankle kinetic asymmetry has been observed during maximal velocity sprinting which is not related to observed kinematic asymmetries. This may be due to underlying physiological and mechanical differences. The aim of this study was to use a recently developed method of isolating the plantarflexors to examine leg dominance in mechanical and stretch-shortening cycle function. Significant differences were observed in the peak force generated, rate of peak force development and reactive strength index of the plantarflexors of nine recreationally active subjects during a cyclical sledge task. This may explain why differences are observed in ankle kinetics during sprinting but further research is needed looking at SSC function in elite sprinters to determine if these trends are also observed in that population. peer-reviewed

WOS: 000297264400025, PubMed ID: 24149571, Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the primary stabilizer of the knee. An impairment of any of the dynamic or static stability providing factors can lead to overload on the other factors and ultimately to deterioration of knee stability. This can result in anterior tibial translation and rupture of the ACL. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of tibial slope on ACL injury risk on soccer players. A total of 64 elite soccer players and 45 sedentary controls were included in this longitudinal and controlled study. The angle between the tibial mid-diaphysis line and the line between the anterior and posterior edges of the medial tibial plateau was measured as the tibial slope via lateral radiographs. Individual player exposure, and injuries sustained by the participants were prospectively recorded. Eleven ACL injuries were documented during the study period. Tibial slope was not different between soccer players and sedentary controls. Tibial slope in the dominant and non-dominant legs was greater for the injured players compared to the uninjured players. The difference reached a significant level only for the dominant legs (p < 0.001). While the tibial slopes of the dominant and non-dominant legs were not different on uninjured players (p > 0.05), a higher tibial slope was observed in dominant legs of injured players (p < 0.05). Higher tibial slope on injured soccer players compared to the uninjured ones supports the idea that the tibial slope degree might be an important risk factor for ACL injury.

Sammanfattning Syfte och frågeställningar: Syftet med undersökningen var att ta ett första steg mot att skapa ett testbatteri, som objektivt kan mäta fotbollspelares tekniska prestationsförmåga med boll, samt konstruera en rad övningar som innefattar viktiga fotbolls-specifika tekniker och testa dessa övningars reliabilitet genom ”test-retest”. Syftet med studien var också att göra en jämförelse i prestation mellan varje spelares dominanta och icke-dominanta fot, från tillslagsövningar där båda fötterna används. Metod: Tolv herrjuniorer (16-19 år) och sju damjuniorer (15-17 år) på elitnivå genomförde ett testbatteri bestående av totalt 21 övningar för mätning av de fotbollsspecifika teknikerna nick, mottagning, driva med boll samt tillslag. Åtta av männen (16-19 år) återgenomförde testbatteriet för utvärdering av testbatteriets reliabilitet. Korrelationen mellan vardera övningens testresultat från den första testomgången (test) och den andra testomgången (retest) bestämdes genom användandet av Pearsons korrelationskoefficienter (r). Skillnader i kvantifierad prestation mellan dominant och icke-dominant fot beräknades med hjälp av ett beroende t-test. Resultat: Fem av övningarna genererade signifikanta korrelationer mellan resultaten från de båda testomgångarna. Dessa övningar var: precisionsskott på stillaliggande boll med dominant fot (r=0,949), skotthastighet med dominant fot (r=0,734), mottagning med bröstkorgen av boll levererad i luften (r=0,743), samt övningarna rak sprint utan boll och rak sprint med boll där kvoten mellan de två sistnämnda övningarna visade på signifikant korrelation (r=0,805). I båda grupperna förelåg en signifikant skillnad i prestation mellan dominant och icke-dominant fot i övningarna; skotthastighet, långpass på marken samt upprepade tillslag. Herrjuniorerna uppvisade dessutom en signifikant skillnad i prestation i övningen skottprecision på studsande boll. Slutsats: Det ringa deltagareantalet gör att resultaten i studien bör tolkas med försiktighet. Studien visa dock att en objektiv utvärdering av flera fotbollsspecifika tekniker är möjlig och några av övningarna visade hög korrelation mellan test och retest. Då resultaten i vissa avseenden pekar på signifikanta skillnader i prestation mellan dominant och icke-dominant fot anser författarna att båda fötterna bör testas i utvärderingar av en spelares tekniska förmåga. Abstract Aim: The aim of the study was to create and evaluate a test battery, which in an objective way could measure a group of soccer players’ technical performance, and further, to create a series of exercises, which incorporate important soccer-specific techniques, and test the exercises for reliability through “test-retest”. The aim of the study was also to make a comparison between dominant leg and non-dominant leg in exercises where both feet were being used. Method: Twelve male elite junior players (age 16-19) and seven women junior players (age 15-17) underwent a test battery consisting of a total of 21 exercises to measure the soccer-specific techniques of heading, controlling, running with the ball, and touch of the ball. Eight of the men (age 16-19) underwent the test battery again in order to evaluate the reliability of the test battery (”retest”). The correlation between each exercise’s test result from the first test session (”test”) and the second test session (“retest”) was determined by the use of Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r). The differences in quantified performance between dominant leg and second best foot non-dominant leg were calculated by the use of a paired t-test. Results: Five of the exercises showed significant correlation between the results from the two test sessions. These exercises were: dead ball precisionshot using best foot (r=0,949), shotspeed using best foot (r=0,734), controlling airborne ball with chest (r=0,743) and the exercises straight forward sprint without the ball and straight forward sprint with the ball from which the ratio between the two last mentioned exercises showed significant correlation (r=0,805). In both groups there were a significant difference in performance between best and second-best foot in the exercises of; shooting speed, ground long passing, and repeated touches. In addition, the male juniors showed a significant difference in performance in the exercise of shooting precision on bouncing ball. Conclusions: The low number of participants leads to the notion that the results of the study should be interpreted with precaution. The study however shows that an objective evaluation of several soccer-specific techniques is possible and that a couple of the exercises showed high correlation between ”test” and ”retest”. Since the results in some aspects point towards significant differences in performance between second-best foot and best foot, the authors’ opinion is that both feet should be tested in an evaluation of a soccer player’s technical ability.

This study aims to define existence of differences in the size of effects of development of peak torque of knee extensor and flexor of a dominant leg between two groups which implemented isokinetic training with different angular speed. 45 female students were divided into three groups, two experimental and one control group. Maximum strength of dynamic knee stabilizers was tested on an isokinetic apparatus (Biodex 3) with angular speed of 60°/s and 180°/s. The first group conducted an additional isokinetic training of a dominant leg with angular speed of 60°/s, while the second group conducted the same training with angular speed of 180°/s in the period of four weeks. Obtained results lead to the conclusion that a concentric isokinetic training with angular speed of 60°/s produced greater effects (absolutely and relatively expressed) on development of maximum strength of dynamic knee stabilizers then an isokinetic training conducted with angular speed of 180°/s in testing with both angular speeds

Balance tests are used to identification of injury and awareness of the effect of rehabilitation. So;this study was performed to establish balance norm of guidance level of Guilan Province. 400male student of guidance level of Guilan Province (age: 13.08±0.97 years old; height: 157±10cm; and mass: 49.81±14.23 kg) were selected cluster random sampling and star excursionbalance and strock stand tests were performed on dominant and non-dominant legs. Descriptivestatistics were used to establish the norms. Finally; balance norm in dominant and non-dominantleg for each of the three levels were established.