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Lithomargic clay is generally found below the lateritic soil along the coastal belt of Karnataka. It is rich in silt content and dispersive in nature. This type of soil is liable to erosion and landslides. The lithomargic clay is largely found in the western coast of South India. At present, coastal belt of Udupi district is witnessing a lot of developments in terms of industry, infrastructures, and other activities. Lithomargic clay is a type of problematic soil, which needs a thorough study to make it suitable to sustain any engineering structure such as buildings, pavements, railways, dams. A characterization and mineralogical study is conducted to identify the presence of minerals and compounds for the various soil samples collected along the coastal belt of Udupi regions using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The primary minerals observed in majority of the regions are quartz, feldspar such as orthoclase, muscovite, and the secondary minerals formed by the decomposition and chemical alteration of primary minerals include sheet minerals such as kaolinite, halloysite, dickite, gibbsite, and illite in high proportions. The study also shows the presence of iron compounds such as fayalite, goethite, and siderite. The majority of the elements observed are oxygen, silicates, aluminum, potassium, and iron which confirms the presence of the compounds identified through XRD analysis.

CTCS-3 wireless communication timeout failure is a key and difficult problem of CTCS-3 level column control system, timeout problem caused by SIM card has not found a specific cause, focus on SIM card surface morphology (SEM) analysis, analysis composition (EDS) and the study of the working condition of the SIM during the operation of the equipment, through the detection of the existence of non-conductive particles on the surface of the SIM card, and It was found that the problem of the presence of non-conductive particles on the surface of the SIM card causes the radio to not recognize the card and leads to to the wireless timeout.

Cherry is a stone fruit crop that is valued for its early fruiting, productivity, and high taste and diet properties. The researches in the sphere of compatible scion-stock combinations selection of cherry crops with high winter hardiness and fruits quality were held in Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution All-Russian Horticultural Institute for Breeding, Agrotechnology, and Nursery (FSBSI ARHIBAN) for these crops introduction in industrial gardening of the Central region of Russia. The mineral composition of four cherry cultivars of FSBSI ARHIBAN selection (Apuсhtinskaya, Rusinka, Volochaevka, and Molodezhnaya) grown on rooted and grafted plants (stocks AVCH-2, Izmaylovskiy, and Moskoviya) was studied for the first time. The influence of scion-stock combinations on 11 elements (Na, P, K, Mn, Fe. Mg, Ca. Co, Zn, Se, Mo) accumulation in the fruits was determined. The greatest proportion of mineral substances in cherry fruits belongs to K. Depending on the scion-stock combination its amount is varied from 13.89 mass % (Apuсhtinskaya/Moskoviya) to 30.52 mass % (Molodezhnaya/Izmaylovskiy). For all cultivars fruits, the amount of K is 1.1 – 1.3 times higher on stock Izmaylovskiy than on rooted plants. The variation coefficient of K is low (V %) 1.37 – 6.91 for the majority of scion-stock combinations that indicate the stable entry of this element inside the fruit. The most content of all the elements under study was found in the fruits ash of Rusinka, Molodezhnaya, and Volochaevka on stock Izmaylovskiy that indicates the stable physiological state of the plants on these stocks. Results show that the cherry fruits analyzed could be an alternative to the supplementing of a mineral diet.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cyclic fatigue resistance of Dia-X, WaveOne Gold and One Curve files in a water bath at intracanal temperature (35°C). Thirty-nine instruments Dia-X, WaveOne Gold, and One Curve systems (n = 13) were tested in an artificial canal with a curvature angle of 60° and a radius of 3 mm. A water bath setup at a temperature of 35°C was used to simulate the intracanal temperature and time to fracture (TTF) as seconds was recorded. The mean data were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA, and post hoc Tukey test (p =.05). The fractured surface of the instruments was examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chemical composition of the instruments were investigated with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Statistically significant differences were detected in TTF values of all the systems as follows: One Curve > WaveOne Gold > Dia-X (p

The present study investigates the preference index of natural fibers such as sisal, coir, and rice straw fibers in stone matrix asphalt mixtures (SMA), using waste marble as filler. Waste marble was used as the filler in asphalt mixtures and was crushed by abrasion machine and sieved according to SMA filler requirements. The SEM topography and EDS analysis of sisal, coir, and rice straw fibers were also carried out. The Marshall test was conducted, which is the most acceptable, cost-effective, and widely adopted method to estimate the optimum bitumen and to examine several Marshall Measures, such as flow value, voids filled with bitumen (VFB), stability, voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), and air voids (VA). Furthermore, tests were performed on the specimen with the optimum amount of bitumen, different percentages of fibers, and waste marble as filler to calculate drain down, moister sensitivity, and Marshall Stability. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques were implemented to obtain subjective and objective weights, which were further used to compute the values of the preference index of natural fiber contents. The outcomes revealed favorable results for the usage of marble dust as filler in Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA). In addition, the preference index upshots are inclined toward the usage of rice straw over coir followed by sisal fiber. It was observed that the value of the preference index in rice straw at 0.3 varied from 0.918, 0.925, and 0.931 in rice straw using equal, objective, and subjective weights, respectively. The maximum drain down value observed is 0.335 based on ASTM-D 6390 and IRC-SP-79 are against 0.3 percent natural fiber. Moreover, as per the prescribed limit of MoRTH, because of the thin film around aggregates, moisture susceptibility characteristics, i.e., better resistance to moisture, were enhanced by more than 80%.

This article is devoted to the characterization of a new Co-W-Al alloy prepared by an aluminothermic reaction. This alloy is used for the subsequent preparation of a special composite nanopowder and for the surface coating of aluminum, magnesium, or iron alloys. Due to the very high temperature (2000 °C–3000 °C) required for the reaction, thermite was added to the mixture. Pulverized coal was also added in order to obtain the appropriate metal carbides (Co, W, Ti), which increase hardness, resistance to abrasion, and the corrosion of the coating and have good high temperature properties. The phase composition of the alloy prepared by the aluminothermic reaction showed mainly cobalt, tungsten, and aluminum, as well as small amounts of iron, titanium, and calcium. No carbon was identified using this method. The microstructure of this alloy is characterized by a cobalt matrix with smaller regular and irregular carbide particles doped by aluminum.

In recent years, biodegradable materials have included magnesium alloys with homogenous disintegration and a controllable degradation rate. Utilized in medical applications, biodegradable materials based on magnesium have been widely explored throughout the years. It is well-known that alloying Mg with biocompatible and non-toxic elements increases the biodegradability of surgical alloys. The purpose of this study was to examine the microstructure and the electrochemical response (corrosion resistance) of a new experimental Mg-based biodegradable alloy—Mg–0.5%Ca with additions of Zn as follows: 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 wt.% in order to control the corrosion rate. Immersion tests were performed for different periods in a simulated body fluid electrolyte solution at 37 °C, and the mass loss was appreciated in order to calculate the corrosion rate (CR). The investigation led to the discovery of a dendritic Mg solid solution, a lamellar Mg2Ca compound, and a MgZn2 intermetallic phase. Scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy were used for surface analysis after the immersion and electro-corrosion resistance tests. The metallic and ceramic compounds that detached themselves from the sample and passed into the solution were evaluated using the SEM-EDS system. All samples presented a generalized electro-corrosion with anodic and cathodic reactions of similar intensity. The corrosion rate was similar regardless of the percentage of zinc, with a smaller value for a higher than 3 wt.% Zn percentage based on the more protective zinc oxide that appeared on the surface.

In the automotive environment, the need to increase the performance of materials requires extra engineering efforts. The possibility of developing new materials is strategically important. Indeed, alternative solutions in terms of material choice allow designers to optimise their projects and keep competitive production costs. Traditional quenched and tempered steels are usually used for highly stressed components, and possible alternatives could be important competitive opportunities. One possible substitute is using bainitic steels to exploit their economic advantages while maintaining acceptable mechanical performances. This paper explores the fatigue life behaviour of a new low-carbon bainitic steel for applications requiring case hardening treatment obtained by the nitriding process. A high-cycle fatigue (HCF) strength assessment is conducted through a test campaign to compare treated and untreated material. The improvement in fatigue strength is evaluated as well as the study of fracture surfaces, residual stress, and microhardness profiles to assess in detail the effectiveness of the nitriding process. It is found that the nitriding leads to an improvement in fatigue life but not as much as expected because of the low ductile behaviour of this steel, the high speed of stress application added, and the embrittlement of the nitriding treatment, as confirmed through fracture surface analysis.

High-current pulsed electron-beam (HCPEB) surface modification of Al-Co-Cr-Fe-Ni high-entropy alloy (wt. %) Al—15.64; Co—7.78; Cr—8.87; Fe—22.31; Ni—44.57, fabricated via wire-arc additive manufacturing was studied. The initial condition of the sample is characterized by a highly inhomogeneous distribution of the chemical elements that form the alloy. The alloy samples were irradiated with the different electron beam energy densities of 10, 20 and 30 J/cm2. The surface structure was then analyzed in relation to an energy deposition mode. The study has established that HCPEB induces a high-speed crystallization structure with cells varying in size from 100 to 200 nm. There are nano-dimensional (15–30 nm) second-phase inclusions enriched with atoms of Cr and Fe along the grain boundaries. The most liquating elements are Cr and Al. Electron beam surface modification of the high-entropy alloy induces its homogenization. The study has highlighted that the mode of 20 J/cm2, 50 µs, 3 pulses, 0.3 s−1 results in the formation of a surface layer with the most homogenously distributed chemical elements.

The application of thin monolayers helps to increase the endurance of a cutting tool during the drilling process. One such trendy coating is TiAlN, which guarantees high wear resistance and helps to “smooth out” surface defects. For this reason, a new type of weak TiAlN microlayer with a new composition has been developed and applied using the HIPIMs magnetron sputtering method. The aim of this study was to analyze surface-applied micro coatings, including chemical composition (EDX) and microstructure in the area of the coatings. Microstructural characterization and visualization of the surface structures of the TiAlN layer were performed using atomic force microscopy. To study the surface layer of the coatings, metallographic cross-sectional samples were prepared and monitored using light and electron microscopy methods. The microhardness of the test layer was also determined. Analyses have shown that a 2-to-4-micron thick monolayer has a microhardness of about 2500 HV, which can help increase the life of cutting tools.

Innovative textile materials can be obtained by depositing different coatings. To improve the thermal properties of textiles, aluminum and zirconium (IV) oxides were deposited on the Nomex® fabric, basalt fabric, and cotton fabric with flame-retardant finishing using the magnetron sputtering method. An assessment of coating quality was conducted. Evenly coated fabric ensures that there are no places on the sample surface where the values of thermal parameters such as resistance to contact heat and radiant heat deviate significantly from the specified ones. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy was used for the analysis of modified fabric surfaces. Non-contact digital color imaging system DigiEye was also used. The criterion allowing one to compare surfaces and find which surface is more evenly coated was proposed. The best fabrics from the point of view of coating quality were basalt and cotton fabrics coated with aluminum as well as basalt fabric coated with zirconia. The probability of occurrence of places on the indicated sample surfaces where the values of thermal parameters (i.e., resistance to contact heat and radiant heat) deviated significantly from the specified ones was smaller for Nomex® and cotton fabrics coated with zirconia and Nomex® fabric coated with aluminum.

This study investigated the interface morphology, microstructure composition and connection strength of 7A52 aluminum alloy-Al2O3 ceramic brazed joints under heat treatment conditions. Alumina ceramics were first treated with electroless nickel plating, followed by vacuum heat treatment at different temperatures. Then an Al-Si-Mg intermediate layer was placed between the treated alumina ceramic and 7A52 aluminum alloy for brazing under the conditions of welding temperature 590, holding time 1h, pressure 2 MPa. Results showed that when heat treatment was performed at 350°C and below, the nickel-plated metal had an amorphous structure, and when performed at 400°C, the nickel-plated layer had a crystalline structure and the brittle phase Ni3P was precipitated. When the heat treatment temperature was 350°C, the joint shear strength reached the maximum, which was 68.7 MPa.

Med keramiko uvrščamo anorganske materiale, ki niso kovine ali zlitine ter jih pripravimo z žganjem pri visoki temperaturi. Keramični materiali imajo raznovrstne strukture. Osnovni strukturni podatki, ki jih moramo določiti, če želimo opisati zgradbo kristala so parametri osnovne celice, vrsta in koordinate atomov v asimetrični enoti ter prostorska skupina. Pogosto se določi tudi parametre odmika atomov, včasih pa se mora preučiti tudi zasedenost njihovih leg. Pri določevanju strukture si lahko pomagamo tudi s strukturnimi modeli. V okviru diplomskega dela smo s pomočjo predhodnih meritev na osnovi pred leti pripravljenega produkta, izvedli okvirno strukturno karakterizacijo galij-stroncijevega titanata(IV). Kvalitativno rentgensko praškovno analizo na osnovi izmerjenega praškovnega difraktograma smo opravili z računalniškim programom Crystallographica Search Match-CSM. S programom ICSD-Desktop smo v podatkovni zbirki kristalnih struktur ICSD poiskali strukturne podatke za reaktante, ki so bili uporabljeni pri sintezi produkta, in za aluminij-stroncijev titanat(IV), ki je služil kot strukturni model. S programom TOPAS 2.1 smo izvedli Rietveldovo prilagajanje, s pomočjo katerega smo izračunali masni delež kristalnih faz v kristaliničnem vzorcu in določili približno kristalno strukturo galij-stroncijevega titanata(IV), ki smo jo narisali s programom Mercury. V okviru diplomskega dela smo potrdili, da je struktura aluminij-stroncijevega titanata(IV) primeren strukturni model za določitev kristalne strukture galij-stroncijevega titanata(IV). Struktura produkta ima tako kot strukturni model monoklinsko prostorsko skupino C2/c in zelo podobno, vendar nekoliko večjo osnovno celico, kar je v skladu s tem, da imajo galijevi(3+) ioni nekoliko večji ionski radij od aluminijevih(3+). Ceramics include inorganic materials that are not metals or alloys and they are synthesized by heating at high temperature. Ceramic materials have a variety of different structures. The basic structural data that we need to determine if we want to describe the structure of a crystal are the unit cell parameters, the type and coordinates of the atoms in the asymmetric unit, and the space group. The displacement parameters of the atoms may be determined and sometimes also their positions occupancy. Structural models can also be used to determine the structure of the product. As part of this work, we performed approximate structural characterization of gallium- strontium titanate (IV), with the application of the preliminary measurements, based on the the years ago prepared product. Qualitative X-ray powder analysis, based on the measured powder diffractogram, was performed with the computer program Crystallographica Search Match-CSM. Using the ICSD-Desktop program, we searched through the ICSD crystal structure database for the structural data of the reactants used in the product synthesis and for aluminum-strontium titanate (IV), which served as a structural model. Using the TOPAS 2.1 program, we performed the Rietveld-refinement, which was used to calculate the mass fraction of the crystalline phases in the crystalline part of the sample and to determine the approximate crystal structure of gallium-strontium titanate (IV), drawn with the Mercury program. As part of this work, we confirmed that the structure of aluminum-strontium titanate (IV) is a suitable structural model for determining the crystal structure of gallium-strontium titanate (IV). The structure of the product, like the structural model, shows a monoclinic space group C2 / c and a very similar, however slightly larger unit cell, which is consistent with the slightly larger gallium(III) ionic radius than for aluminum(III).

Herein the deposition and characterization of CuO films with various doping concentrations of boron through the application of the SILAR method are performed. Structural, morphological, and optical properties of the films are determined by SEM with EDS, XRD, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. EDS analysis proved the boron contributions in the films. SEM images showed that boron-doping has a decreasing effect on particle size i.e. the thickness and the length of the nanostructures decreased from 45 to 30 and from 224 to 150 nm, respectively. XRD analyses demonstrated that the crystallite size of the films increased from 12.9 to 15.9 nm with increasing boron concentration which is evidence for increased crystallinity. UV/Vis spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that band gap energy value effectively decreased by boron doping.

Sprayed fiber-reinforced concrete is used in construction for the execution and repair of reinforced concrete elements. It is believed that the addition of steel fibers is most effective, due to their parameters and low costs. Some researchers, however, suggest that the addition of steel fibers can contribute to the initiation of corrosion of the main reinforcement. In consideration of the differences of opinion on the corrosion resistance of sprayed fiber-reinforced concrete, it has become necessary to analyze this issue. The article presents comparative studies of corrosion assessments of the main reinforcement in specimens made of ordinary concrete and concrete with steel fibers. The tests were performed using a semi non-destructive galvanostatic pulse method, which allows location of the areas of corrosion and estimation of the reinforcement corrosion activity. In order to initiate the corrosion processes the specimens were subjected to freezing cycles in NaCl solution. In addition, the shrinkage and compressive strength of specimens were measured, and the observation of specimen structure under a scanning microscope was performed. It was found that galvanostatic pulse method allowed estimation of the reinforcement corrosion progress. The corrosion of the main reinforcement in steel fiber reinforced concrete specimens was less advanced than in the specimens without fibers.

V magistrskem delu so v teoretičnem in praktičnem smislu opredeljeni in opisani postopki, s katerimi se v orodnem jeklu X40CrMoV5-1 (W.Nr.: 1.2344) za delo v vročem pri strjevanju izločajo karbidi. Vzorci, katere smo preiskovali, so bili odvzeti iz dveh ingotov, ki sta bila dokončno obdelana s kovanjem. Pri enem ingotu je sledila visokotemperaturna homogenizacija, medtem ko drugi ingot ni bil homogeniziran. Osredotočili smo se predvsem na primarne karbide in sicer na parametre, ki vplivajo na njihovo nastajanje. V okviru eksperimentalnega dela smo najprej opravili izračune s pomočjo programske opreme Thermocalc, s čemer smo dobili podlage o predvideni konstituciji jekla, kasneje pa smo s svetlobno mikroskopsko in elektronsko-optično analizo glede na obliko in kemijsko sestavo ugotavljali vrsto karbidov. Prav tako pa smo z analizo EDS in rentgensko analizo kasneje natančno opredelili še tipe karbidov in sicer glede na kemijsko sestavo oz. vsebnost elementov ter njihovo kristalno strukturo. In the master thesis are in theoretical and practical sense defined and described proceses by which in X40CrMoV5 – 1 (W.Nr.: 1.2344) hot work tool steel the carbides start to precipitate during solidification. Investigated specimens were taken from two ingots that were finally forged. First ingot was high temperature homogenized while the second was not. In the master thesis we focused especially on primary carbides and parameters that has an incluence on their precipitation. By experimental work we firstly made calculcations with Thermocalc program. This simulation gave us constitutial base to determine types of carbides that we discovered with scanning electron microscopy. We also used EDS and XRD to determine types of carbides in order to chemical composition and crystal structure.

Benthic foraminiferal assemblages from 19 superficial marine sediment samples of a coastal area in the Ligurian Sea were analysed for benthic foraminifera in order to recognize changes in assemblage composition and structure, decrease of faunal density, increased morphological abnormalities and inclusion of heavy metals in carbonate tests as possible evidences of environmental stress. Also grain size was determined as a main factor conditioning foraminifer’s distribution. The generalized low faunal density was considered as indicative of environmental stress, attributable to the well-known natural Cr and Ni enrichment, which characterizes marine sediments of the region. The cluster analysis highlighted distinct foraminiferal assemblages with decreasing species diversity approaching to the coast. This distribution was interpreted as the result of local source of environmental stress, probably due to the stream contribution. Deformed foraminifera more abundant than background levels of unstressed environments were also recorded in 39% of samples. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were carried out on carbonate tests of 55 specimens to investigate the role of the incorporation of heavy metals in the development of morphological abnormalities. Foraminifera showed the inclusion of heavy metals, not present in control specimens, indicating that environmental stress, due to metal sediment enrichment, plays a role in this phenomenon. Although anomalous elements were detected both in normal and deformed specimens and chambers, it was supposed that deformities develop as a result of the toxic effect of heavy metals on cytological activities because, contrarily to the normal specimens, all the deformed ones included anomalous elements. Higher occurrence of deformities in porcelaneous tests, typically enriched in Mg, is associated to the higher number of incorporated elements (Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn).

Visual appearance—colour and texture variation—of weathering steel was compared by testing weathering steel samples in aggressive and non-aggressive conditions, and cyclical changes of ambient temperature. This paper introduces a new method for determining visual appearance of weather-resistant steel in different environmental conditions. Weathering steel samples were tested in H2O, 3% NaCl and 3% Na2SO4 solutions under ambient temperature changing from +20°C to −20°C per day. The structure of steel surface viewed under optical microscope revealed corrosion products in all steel samples. X-ray diffraction analysis of corrosion products revealed the presence of oxy-hydroxides, such as lepidocrocite (ɣ-FeO (OH)), goethite (α-FeO(OH)) and magnetite (Fe3O4) in different environment. Optical microscopy images of corroded surfaces had different visual appearance and orange, yellow, sandy, black or anthracite colours, which indicate that the corrosion products primarily contain lepidocrocite (ɣ-FeO(OH)), goethite (α-FeO(OH)) and magnetite (Fe3O4). EDS analysis revealed that the rust of samples kept in 3% NaCl solution had the highest amount of iron ions.

Electroless deposit Ni–P/SiO2 composite coating was performed on the steel substrate, DIN EN 10130. The preparation of nickel coating included two main steps. In the first step, the fraction of SiO2 particles sized the tens of nanometres was obtained by sedimentation. In the second step, the composite coating was plated on the steel substrate. The actual deposition process contains the deposition of plain Ni-P interlayer which served as the nucleation center for the deposition of Ni-P/SiO2 composite coating with co-deposited SiO2 particles. The morphology of deposited composite coating was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Amount of individual elements in deposited coatings was determinated by EDS analysis. The microhardness of deposited composite coating was subsequently compared with microhardness value of the plain Ni–P coating. Chemické vklad Ni – P/SiO2 kompozitní povlak byla provedena na ocelových podložek DIN EN 10130. Příprava niklování zahrnuty dva hlavní kroky. V prvním kroku, zlomek SiO2 částic velikosti desítek nanometrů byl získán sedimentací. V druhém kroku byl pozlacený kompozitní povlak na ocelový podklad. Skutečné povlakováním obsahuje depozice obyčejný Ni-P mezivrstva, která sloužila jako nukleační centra pro depozici Ni-P/SiO2 kompozitní povlak co uložených částicemi SiO2. Morfologie uložených kompozitní povlak byl studován Řádkovací elektronový mikroskop (SEM). Množství jednotlivých prvků v uložených nátěry byl určen analýzy EDS. Mikrotvrdost uložených kompozitní povlak byl následně porovnány s hodnotou mikrotvrdost běžný povlak Ni – P.

Electroless low-phosphorus Ni–P coating was deposited on a wrought ZE10 magnesium alloy including an advanced pre-treatment of the material surface before deposition. Uniform Ni–P coating with an average thickness of 10 µm was formed by 95.6 wt % Ni and 4.4 wt % P. The content of Ni and P was homogeneous in the entire cross-section of the coating. Applying the Ni–P coating to the magnesium substrate, the surface microhardness increased from 60 ± 4 HV 0.025 to 690 ± 30 HV 0.025. Using the scratch test, it was determined that deposited Ni–P coating exhibits a high degree of adhesion to the magnesium substrate. Electrochemical corrosion properties of Ni–P coating were analyzed using the polarization tests in 0.1 M NaCl, while the deposited Ni–P coating showed an improvement of the corrosion resistance when compared to the ZE10 magnesium alloy. Using the scanning electron microscopy analysis, it was determined that the fine morphology of the deposited Ni–P coating did not contain visible microcavities. The absence of macrodefects due to the adequate pre-treatment before coating was reflected on the mechanism of the coated ZE10 degradation in a 0.1 M NaCl solution.

The aim of the study is to achieve fine microstructure of AZ91, due to the optimized heat treatment processes, which can be easily coated with a normal conversion process as phosphating. Determination of the influence of the AZ91 microstructure, mainly precipitates which are created using different cooling media during the heat treatment and definition of the best heat treatment process parameters are the main experimental sections of the work. The structure of the samples heat treated under different conditions was subsequently compared with the structure of the as cast state of AZ91. The morphology of the conversion coating was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and amount of individual elements in the deposited coating was determined by EDS analysis.

A peculiar type of edge discoloration defect on the surface of some galvanized fuel tank was observed, causing significant appearance problems. In the present study, the surface defect was characterized by visual inspection, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis to understand the source and mechanism of the defect. In the visual inspection, these peculiar surface appearances were observed in fuel tank at three distinct locations. The SEM examination exhibited two distinct regions on the surface apart from the normal galvanized surface: (1) galvannealed, (2) mixture of galvanized and galvannealed texture. The energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis of galvannealed region indicated enrichment of Zn and Al whereas in the region of galvanized majorly Zn was observed. Surface texture of galvannealed region showed majorly zeta crystals along with skin pass marks; whereas no such zeta crystals were observed in case of galvanized regions. Based on the preliminary results, the following hypothesis was made: Coil processed during galvanizing to galvannealing transition. Thickness and width changed to wider and thicker section, which resulted into lower line speed. Due to the lower Al content, lower speed and thicker section combination resulted in formation of partial GA in the coil owing to the internal heat content of the coil. This paper presents the results of the investigation.

Conventional FE-SEM protocol for calcified aortic valves (CAVs) consist of following steps: glutaraldehyde fixation, OsO4 post-fixation, dehydration in alcohol series, critical point drying and finally sputter coating. CAVs can be observed in their native state (fixed in glutaraldehyde with and without post-fixation in OsO4) by Variable Pressure-SEM (range 6- 650 Pa). Gas presence allows an inferior resolution (low signal to noise ratio), however there is the possibility to perform EDS elemental analysis without background noise due to sputter coating. Recently Ionic liquids (IL, salts in the liquid state at room temperature) were used as suppliers of electronic conductivity with insulating properties, so we have tested their ability to replace sputter coating on CAVs in high vacuum condition. Samples fixed in glutharaldehyde 2,5% in PBS with and without OsO4 post-fixation treated with ionic liquid (Hitachi HILEM® IL 1000) were compared with samples treated with conventional FE-SEM procedures. Several IL concentration (range from 5% to 20%) were tested, different operating voltages (range from 3 to 20Kv) were used. This novel technology requires a high degree of customization for each sample type. In our opinion fixation in glutaraldehyde with OsO4 post-fixation is recommended to preserve finest details, moreover residual liquid elimination is important to increase resolution and avoid beam interference as linear markings. Setting of a proper accelerating voltage allows to correctly visualize the surface topography. Processing CAVs with IL with respect to conventional FE-SEM is useful for several reasons. Mainly this method is time saving (and cost saving), secondary the same sample can be processed for transmission electron microscopy after SEM observations (allowing correlative microscopy), finally EDS can be performed without background noise due to sputter coating. Perhaps now this technique can not completely replaces the conventional SEM in terms of resolution but in our opinion rapid technical improvement can further reduce this gap., Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology, Vol. 122, No. 1 (Supplement) 2017

The study was carried out in order to estimate reliability of EDS analysis for identification of various naturaland anthropogenic metal-bearing phases in polished and rough particle samples of stream sediments. For thispurpose, the accuracy and precision of EDS analysis were assessed. Results of the precision measurements showedthat the overall relative standard deviation of EDS measurements was 8 % for polished samples and 24 % for roughparticle samples and was within acceptable limits for most of major elements and some of the elements present inminor or trace contents in the analysed metal-bearing phases. The random analytical fluctuations were considerednegligible and phase compositions could be determined with sufficient reliability in individual grains of each phase.The overall average relative error for all elements amounted to about 12 %, which was within acceptable limits foraccuracy in EDS analysis of polished samples. Chemical formulae and identification of mineral species of metalbearingphases were thus calculated from atomic ratios between constituent elements with sufficient accuracy. Acomparison between EDS measurements in polished and rough particle samples using the Welch’s t-test showedthat about 38 % of studied metal-bearing phases could be identified with sufficient reliability by EDS analysis ofrough particle samples. The results of this study demonstrated that elemental composition of metal-bearing phasesin polished and rough particle samples was mostly determined with sufficient precision and accuracy using EDSanalyses.

This paper presents research results on distribution of trace elements in the composition of aluminium oxide ceramic (Al2O3). Deviations in the form of different coloration on the surface of the aluminium oxide ceramic were observed during the production process after sintering. It is assumed that this is related to variations in distribution of trace elements. During research a scanning electron microscope, equipped with EDS detector, was used. Line and mapping analysis were carried out to determine the distribution of trace elements. Conducted analysis showed no inhomogeneities in the distribution of any element that could be related with the observed contaminations in the aluminium oxide ceramic.

The composition of the well-preserved fusion crust of the meteorite Jesenice was characterised by means of optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM investigations revealed three structurally distinct layers within the crust. The features of the first layer on the surface are precipitates, enriched in metal elements (iron, nickel), and the partial melting of silicate grains, which continues deeper into the second layer. The second layer beneath has veins with a heterogeneous composition that indicates a different source of melting minerals. The third layer, which is located deeper within the fusion crust, has not undergone any structural changes and its features are similar to the interior of the meteorite. This is additionally confirmed by the presence of cracks, which are a consequence of shock metamorphism, and irregularly shaped metal and sulphide grains. The structural changes of the thin fusion crust on the surface of this stony meteorite indicate high temperatures (more than 1500 °C) accompanied by high pressures.

With the intention of producing a metal composite consisting of Ag nanoparticles embedded in patterned polystyrene, silver triphenylphosphine nitrate, Ag(PPh3)3NO3, was chosen as a source of Ag metal as it is soluble in toluene to form a blend with polystyrene, a well-known negative tone e-beam resist. At a constant e-beam dosage of 150 ?C cm-2, the patterns were produced at 5, 10, and 30 keV beam energies while varying the dwell time at a location (pixel) and the number of passes. The presence of Ag in the patterned regions was confirmed by the EDS analysis. TEM showed the formation of small Ag nanoparticles in the embedded matrix of the polymer. The reduction of Ag precursor following exposure to the e beam was monitored by XPS. UV-vis absorption studies showed a broad peak at 464 nm, typical of surface plasmon absorption by Ag nanoparticles. Confocal fluorescence studies showed the embedded Ag nanoparticles in the carbon matrix to have fluorescence property as well. C-AFM measurements have shown that the patterned blend is well conducting due to the interacting Ag nanoparticles, the resistance being two orders less compared to that of polystyrene itself. The higher the beam energy, the lower was the dwell time required to attain a conducting pattern. � 2009 American Chemical Society.

This paper presents the results of identifying phases in the microstructure of aluminum piston alloys with different chemical composition. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the microstructure of the samples and EDS analysis was used to identify the composition of the phases. The phase stoichiometry was identified by comparing the results of EDS analysis with the results reported in the studied literature. The results show that different intermetallic phases can appear depending on the chemical composition of the microstructure of aluminum piston alloys.

EDS analysis of constituent minerals of nefelitic basanite from locality Konrádovce lava stream of ceric basalt formation of upper Phocene-Pleistocene age was carried out using the electron microscope JEOL JSM-840 and the energy-dispersive microanalyser KEVEX DELTA+ with MIRROR QUANTEX+ software.Based on the results of EDS microanalysis, the primary rock can be, from the petrographic point of view, described as nefelitic basanite. The following substances were determined in the primer matter and porfiric phenocrysts:- isometric grainsof pyroxene-augite (point A1),- grainsof nepheline-kalsite (point A2),- cryptocrystallic glassy matter (point A3),- grainsof olivine (point A4),- microlite of basic plagioclase (point A5).The energy-dispersive analysis is fast and full spectrum is taken at the same time. In common, a required time is less than one minute. Results of the measurement donot depend significantly on the topography of sample and it is also possible to analyze a rough surface which makes easier the preparation of samples. A very important aspect of the mentioned method is the precision of obtained results in order to identify the chemical composition of analyzed point which, in a subsequent step, allows to determine the type of mineral. EDS is a convenient and powerful supplement of microscopic studies which are, sometime, unable to distinguish exactly the complete composition of the analyzed rocks.

Jeklarska industrija danes predstavlja glavno gonilo svetovnega gospodarstva. Proizvodnja jekla se iz leta v leto povečuje. Jekleni izdelki in polizdelki se uporabljajo v različnih panogah gospodarstva kot so gradbeništvo, avtomobilska industrija, zdravstvo in še drugje. Kupci želijo jeklo najvišje kakovosti, zato je pri proizvodnji jekla pomembno, da jekleni izdelki ne vsebujejo nekovinskih vključkov, da nimajo površinskih napak, da jekla niso porozna ter da imajo ustrezno kemično sestavo. Nekovinski vključki v jeklu lahko vplivajo na njegove mehanske lastnosti, zato se proizvajalci jekla trudijo, da bi v svoje tehnološke procese izboljšali tako, da bi čim bolj zmanjšali ali celo odpravili nekovinske vključke, ki se pojavljajo predvsem na površini jekla. Pri odkrivanju sestave vključkov proizvajalci jekla uporabljajo različne metode. Ena izmed možnih je tudi Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), ki omogoča preiskavo površin različnih materialov. Za analizo vzorca služi energijsko disperzijski spekter rentgenskih žarkov (EDS), nastalih pri obsevanju vzorca. Z raziskavami v okviru diplomske naloge smo preverili uporabnost EDS analize za ugotavljanje sestave vključkov ter izdelali sistem za določanje mesta nastajanja vključkov. In today's world steel industry is one of the main forces that run global economy. The production of steel is increasing every year. Steel products and intermediate products are used in many different industries, such as construction industry, automotive industry, healthcare, and others. Costumers seek for the most high quality steel available. That's why it's very important that steel products don't contain non-metallic inclusions, don't have surface defects, that the steel is not porous and that it has appropriate chemical composition. Non-metallic inclusions can affect steel's mechanical features. This is the reason why steel manufactures are trying their best to improve their technological process in a way that would decrease or even eliminate non-metallic inclusions on the steel's surface. At determining the chemical composition of non-metallic steel inclusions, different manufacturers use different methods. One of the possible methods is Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), which enables one to analyze surface of different materials. For analyzing a sample, one uses energy dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDS) that is created while radiating the sample. The purpose of this thesis was to determine the use value of EDS analysis for detecting chemical composition of inclusions, and to develop a system for determination of the place where those inclusions appear.

International audience; This article presents the results of an experimental study on the Ti17 titanium alloy, which was carried out to analyze tool wear and the degradation mechanisms of an uncoated tungsten carbide tool insert. Two machining conditions, roughing and finishing, have been studied under different lubrication conditions. The experimental procedure included measurement of the cutting forces and the surface roughness. Different techniques have been used to explain the tool wear mechanisms. Distribution maps of the elemental composition of the titanium alloy and the tool inserts have been created using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). An area of material deposition on the tool rake face, characterized by a high titanium concentration has been observed. The width of this area and the concentration of titanium, decrease when increasing water jet pressure. The study shows that wear mechanisms, with and without high-pressure water jet assistance (HPWJA) are not the same. For example, for the roughing condition using conventional lubrication, the temperature in the cutting area becomes very high, this causes plastic deformation of the cutting edge which results in its rapid collapse. By contrast, this problem disappears when machining with HPWJA. In addition, the evolution of flank wear (VB) is stabilized with high-pressure lubrication. In this case, the most critical degradation mode is due to notch wear (VBn) leading to the sudden rupture of the cutting edge.

The oldest surviving helmet from Estonia is a 13th-century kettlehat found near village of Kodasoo in northern Estonia. Three samples from different parts of the kettlehat were investigated in a metallographic study. The raw material of the Kodasoo kettlehat was a slag-rich iron of heterogeneous carbon content. It was improved by folding and forge-welding it at least three times, resulting in layered structure with more uniformly distributed carbon content.El casco más antiguo encontrado en Estonia es un «chapel de fer» del siglo XIII que proviene de cerca de la aldea de Kodasoo, en el Norte de Estonia. Tres muestras de diversas partes del casco fueron investigadas mediante un estudio metalográfico. El material original del casco de Kodasoo era un hierro de contenido de carbono heterogéneo y con abundantes inclusiones de escoria. Se intentó mejorar su calidad mediante forja, doblándolo y soldándolo a la calda por lo menos tres veces, dando como resultado una estructura estratificada, con el contenido de carbono distribuido más uniformemente.

WOS: 000279650900024, Ottoman mortar is the long-established binding material used for centuries and there are many historical buildings as evidence of its use by Ottomans in Erzurum (Eastern Turkey). The physico-chemical and microscopic properties of the Ottoman mortars in Erzurum have been studied in detail as part of an investigation of the mineral raw materials present in the territory of Turkey. For this purpose, SEM, XRD and EDS analyses of six main types of mortars were carried out showing the presence of organic fibers and calcite, quartz and muscovite minerals. The chemical analyses of the specimens showed that higher SiO(2) + Al(2)O(3) + Fe(2)O(3) contents yielded in higher values of hydraulicity and cementation indices. A significant result of this investigation was that mortars with higher hydraulicity and cementation indices had higher compressive strengths. Most probably this is the main reason why historical Ottoman buildings were resistant against serious earthquakes. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bu araştırma, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Kanipiisii ile İsparta şehir merkezi arasında yer alan 9 knflik yoldan toplanan Pinus nigra (çam) yapraklarındaki kurşun (Pb) konsantrasyonunun tespitine dayanmaktadır. Araştırma alam olarak, her birinde 10 ağaç olmak üzere 5 istasyon belirlenmiş ve bu istasyonlardan alınan yaprak örneklerinin JEOL JSM - 5600 Taramalı Elektron Mikroskobuna (SEM) bağlı EDS analiz cihazı ile analizleri yapılmıştır. Birinci istasyondan beşinci istasyona doğru araç sayısının artması, çam ağaçlarının egzos gazına maruz kalmaları yüzünden yaprakların enine kesitlerinde kurşun konsantrasyonunun arttığı tespit edilmiştir. The objective of this study was to determine lead (Pb) concentration of pine leaves collected from trees along a 9 km road between Süleyman Demirel University Campus and İsparta downtown. Five stations, 10 pine trees each, w ere' selected and sampled. The leaves were analysed by EDS analyzer which is connected to JEOL JSM - 5600 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) . From the first to the fifth station. by increasing of the vehicle number it has been determined that the lead density increased on the transverse sections of the leaves which have been affected by exhaust gas.

"Experimental evidence of an electrical and/or magnetic anisotropy was observed in the high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images of a decagonal quasicrystalline (DQC) phase of the Al-Cu-Co-Si system. X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectra indicated a composition of Al60Cu23Co15Si2 for this phase. The anisotropy was responsible for poor contrast quality in the HRTEM images along the periodic direction of this phase, whereas good image contrast was observed in the quasi-aperiodic ten-fold plane. Comparing these results to findings previously reported for the Al62Cu20Co15Si3DQC, we conclude that the observed anisotropy is strongly dependent on the selected chemical composition. After analyzing both the electrical and magnetic effects presented by a sample which is observed with an electron microscope, we conclude that the electrical properties of the DQC phase might be responsible for these observations."

Korišćenjem metoda optičke mikroskopije, kvantitativne optičke mikroskopije SEM i EDS analize izvršena su ispitivanja strukture, kao i analiza faznog i hemijskog sastava, kod trenjem zavarenih spojeva brzoreznog čelika Č 7680 sa ugljeničnim čelikom za poboljšanje Č 1730. By using the methods of optical microscopy, quantitative optical microscopy SEM and EDS analysis, the tests of structure were carried out, as well as the analysis of both phase and chemical composition, of joints welded by friction of the HSS steel M-2 with carbon steel for improving 1060.

Článek je přístupný po bezplatné registraci na webu vydavatele. The ability of mixed biomass (stems and leaves) of an invasive plant Reynoutria japonica to bind up Zn(II) ions has been studied. For modelling of kinetic data, pseudo-second-order model was used. The sorption equilibrium data were described by the Langmuir and Freundlich models; the processes were in concordance with obtained Langmuir and Freudlich isotherms. Both linear and non-linear models were suitable for data modelling. Maximal sorption capacity for Zn(II) was 8.97 mg/g (PAB 0.5). The sorption mechanism explained as ion exchange was described using EDS analyses. The binding groups of leaves and stems of R. japonica biomass were analyzed using FTIR method. For desorption of Zn(II) from R. japonica mixed biomass, 0.2M H2SO4 was successfully used. Web of Science 8 2 242 233

The main objective of this paper is to use the industrial waste such as bottom ash and Weld Slag (WS) as the partial replacement for fine aggregates in concrete. This paper presents the chemical analysis and strength properties of industrial solid waste such as bottom ash, weld slag 1 (WS 1) and weld slag 2 (WS 2). Their chemical compositions were identified by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis. The qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis of the bottom ash and weld slag was recognized by energy dispersive X-ray analysis and their morphology were studied by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The compressive strength of concrete with 10% replacement of fine aggregate to the industrial waste shows higher strength than the normal concrete and hence this industrial waste can be used as fine aggregate in concrete.