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The article is devoted to determining the content of environmental rehabilitation of radioactively contaminated territories as a component of environmental safety. The article carries out a theoretical and legal analysis of environmental security, examines the main doctrinal approaches to determining its content and main components. The article also provides the author’s definition of ecological rehabilitation of radioactively contaminated territories as a component of environmental safety, outlines the purpose and tasks of the specified process. The author determined that the key factor in the implementation of effective ecological rehabilitation of radioactively contaminated territories is the provision of the appropriate amount of funding. In turn, the amount of financing measures for the ecological improvement of radioactively contaminated territories depends on the priorities of the government of each state. In the case of limited financing of measures for the ecological rehabilitation of radioactively contaminated territories, the state government should develop a comprehensive strategy for the ecological rehabilitation of radioactively contaminated territories and objects. Provision of financing for the implementation of measures in the field of ecological rehabilitation of radioactively contaminated territories should be done in such a way as not to transfer the burden to future generations. Based on the analysis, it was concluded that there is a need to improve the current legislation of Ukraine in terms of the legal regulation of environmental rehabilitation of radioactively contaminated territories, namely, to enshrine at the legislative level the procedure for the formation and use of funds intended for the termination of activities of radioactively contaminated objects, the procedure for involving the public in activities in the field of remediation of radioactively contaminated territories, effective mechanisms of management and assessment of developed projects, since the current legislative framework of Ukraine, which regulates the issue of ecological remediation of radioactively contaminated territories in general, is absent. The norms contained in the laws are of a local nature: they apply only to the territories affected by the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant., Стаття присвячена визначенню змісту екологічного оздоровлення радіоактивно забруднених територій як складової екологічної безпеки. У статті здійснено теоретико-правовий аналіз поняття екологічної безпеки, досліджено основні доктринальні підходи до визначення його змісту та основних складових. Також у статті надано авторське визначення екологічного оздоровлення радіоактивно забруднених територій як складової екологічної безпеки, окреслено мету та завдання вказаного процесу. Авторкою було визначено, що ключовим фактором здійснення ефективного екологічного оздоровлення радіоактивно забруднених територій є забезпечення належного обсягу фінансування. У свою чергу обсяг фінансування заходів щодо екологічного оздоровлення радіоактивно забруднених територій залежить від пріоритетів уряду кожної держави. У разі обмеженого фінансування заходів щодо екологічного оздоровлення радіоактивно забруднених територій урядом держави повинна бути розроблена комплексна стратегія екологічного оздоровлення радіоактивно забруднених територій та об’єктів. Забезпечення фінансування на реалізацію заходів в сфері екологічного оздоровлення радіоактивно забруднених територій повинно відбуватись таким чином, щоб не перекладати тягар на наступні покоління. На основі проведеного аналізу було зроблено висновок про необхідність вдосконалення чинного законодавства України в частині правового регулювання екологічного оздоровлення радіоактивних забруднених територій, а саме закріпленню на законодавчому рівні порядку формування та використання коштів, призначених для припинення діяльності радіоактивно забруднених об’єктів, порядку залучення громадськості до заходів у сфері оздоровлення радіоактивно забруднених територій, ефективних механізмів управління та оцінки розроблених проєктів, оскільки чинна законодавча база України, що регулює питання екологічного оздоровлення радіоактивно забруднених територій в цілому, відсутня. Норми, які містяться в законах, носять локальний характер: вони стосуються лише територій, що постраждали внаслідок катастрофи на Чорнобильській атомній електростанції.

Las Repúblicas de Colombia y Perú comparten una larga frontera amazónica, lo que implica una gran cantidad de recursos naturales y la necesidad y responsabilidad de una gestión ambiental sostenible en la región; planteando desafíos y oportunidades en términos de regulación ambiental y coordinación entre los gobiernos. Por lo tanto, existe la necesidad de garantizar la protección de dichos espacios y recursos, así como también el cumplimiento de los derechos de las comunidades locales, lo que está directamente relacionado con la regulación ambiental y el papel de los poderes públicos en este ámbito. Se supone que la Gobernanza Ambiental de ambas Repúblicas en asuntos de frontera amazónica sea significativa, ya que las decisiones y políticas adoptadas por estos órganos gubernamentales pueden tener un impacto directo en la protección y conservación del medio ambiente en la región fronteriza. Sin embargo, puede que existan diferencias en la labor gubernamental para abordar los desafíos ambientales en cada país, lo que podría influir en la efectividad de las políticas y regulaciones ambientales en la zona de frontera. Concluyendo, que existen notorias diferencias que no solo se evidencia en el tiempo de creación de las legislaciones, sino en la cultura, los procesos y la aplicabilidad de los programas. De otra parte, se logró identificar, como primera medida que Colombia es un Estado con una amplia legislación y regulación ambiental que ha predominado en el último periodo de tiempo y que reconoce el derecho a un ambiente sano y al respeto y protección por los ecosistemas; sin embargo, la falta de aplicación de la norma y las deficiencias en el trabajo mancomunado con las comunidades de los territorios amazónicos, así como los problemas ligados a la violencia, han realizado un efecto inverso, aumentando la problemática en lugar de disminuirla. Por otra parte, en el caso peruano, se encuentra menor legislación, así como responsabilidad total del Estado en el asunto en cuestión y dispersión entre actores, siendo el gobierno nacional el encargado de la toma de decisiones y la planeación de las estrategias de la frontera amazónica. The Republics of Colombia and Perú share a long Amazonian border, which implies a large amount of natural resources and the need and responsibility for sustainable environmental management in the region, posing challenges and opportunities in terms of environmental regulation and coordination between governments. Therefore, there is a need to guarantee the protection of these spaces and resources, as well as compliance with the rights of local communities, which is directly related to environmental regulation and the role of public authorities in this area. It is assumed that the Environmental Governance of both Republics in matters of the Amazon border is significant, since the decisions and policies adopted by these governmental bodies can have a direct impact on the protection and conservation of the environment in the border region. However, there may be differences in government efforts to address environmental challenges in each country, which could influence the effectiveness of environmental policies and regulations in the border area. Concluding, that there are notorious differences that are not only evident in the time of creation of the legislation, but also in the culture, processes, and applicability of the programs. On the other hand, it will improve to identify, as a first step, that Colombia is a State with extensive environmental legislation and regulations that have prevailed in the last period of time and that recognizes the right to a healthy environment and respect and protection for ecosystems; However, the lack of application of the norm and the deficiencies in the joint work with the communities of the Amazonian territories, as well as the problems linked to violence, have had an inverse effect, increasing the problem instead of diminishing it. On the other hand, in the Peruvian case, there is less legislation, as well as total responsibility of the State in the matter in question and dispersion among actors, with the national government overseeing making decisions and planning Amazonian. border strategies. Magister en Gobernabilidad y Democracia Maestría

The essence of environmental protection legislation is analyzed. For this purpose, foreign and Ukrainian scientific literature as well as normative and legal documents, in which the right of nature protection is enshrined, was studied. It has been proven, that in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, environmental protection legal acts should be aimed at mitigating the consequences of the armed aggression of the russian federation. For this, it is advisable to use the development of the law of the World Trade Organization. Environmental legislation is considered in the system of international environmental law (International Environmental Law). This approach is due to the global consequences of Russia's military aggression against Ukraine. Since mitigating the consequences of military actions on the territory of Ukraine requires a return from imbalance to stability, the issue of sustainable development has been brought up to date. Therefore, the essence is outlined and the main goals of sustainable development are listed, the implementation of which guarantees stability in the world, in particular in the field of nature protection. Implementation of the goals of sustainable development in life, restoration of balance in nature and international relations depends on specific subjects, so a list of them is given, and the main powers in the field of nature protection are outlined. Some decisions of such an international organization as the World Trade Organization regarding the provision of nature protection by economic methods are commented on. The importance of nature protection organizations in the field of environmental protection, their interaction with subjects of authority is also outlined. Since nature protection is closely related to the use of natural resources in the process of agricultural production, which guarantees the food security of humanity in general and Ukraine in particular, new approaches of the European Union to the regulation of the Common Agricultural Policy have been studied. In general, this work is based on the statement about the importance of applying all possible measures to mitigate the impact of Russian military aggression on the environment, in particular in the field of nuclear security. This will make it possible to return to the implementation of the model of sustainable development, the creation of which was aimed at solving the global problems of our time, but the implementation of which is made impossible by the active warfare on the territory of Ukraine, Проаналізовано сутність природоохоронного законодавства. Для цього досліджено зарубіжну та українську наукову літературу, а також нормативно-правові документи, в яких закріплено право охорони природи. Доведено, що в умовах воєнного стану в Україні природоохоронні нормативно-правові акти мають бути спрямовані на пом’якшення наслідків збройної агресії РФ. Для цього доцільно використати напрацювання права Світової організації торгівлі. Природоохоронне законодавство розглянуто в системі міжнародного права охорони довкілля (International Environmental Law). Такий підхід обумовлений планетарного масштабу наслідками військової агресії Росії проти України. Так як пом’якшення наслідків воєнних дій на території України потребує повернення від розбалансованості до стабільності, актуалізовано питання сталого розвитку. Тому окреслено сутність та перелічено основні цілі сталого розвитку, реалізація яких гарантує стабільність у світі, зокрема у сфері охорони природи. Втілення цілей сталого розвитку у життя, відновлення рівноваги в природі та міжнародних відносинах покладається на конкретних суб’єктів, тож наведено їх перелік та окреслено основні повноваження у сфері охорони природи. Прокоментовано окремі рішення такої міжнародної організації, як Світова організація торгівлі, щодо забезпечення охорони природи економічними методами. Також окреслено значення природозахисних організацій у сфері охорони довкілля, їх взаємодію з суб’єктами владних повноважень. Оскільки охорона природи тісно пов’язана з використанням природних благ у процесі сільськогосподарського виробництва, що гарантує продовольчу безпеку людства загалом та України зокрема, досліджено нові підходи Європейського Союзу до регламентації Спільної аграрної політики. У цілому ця праця ґрунтується на твердженні про важливість застосування усіх можливих заходів пом’якшення впливу російської військової агресії на довкілля, зокрема у сфері ядерної безпеки. Це дасть можливість надалі повернутися до реалізації моделі сталого розвитку, створення якої було спрямоване на вирішення глобальних проблем сучасності, однак реалізація якої унеможливлена активним веденням війни на території України

Urbanization occurs now more rapidly than before, due to the development of compact cities or urban sprawl, threatening quasi-natural areas, especially those protected within/near built-up ones. Europe lacks laws dedicated to natural protected areas within built-up areas, which are subject to the same provisions as natural protected ones, or a legislative vacuum. This research aimed to find the best planning approach for resiliently conserving and developing these areas and establishing grounds for a new tool used for planning the proximity of natural areas within cities. The methodology involved selecting two groups of countries, Nordic and eastern European, and treating these areas differently. The choice was based on specific political history. The study analyzed the legislative and planning framework and compared the approaches of 11 analyzed countries to pinpoint the basic aspects accounted for and applied to other European territories, in order to preserve the characteristics of urban morpho-typology and the particularities of local landscapes. The comparison results suggest solutions such as adopting specific regulations for urban protected areas and their adjacent zones through legal documents, completing/detailing environmental legislation in Nordic countries, adopting laws dedicated to protected natural areas within and/or close to built areas, and changing the approach to protecting natural areas with urban planning or land use tools.

My technical work and STS research are both within the realm of climate economy models. Climate economy models are models that attempt to either discover pathways to achieve specific climate goals or extrapolate the impact of specific policies on the economy. My technical project involves adapting a current model for use in the context of the United States, while my STS research focuses on understanding how these models have impacted legislation. There are many global models available that are used in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Reports, but there has been less development on a national and regional scale. Our technical project was to create a regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for the US, based on the CHEER CGE model which is geared towards examining the employment impacts of renewable energy policies in China. As we continued to work on this project, we discovered that there was a significant lack of data in the regional context. Due to time constraints, we had to use US national data for the model instead, which allowed us to observe trends in the US economy in response to the implementation of a carbon tax. CGE models are often used as a tool for analyzing the response of an economy to policy, technology, or other shocks, but CGE models are not capable of techno-economic modeling of the renewable energy and carbon dioxide removal technologies that will need to be deployed to achieve climate goals. Integrated models, in contrast, such as the Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM) are able to simulate emerging technologies but lack the resolution and regional fidelity of CGE models. In our project, we linked the CGE and GCAM models to analyze the effect of implementing high, low, and zero carbon taxes on electricity generation technologies and labor demand for these technologies by 2060. We found that the implementation of a carbon tax results in significant growth in labor and investment in the electricity sector, with a large proportion of this growth in the wind and solar industries. My STS research paper seeks to understand the current state of climate economy models and their hand in policymaking. Using the social construction of technology (SCOT) framework, I defined two groups of shareholders whose views must be investigated to get a deeper understanding of these models. SCOT looks to the social world in order to justify the success or failure of technology. I performed a SCOT analysis by reviewing academic journals and articles to gain an understanding of the history of environmental models and what factors are important for the development of climate economy models. I interviewed a senior research scientist of the Joint Global Change Research Institute at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, a leading organization in climate science and the development of climate economy models, about the difficulties they’ve encountered in creating decarbonization models and the impacts their models have had on policy. I also talked with a legislative correspondent for a Virginia senator to understand how and to what extent climate economy models are used to inform environmental policy and what other considerations are taken into account when creating environmental legislation. I discovered that although these models are widely used to inform policy there is a complicated web of factors that create a disparity between the outputs and proposals of these models and their usage in policymaking. One factor that is difficult for models to capture is the will and mindset of the legislators, climate policy is surprisingly polarized along party lines, which impedes the development of necessary climate legislation. Some recommendations I developed to bridge the gap between models and legislation include narrowing down the scope of these models to find solutions at the regional or local level that could be easier to implement than global or national initiatives and shifting the mindset of the general public and reluctant legislators towards supporting climate change mitigation policies. I believe that by working on both of these projects, I have seen both the macroscopic and microscopic view of the making and usage of climate economy models. In my technical project, I was able to experience firsthand the struggles of developing a large-scale model. I was then able to better comprehend and contextualize the viewpoint of the model developers I spoke with for my research project. Additionally, the intimate knowledge of modeling I gained allowed me to have a comprehensive conversation with a legislative correspondent about the role of climate economy models in policymaking. Without that knowledge, I would not have been able to ask questions outside of my scripted questions continuously to carry on the conversation. I think that the focus of my technical work was relatively narrow and very data-driven. Hence, the research project allowed me to expand my view to encompass the climate economy modeling field as a whole. My STS research also put the outcomes of my technical project into perspective in terms of understanding the impact that our model could have.

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Institutions and their different management and governance configurations are increasingly related to the environmental changes experienced on the planet. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a political and institutional review of biodiversity within the Brazilian federal government. To do so, we use the Political and Institutional Review - PIR to assess the strengths and weaknesses of biodiversity-related policies and institutions as part of the Biofin methodology. The study raised the main elements of the normative and institutional landscape that guided biodiversity conservation actions at the federal level between 2000 and 2019. The results showed that in this period, at least 21 norms and about 195 instruments were provided in federal legislation to meet the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan – NBSAP. However, most of the budgetary actions carried out by the management bodies of biodiversity policies at the federal level distort the guidelines in these listed norms, along with the observed reduction in budget allocation for the Ministry of the Environment and biodiversity actions in other ministries. These elements seem to point to reduced prioritisation for biodiversity conservation at the federal level in Brazil over the 20 years analysed., As instituições e suas diferentes configurações de gestão e governança estão cada dia mais relacionadas com as alterações ambientais vivenciadas no planeta. Por isso, o objetivo deste estudo é realizar uma revisão política e institucional relativa à biodiversidade no âmbito do governo federal do Brasil. Para tanto utilizamos a Revisão Política e Institucional – PIR (Political and Institutional Review) como abordagem para avaliar os pontos fortes e fracos de políticas e instituições relacionadas à biodiversidade, como parte da metodologia Biofin. O estudo levantou os principais elementos da paisagem normativa e institucional que direcionaram as ações de conservação da biodiversidade em nível federal entre os anos de 2000 e 2019. Os resultados demonstraram que nesse período havia ao menos 21 normas e cerca de 195 instrumentos previstos na legislação federal para atender à Estratégia e Plano de Ações Nacionais para a Biodiversidade – EPANB. Porém, a maior parte das ações orçamentárias realizadas pelos órgãos de gestão das políticas de biodiversidade em nível federal distorcem as diretrizes previstas nessas normas elencadas. Juntamente com a observada redução da alocação orçamentária para o Ministério do Meio Ambiente e para ações de biodiversidade em outros ministérios. Esses elementos parecem apontar para um quadro de redução da priorização para o tema da conservação da biodiversidade em nível federal no Brasil ao longo dos 20 anos analisados.

The parameter for delimiting Areas of Permanent Preservation (APPs) in the 2012 Forest Code is the edge of the regular stream bed, not its highest level. The objective of this study is to evaluate the loss of protected areas, framed the category of water APPs in the 2012 Forest Code, in the Cabaçal River. By means of spatial technologies, maps of vegetation cover and land use from 2012 and 2018 were prepared. The change in the Forest Code in 2012 caused the loss of 90% of the area previously protected by the 1965 Code, corresponding to the major waterbed of the Cabaçal River, especially in the lower course, located in the Pantanal plain of Mato Grosso. It was concluded that the vegetation cover in the Areas of Permanent Preservation was suppressed so that urban and agricultural uses could be implanted, characterizing them as conflict areas due to the flexibilization of the environmental legislation. Resumen El parámetro para delimitar las Áreas de Conservación Permanente del Código Forestal de 2012 es el borde del cauce del cauce regular y no su nivel más alto. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la pérdida de áreas protegidas, clasificadas en la categoría de APP de agua, debido al Código Forestal 2012 en el río Cabaçal. Los mapas de uso del suelo y cobertura vegetal para los años 2012 y 2018 se elaboraron utilizando tecnologías espaciales. La modificación del Código Forestal en 2012 provocó la pérdida del 90% del área anteriormente protegida por la de 1965, correspondiente al lecho hidrológico mayor del Cabaçal. río, especialmente en el curso bajo, ubicado en la llanura del Pantanal de Mato Grosso. Se concluyó que se removió la cubierta vegetal en las APPs para que se pudieran implementar usos urbanos y agrícolas, caracterizándolos como conflictos por la flexibilidad de la legislación ambiental. Resumo O parâmetro para delimitação das Áreas de Preservação Permanentes (APPs) do Código Florestal de 2012 é a borda da calha do leito regular do curso d’água e não o seu nível mais alto. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a perda de áreas protegidas, enquadradas na categoria das APPs hídricas, em virtude do Código Florestal de 2012, no rio Cabaçal, MT Por meio das tecnologias espaciais, foram elaborados mapas de cobertura vegetal e uso da terra de 2012 e 2018. A mudança do Código Florestal em 2012 ocasionou perda de 90% de área anteriormente protegida pelo de 1965, correspondente ao leito maior hidrológico do rio Cabaçal, especialmente no baixo curso, situado na planície do Pantanal mato-grossense. Concluiu-se que a cobertura vegetal nas Áreas de Preservação Permanente foi suprimida para que os usos urbano e agropecuário fossem implantados, caracterizando-as como de conflitos devido à flexibilização da legislação ambiental.

This article aims to develop a methodological proposal for the application of the proportionality test as a conflict resolution mechanism in the new environmental damage declaration procedure in Ecuador, based on the systematization of theoretical conceptions and legal and administrative procedures, and constitutional principles that regulate economic activities with criteria of environmental sustainability, and the recognition of the rights of nature. Consequently, the research allowed us to extract the main results: (a) to conceive proportionality as a methodological criterion and legal construction; (b) the proportionality test becomes a mechanism at the service of the judge that seeks to provide solutions to adequately resolve conflicts, subject to the principles that govern the rights of nature and economic activities, directly established in the Constitution; and, (c) the proportionality test can be a tool for the motivation of administrative resolutions of declaration of environmental damage, as it will be useful to determine: 1) whether a fact can be considered environmental damage, 2) the amount of the fine imposed, 3) the minimum measures to approve remediation or environmental reparation plan, and 4) the amount of compensation to the victims of the environmental damage. Because of these results, it can be concluded that the normative vacuum in this matter lends itself to the discretion and arbitrary interpretation of the authority, justifying, therefore, the present methodological proposal of the proportionality test for the declaration of environmental damage.

В статье проводится сравнительно-правовой анализ главных природоохранных законов двух стран — Российской Федерации и Республики Узбекистан. Отмечается, что эколого-правовые институты двух стран могут совпадать полностью, совпадать частично и полностью не совпадать. Проанализировав сходства и отличия в эколого-правовом регулировании двух стран, авторы высказывают свою позицию о тенденциях и возможных перспективах динамики развития природоохранного законодательства Российской Федерации и Республики Узбекистан, сложностях этого процесса., The article provides a comparative legal analysis of the main environmental laws of the two countries - the Russian Federation and the Republic of Uzbekistan. It is noted that the environmental and legal institutions of the two countries may coincide completely, partially coincide and not completely coincide. After analyzing the similarities and differences in the environmental and legal regulation of the two countries, the authors express their position on the trends and possible prospects for the dynamics of development of the environmental legislation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Uzbekistan, the complexities of this process, СОВРЕМЕННОЕ ПРАВО, Выпуск 12 2023, Pages 51-56

The objective of this work was to build and apply environmental indicators to verify the environmental performance and diagnose the sustainability levels of the rural properties from Federal District, Brazil. Data analysis was performed based on the information required and declared to public administration. Exploratory sampling was applied, obtaining a sample population of 169 properties. It was decided to use the factor analysis methodology in order to verify the environmental performance and diagnose the sustainability levels of the rural properties. The results achieved allow us to state that most of the properties (91.49%) are in a state of severe unsustainability. The results also show that the remnants of native vegetation, when they exist, are not in sufficient proportion to the total size of the property according to what the legislation requires. The proposed model and the environmental indicators built from the environmental legislation proved to be an efficient, practical and low-cost tool for a satisfactory diagnosis about the measurement of the sustainability of Brazilian rural properties and in the identification of positive management situations in relation to the suitability for environmental laws.

This work aims to analyze the Brazilian environmental legislation regarding environmental licensing from the critical view of environmental justice, seeking to understand its role as a formal space for disputes for environmental justice, and as a mechanism for legitimizing environmental justice or injustice. For this purpose, federal and state legal instruments, issued by the Legislative and Executive Powers and, at the administrative level, by the environmental agencies, were analyzed. Data were processed using the IRaMuTeQ software, using the Descending Hierarchical Classification and Word Cloud analyses. The results showed, in all analyzed classes, elements that indicate environmental injustice. Thus, within the scope of the analyzed legal instruments, a hegemonic utilitarian discourse was observed, which reproduces the environment from an economic perspective, devoid of sociocultural meanings. In this sense, it is concluded that the Brazilian legislation regarding environmental licensing, in addition to not adequately exercising its role in the construction of environmentally fair results in the context of environmental conflicts, can be transmuted into mechanisms for the reproduction and legitimization of environmental injustices. Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a legislação ambiental brasileira referente ao licenciamento ambiental a partir da visão crítica da justiça ambiental, procurando compreender seu papel enquanto espaço formal de disputas por justiça ambiental. Para tanto, foram analisados instrumentos legais federais e estaduais, emanados pelos Poderes Legislativo, Executivo e, na esfera administrativa, pelos órgãos ambientais. Os dados foram processados por meio do software IRaMuTeQ, sendo empregadas as análises de Classificação Hierárquica Descendente e Nuvem de Palavras. Os resultados apontaram, em todas as classes analisadas, elementos sinalizadores de injustiça ambiental. Assim, observou-se, no âmbito dos instrumentos legais analisados, um discurso hegemônico utilitarista, que reproduz o meio ambiente a partir do viés econômico, destituído de sentidos socioculturais. Neste sentido, conclui-se que a legislação brasileira referente ao licenciamento ambiental, além de não exercer seu papel na construção de resultados ambientalmente justos no âmbito dos conflitos ambientais, podem se transmudar em mecanismos legais de reprodução e legitimação de injustiças ambientais.

The paper is aimed to analyze the penal proportionality in Indonesia’s environmental legislation. Primary data were collected from statutes in Indonesia’s environmental legislation. The result showed that penal proportionality relies on the idea that the severity of criminal sanction needs to be proportionate to both the crime seriousness and culpability of the actor. The more serious the offense, the heavier the punishment. The environmental legislation failed to meet penal proportionality due to its inability to reckon the crime seriousness in determining the scale/weight of criminal sanction. To set penal proportionality, offenses in environmental legislation need to be organized based on their seriousness which requires a corollary of rank-ordering, where less serious offenses do not need to be sentenced with greater severity than the more serious ones. The models of criminalization-based environmental damage meet this principle, hence spacing of criminal sanction among the offenses rank need to be formulated to ensure the application of penal proportionality.

The article is dedicated to the 35th anniversary of publication of the first edition of the Green Data Book of Ukraine. This publication was a notable event in the 100-year history of research activity in the M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, where the scientific and methodological principles of the Green Data Books originated. The outcomes of the history and preconditions for development of a concept of the phytocenodiversity conservation are summarized. Problematic and disputable issues of the Green Data Book are discussed and some future tasks are outlined. Methodological approaches to conservation of natural units and areas are analyzed. It is emphasized that modern methods of biodiversity conservation are based on populational and ecosystemic approaches, while the main mode of conservation of plants is based on conservation of plant communities, which form a phytocenotic matrix for plant cenopopulations. Implementation of scientific principles of the Green Data Book of Ukraine in legislation and regulatory documents of Ukraine. A critical analysis of syntaxonomy of the protected plant communities in Ukraine is provided; 983 associations of 104 formations will form the basis for a new edition of the Green Data Book of Ukraine. The importance of wide public awareness among the general public, public organizations, and international bodies regarding the Green Data Book of Ukraine is emphasized.

In the world in general and in Ukraine in particular, there is a catastrophic environmental situation with food waste. The solution to the problem of waste accumulation, the organization of quality control of compliance with legislation in their treatment, the formation of environmental awareness of the population is hampered by the lack of unanimity in defining the essence of waste, industrial waste, waste in the regulatory framework and among scientists. The aim of the work is to study the essence of the definition of food waste in domestic and foreign scientific discussions and regulations in terms of improving the regulation of their treatment in Ukraine. Scientific discussion of domestic and foreign authors on the concept of waste, in particular food, as well as their regulations demonstrate a wide variety of not only definitions but also approaches. This takes into account the legal basis for waste operations, their physical condition and properties, environmental and economic characteristics, the criterion of goal setting, accounting approach and so on. The analysis of the existing classifications of waste stated the absence of a separate category of food waste both in the works of Ukrainian scientists and in domestic regulations, while foreign authors are actively researching this category. According to the results of the study, it is proposed to introduce into the domestic regulatory framework the term "loss of food and food waste" commonly used abroad with the following definition: products (substances) as edible parts of plants and animals produced or collected for human consumption but ultimately not consumed. Critical analysis of domestic environmental legislation in comparison with European allowed to propose the implementation of the Waste Framework Directive, as well as the formation of a hierarchy of waste management priorities: prevention, preparation for reuse, recycling, other types of disposal, elimination as Ukraine's European integration. Areas of further research will be the study of food waste disposal technologies of the modern city., У світі в цілому та Україні зокрема склалася катастрофічна екологічна ситуація з харчовими відходами. Вирішенню проблеми накопичення відходів, організації якісного контролю дотримання законодавства у поводженні з ними, формуванню екологічної свідомості населення заважає відсутність одностайності щодо визначення сутності понять відходів, промислових відходів, відходів виробництва у нормативній базі та серед науковців. Метою роботи є дослідження сутності дефініції харчових відходів у вітчизняній та закордонній науковій дискусії та нормативних документах з точки зору удосконалення регулювання поводження з ними в Україні. Наукова дискусія вітчизняних та закордонних авторів щодо поняття відходів, зокрема харчових, як і нормативні їх регламенти демонструють широке розмаїття не тільки визначень, а й підходів. При цьому приймаються до уваги правові засади здійснення операцій з відходами, їх фізичний стан і властивості, екологічні та економічні ознаки, критерій цілепокладання, обліковий підхід тощо. Аналіз існуючих класифікацій відходів констатував відсутність окремої категорії харчових відходів як у роботах українських науковців, так і у вітчизняних нормативних регламентах у той час, як закордонні автори активно досліджують дану категорію. За результатами дослідження запропоновано введення у вітчизняну нормативну базу загальновживаного за кордоном терміну «втрата продовольства та харчові відходи» з таким визначенням: продукти (речовини) як їстівні частини рослин і тварин, які виробляються або збираються для споживання людиною, але в кінцевому рахунку не споживаються. Критичний аналіз вітчизняного екологічного законодавства у порівнянні із європейським дозволив запропонувати імплементацію Рамкової директиви про відходи, а також формування ієрархії пріоритетів поводження з відходами: запобігання, підготовка до повторного використання, переробка, інший тип утилізації, ліквідація, як напрям євроінтеграції України. Напрямами подальшого дослідження виступатиме вивчення технологій утилізації харчових відходів сучасного міста.

While Germany and Belgium are implementing their nuclear phase-out policy first by enacting the laws laying its foundation and containing the rules for sensitive political issues, and further by refining the contents of the laws that have been challenged by lawsuits, the domestic policy has remained at the level of planning and policy since 2017. If the current government is genuinely committed to the nuclear phase-out policy, it is imperative to explore effective methods and procedures from a legal perspective, especially from an integrated one that encompasses the legislative process and any potential litigation challenges. In this regards, this paper has case studied the Belgian approach towards the nuclear phase-out policy and how the Belgian government actually implements it.The Belgian nuclear phase-out policy was legislated into the Law of 31 January 2003 on the gradual phasing out of nuclear energy for the industrial production of electricity(hereinafter the 2003 Nuclear Phase-Out Law), and the Law of 11 April 2003, regulating the provisions for the decommissioning of Belgium’s nuclear power plants(hereinafter NPPs) and for the management of spent fuel from these NPP(the 2003 Provisions Law). The 2003 Nuclear Phase-Out Law was subsequently amended twice in 2013 and 2015. However, the 2015 Nuclear Phase-Out Law was annulled by the ruling of the Belgian Constitutional Court and the European Court of Justice due to its procedural unconstitutionality and illegality in extending the life of the two oldest reactors in the country. Both Courts saw that as with the initial construction of a reactor, the extension of the two reactors with accompanying upgrades are the “construction or intervention that results in changes in the physical aspects of the site” containing risks of significant environmental impact, and thus constitutes a project that is subject to the environmental impact assessment under the EU Environmental Impact Assessment Directive.The Belgian case study shows that a legislative ground for the nuclear phase-out policy is a necessary condition for its implementation, but it also needs to create an foundation and environment to make it substantiable over time. A direct democratic and social permission is required in the course of the implementation or revision of such law, and the environmental impact assessment can be the means. In addition, the Belgian case provides three implications: First, the success or failure of the nuclear phase-out policy ultimately depends on making sufficient provisions for the costs of nuclear decommissioning and disposal and management of radioactive wastes such as spent nuclear fuel. Belgium has established a law just for that(the 2003 Provisions Law) since the beginning of implementing the policy, and has systematically accumulated, operated, and managed the funds. Second, Belgium took the approach of shutting down a nuclear power plant at the expiration of its operation period, thus escaping from the problem of compensation for damages and/or loss for the NPP operators. Instead the NPP operators need to pay a share of the profits gained by the life extension of the NPPs to the government. In that matter, the Belgian Legislature allowed to make an agreement between the government and the NPP operators rather than to set rules in the statute or its statutory instrument. Third, the Belgian government sought to secure objectivity and justification for any changes in the implementing methods of or modifications on the Nuclear Phase-out Law by continuously operating public mechanisms to monitor energy prices and power supply stability. Such public mechanisms can contribute to enhancing social acceptability and confidence in the implementation of the nuclear phase-out policy.

While Germany and Belgium are implementing their nuclear phase-out policy first by enacting the laws laying its foundation and containing the rules for sensitive political issues, and further by refining the contents of the laws that have been challenged by lawsuits, the domestic policy has remained at the level of planning and policy since 2017. If the current government is genuinely committed to the nuclear phase-out policy, it is imperative to explore effective methods and procedures from a legal perspective, especially from an integrated one that encompasses the legislative process and any potential litigation challenges. In this regards, this paper has case studied the Belgian approach towards the nuclear phase-out policy and how the Belgian government actually implements it. The Belgian nuclear phase-out policy was legislated into the Law of 31 January 2003 on the gradual phasing out of nuclear energy for the industrial production of electricity(hereinafter the 2003 Nuclear Phase-Out Law), and the Law of 11 April 2003, regulating the provisions for the decommissioning of Belgium’s nuclear power plants(hereinafter NPPs) and for the management of spent fuel from these NPP(the 2003 Provisions Law). The 2003 Nuclear Phase-Out Law was subsequently amended twice in 2013 and 2015. However, the 2015 Nuclear Phase-Out Law was annulled by the ruling of the Belgian Constitutional Court and the European Court of Justice due to its procedural unconstitutionality and illegality in extending the life of the two oldest reactors in the country. Both Courts saw that as with the initial construction of a reactor, the extension of the two reactors with accompanying upgrades are the “construction or intervention that results in changes in the physical aspects of the site” containing risks of significant environmental impact, and thus constitutes a project that is subject to the environmental impact assessment under the EU Environmental Impact Assessment Directive. The Belgian case study shows that a legislative ground for the nuclear phase-out policy is a necessary condition for its implementation, but it also needs to create an foundation and environment to make it substantiable over time. A direct democratic and social permission is required in the course of the implementation or revision of such law, and the environmental impact assessment can be the means. In addition, the Belgian case provides three implications: First, the success or failure of the nuclear phase-out policy ultimately depends on making sufficient provisions for the costs of nuclear decommissioning and disposal and management of radioactive wastes such as spent nuclear fuel. Belgium has established a law just for that(the 2003 Provisions Law) since the beginning of implementing the policy, and has systematically accumulated, operated, and managed the funds. Second, Belgium took the approach of shutting down a nuclear power plant at the expiration of its operation period, thus escaping from the problem of compensation for damages and/or loss for the NPP operators. Instead the NPP operators need to pay a share of the profits gained by the life extension of the NPPs to the government. In that matter, the Belgian Legislature allowed to make an agreement between the government and the NPP operators rather than to set rules in the statute or its statutory instrument. Third, the Belgian government sought to secure objectivity and justification for any changes in the implementing methods of or modifications on the Nuclear Phase-out Law by continuously operating public mechanisms to monitor energy prices and power supply stability. Such public mechanisms can contribute to enhancing social acceptability and confidence in the implementation of the nuclear phase-out policy.

The disorganized growth of urban centers, added to the lack of public policies and targeted investments, cause irreparable damage to the environment as a whole and to the health of populations due to failures in the basic sanitation system. The objective of this work was to evaluate the impacts caused by the discharge of untreated effluents into the Rio Negro river; carry out microbiological analyzes of water samples from various points on the edge of Manaus, as well as streams (small tributaries of the Rio Negro), in order to assess the health of these water bodies, and the progress of their pollution today, comparing the results obtained within the limits permitted by current legislation; to analyze the possibility of dumping untreated wastewater directly into the Rio Negro river, mainly from the use of the subfluvial outfall, from the perspective of the aforementioned having a supposed capacity for self-purification. Another goal of this study is to propose the updating of the Municipal Basic Sanitation Plan of the city of Manaus, mainly with regard to the establishment of a maximum period to reach a satisfactory percentage in the population's access to sewage collection and treatment in the municipal network. For that, water samples were collected from five points of the city coast and microbiological characterization analyzes were carried out. It was possible to infer from the results that the pollution in the creeks on the edge of Manaus is evident, considering that in all five points evaluated the presence of microorganisms harmful to human health was found, largely due to the receipt of disorderly effluent discharge. El crecimiento desorganizado de los centros urbanos, sumado a la falta de políticas públicas e inversiones focalizadas, provocan daños irreparables al medio ambiente en su conjunto ya la salud de las poblaciones por fallas en el sistema de saneamiento básico. El objetivo fue evaluar los impactos causados por la descarga de efluentes sin tratar al Río Negro; realizar análisis microbiológicos de muestras de agua de varios puntos en el borde de Manaus, así como de arroyos (pequeños afluentes del Río Negro), con el fin de evaluar la salud de estos cuerpos de agua y el progreso de su contaminación en la actualidad, comparando los resultados obtenidos dentro de los límites permitidos por la legislación vigente; analizar la posibilidad de verter aguas residuales sin tratar directamente al río Negro, provenientes principalmente del aprovechamiento del emisario subfluvial, desde la perspectiva de que las mencionadas tengan una supuesta capacidad de autodepuración. Otro objetivo de este estudio es proponer la actualización del Plan Municipal de Saneamiento Básico de la ciudad de Manaus, principalmente en lo que respecta al establecimiento de un período máximo para alcanzar un porcentaje satisfactorio en el acceso de la población a la recolección y tratamiento de aguas residuales en la red municipal. Para ello, se recolectaron muestras de agua en cinco puntos de la ciudad y se realizaron análisis de caracterización microbiológica. De los resultados fue posible inferir que la contaminación en los arroyos de la periferia de Manaus es evidente, considerando que en los cinco puntos evaluados se constató la presencia de microorganismos nocivos para la salud humana, en gran parte por la recepción de descargas desordenadas de efluentes. O crescimento desorganizado dos centros urbanos, somado à falta de políticas públicas e investimentos direcionados, causam danos irreparáveis no meio ambiente como um todo e na saúde das populações devido às falhas no sistema de saneamento básico. Objetivou-se avaliar os impactos causados pelo despejo de efluentes não tratados no rio Negro; proceder a análises microbiológicas de amostras de água de vários pontos da orla de Manaus, bem como de igarapés (pequenos afluentes do Rio Negro), a fim de avaliar a saúde desses corpos hídricos, e o avanço de sua poluição atualmente, comparando os resultados obtidos com os limites permitidos na legislação vigente; analisar a possibilidade do despejo de águas residuais não tratadas diretamente no rio Negro, principalmente do uso do emissário subfluvial, sob a ótica de o referido possuir suposta capacidade de autopurificação. Outra meta deste estudo é propor a atualização do Plano Municipal de Saneamento Básico da cidade de Manaus, principalmente no que diz respeito ao estabelecimento de prazo máximo para que se atinja uma porcentagem satisfatória no acesso da população à coleta e tratamento de esgoto na rede municipal. Para tanto, foram coletadas amostras de água de cinco pontos da cidade e realizadas análises de caracterização microbiológica. Foi possível depreender com os resultados, que é evidente a poluição nos igarapés na orla de Manaus, considerando que em todos os cinco pontos avaliados foi constatada a presença de microrganismos prejudiciais à saúde humana, muito em razão do recebimento de despejo desordenado de efluentes.

This study aims to analyze the implications of the current Forest Code of the state of Goiás, with regard to the use of Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs) in the Metropolitan Region of Goiânia (RMG). The flexibilities provided in the current legislation, such as inclusion of the concept of Consolidated Rural Area (ARC) and the extension of the criteria for the use of APPs in Consolidated Urban Area (AUC), regularized the occupation of APPs, generating setback in environmental legislation. From the last mapping developed in this research, referring to land use of metropolitan APPs, associated with the National Rural Environmental Registry System, it was possible to identify in the RMG that the ARC represents more than 60% of the properties rural areas, covering a significant part of APPs, which, in turn, have reduced their protection metrics. In the urban area, the problem is repeated in the AUC, with emphasis on the municipalities of Aparecida de Goiânia and Goiânia, with 67.99% and 60.39% of their APPs located in the AUC, respectively. In this regard, conflicts are observed in the APPs, reinforced by legal instruments, such as the Forest Code, which, instead of penalizing lawbreakers, brings ambiguous interpretations, regularizing occupation in preservation areas. Este artigo propõe analisar as implicações do atual Código Florestal Goiano, quanto ao uso das Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs), da Região Metropolitana de Goiânia (RMG). As flexibilizações previstas na lei vigente, como a inclusão do conceito de Área Rural Consolidada (ARC) e a extensão dos critérios para utilização das APPs em Área Urbana Consolidada (AUC), regularizaram a ocupação das APPs, gerando um retrocesso na legislação ambiental. A partir do mapeamento desenvolvido nesta pesquisa, sobre o uso e a cobertura das APPs metropolitanas, associado aos dados do Sistema Nacional de Cadastro Ambiental Rural, foi possível identificar que na RMG as ARC representam mais de 60% da área total dos imóveis rurais, contemplando parte significativa das APPs, as quais, por sua vez, passam a ter métricas de proteção reduzidas. Na área urbana, a problemática se repete nas AUC, com destaque para os municípios de Aparecida de Goiânia e Goiânia, com 67,99% e 60,39% das suas APPs localizadas em AUC, respectivamente. Nesse sentido, observam-se conflitos nas APPs da RMG, reforçados por instrumentos legais como o Código Florestal, que, ao invés de penalizar infratores, concede brechas para dúbias interpretações, regularizando a ocupação em áreas de preservação.

Disminuir la generación de RAEE (Residuos de Aparatos Eléctricos y Electrónicos) e implementar su adecuada gestión representa un reto en la actualidad. Esta investigación se enfoca en analizar las prácticas que realizan las empresas colombianas y los almacenes de cadena para disponer de RAEE, revisando ejemplos de buenas prácticas con RAEE alrededor del mundo y desde una aproximación a la comunidad de Soacha para recoger sus impresiones como consumidores sobre la disposición de RAEE en las cercanías de Hogares Soacha. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de documentos y normas vigentes respecto a la disposición adecuada de los RAEE en Colombia. Los resultados muestran que no es suficiente la legislación actual en cuanto a la disposición adecuada de los RAEE en Colombia, lo que afecta directamente a las empresas y comunidades por la falta de información al respecto. Sin embargo, muchas iniciativas están desarrollando modelos para el futuro en todo el mundo y, debido a la necesidad, serán un tema muy relevante en las próximas décadas. Reducing the generation of WEEE (waste electrical and electronic equipment) and implementing its proper management represents a challenge today. This research focuses on analyzing the practices carried out in Colombian companies and chain stores to dispose of WEEE, reviewing examples of good practices with WEEE around the world and also approaching the Soacha community to gather their impressions like consumers of the disposal of WEEE in the Hogares Soacha vicinity. A systematic review of current documents and regulations regarding the proper disposal of WEEE in Colombia was carried out. The results show that the current legislation is not enough in terms of the proper disposal of WEEE in Colombia, which directly affects the companies and communities due to the lack of information on this matter. However, many initiatives are currently developing models for the future all around the world and due to necessity would be a trending topic in the following decades Administrador Ambiental y de los Recursos Naturales Pregrado

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais The research was applied at Alto Rio Uberabinha watershed, in the cities of Uberlândia and Uberaba, located in the western region of Minas Gerais. The objective was to map the main economic activities carried out in Uberabinha river basin, which are based on natural resources exploitation - land and water - and that result in potentially negative impacts to wetlands situated on the plateau. Additionally, was checking how the Permanent Preservation Areas has been treated along the recent years linking land use conversion with the changes in the Brazilian environmental codes requirements on 1934, 1965, 1989 and 2012. Were conducted a normative ordering protection analysis of Permanent Preservation Areas highlighted by the Federal Law 12,651 of 2012, the land use and mining activity maps, and consumption and grant waters, establishing possible scenarios to protect wetlands on plateau. The main results indicate that the Cerrado has been converted, through the last forty years, in agriculture areas to corn and soybeans monocultures and reforestation. Areas of natural vegetation cover were greatly reduced. At lateritic soils areas, well drained, native vegetation practically does not exist, when it is compared to the monocultures dimensions. The land use map was prepared by using higher spatial resolution images and visual interpretation, confirmed the pressure by agriculture on wetlands and supported a closer analysis on the actual size and dynamics of these areas. The mining prospects indicate that in the coming decades there will be a greater interest in explore new areas, which are already in process by DNPM. Water rights and grants maps indicated the importance that springs have to attend demand, especially in the city of Uberlândia. It was noted the difficulty imposed on natural flora conservation according the new Brazilian Forest Code wording to ensure that more Permanent Preservation Areas are not reduced or destroyed as from 2012. On the plateau surface area, they present a great uniqueness therefore in the new Forest Code text it could define the Permanent Preservation Areas through several different categories. The Forest Code law text does not capture the natural area complexity called wetland in this research, because it consists of several categories into a single space, regarding to a mosaic, which brings confusion, mostly for law applicators when defining what would be the protection range to be preserved. We attempted to show that the good that needs to be protected is the natural dynamics of elements complex that ensure the maintenance of water flow, which has such great importance for the population. A pesquisa foi realizada na bacia hidrográfica do Alto Rio Uberabinha, nos Municípios de Uberlândia e Uberaba, na região Oeste de Minas Gerais. O objetivo foi mapear as principais atividades econômicas exercidas na bacia do rio Uberabinha, que têm como base a exploração dos recursos naturais solo e água e que resultam em impactos potencialmente negativos para as áreas úmidas presentes na chapada, verificando como as Áreas de Preservação Permanente têm sido tratadas no histórico de conversão do uso da terra e em razão das mudanças das exigências nos códigos ambientais brasileiros dos anos de 1934, 1965, 1989 e 2012. Foi feita a análise do ordenamento normativo de proteção das Áreas de Preservação Permanente com destaque para a Lei Federal 12.651 de 2012, o mapeamento do uso da terra, da atividade minerária e do consumo de água por meio das outorgas de uso de recursos hídricos, estabelecendo também os cenários para a proteção mais adequada à realidade das áreas úmidas do topo de chapada. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que os tipos de Cerrado tem sido convertido nos últimos quarenta anos em áreas de agricultura para monoculturas de milho, soja e para o reflorestamento. As áreas de cobertura vegetal natural foram muito reduzidas. Nas áreas de solos lateríticos, bem drenados, praticamente inexiste a vegetação nativa em relação às enormes dimensões das monoculturas. O mapeamento do uso da terra com imagens de maior resolução espacial e por meio da interpretação visual confirma a pressão da agricultura sobre as áreas úmidas e favorece a análise mais aproximada da real dimensão e dinâmica destas áreas. As perspectivas da mineração indicam que nas próximas décadas haverá um maior interesse no aumento das áreas exploradas, que já estão em processo de concessão no DNPM. O mapeamento das outorgas de direito de uso da água indicou a importância que as nascentes têm para atender a demanda, principalmente na cidade de Uberlândia. Observou-se a dificuldade imposta à conservação da flora natural com a nova redação do Código Florestal para garantir que mais Áreas de Preservação Permanente não sejam reduzidas ou destruídas a partir de 2012. Na área da superfície da chapada, estas apresentam uma grande singularidade, pois, pelo texto do novo Código Florestal poderiam se definir as Áreas de Preservação Permanente por meio de várias categorias diferentes. O texto da lei do Código Florestal não apreende a complexidade da área natural denominada de área úmida nesta pesquisa, pois ela é formada por várias categorias em um único espaço, tratando-se de um mosaico, o que traz confusão, principalmente para os aplicadores da lei no momento de definir qual seria a faixa de proteção a ser preservada. Buscou-se mostrar que o bem que necessita ser protegido é a dinâmica natural de um complexo de elementos que garantem a manutenção do fluxo de água, que tem importância tão grande para a população. Mestre em Geografia

The legal instruments provided in Brazilian legislation are essential for environmental preservation. Therefore, it is proposed to identify protected areas according to the Law of Native Vegetation Protection (LNVP) for the interconnection of the Ipanema National Forest to the Natural Municipal Park of Biodiversity Corridors, with the aid of the ArcGIS 10.6 software, to compare the results of land use and occupation of 2008 before the amendment of the Forest Code by LNVP in 2019, to identify granted amnesties areas, and the Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA). For the establishment of legally protected areas in rural properties, data from the Rural Environmental Registry (RER) were used, being subtracted as consolidated areas pre-existing on 2008, within the limits of PPA. It was verified that there were no areas with amnesty to be considered within the PPA. There was an increase in urban expansion of 12 km2 and a reduction in the grazing area in the years studied. It was also found that of the total study area of 406 km2, disregarding areas of Conservation Units only 47.95 km2 are legally protected. It is also noted that 57% of protected areas must be recovered because they are not in accordance with the law. Os instrumentos legais previstos na legislação brasileira são essenciais para a preservação ambiental. Portanto, propõem-se a identificação das áreas protegidas de acordo com a Lei de Proteção da Vegetação Nativa (LPVN) para a interligação da Floresta Nacional de Ipanema ao Parque Natural Municipal Corredores de Biodiversidade, com auxílio do software ArcGIS 10.6, para comparação dos resultados de uso e ocupação do solo de 2008 antes da alteração do Código Florestal pela LPVN em 2019, a fim de identificar as áreas em que foram concedidas anistias, e estabelecidas as Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APP). Para estabelecimento das áreas em imóveis rurais protegidas legalmente foram utilizados os dados do Cadastro Ambiental Rural (CAR), sendo subtraídas as áreas consolidadas preexistentes a 2008 localizadas nos limites das APPs. Foram verificados que não houve áreas com anistia a serem consideradas dentro das APPs. Observou-se um aumento na expansão urbana de 12 km2 e uma redução da área de pastagem nos anos estudados. Verificou-se ainda que do total da área de estudo de 406 km2, desconsiderando as áreas das Unidades de Conservação somente 47,95 km2 estão protegidos legalmente. Verifica-se ainda que 57% das áreas protegidas devem ser recuperadas por estarem em desacordo com a Lei.

Resumo: A exploração dos recursos naturais e seus impactos sobre os ecossistemas demandam preocupação e uma ação eficiente. A pauta ambiental está presente no poder público. O Ministério Público atua na defesa ambiental de modo a garantir o direito ao ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado às atuais e futuras gerações. O presente estudo apresenta os resultados obtidos pelo Centro Integrado de Proteção e Pesquisa Ambiental da Universidade Católica Dom Bosco (CEIPPAM/UCDB) por meio de pareceres técnicos produzidos em atendimento às demandas do Ministério Público do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, na área ambiental, considerando a Rota de Integração Latino-Americana, nos biomas Pantanal e Cerrado, como área de estudo. Os resultados demonstraram que Aquidauana, Bodoquena e Bonito foram os municípios com os maiores índices de irregularidades ambientais, onde as classes de uso do solo denominadas Vegetação Remanescente e Área de Preservação Ambiental foram as mais afetadas pelos danos ambientais identificados. Abstract: The exploitation of natural resources and their impacts on ecosystems requires concern and efficient action. The environmental agenda is present in the government. The Public Prosecution Office acts in environmental defense in order to guarantee the right to an ecologically balanced environment for current and future generations. This study presents the results obtained by the Integrated Center for Environmental Protection and Research at the Dom Bosco Catholic University (CEIPPAM/UCDB) through technical opinions produced in response to the demands of the Public Prosecution Office of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, in the environmental area, considering the Latin American Integration Route, in the Pantanal and Cerrado biomes, as a study area. The results showed that Aquidauana, Bodoquena, and Bonito were the municipalities with the highest rates of environmental irregularities, where the classes of land use called Remaining Vegetation and Environmental Preservation Area were the most affected by the environmental damage identified. Resumen: La explotación de los recursos naturales y sus impactos en los ecosistemas requieren preocupación y acción eficiente. La agenda ambiental está presente en el gobierno. El Ministerio Público actúa en defensa del medio ambiente para garantizar el derecho a un medio ambiente ecológicamente equilibrado para las generaciones actuales y futuras. Este estudio presenta los resultados obtenidos por el Centro Integrado para la Protección e Investigación Ambiental de la Universidad Católica Dom Bosco (CEIPPAM/UCDB) a través de opiniones técnicas producidas en respuesta a las demandas del Ministerio Público del Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, en el área ambiental, considerando la ruta de integración latinoamericana, en los biomas del Pantanal y Cerrado, como área de estudio. Los resultados mostraron que Aquidauana, Bodoquena y Bonito fueron los municipios con las tasas más altas de irregularidades ambientales, donde las clases de uso de la tierra llamadas Vegetación Restante y Área de Preservación Ambiental fueron las más afectadas por el daño ambiental identificado.

Mercury is a toxic pollutant that exists in the atmosphere in several forms, operationally identified according to their chemical and physical characteristics. The problem of atmospheric mercury pollution has recently received increasing attention, as evidenced by the numerous European regulations issued in the last years. The normative question is closely related to the methodological one, as the quantification of the mercury species is strictly linked to the sampling and analysis methods. Due to their different bioavailability, airborne mercury forms detection is fundamental both in outdoor and indoor (i.e., workplace) environments. This paper presents an overview of European legislation on atmospheric mercury pollution, with particular attention to the Italian legislation. Starting from the regulatory protocols, the methodological framework for mercury quantification was reviewed, underlining the limits and the problems of the different methodologies and providing new guidance for the analysis. Regulatory and methodological updates have led to great specificity in mercury quantification, which is distinguished for the outdoor and indoor environments. For workplace environments, all mercury species (i.e., gaseous and particulate mercury) are required to be quantified by the Italian legislation; on the contrary, only gaseous compounds are monitored in outdoor conditions. It hence appears of primary importance that the monitoring operator chooses the sampling and analytical method for mercury sampling and analysis that correctly adheres to the normative regulations. Detailed norms describe how to carry on the monitoring in both outdoor and indoor conditions, preventing the operator’s arbitrariness, which otherwise can lead to airborne mercury underestimation/overestimation.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the development of environmental diplomacy of the European Union. Today environmental diplomacy has become an important way for states to promote their course of environmental diplomacy, to protect their environmental rights and interests, to promote their own economic and environmental development. The most striking example of the application of green diplomacy on a regional and global scale is the environmental policy implemented by EU member states. Within the EU there is a huge number of environmental programs for the development of renewable energy sources, protection of flora and fauna, as well as combating pollution of water and land resources. To implement its own environmental diplomacy, the EU has adopted a number of important regulations, which are analyzed in the article. The most thorough legal act in the field of environmental diplomacy was Council Directive 85/337 / EEC of 1985 on the assessment of the effects of public and private projects on the environment. This directive reflects the EU’s desire to draw the attention of government agencies and the public to environmental issues and to encourage their collective solution. EU environmental diplomacy is carried out through diplomatic missions, missions, delegations, as well as at the individual level. It involves European politicians and officials who are able to influence international public opinion, employees of foreign ministries and diplomatic missions. The EU also involves third countries as partners to discuss the most pressing environmental issues and their future solutions: climate change, biodiversity conservation, soil depletion, forest and water resources, and renewable energy. Environmental protection is one of the priority areas for European integration. States wishing to join the EU must meet its environmental standards and implement key principles of environmental legislation. It is noted that the EU countries are trying to transfer the economy to clean technologies and diplomatically encourage others to take measures to improve the environmental situation.

Brazil is one of the largest drug consumers in the world, and studies show that a large part of the population disposes of these drugs in the common waste, negatively impacting the environment. This article aims to analyze normative aspects of the management of household drug waste in Brazil, through the analysis of federal legislation on the subject, pointing out its strengths and weaknesses. It was observed that Brazil already had a legal apparatus that dealt with drug residues from health services, and more recently it took a leap in order to solve the gap that existed when starting the implementation of the reverse logistics system for home medicines, still in progress. This seems to be a promising alternative to the problem of disposal of this type of waste in Brazil. The system provides for shared responsibility among all agents responsible for the life cycle of household medicines and their packaging, in line with the National Solid Waste Policy, but leaves out cities with less than 100,000 inhabitants, and urgent action needs to be taken of education of the population so that this system can be effectively implemented. Brasil es uno de los mayores consumidores de drogas del mundo, y estudios muestran que gran parte de la población desecha estas drogas en la basura común, impactando el medio ambiente. Existe legislación vigente para la correcta disposición minimizando los impactos ambientales, sin embargo, con debilidades en su composición y aplicación. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar aspectos normativos de la gestión de residuos domiciliarios de medicamentos en Brasil, a través del análisis de la legislación federal sobre el tema, señalando sus fortalezas y debilidades. Se observó que Brasil ya contaba con un aparato legal que se ocupaba de los residuos de medicamentos de los servicios de salud, y más recientemente dio un salto para solventar el vacío que existía, al iniciar la implementación del sistema de logística inversa para medicamentos domiciliarios. en progreso. El sistema prevé la responsabilidad compartida entre todos los agentes responsables del ciclo de vida de los medicamentos de uso doméstico y sus envases, en línea con la Política Nacional de Residuos Sólidos. Esta parece ser una alternativa promisoria para el problema de disposición de este tipo de residuos en Brasil, pero de manera incompleta, ya que excluye ciudades con menos de 100.000 habitantes, requiriendo complementación en la legislación vigente, así como acciones de educación de la población para que este sistema se puede implementar con éxito. O Brasil é um dos maiores consumidores de medicamento do mundo, e estudos apontam que a grande parte da população realiza o descarte desses medicamentos no lixo comum, impactando o meio ambiente. Há legislação vigente para o correto descarte minimizando os impactos ambientais, porém, com fragilidades em sua composição e aplicação. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar aspectos normativos do gerenciamento de resíduos de medicamentos domiciliares no Brasil, por meio da análise da legislação federal sobre o tema, apontando seus pontos fortes e fragilidades. Observou-se que o Brasil já dispunha de aparato legal que versava sobre os resíduos de medicamentos dos serviços de saúde, e mais recentemente deu um salto a fim de solucionar a lacuna que existia, ao iniciar a implantação do sistema de logística reversa para medicamentos domiciliares, ainda em andamento. O sistema prevê a responsabilidade compartilhada entre todos os agentes responsáveis pelo ciclo de vida dos medicamentos domiciliares e suas embalagens, em consonância com a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Esta parece ser uma alternativa promissora para o problema do descarte desse tipo de resíduo no Brasil, porém de forma incompleta, pois exclui as cidades com menos de 100.000 habitantes, necessitando complementações na legislação vigente, bem como, de ações de educação da população para que esse sistema possa ser de fato efetivado com sucesso.

Peculiarities of legal regulation of legal relations in the field of conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity are considered. The provisions of national and international legislation in this area have been studied, as well as the meaning of the terms «biological diversity» and «sustainable use of biological diversity» from the point of view of law. From the standpoint of law, the program documents are analyzed, based on the provisions of which the state policy in the field of conservation and use of biodiversity is formed, as well as the place of norms on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in the environmental legislation of Ukraine. The necessity of developing a single categorical-conceptual apparatus in the field of regulation of relations on conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity is substantiated. It is established that the legal regulation of conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity is provided mainly by national programs, strategies and other policy documents, and ensuring the requirements of conservation and sustainable use of natural, spatial, species, population and coenotic diversity of biodiversity components. It is noted that the term «biological diversity» and its species (spatial, species, population and coenotic diversity (depending on the level of organization)) are used mainly in setting legal requirements for the protection, use and reproduction of certain natural resources. in order to uniformly apply the term «biodiversity» and understand its meaning, its definition should be introduced into national legislation at the level of natural resource laws. It is also considered necessary to include basic terms, including the concept of «biological diversity», in the future Environmental Code. At the same time, relations in the field of biodiversity (its components) should be considered in the context of its sustainable use as part of a more global concept of sustainable development, where the principle of rational use of natural resources is a key condition for sustainable economic and social development., Розглянуто особливості правового регулювання правовідносин у сфері збереження і сталого використання біологічного різноманіття. Вивчено положення національного й міжнародного законодавства у цій сфері, а також зміст термінів «біологічне різноманіття» і «стале використання біологічного різноманіття» з точки зору права. Проаналізовано з позицій права програмні документи, спираючись на положення яких формується державна політика у сфері збереження й використання біорізноманіття, а також місце норм щодо збереження й невиснажливого використання біорізноманіття в системі екологічного законодавства України. Обґрунтовано необхідність вироблення єдиного категорійно-понятійного апарату у сфері регулювання відносин із збереження і сталого використання біологічного різноманіття.

Ricardo Quesada López-Calleja was born in Barrio Amón, San José, Costa Rica on August 31, 1929. He was the youngest son of Víctor Quesada Carvajal and Hortensia López-Calleja Mora. Educated both in private and public schools, he graduated as a lawyer from the University of Costa Rica. As a teenager, he worked in the Castro & Quesada Warehouse with his father. It is said that it was Quesada López-Calleja who started and transformed foreign trade in Costa Rica by establishing business relationships with different Eastern European countries, where he was appointed Ambassador. In the 70’s, he taught in the Escuela Normal Superior, and in the School of Political Science at the University of Costa Rica. Quesada published different iconographies from leaders of the world, some other works related to archeological artifacts in the National Museum, and his masterpiece Costa Rica. La Frontera Sur de Mesoamérica. Founder of the environmental movement in Costa Rica, he created along with a group of students, professors, and friends, the National Patrimony Defense Committee on April 24, 1970. Later on, he participated in important environmental efforts seeking to protect the country’s archaeological and natural patrimony, to introduce an environmental amendment in the Constitution of Costa Rica (Art. 50), and to enact the Environmental Law. Ricardo Quesada López-Calleja died on January 31, 1994, and, as the founder of the environmental movement, this was his legacy to the people of Costa Rica. Ricardo Quesada López-Calleja nace en el Barrio Amón, San José, Costa Rica, un 31 de agosto de 1929. Fue el hijo menor de Víctor Quesada Carvajal y Hortensia López-Calleja Fuentes. Estudió en escuelas públicas y privadas y se gradúa como abogado y notario en la Universidad de Costa Rica. Trabajó con su padre en el Almacén Castro y Quesada durante su juventud. Inicia y transforma el comercio exterior en Costa Rica al establecer relaciones comerciales con diversos países de Europa del Este, donde fue nombrado como embajador. En la década de los años 70 fue profesor en la Escuela Normal Superior de Costa Rica y en la Escuela de Ciencias Políticas de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Publica diversas iconografías de próceres, como de las principales piezas arqueológicas del Museo Nacional, así como su obra principal, Costa Rica. La Frontera Sur de Mesoamérica (Premio Nacional Aquileo J. Echeverría, 1980). Funda el movimiento ecologista en Costa Rica y crea el Comité de Defensa del Patrimonio Nacional (CDPN) el 24 de abril de 1970, junto con un grupo de estudiantes, profesores y amigos. Participa en múltiples luchas en defensa del patrimonio arqueológico y natural nacional e internacional, así como en el establecimiento de leyes en estos campos. En especial, la incorporación del párrafo segundo del artículo 50 de la Constitución Política de Costa Rica y la redacción del Código del Ambiente. Como fundador del movimiento ecologista, esta es la herencia que dejó Ricardo Quesada López-Calleja a los costarricenses, quien fallece en la ciudad de San José, el 31 de enero de 1994.

Submitted by Renan Lucas Pollo (r.pollo@unesp.br) on 2022-06-21T11:40:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta Finaliz.pdf: 4914057 bytes, checksum: fe6dc135b2b42a40841562b65ad7313f (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by ROSEMEIRE APARECIDA VICENTE null (rose@btu.unesp.br) on 2022-06-21T16:36:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pollo_rl_me_bot.pdf: 4914057 bytes, checksum: fe6dc135b2b42a40841562b65ad7313f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-06-21T16:36:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pollo_rl_me_bot.pdf: 4914057 bytes, checksum: fe6dc135b2b42a40841562b65ad7313f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022-06-03 Nos últimos anos, percebeu-se uma concentração preocupante do Comércio Ilegal sobre a fauna brasileira, representando cerca de 15% do total movimentado no mundo. Em paralelo, o Tráfico de Animais, no Brasil, também ganhou terreno amplo e representa, hoje, o total de 15% dos valores movimentados internacionalmente. Com essas práticas ilícitas de exploração, são retiradas mais de 38 milhões de espécies dos seus habitats naturais anualmente. Fundada nessas premissas, foi desenvolvida a Teoria do Link, que conectou os crimes aos animais como balizas de identificação do cometimento futuro de crimes também contra as pessoas. A par disto, o presente trabalho busca contextualizar se os problemas crônicos, enfrentados transnacionalmente, confirmam-se de forma isolada, autônoma ou fragmentada nos municípios, como forma de antever o aumento da violência social local centrada nesta teoria. Assim, objetivou-se levantar dados de crimes ambientais em animais selvagens nas cidades de São Manuel e Botucatu, por meio de análises quali-quantitativas das ocorrências custodiadas na Polícia Ambiental de Botucatu entre 2015 à 2019, buscando identificar a prevalência, os tipos de crimes cometidos, a idade e o sexo dos autuados, o total de denúncias realizadas, o quantitativo de animais selvagens apreendidos e os projetos de educação ambiental realizados pela polícia na sociedade. Ao todo, foram analisados 680 registros para o estudo, identificando 18 artigos da legislação ambiental influentes. Concluiu-se que o masculino foi o sexo de maior incisão no cometimento dos crimes, com média de idade dos autuados em 53,55 anos para São Manuel e 51,88 anos para Botucatu. Na marca dos crimes mais ocorridos, em São Manuel prevaleceram os artigos: 36, 25, 44, 49, 53 e 50; em Botucatu, os artigos: 36, 25, 44, 49, 50 e 53. Sequenciada as prevalências, constatou-se pelas casuísticas, os mesmos problemas enfrentados nacionalmente. Desse modo, procurou-se reportar uma historiografia legislativa ambiental e animal de 1605 até 1990, aproximadamente, descrevendo conjuntamente sobre a proteção internacional dos animais, as formas de cooperação existentes para a conservação da Biodiversidade brasileira e como se posiciona o Direito Animal nas circunstâncias de proteção e conservação das espécies. No conteúdo complementar, realiza-se um estudo contundente do desmonte normativo realizado em 2019, e o atual cenário dos crimes envolvendo nossa fauna, fato que possibilitou estruturar formas (para quem?) e meios (de como?) se denunciar um crime ambiental quando envolvidos animais selvagens ou domésticos. In recent years, there has been a worrying concentration of Illegal Commerce on Brazilian fauna, representing about 15% of the total handled in the world. At the same time, Animal Trafficking in Brazil has also gained wide ground and currently represents 15% of the amounts traded internationally. With these illicit exploitation practices, more than 38 million species are removed from their natural habitats annually. Based on these premises, the Link Theory was developed, which connected crimes to animals as beacons of identification of the future commission of crimes also against people. In addition, the present work seeks to contextualize whether the chronic problems, faced transnationally, are confirmed in an isolated, autonomous or fragmented way in the municipalities, as a way of anticipating the increase in local social violence centered on this theory. Thus, the objective was to collect data on environmental crimes in wild animals in the cities of São Manuel and Botucatu, through quali-quantitative analyzes of the occurrences held in the Botucatu Environmental Police between 2015 and 2019, seeking to identify the prevalence, types of crimes committed, the age and sex of those charged, the total number of complaints made, the number of wild animals seized and the environmental education projects carried out by the police in society. In all, 680 records were analyzed for the study, identifying 18 influential environmental legislation articles. It was concluded that males were the sex with the greatest impact on committing crimes, with a mean age of those charged at 53.55 years for São Manuel and 51.88 years for Botucatu. In terms of the most frequent crimes, in São Manuel the following articles prevailed: 36, 25, 44, 49, 53 and 50; in Botucatu, articles: 36, 25, 44, 49, 50 and 53. Sequencing the prevalence, the same problems faced nationally were found in the case series. In this way, we tried to report an environmental and animal legislative historiography from 1605 to 1990, approximately, describing together on the international protection of animals, the existing forms of cooperation for the conservation of Brazilian Biodiversity and how Animal Law is positioned in the circumstances of protection and conservation of species. In the complementary content, a strong study is carried out of the normative dismantling carried out in 2019, and the current scenario of crimes involving our fauna, a fact that made it possible to structure ways (for whom?) and means (how?) to denounce an environmental crime when wild or domestic animals involved.

The article is devoted to the study of the legal basis for the implementation of the ecosystem approach, which is a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way, in the state environmental policy of Ukraine. Based on the analysis of the provisions of the main political and legal acts of environmental direction, both general, first of all – the Law of Ukraine «On the Basic principles (strategy) of state environmental policy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030», and focused on the protection and use of certain natural resources, objects and complexes, as well as policy documents from other spheres of public life, it was concluded that all of them directly or indirectly touch on the issues of conservation and restoration of natural ecosystems and implementation of the ecosystem approach, which gives reason to speak of a certain tendency towards «ecosystemization» of the state environmental policy of Ukraine, which, according to the author, should be continued and strengthened. In addition, it is obvious that despite the successes in the legislative consolidation of these issues, it is extremely important to create the conditions for their implementation, and therefore, it is hoped that these documents would not remain declarative, but would be quickly realized in practice., Статья посвящена исследованию правовых основ внедрения экосистемного подхода в государственную экологическую политику Украины. На основании анализа положений ключевых политико-правовых актов экологического направления, как общих, прежде всего Закона Украины «Об Основных началах (стратегии) государственной экологической политики Украины на период до 2030 года», так и ориентированных на охрану и использование отдельных природных ресурсов, объектов и комплексов, а также программных документов из других сфер общественной жизни, обосновывается, что все они прямо или косвенно затрагивают вопросы сохранения и восстановления природных экосистем и внедрения экосистемного подхода. Это дает возможность говорить о тенденции к постепенной «экосистемизации» государственной экологической политики Украины, которая в будущем, по мнению автора, должна продолжаться и усиливаться., Статтю присвячено дослідженню правових засад упровадження екосистемного підходу в державну екологічну політику України. На підставі аналізу положень ключових політико-правових актів екологічного спрямування, як загальних, передусім Закону України «Про Основні засади (стратегію) державної екологічної політики України на період до 2030 року», так і зорієнтованих на охорону та використання окремих природних ресурсів, об’єктів і комплексів, а також програмних документів з інших сфер суспільного життя, обґрунтовано, що всі вони прямо чи опосередковано торкаються питань збереження і відновлення природних екосистем та впровадження екосистемного підходу. Це дає можливість вести мову про тенденцію до поступової «екосистемізації» державної екологічної політики України, яка в майбутньому, на переконання автора, має продовжуватися та посилюватися.

Economic and legal measures to stimulate rational environmental management and environmental protection on the basis of the current legislation of Russia are considered, their concept is given. The problems of calculating and collecting fees for negative environmental impacts are disclosed. The question of the necessity of dividing objects that have a negative impact on the environment into categories continues to remain debatable. The bill is analyzed on the introduction of the chapter “Environmental tax” in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Considerable attention is paid to state support of economic and other activities carried out in order to protect the environment, as well as economic measures to stimulate the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The Author comes to the conclusion environmental protection and rational nature management can be ensured only by taking a set of organizational, legal and economic measures aimed at reducing the level of negative impact of human activity.

The pandemic is one of those contemporary world challenges that today poses a global deadly threat to all mankind. Addressing the pandemic and ensuring human health through the lens of legal environmental safety seems to be timely. Adverse sanitary and epidemiological conditions, among other reasons, may arise out of the lack of a well-founded legal framework supporting the realization of the constitutional right of citizens to a favourable environment. The purpose of this article is to show the role of environmental security in preventing the sanitary and epidemiological crisis and ensuring public health. The article tried to analyse how environmental norms, rules of food and household hygiene were justified in the oldest monument of the Tajik people - Avesta, how the Zoroastrian religion explained the need to ensure sanitary and epidemiological safety of society and human health. Currently legal regulation of environmental protection and safeguarding public health attaches particular importance to such categories as health , life and safety . The last concept is increasingly filled with medical content worldwide. This is due to the fact that the category security is generally universal, and its application in legislation, obviously, implies certain reasons and consequences. The article briefly analyses the legal policy of the Republic of Tajikistan in the field of environmental legislation and public health. Mechanisms and directions for improving the current legislation in the field of environmental protection have been studied, and legal decisions on ensuring public health have been considered.

The paper considers the concept of sustainable development that has been shaped under the influence of the planetary ecological crisis associated with the increasing anthropogenic impact on the environment and awareness of progressive mankind of the need for developing a new, non-anthropocentric, approach to environmental management and nature in general. The authors perform a historical review of the origin and development of the concept of sustainable development as it appears in the international regulatory documents that reverberate the decisions on changing the course of the entire world community from technogenic to sustainable development. The study highlights the contribution of proposals to the legislation of the Russian Federation to take joint actions in order to promote the “green economy” with the Constitution of the Russian Federation dwelling upon the environmental articles, e.g. the major legislation of the environmental law On Environmental Protection adopted recently, and a number of codes to ensure nature management scoping the regulations for environmental and legal responsibility. According to the Russian experts, the transition to sustainable development in each country and in the same country throughout history may have different priorities, which is reflected in the legislation. In particular, the Government has approved the Strategy for Sustainable Development of Rural Areas of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030. Currently, the legislation dwells upon the prevailing anthropocentric trends, but when the idea of sustainable development reaches the critical mass, a transition from the consumer worldview to a respectful and friendly attitude of humans to nature where they belong seems hopeful.

The article is devoted to the study of the ecosystem as an object of environmental law through the prism of the ecosystem approach – the newest strategy aimed at shifting the emphasis from the management of individual natural objects to the management of ecosystems that are of direct importance to humanity. The doctrinal views on the ecosystem as an object of environmental law and its place among other objects of legal regulation are analyzed. The opinion is substantiated that the implementation of the ecosystem approach into environmental law provides for the transformation of this branch of law at the level of the object composition and the recognition of the ecosystem as its central object. It has been suggested that with a change in the structural organization of environmental law, when the ecosystem will be recognized as its central object, and all other objects will be considered in the ecosystem context, the ecosystem concept will have the status of the main paradigm of environmental law and, probably, subsequently, being quite «ecosystemocentric», environmental law will be transformed into «ecosystem law», just as environmental legislation will finally be based on a single scientific concept – the concept of an ecosystem, which significantly activates the process of codification of environmental legislation in the form of developing an «Ecosystem Code». Such position is certainly debatable and can be critically perceived in scientific circles, and therefore requires a comprehensive development and justification. At the same time, the very formulation of the question of the place of the ecosystem among the objects of environmental law can start a lively and fruitful scientific discussion that will help to develop an optimal model of legal regulation of environmental relations.

Se construyó el estado del arte del marco jurídico de protección de los humedales frente al cambio climático, con base en un análisis bibliométrico y de redes, utilizando como instrumento la búsqueda de documentos científicos en la base de datos Scopus®. Las áreas temáticas más importantes proceden de las ciencias ambientales. Las tendencias investigativas más relevantes de esta revisión frente al cambio climático fueron: a) la importancia de los humedales y sus impactos; b) la protección y conservación ambiental de los humedales, y sus efectos en la biodiversidad; c) las políticas ambientales de gestión (restauración, conservación, protección de humedales) y el desarrollo sostenible. Se identificaron otros aspectos de importancia como son las tendencias regionales y planificación territorial, la gestión del carbono, la producción de metano, indicadores paisajísticos y participación efectiva como elementos para las políticas ambientales de manejo, restauración, protección y conservación de estos ecosistemas. The state of the art of the legal framework for the protection of wetlands against climate change was constructed based on a bibliometric and network analysis using the Scopus® database as an instrument for the search of scientific documents. The most important subject areas come from environmental science. The most relevant research trends in this review regarding climate change were: a) the importance of wetlands and their impact; b) the environmental protection and conservation of wetlands and their effects on biodiversity; c) environmental management policies (restoration, conservation, protection of wetlands) and sustainable development. Other important aspects were identified, such as regional trends and territorial planning, carbon management, methane production, landscape indicators and effective participation as elements for environmental policies for the management, restoration, protection and conservation of these ecosystems.

On the grounds of the comprehensive analysis of the views of scientists, the article explores the principle of the ecosystem approach in environmental law.It is substantiated that in the modern environmental legal doctrine there is no clear and unambiguous understanding of the essence of this principle and its place among other principles of environmental law, because scientists, considering this principle an independent principle, simultaneously recognize it as a sign of rational use of natural resources, identify it with the complex and sustainable use of natural resources or generally see it in the vast majority of principles of environmental law.Given the novelty, extreme intricacy and unconventionality of the principle of the ecosystem approach, it is proposed to consider it as a quintessential principle of environmental law, which, found on the objective conditions of nature’s existence, denoted by the interdependence and interconditionality of all natural processes and phenomena, “permeates” all principles of environmental law and at the same time serves as their backbone, the essence.The article concludes by emphasizing the need to rethink environmental law and its principles on the basis of the ecosystem approach.

The issue of determining the objects of environmental law ofUkrainefrom the very beginning of the formation of this branch of law doesn’t lose its relevance. Numerous monographs, scientific articles, abstracts and other publications appear that study the scientific and methodological aspects of the development of the doctrine of objects of environmental law, analyze the theoretical approaches to their understanding, substantiate the position about the need to highlight new objects of environmental legal regulation etc. Supporting the position expressed by many environmental lawyers about the need to rethink traditional ideas about environmental law and taking into account the latest trends in the development of international environmental law, primarily related to the implementation of the concept of sustainable development and the ecosystem approach, the author believes that the study of environmental law in Ukraine from just that angle view deserves special attention. Given this, the purpose of the article is to analyze the legislative and scientific foundations of understanding the objects of environmental law ofUkrainein the context of the implementation and realization of the ecosystem approach. The ecosystem approach, which is being actively developed under the Convention on Biological Diversity, is defined as a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that ensures their conservation and sustainable use on an equitable basis. By analogy with the ecologization of law and legislation, which in general terms represents the process of implementation environmental legal principles and norms into all branches of law and the relevant legislation regulating human activities related to environmental impact, the process of implementation the ecosystem approach into the legal regulation of environmental relations it is proposed to call the «ecosystemization» of environmental law and legislation. In the author’s opinion, the necessary condition for the implementation and realization of the ecosystem approach in environmental law and legislation of Ukraine is not so much recognition of the ecosystem as a separate object on an equal basis with others, but understanding of all objects of environmental and legal regulation and the environment as a whole in the ecosystem context. Indeed, it is obvious that the use of natural resources, as a certain useful property of natural objects, on the basis of the ecosystem approach, can be discussed only if the natural objects themselves are «ecosystemized». That is, when designating natural objects in environmental legislation and their study in the environmental legal doctrine, their ecosystem characteristics must be taken into account. Based on a thorough analysis of regulatory legal acts and the views of scientists, a tendency to gradual «ecosystemization» of objects of environmental law of Ukraine was identified and it was assumed that this tendency will continue and intensify, and in the distant, but foreseeable future, all natural objects and the environment as a whole will be studied by scientists and determined in environmental legislation precisely in the ecosystem context. According to the author, this approach will allow to overcome the fragmentation of environmental law ofUkraineand create a holistic legal basis for the qualitative regulation of social environmental relations.

The Rural Environmental Registry (RER) consists of an electronic record of information on rural properties that aims to integrate environmental information on properties, in order to contribute to the creation of a strategic database, used to control, monitor and combat deforestation, helping the process of environmental regularization of rural properties. The objective was to carry out an environmental diagnosis in the state of Minas Gerais, through the information available on the website of the National Rural Environmental Registry System (NRERS). 85 municipalities were selected, comprising 10% of the total municipalities that make up the state. Geostatistical analysis was used to generate maps. The data provided by NRERS presented itself as an important tool for environmental control and regularization. Through the information obtained, it is possible to analyze the Permanent Preservation Areas and Legal Reserve, in addition to allowing for comparing the agricultural zoning with the productive characteristics of each region of the state. El Registro Ambiental Rural (CAR) consiste en un registro electrónico de información sobre predios rurales que tiene como objetivo integrar la información ambiental de los predios, con el fin de contribuir a la creación de una base de datos estratégica, utilizada para el control, seguimiento y combate a la deforestación, ayudar al proceso de regularización ambiental de las propiedades rurales. El objetivo fue realizar un diagnóstico ambiental en el estado de Minas Gerais, a través de la información disponible en el sitio web del Sistema Nacional de Registro Ambiental Rural (SICAR). Se seleccionaron 85 municipios, que comprenden el 10% del total de municipios que componen el estado. Se utilizó análisis geoestadístico para generar mapas. Los datos proporcionados por SICAR se presentaron como una herramienta importante para el control y la regularización ambiental. A través de la información obtenida, es posible analizar las Áreas de Preservación Permanente y Reserva Legal, además de permitir confrontar la zonificación agropecuaria con las características productivas de cada región del estado. O Cadastro Ambiental Rural (CAR) consiste em um registro eletrônico de informações dos imóveis rurais que tem por finalidade integrar informações ambientais das propriedades, de forma a contribuir com a criação de uma base de dados estratégica, utilizada para o controle, monitoramento e combate ao desmatamento, auxiliando o processo de regularização ambiental das propriedades rurais. Objetivou-se realizar o diagnóstico ambiental no estado de Minas Gerais, através das informações disponibilizadas no site do Sistema Nacional de Cadastro Ambiental Rural (SICAR). Foram selecionados 85 municípios, compreendendo 10% do total de municípios que compõem o estado. Utilizou-se a análise geoestatística para geração de mapas. Os dados fornecidos pelo SICAR se apresentaram como importante ferramenta de controle e regularização ambiental. Por meio das informações obtidas é possível analisar as Áreas de Preservação Permanentes e Reserva Legal, além de permitir confrontar o zoneamento agrícola com as características produtivas de cada região do estado.

Flooding in urban areas causes problems related to traffic, damage in businesses and homes. Historically, although several environmental laws have restricted the use of river plains, many of these areas have been occupied and regularized by local governments. Inaccuracy and overlapping of laws also facilitated misinterpretations and violations. This article aims to analyze the risk management instruments provided for in Brazilian legislation and their application in areas frequently affected by floods. The case study was applied to the Ipiranga Stream Basin, in São Paulo/ SP, where occurred 82 flood events were observed over a 52-year period, predominantly between 2010 and 2017, with human, material and economic damage. The various structural measures employed so far have not been sufficient to solve the problems. Although some laws indicate readjustments of use in areas affected by floods, but these changes rarely occur. It is observed that over time, the legislation that involves the phenomenon of flooding presents a paradigm shift, where the initial focus on environmental protection of the areas of permanent preservation, migrates to disaster risk management. Resumo As inundações em áreas urbanas causam problemas relacionados ao tráfego, prejuízos e danos em áreas comerciais e residenciais. Historicamente, apesar de diversas legislações ambientais restringirem o uso das planícies fluviais, muitas dessas áreas foram ocupadas e regularizadas perante os governos locais. A imprecisão e sobreposição das leis também facilitaram interpretações errôneas e infrações. Esse artigo tem como objetivo analisar os instrumentos de gestão de riscos previstos na legislação brasileira e sua aplicação em áreas recorrentemente atingidas por inundações. O estudo de caso foi aplicado à Bacia do Córrego Ipiranga, em São Paulo/SP, onde foram constatados 82 eventos de inundação em um período de 52 anos, predominantemente no período entre 2010 e 2017, com registro de danos humanos, materiais e econômicos. Diversas medidas estruturais foram empregadas até o momento, mas não tiveram eficácias suficientes para solucionar os problemas. Embora algumas leis indiquem readequações de uso nos espaços atingidos pelas inundações, essas mudanças raramente ocorrem. Observa-se que ao longo do tempo, a legislação que envolve o fenômeno da inundação apresenta uma mudança de paradigma, onde o foco, inicialmente voltado à proteção ambiental das áreas de preservação permanente, migra para a gestão de riscos de desastres.

The National Environment Policy, Law 6938/81, has the function of providing a coherent conceptual and operational guide for the country’s environmental laws. In order for achieving this purpose, objectives, instruments and a central organizational system for the environmental management were established. Among the instruments it was provided the establishment of environmental quality standards. After more than thirty years of this prediction, there are not concrete studies to evaluate the results obtained so far. Given the need for such studies, this article examined the effectiveness of the establishment of environmental quality standards, that is, if it has produced the expected goals. The research was exploratory, outlined by bibliographic and documentary methods. The results showed that the legal provision was fulfi lled, with current quality standards for water, air, noise sound and soil, established by predefined classes of use of the territory. However, these patterns have not been allocated as quality targets, able to ensure the required environmental conditions in the country. The prevailing action is the use of command and control measures to reduce pollution, especially the application of emission limits for specific sources, without the expected observation of the limits specifi ed by the standards of environmental quality. In addition, the lack of planning of the use of the territory and the shortcomings in monitoring environmental quality in Brazil harm the appropriation of established standards. Thus, it is concluded that the environmental quality standards have not been effective because the proposed objectives were not achieved., A Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente, Lei nº6938/81, tem a função de fornecer uma coerência conceitual e operacional para as leis ambientais do país. Para atingir esse propósito, princípios, objetivos, instrumentos e um sistema organizacional para a gestão ambiental foram estabelecidos. Dentre os instrumentos, foi previsto o estabelecimento de padrões de qualidade ambiental. Passados mais de trinta anos dessa previsão, não há estudos concretos que avaliem os resultados obtidos por este instrumento. Dada a necessidade desses estudos, este artigo analisou a eficácia do estabelecimento de padrões de qualidade ambiental, isto é, verificou-se o instrumento produziu os objetivos esperados. A pesquisa foi exploratória, delineada por métodos de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Os resultados demonstraram que a previsão legal foi cumprida, estando vigentes padrões de qualidade para água, ar, ruídos sonoros e solo, estabelecidos por classes predefinidas de uso do território. No entanto, esses padrões não foram apropriados como metas de qualidade, capazes de assegurar as condições ambientais requeridas no país. Prevalece a utilização de medidas de comando e controle para a redução da poluição, sobretudo a aplicação de limites de emissão para fontes específicas, sem a esperada observação dos limites indicados pelos padrões de qualidade ambiental. Além disso, a falta de planejamento do uso do território e as deficiências no monitoramento da qualidade ambiental no Brasil prejudicam a apropriação dos padrões instituídos. Assim, conclui-se que os padrões de qualidade ambiental não têm sido eficazes, pois os objetivos propostos não foram alcançados.

Submitted by Natália Freitas De Souza (nataliafreitas_vet@yahoo.com.br) on 2022-02-08T18:44:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Fin_Natália.pdf: 1521222 bytes, checksum: d54d8a935aee0b9280df8b372d2ffb1e (MD5) Rejected by ROSEMEIRE APARECIDA VICENTE null (rose@btu.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: Problema 1: AGRADECIMENTOS Você colocou os agradecimentos no final do seu trabalho Tem que aparecer logo após a ficha catalográfica, citando com destaque o agradecimento as agencias de fomento com seu respectivos códigos se for o caso. E isso é uma EXIGÊNCIA das agências de fomento. Assim que tiver efetuado as correções submeta o arquivo, em formato PDF, novamente. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2022-02-08T19:21:34Z (GMT) Submitted by Natália Freitas De Souza (nataliafreitas_vet@yahoo.com.br) on 2022-02-09T14:11:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Natália_Freitas.pdf: 1523876 bytes, checksum: 15bd9a0193d3a842070bb918266b0d0e (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Elida Daniele de Antonio null (elida_daniele@btu.unesp.br) on 2022-02-09T14:24:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_nf_me_bot.pdf: 1523876 bytes, checksum: 15bd9a0193d3a842070bb918266b0d0e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-02-09T14:24:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_nf_me_bot.pdf: 1523876 bytes, checksum: 15bd9a0193d3a842070bb918266b0d0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022-01-19 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) O Brasil é o berço de uma das maiores e mais diversas riquezas de fauna e flora. Nesse contexto, as espécies animais são bastante almejadas. A caça e o comércio de animais silvestres, apesar de ilegal, ainda é muito praticada impactando não só a sociedade, mas também a economia e, principalmente, os ecossistemas. Nesse cenário, fazer uma análise retrospectiva das espécies de animais silvestres envolvidas no tráfico é necessário para a otimização das estratégias de combate ao tráfico e, assim, evitar a defaunação. Para o estudo, foram obtidos dados de apreensões de animais silvestres (aves, mamíferos, répteis e peixes) realizadas pelo Ibama entre os anos de 2015 e 2020 para os estados do Pará e São Paulo. Dentre os grupos animais, houve um maior número de apreensões de peixes, seguido de aves, répteis e mamíferos. Houve predomínio de apreensões de peixes e répteis no estado do Pará e aves e mamíferos em São Paulo. Além dos animais íntegros, houve também apreensão de subprodutos de origem animal como couro, pele e carne. A identificação das espécies animais foi um ponto crítico que, por vezes, impossibilitou a inclusão de animais nesse levantamento. Desse modo, há necessidade de concentração dos esforços de instituições privadas e públicas bem como da sociedade para combater a prática de maneira efetiva e integrada. Brazil has one of the greatest and most diverse riches of fauna and flora. In this context, animal species are highly desired worldwide. Hunting and wildlife trade, despite being illegal, is widely practiced, impacting not only the society, but also the national economy and, more importantly, the ecosystems. In this scenario, the retrospective analysis of the wildlife involved in trafficking is essential for optimizing the strategies to combat it in order to avoid defaunation. For this study, the data were obtained from seizures carried out by Ibama between 2015 and 2020 for Pará and São Paulo state. Among the animals, the fish seizures were more prevalent, followed by birds, reptiles and mammal seizures. Fish and reptiles’ seizures were more prevalent in Pará state, while birds and mammals were more prevalent in São Paulo state. In addition to intact animals, the subproducts were also seized, such as leather, skin, meat and swim bladder. The specie identification was a critical point during the development of the work, which did not allow the inclusion of these animals in this survey. Thus, there is a need for intensification of the efforts from private and public institutions, as well as the society to combat this activity in a more effective and integrated manner. CAPES: 001

The article considers environmental law policy as a component, an independent type of national legal policy, as well as state and sectoral environmental policy. The existence of correlative, mutual influence of ecological and legal doctrine on formation of the corresponding policy is proved. It is substantiated that the ecological and legal legal doctrine significantly influences the current state of the state ecological policy (and this influence is mutual), formation of the ecological legislation and integration of Ukraine into the European legal space. It was stated that Ukraine first of all needs to intensify law-making, modernize the provisions of the environmental and legal doctrine, based on the concepts of which will be revised, updated provisions of public policy, legal understanding, and hence law enforcement. Further institutionalization of the basic provisions of the ecological and legal doctrine in the legislation becomes a necessary condition for the further development of law-making and statehood. It is emphasized that the use of environmental and legal doctrine will speed up the law-making process, in particular due to the adaptation of regulations to European standards; formulate legislative definitions that will gradually become an important part of environmental regulations; develop a "road map" for the development of environmental policy and legislation, etc. It is emphasized that the current state of the legal system requires a fuller use of the law-making potential of environmental law doctrine and the implementation of its main functions - stabilizing, guiding, heuristic, rule-making, evaluative and prognostic. Therefore, it is expedient to apply the ecological and legal doctrine as a methodological platform of the ecological and legal policy. The necessity of developing concepts of systematization of the ecological legislation, and also legal policy is proved., В статье эколого-правовая политика рассматривается как составляющая, самостоятельный вид национальной правовой политики, а также государственной и отраслевой экологической политики. Доказано существование коррелятивного, взаимного влияния эколого-правовой доктрины на формирование соответствующей политики. Обосновано, что эколого-правовая правовая доктрина существенно влияет на современное состояние государственной экологической политики (при этом данное влияние является взаимным), формирование экологического законодательства и интеграции Украины в европейское правовое пространство. Констатировано, что Украине прежде всего нужно активизировать правотворчество, модернизировать положения эколого-правовой доктрины, опираясь на концепты которой будут пересмотрены и обновлены положения государственной политики, правопонимания, следовательно и правоприменения. Дальнейшая институционализация основных положений эколого-правовой доктрины в законодательстве становится необходимым условием дальнейшего развития правотворчества и государственности., У статті еколого-правову політику розглянуто як складову, самостійний вид національної правової політики, а також державної й галузевої екологічної політики. Доведено існування корелятивного, взаємного впливу еколого-правової доктрини на формування відповідної політики. Обґрунтовано, що еколого-правова правова доктрина істотно впливає на сучасний стан державної екологічної політики (при цьому цей вплив є взаємним), формування екологічного законодавства та інтеграцію України до європейського правового простору. Констатовано, що Україні передусім потрібно активізувати правотворення, модернізувати положення еколого-правової доктрини, спираючись на концепти якої будуть переглянуті й оновлені положення державної політики, праворозуміння, а відтак і правозастосування. Подальша інституціоналізація засадничих положень еколого-правової доктрини в законодавстві стає необхідною умовою подальшого розвитку правотворення й державності.

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is one of the world's most biodiverse regions, but this diversity is threatened by the overexploitation of natural resources and internal social conflicts. In 2018, 33 LAC countries were invited to sign and ratify the landmark Escazú Agreement, which is the first legally binding environmental agreement to explicitly integrate human rights with environmental matters. The agreement outlines an approach to enhance the protection of environmental defenders, increase public participation in environmental decision‐making, and foster cooperation among countries for biodiversity conservation. However, clear mechanisms to implement the ideals of the Agreement are currently lacking. We identify the key provisions of the Agreement and link these to tangible mechanisms which aim to integrate human rights and nature conservation. These mechanisms include technological (e.g., free online data), human‐based (e.g., legal advice from multidisciplinary teams), and nature‐based solutions (e.g., transboundary species management). As environmental assets––and threats to them––span national boundaries, the collaborative and participatory provisions of the agreement could catalyze coordinated transboundary environmental management. Because of the importance of this Agreement for the LAC region, we added a Spanish version of this manuscript in the Supplementary Material (versión del artículo en español en el material suplementario).

Afetler geçmişten günümüze tarihin her döneminde yaşanmıştır. 21. yüzyıldan itibaren özellikle nüfusun hızla artması ve teknolojinin gelişmesi ile birlikte küresel çapta doğal ve insan (teknolojik) kaynaklı afetlerin sayısı da geçmişten günümüze kadar artarak devam etmiştir. İnsanlığın ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda yaptığı faaliyetler, doğal ve insan kaynaklı afetlerin artmasına neden olmuştur. KBRN ajanları, verdikleri zararlar ile toplumlar üzerinde derin izler bırakan olaylar olup hava, su ve toprak yolu ile çevreye yayılarak ekosistemde yol açtıkları tahribatın yanı sıra insan sağlığı üzerinde uzun vadeli zararlara neden olmaktadır. Özellikle savaş ve terör olaylarında KBRN ajanlarının potansiyel tehlikelerinden korunmak için her geçen gün KBRN olaylarına karşı alınacak tedbirler ve bilinmesi gereken güncel bilgiler afet yönetiminin önemini artırmaktadır. KBRN kaynaklı zararlar meydana geldiğinde günlük yaşamı olumsuz etkileyeceğinden afet yönetimi içerisinde değerlendirilmektedir. Bu maddeler için afet öncesinde, esnasında ve sonrasında yapılması gereken çalışmalar, canlıların yaşamlarını ve çevreyi korumada oldukça önemlidir. KBRN olayının başladığı andan itibaren yapılacak olan tüm müdahale faaliyetleri etkin bir planlama ile mümkündür. Bu nedenle ülkemiz ve dünya ülkeleri, yaşamış oldukları acı deneyimlerden yola çıkarak kendi afet yönetim sistemlerini oluşturmuştur. Dolayısıyla alınacak tedbirler bölgeden bölgeye farklılık göstermektedir. KBRN olaylarına müdahale edebilmesi beklenen ve istenen ilk ekipler, kamu kurumları ve paydaşlarıdır. KBRN tehlikesi içeren ve oldukça fazla yaşanan bu olaylar, çok kurumlu bir müdahale gerektirmektedir. Bu çalışmada herhangi bir KBRN ajanından kaynaklanan tehlikelerle mücadelede yer alabilecek gerek ulusal gerekse uluslararası oluşturulmuş olan yapılanmalar ve faaliyetleri ile bu kapsamda oluşturulmuş mevzuatların gelişimi incelenmiştir. İncelenen literatür çalışmalarında; KBRN ve toksikolojik afetler ile ilgili oluşturulmuş yapılanmalar konusunda ulaşılan çalışmaların çoğunda genel olarak varılan sonuç; KBRN ajanları, bu maddelere maruz kalma, kontaminasyon ve KBRN olaylarına özel hazırlık ve müdahale gereksinimlerine vurgu yapılmaktadır. Ülkemizde ve dünya ülkelerinde kurumsal yapılanmalar ile ilgili çalışmalara çok az rastlanmakta ve çoğu çalışmada afet yönetimi sistemi ile ilgili çalışmalara ağırlık verildiği dikkat çekmektedir. Tez çalışmamızda olduğu gibi, adli tıp ve adli bilimler öncülüğünde alan çalışmaları yapılarak, uygulamalara ve literatürlere büyük katkı sunulacağını düşünmekteyiz. Disasters have occurred in every period of history from the past to the present. Since the 21st century, especially with the rapid in crease in population and the development of technology, the number of natural and human (technological) induced disasters on a global scale has continued to increase from the pastto the present day. His activities in accordance with theneeds of humanity have led to an increase in natural and human-caused disasters. CBRN agents are events that leave deep traces on societies, causing long-term damage to human health as well as the damage they cause to theeco system by spreading to the environment by air, water and soil. The measures to be taken and the up-to-date informations that need to be know nagainst the potential dangers of CBRN agents, especially in wars and terrorist incidents, are increasing he importance of disaster management day by day. It is evaluated in disaster management because it will negatively affect daily life when CBRN-induced damages occur. For these substances, the work that needs to be done before, during and after a disaster is very important in protecting the lives of living beings and the environment. All intervention activities that will be carried out from the moment the CBRN incident begins are possible with effective planning. For this reason, our country and the countries of the world have created the irown disaster management systems based on the bitter experiences they have experienced. Therefore, the measures to be taken vary from region to region. The first teams that are expected and requested to be able to intervene in CBRN event sare public institution sand their stake holders. These events, which contain a danger of CBRN and ocur quite a lot, require multi-institutional intervention. In this study, the structures and activities that have been established both nationally and internationally that may be involved in combating the dangers caused by any CBRN agent and the development of legislation created in this context have been examined. Inreviewed literary studies; in most of the studies on the structures created in relation to CBRN and toxicological disasters, the general conclusion was reached; theem phasis is placed on special preparation and response requirements for CBRN agents, exposure to these substances, contamination, and CBRN events. There are very few studies on institutional structures in our country and in the countries of the world, and it is worth noting that most studies focus on studies on the disaster management system. As in our thesis, we think that by conducting field studies under the leadership of forensic medicine and forensic sciences, a great contribution will be made to the practice and the literature.

The Brazilian federal government has followed an open agenda and land use policy against existing legislation in the past three years using the false argument that it hinders national development. A recent loss has been the repeal of national resolution CONAMA 303/2002. With the action of the Brazilian government to revoke this resolution, the mobile and eolian dunes are currently without legal national protection, and are available for real estate, industry (e.g., wind farms), and urban development, among other activities. In this context, the occupation of the mobile dunes promoted by the revocation of CONAMA 303 increases the risk of erosion of the beaches, damage to estuaries with mangroves, and destabilization of the coastline as a whole owing to the interruption of wind corridors of sand transport. The dunes are also one of the main freshwater reservoirs in Brazil. Therefore, the occupation of the dunes and encouragement of their impermeabilization by the attempted permanent repeal of CONAMA 303 resolution clearly puts the water security of Northeast Brazil (a semiarid region) at risk. This incentive to occupy mobile dunes by changing legislation will have a synergistic impact and amplify the predicted effects of climate change with negative repercussions on the sedimentary balance, tourist activities, and blue carbon sequestration. In addition, the vast quantity and value of goods and services provided to society and discussed in this article are sufficient to justify their conservation and a permanent decision from Supreme Court to keep the CONAMA 303 active.

The article considers the peculiarities of the legal regulation of introduction. The basis for research in this area is that among the anthropogenic factors that negatively affect the structural elements of the ecological network, biological and landscape diversity in general, at the present stage should be noted scientifically unsubstantiated introduction of individual flora and fauna. That is why the legal regulation of these relations and the consolidation of both a clear terminological apparatus and a proper legal mechanism for their implementation, which will allow the national legislation to regulate the introduction of all kinds, is becoming relevant. This article outlines the provisions of national and international legislation in this area, as well as the meaning of the terms "introduced species" and "invasive species" and their relationship in terms of law. The legal classification of introduction is given, its value for legal standardization of ecological relations is revealed. The author substantiates the need to develop a single categorical-conceptual apparatus for regulating relations in the field of implementation of all natural objects. This work becomes especially relevant given that today among scientists there is no single approach to the relationship we are considering, moreover, there is no independent research in this area. It is established that relations in the field of introduction occupy a special place in environmental legislation, as they can be considered in the context of the use and reproduction of natural resources, as well as the protection of biological diversity and the environment as a whole. Equally important, the legal regulation of the introduction depends not only on the introduced objects, but also on the purpose and method of introduction (for example, to regulate the number of objects of fauna, flora, aquaculture or introduction to reproduce forests, etc.)., Рассмотрены особенности правового регулирования интродукции. Определены положения национального и международного законодательства в этой сфере, а также содержание терминов «интродукция» и «инвазивные виды» и их соотношение с точки зрения права. Приведена правовая классификация интродукции, раскрыто ее значение для правового нормирования экологических отношений. Обоснована необходимость выработки единого категориально-понятийного аппарата для регулирования отношений в сфере осуществления интродукции относительно природных объектов., Розглянуто особливості правового регулювання інтродукції. Окреслено положення національного й міжнародного законодавства у цій сфері, а також зміст термінів «інтродуковані види» й «інвазійні види» і їх співвідношення з точки зору права. Наведено правову класифікацію інтродукції, розкрито її значення для правового унормування екологічних відносин. Обґрунтовано необхідність вироблення єдиного категоріально-понятійного апарату для регулювання відносин у сфері здійснення інтродукції щодо всіх природних об’єктів.

Una de las grandes dificultades ambientales que tiene Colombia es el tratamiento de las basuras, y su disposición final, normalmente realizada en vertederos al aire libre, lo cual genera unos problemas a nivel general a la población bojaquense y sus alrededores, que permite abordarlo desde diferentes ámbitos como el administrativo, contable, ambiental y legal. De lo anterior, el presente trabajo tiene como finalidad determinar los principales efectos ambientales, sociales y económicos que generan los vertederos sanitarios en el municipio de Bojacá Cundinamarca a partir de un proceso explicativo de carácter cualitativo en la que se realizó una revisión de documentos y la aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas. Se evidenció una falta de procesos para conocer el deterioro económico causado por la operación de los rellenos sanitarios, problemas en la separación de las basuras y el desconocimiento del tema por parte de la ciudadanía. Por lo cual se propone una política relacionada con la reducción de las basuras, un modelo de reciclaje que resulte ser efectivo a la hora de realizar la separación de residuos y fomentar la participación ciudadana. One of the great environmental difficulties in Colombia is the treatment of garbage and its final disposal, normally carried out in open-air landfills, which generates problems that can be approached from different areas such as administrative, accounting, environmental and legal. From the above, the present work aims to determine the main environmental, social and economic effects generated by sanitary landfills in the municipality of Bojacá Cundinamarca from a qualitative explanatory process in which a review of documents and the application of semi-structured interviews were carried out. It was evidenced a lack of processes to know the economic deterioration caused by the operation of sanitary landfills, problems in the separation of garbage and the lack of knowledge of the subject on the part of the citizenship. Therefore, we propose a policy related to waste reduction, a recycling model that proves to be effective in separating waste and encouraging citizen participation. Contador Público http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co Pregrado

The present paper is devoted to the problems of legal regulation of protecting biological diversity from the harmful effects of invasive alien species (hereinafter, IAS) with regards to climate change. Taking into consideration the fact that one of the main principles of environmental protection is the preservation of spatial and species diversity, legal understanding of the interconnectedness between climate change and harmful biological influences, is of great scientific and practical significance. Notably, the protection of the environment from the adverse effects of IAS and climate change is interconnected with the conservation and sustainable use of biological resources, as stated by the provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) and its protocols and decisions. Thus, one should acknowledge that climate change and invasive alien species are not only two of the key threats to biodiversity, but are directly interrelated and can act synergistically, presenting additional pressure for conservation and sustainability. Meanwhile, current legal regulation of both, climate change and IAS is relatively new to Ukrainian legislation, mostly done by means of international legal instruments. The existing national legal acts aregenerally of a strategic nature and address these issues separately with few legal provisions mentioning their interconnection. The paper substantiates the need to acknowledge and legally define the interrelation between climate change and invasive alien species. Thus, the development of appropriate regulatory framework for prevention and control of IAS should be carried out with consideration of climate change issues. In turn, national environmental legislation, in particular national framework law ‘On Environmental Protection’ as well climate change policy and laws should be complemented by provisions incorporating IAS management as a tool for reducing pressure on ecological services and enhancing ecosystem resilience

This article aims to develop a methodological proposal for the application of the proportionality test as a conflict resolution mechanism in the new environmental damage declaration procedure in Ecuador, based on the systematization of theoretical conceptions and legal and administrative procedures, and constitutional principles that regulate economic activities with criteria of environmental sustainability, and the recognition of the rights of nature. Consequently, the research allowed us to extract the main results: (a) to conceive proportionality as a methodological criterion and legal construction; (b) the proportionality test becomes a mechanism at the service of the judge that seeks to provide solutions to adequately resolve conflicts, subject to the principles that govern the rights of nature and economic activities, directly established in the Constitution; and, (c) the proportionality test can be a tool for the motivation of administrative resolutions of declaration of environmental damage, as it will be useful to determine: 1) whether a fact can be considered environmental damage, 2) the amount of the fine imposed, 3) the minimum measures to approve remediation or environmental reparation plan, and 4) the amount of compensation to the victims of the environmental damage. Because of these results, it can be concluded that the normative vacuum in this matter lends itself to the discretion and arbitrary interpretation of the authority, justifying, therefore, the present methodological proposal of the proportionality test for the declaration of environmental damage. KEYWORDS: Environmental legislation, resources, environmental law, sustainable development, energy resources. RESUMENEste artículo tiene como objetivo desarrollar una propuesta metodológica para la aplicación de la prueba de proporcionalidad como mecanismo de resolución de conflictos en el nuevo procedimiento de declaración de daños ambientales en Ecuador, a partir de la sistematización de concepciones teóricas y procedimientos legales y administrativos, y principios constitucionales que regulan actividades económicas con criterios de sostenibilidad ambiental y reconocimiento de los derechos de la naturaleza. En consecuencia, la investigación permitió extraer los principales resultados: (a) concebir la proporcionalidad como criterio metodológico y construcción jurídica; (b) la prueba de proporcionalidad se convierte en un mecanismo al servicio del juez que busca brindar soluciones para resolver adecuadamente los conflictos, sujeto a los principios que rigen los derechos de la naturaleza y las actividades económicas, directamente establecidos en la Constitución; y, (c) la prueba de proporcionalidad puede ser una herramienta para la motivación de resoluciones administrativas de declaración de daño ambiental, ya que será útil para determinar: 1) si un hecho puede ser considerado daño ambiental, 2) el monto de la multa impuesto, 3) las medidas mínimas para aprobar el plan de remediación o reparación ambiental, y 4) el monto de la indemnización a las víctimas del daño ambiental. De estos resultados se puede concluir que el vacío normativo en esta materia se presta a la discrecionalidad y arbitrariedad de la interpretación de la autoridad, justificando, por tanto, la presente propuesta metodológica de la prueba de proporcionalidad para la declaración de daño ambiental. CÓDIGO JEL: F18, O13 The objective of this research is to develop a methodological proposal for the application of the proportionality test as a conflict resolution mechanism in the new perspective of the declaration of environmental damage in Ecuador, based on the systematization of the principles, theoretical conceptions and legal procedures and administrative that regulate economic activities with criteria of environmental remediation and ecosystem sustainability. Consequently, the research allowed to extract the main results: (a) Conceiving proportionality as a methodological criterion and legal construction; (b) the proportionality test becomes a mechanism at the service of the judge that seeks to provide solutions to adequately resolve conflicts, subject to the principles that govern the rights of nature and economic activities, directly established in the Constitution ; and, c) The proportionality test can be a motivational tool for administrative decisions declaring environmental damage, as it will be useful to determine: 1) if an event can be considered environmental damage, 2) the amount of the fine imposed, 3) the minimum measures to approve an environmental remediation or repair plan, and 4) the amount of compensation to victims of environmental damage. Given these results, it can be concluded that the regulatory void of this matter lends itself to the discretion and arbitrary interpretation of the authority, thus justifying the present methodological proposal of the proportionality test of the declaration of environmental damage. JEL CODE: F18, O13

This paper aims to analyze Brazilian Law No. 12,305 of August 02, 2010 entitled National Solid Waste Policy, specifically in the obstacles to the completion of the regulation of the reverse logistics process and the main objectives, principles, and instruments of this policy in line with the pillars of sustainability. Analyses were performed through bibliographical research enabling the contextualization of the theme. It is perceived that the Law is very well elaborated, favoring sustainable regional development; however, the lack of public management and health issues such as the new coronavirus pandemic make it difficult to complete its implementation. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la Ley Brasileña N° 12.305 del 02 de agosto de 2010 titulada Política Nacional de Residuos Sólidos, específicamente en los obstáculos para la finalización de la regulación del proceso de logística inversa y los principales objetivos, principios e instrumentos de esta política en línea con los pilares de la sostenibilidad. Los análisis se realizaron a través de la investigación bibliográfica que permitió la contextualización del tema. Se percibe que la Ley está muy bien elaborada, favoreciendo el desarrollo regional sostenible; sin embargo, la falta de gestión pública y los problemas de salud como la pandemia del nuevo coronavirus dificultan su implementación. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a Lei brasileira nº 12.305 de 02 de agosto de 2010 intitulada Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, especificamente nos entraves para conclusão da regulamentação do processo de logística reversa e os principais objetivos, princípios e instrumentos desta política em consonância com os pilares da sustentabilidade. Foram realizadas análises através de pesquisas bibliográficas viabilizando a contextualização do tema. Percebe-se que a Lei é muito bem elaborada, favorecendo o desenvolvimento regional sustentável; porém a falta de gestão pública e questões sanitárias como a pandemia do novo coronavírus dificultam sua completa implementação.