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Agriculture contributes the most to the economy and provides agro-ecological benefits in the environmentally unsustainable Aral Sea region, but its productivity is steadily dropping. To improve the resilience of farming communities in the region, crop diversification is proposed to enable farmers to grow high-value competitive crops and obtain more stable farm incomes. This study provides long-term, multidisciplinary analyses and strategies for strengthening crop diversification amongst farmers in the Aral Sea region. The study analyzed data provided by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the statistical yearbook of 2000–2020. According to the gross margin study findings, farmers who use diversified cropping systems made considerably higher revenues than farmers relying on mono-cropping practices. This study demonstrates that greater crop diversity contributes to the rational use of natural resources and optimization plans, environmental sustainability, and food security as important natural and socio-economic issues in this region. The study findings suggest that proper crop diversification strategies need to be developed in the Aral Sea region to improve the sustainability of farming systems with enhanced resilience to devastating environmental and climate challenges.

Based on the quasi-natural experiment established in China’s national key ecological function areas, this paper takes 102 counties in Hebei Province, China, from 2014 to 2018 as the research object. It uses propensity score matching and difference-in-difference methods to investigate the impact of policy implementation on farmers’ income levels and constructs a mechanism using the air quality index to examine the environmental effect. The results show that when the time and regional fixed effects are not considered, the income level of farmers in the county increased by 3.11% due to the influence of the transfer payment policy, and the policy treatment effect grew over time. Among the control variables, the degree of industrialization and agriculturalization, urbanization rate and government financial scale were all positively related to farmers’ income. Controlling the fixed effects of region and year, the impact of policy on the improvement of farmers’ income was weakened, and the regression coefficient changed from 0.2211 to 0.0366, a drop of 83.45%. This suggests that the policy is greatly affected by the city where farmers live. The “environmental effect” test results showed that transfer payments could increase the income level of farmers in counties affected by the policy. The mechanism is that the priority measure of the ecological compensation policy is to improve the ecological environment, which is conducive to improving local environmental governance and environmental productivity and increasing crop yields, and thus increasing farmers’ incomes. Because the regions where the policy is implemented overlap with highly poverty-stricken areas, it is necessary for the central government to improve transfer payment standards and enrich their content to protect people’s livelihood while promoting ecological protection. As a result, local governments will be encouraged to act ecologically, vigorously develop local ecological industries, and promote the internalization of positive externalities in ecological environmental services, further improving the level of agricultural modernization and ecological sustainability and improving the income levels of farmers and their quality of life.

PurposeThis article's purpose is to examine the effect of a Classification-Based Forest Management (CFM) program on farmers' income and determine whether its effect varies with the degree of farmers' concurrent occupations.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use representative panel survey data from Longquan to explore the welfare effects of CFM on farmers. The analysis uses differences-in-differences with propensity score matching (PSM-DID) estimation techniques to deal with endogeneity problems when farmers make the decision to participate in CFM.FindingsThe results show that CFM has a positive effect on part-time forestry households (where forestry income accounts for between 5 and 50% of total income). In contrast, it has a negative impact on full-time forestry households (forestry income accounts for more than 50%), and no clear effect on nonforestry households whose forestry income is less than 5%. This research also shows that the positive effect of CFM on farmers' total income is mainly due to increase of off-farm income driven by CFM, while the negative effects consist of CFM's reduction of forestry income.Originality/valueThe extent of CFM's economic benefits to farmers is uncertain and largely unexplored. This paper analyzes the impact of CFM on income structure to explore the mechanisms explaining its effects on farmers' income. There are still challenges in ensuring the reliability and accuracy of CFM assessment. This paper collected natural experimental data and used the estimation technology of PSM-DID to solve the possible endogeneity problems.

Agroforestry is a cropping pattern that utilizes sunlight and stratified soil to increase land productivity. This agroforestry practice is well known and has been widely applied by the community in Tasikmalaya Regency. One of the types of plants cultivated on agroforestry land is cardamom which is a type of potential shrub because it is needed by the community. However, cardamom farming on this agroforestry land has low production and productivity because the management is not optimal and is a hereditary farming or inherited from his parents. In connection with this, counseling and training were carried out on cardamom farming management on agroforestry land so that the knowledge and skills of farmers increased to increase production and productivity of cardamom plants so that farmers' incomes increased. Therefore, a community service program has been carried out in efforts to increase farmers' income through cardamom farming management on agroforestry land. The method used is counseling and training followed by guidance and direction as well as monitoring and evaluation. Community service program was located in Setiawaras Village, Cibalong District, Tasikmalaya Regency. From the activities, it can be concluded that each plant and each region has certain characteristics so that each plant cultivation business needs to be adapted to the characteristics of the area where the plant will be cultivated. Cardamom cultivation on agroforestry land needs to be managed properly in accordance with the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) of the local area so that production, productivity and quality increase to increase farmers' income. Abstrak Agroforestri merupakan pola pertanaman yang memanfaatkan sinar matahari dan tanah yang berstrata untuk meningkatkan produktivitas lahan. Praktik agroforestri ini sudah dikenal dan telah diterapkan secara luas oleh masyarakat di kabupaten Tasikmalaya. Salah satu jenis tanaman yang diusahakan pada lahan agroforestri adalah kapulaga yang merupakan jenis tanaman perdu potensial karena banyak dibutuhkan masyarakat. Namun usahatani kapulaga pada lahan Agroforestri ini produksi dan produktivitasnya masih rendah karena pengelolaannya belum optimal dan merupakan usahatani turun temurun atau warisan dari orang tuanya. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut maka dilakukan penyuluhan dan pelatihan tentang pengelolaan usahatani kapulaga pada lahan agroforestri agar pengetahuan dan keterampilan petani bertambah untuk meningkatkan produksi dan produktivitas tanaman kapulaga sehingga pendapatan petani meningkat. Oleh karena itu telah dilakukan PPM tentang upaya peningkatan pendapatan petani melalui pengelolaan usahatani kapulaga pada lahan agroforestri. Metode yang digunakan adalah penyuluhan dan pelatihan diikuti bimbingan dan pengarahan serta monitoring dan evaluasi. PPM dilaksanakan di Desa Setiawaras Kecamatan Cibalong Kabupaten Tasikmalaya. Dari kegiatan PPM dapat disimpulkan bahwa setiap tanaman dan setiap wilayah memiliki karakteristik tertentu sehingga setiap usaha budidaya tanaman perlu disesuaikan dengan karakteristik wilayah dimana tanaman tersebut akan dibudidayakan. Usaha budidaya tanaman kapulaga pada lahan agroforestri perlu dikelola dengan baik sesuai dengan Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP) wilayah setempat agar produksi, produktivitas dan kualitasnya meningkat untuk meningkatkan pendapatan petani.

The implementation of the agricultural insurance policy and advancement of agricultural technology has great significance for the development of the agricultural economy of China, and it is an important source of national stability and modernization and development of the agriculture sector. Agricultural insurance policy uses the expansion of agricultural technology progress in the process of evaluation, investigation and claims settlement, and so on. Agricultural technology progress is effective in the reduction of some agricultural risks, it also affects farmers’ agricultural insurance behaviors, and optimizes the operating environment of agricultural insurance. The objective of this research is to explore the relationship between agricultural technology progress, agricultural insurance and farmers’ income. It also explains the mutual/cooperative relationship between agricultural technology progress and agricultural insurance. It provides the theoretical basis and data support to verify the promotion effect of agricultural insurance and agricultural technology progress on farmers’ income. This gives the improvement path for alleviating the spatial imbalance of China’s agricultural development. Keeping in view the aforementioned background and this research explores the effects of agricultural technological progress and agricultural insurance on the farmers’ income level. The panel data used for this research were from 2004 to 2019 and were grouped into two parts: high-density agricultural insurance areas and low-density agricultural insurance areas. The relationship between agricultural technology progress, agricultural insurance and farmers’ income was estimated using the Panel Vector Autoregressive (PVAR) model. The results revealed that: (i) both agricultural technology progress and agricultural insurance have a positive effect on the farmers’ income level, but this effect varies across regions; (ii) impact of the agricultural insurance on farmers’ income is greater than the impact of agricultural technology progress on farmers’ income; and (iii) the role of agricultural insurance in promoting agricultural technology progress exists only in areas with high-density agricultural insurance. Therefore, when formulating policies, the policymakers should consider regional differences and characteristics, and adopt development models keeping in view regional variations in adaptability with different agricultural insurance densities, Moreover, they should improve agricultural security policies, optimize agricultural capital allocation, promote the transformation of the agricultural economy from extensional growth to connotative growth, and further improve the agricultural productive income of rural residents.

This article investigates how governmental agricultural R&D expenditure affect economic prosperity and sustainable development, attempting to verify the hypothesis that agricultural research and development expenditures are among the key factors influencing the farmers’ income, as one of the sustainable development indicators. Statistical data were retrieved from European international databases for the period of 2004–2020 and were analyzed using the regression model. The results of the study indicate positive effects for most of the EU member states. The countries where the results validate the hypothesis are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Croatia, Ireland, Latvia, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, and the United Kingdom, as a former member state of the EU. Further, the model confirms that a significant portion of farmers’ income growth is explained by the governmental R&D expenditure. These findings may change the methods and directions regarding the agricultural R&D expenditure, underpinning the macroeconomic policy and agriculture in rural areas along the pathway to achieving the sustainable development goals.

The Grain-to-Fodder Crop Conversion Program (GCCP) in China mainly promotes the green and sustainable development of grain crops, economic crops, and silage crops by subsidizing livestock farms to encourage farmers to plant silage crops, such as corn silage and alfalfa silage. In this context, this study assesses the impact of planting silage crops on farm household income. Based on a survey of 495 households in Henan and Hebei Provinces, China, we first constructed a theoretical model of the program’s effect on farmers’ income, and then used an ordinary least squares (OLS) method to estimate the magnitude of the GCCP on farmers’ income. To identify endogeneity and further test the stability of the results, we adopted instrumental variable estimation, subsample estimation, and matching methods. The GCCP significantly increased smallholder farm income. Compared with growing corn grain, corn silage increased income by approximately CNY 101/mu. Meanwhile, corn silage reduced the capital input cost of farmers by 10.71% per mu and labor input by 26.6% per mu. Heterogeneity analysis revealed that farmers who plant corn silage on a large scale, closer to dairy farms, have higher incomes. Few scholars have empirically analyzed the impact of GCCP on farm household income from a micro-farm household perspective. This study enriches the empirical literature on the effects of the GCCP on farmers in China, which can help policymakers understand policy implementation.

The production of cash crops is often regarded as an effective way to increase farmers’ income. This study evaluates the impact of non-food cultivation of cropland on farmers’ income by using the least-squares (OLS) model in Zhejiang Province, eastern China. Farmers are further divided into different groups according to their income levels to analyze the different impacts of non-food cultivation on their household income. The result shows that non-food cultivation has a significant negative effect on farmers’ income, with a more pronounced effect on farmers with a relatively low income. Accordingly, the increase in the proportion of cash crops that are grown does not increase the income of farmers in Zhejiang; instead, this harms their income. Therefore, farmers in Zhejiang should not rely on the cultivation of cash crops for their prosperity but must focus on participating in non-farm employment to increase their household income.

The effect of digital financial inclusion on farmers’ income growth is worth theoretical discussion and empirical testing. Based on the sample data of 30 provinces in the Chinese mainland from 2011 to 2019, this paper adopted the spatial Durbin model and the panel threshold model to empirically study the impact of digital financial inclusion on the growth of farmers’ income; furthermore, the heterogeneity of the impact was studied in terms of the difference of provincial economic development level. The results showed that: first, digital financial inclusion can significantly promote farmers’ income growth; second, digital financial inclusion has a positive spatial spillover effect on farmers’ income growth; third, the impact of digital financial inclusion on farmers’ income growth has a double threshold effect: farmers’ income growth increases with the development of digital financial inclusion; and fourth, the impact of digital financial inclusion on farmers’ income growth is heterogeneous in terms of provincial economic development level.

In many sub-Saharan African nations, commercializing smallholder agriculture has recently been seen as a strategy for attaining equitable growth and eliminating poverty in a sustainable manner. Despite the distinction made between market participation and market orientation, their respective impacts on farm income have not been given enough attention in the literature. In this paper, their respective determinants are analysed and each of them is linked to smallholder farmers’ income. The survey was conducted in and around four irrigation schemes in KwaZulu-Natal. Using a sample of 332 farmers, the study estimated the output participation index/market orientation index and employed the two-limit Tobit and OLS regression models. The findings show that socioeconomic, institutional and production factors influence market orientation and participation differently. In addition, market participation is more important in explaining farmers’ income compared to market orientation. Moreover, farmers had a higher rate of market participation index (83%) while their market orientation index was very low (38%). Market orientation is, therefore, not a pre-condition for market participation. In smallholder agriculture, market participation is a function, mainly, of marketed surplus. These realities are valid for smallholder agriculture and in sharp contrast with commercial agriculture. Engaging smallholder farmers more in market participation rather than market orientation would be a better strategy to improve their access to markets and eventually enhance their income. Market orientation will then become the unintended outcome of continuous engagement of farmers with the market.

The rural land right has paved the way for the deepening of China’s agricultural land system, which is critical to the successful implementation of the rural revitalization plan in the new era. Based on the micro-survey data of farmers in Yunnan Province, we use an OLS model to empirically test the impact of rural land rights on farmers’ income in underdeveloped areas, and we use a stepwise regression method to test the mechanism role of land transfer willingness and behavior in the rural land right on farmers’ income. Benchmark regression results show that the implementation of rural land rights policy significantly increased the total income of farmers, which mainly comes from farm income. Although the rural land right policy has no significant impact on farmers’ non-farm income, the sign of right coefficient is positive. Mechanism analysis shows that the rural land right can increase the income of farmers by encouraging them to transfer to land. It shows that the property right of land is clear, which makes it easier for land to transfer and trade, and farmers can achieve a certain degree of scale operation, thereby increasing income. Finally, it is suggested that future fiscal funding in impoverished regions be directed toward land transfer links and that accompanying rules and regulations adequately protect farmers’ land contract management rights.

International cooperation priorities and Sustainable Development Goals agree on the linkage between agriculture and economics in developing countries’ progress towards sustainability. In rural Ethiopia, agriculture is the major source of income and livelihood. In this study, it is aimed to analyse the association between farmers’ experience, education, gender, cultivation of crop diversity, access to various financial resources and income levels among different villages. The methodology adopted is action research, performed during various research stays in rural Ethiopia, and using both qualitative and quantitative surveys. The quantitative results were analysed through multivariate statistical analysis. Interesting results emerge; for example, farmers from rural villages that have been using wells previously donated by the non-profit organization (NPO) show various positive impacts. They attend continuous training in agriculture, nutrition, and economics; they have more crop diversification, and they use varied financial resources. All these factors, as well as sociodemographic variables, link farmers’ income levels to villages’ improvement and empowerment, creating significant challenges for institutional design of alternative policies to maximize farmers’ livelihood, sustainability and socioeconomic development in Third World countries. The article adds to the very small body of research, particularly of quantitative analysis, on factors associated with farmers’ income in Africa based on primary data.

International cooperation priorities and Sustainable Development Goals agree on the linkage between agriculture and economics in developing countries’ progress towards sustainability. In rural Ethiopia, agriculture is the major source of income and livelihood. In this study, it is aimed to analyse the association between farmers’ experience, education, gender, cultivation of crop diversity, access to various financial resources and income levels among different villages. The methodology adopted is action research, performed during various research stays in rural Ethiopia, and using both qualitative and quantitative surveys. The quantitative results were analysed through multivariate statistical analysis. Interesting results emerge; for example, farmers from rural villages that have been using wells previously donated by the non-profit organization (NPO) show various positive impacts. They attend continuous training in agriculture, nutrition, and economics; they have more crop diversification, and they use varied financial resources. All these factors, as well as socio-demographic variables, link farmers’ income levels to villages’ improvement and empowerment, creating significant challenges for institutional design of alternative policies to maximize farmers’ livelihood, sustainability and socioeconomic development in Third World countries. The article adds to the very small body of research, particularly of quantitative analysis, on factors associated with farmers’ income in Africa based on primary data.

Climate change is viewed as the main obstacle to agricultural development in developing countries. The high dependence on agriculture and allied sectors makes many countries vulnerable to the climate change phenomenon. There is a gap in macro and micro-level understanding of climate change. Thoughtful farmers’ perceptions and impacts of climate change on farming are fundamental for developing various mitigation and adaptation strategies. Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to understand the pattern of climate variability, farmers’ perceptions about climate change, and farmers’ adaptation strategies based on their socio-cultural background in the villages of Goa, on the west coast of India. The results reveal that about 62% of the sampled farmers have experienced climate change in terms of meteorological indicators such as increased average temperature, decreased total rainfall, delayed onset of monsoon, and an increase in the length of the summer season. The temperature trend analysis (0.009 °C/year) validated farmers’ perceptions, while the perception of rainfall differed (−1.49 mm/year). Farmers are convinced that climate change has affected their farming (declining crop and livestock productivity, water depletion, and other related farm operations). They strive to adapt to climate change through crop diversification, an integrated crop-livestock system, contingency crop planning, and the adaptation of new crops and varieties. This study could be helpful for policymakers to establish a climate-resilient agriculture system by ensuring timely availability of farm inputs, accurate weather forecasting, and encouraging insurance products for crop and livestock enterprises, which will help farmers cope with the changing climate to enhance their income and economic wellbeing. Further, adaption of integrated farming, agroforestry, and indigenous technical knowledge is imperative to combat the ill effects of climate change.

Oil palm is an industrial plantation that is useful as a producer of cooking oil, industrial oil, and fuel. This research was conducted in West Sulawesi, Indonesia on June to September 2020. The purpose of this study was to determine oil palm, to calculate contribution of non-oil palm and non-farming household and contribution of oil palm plantations to farmers' income. Sampling for respondent in this study was carried by simple random sampling to the oil palm farmers in the study location. This study conducted at one of oil palm location center in Central Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi by using questionnaires. The first results showed that oil palm is very profitable with an average income of IDR 30,666,620 per hectare per year. The second, source of household income for farmers is obtained from oil palm farming, non-oil palm farming and non-farming activities with an average total household income of the oil palm farmers of IDR 46,363,655 per year. The third, the contribution of oil palm plantations to farmers' income is moderate around 66 percent as a medium category.

Oil palm is one of the plantation crops in Indonesia which has the fastest development compared to the other plantation crops, one of them is in the oil palm smallholder farmers sector. However, this development has not been completely and evenly distributed, so that the condition of oil palm plantations in the world is considered not in harmony with oil palm smallholder farmers in rural areas. The level of harmony can be measured based on the level of welfare of the existing oil palm smallholder farmers. The research objective was to determine the welfare of oil palm smallholder farmers in Pangkalan Banteng, Central Kalimantan. The methods used were a survey and direct field observation. The farmer who became the research respondents were selected using purposive sampling. The number of respondents was 100. The questionnaire was measured using the Likert scale. The results of the study showed that most of the oil palm farmers in Pangkalan Banteng were in a prosperous standard of living, as evidenced by the fact that oil palm farming was able to meet the consumption needs of all family members, the ownership of savings for the future, the ownership of valuable and durable goods, as well as able to provide social assistance and permanent home ownership. However, some farmer families were still below the prosperous category due to the low productivity of their farming and the small area of land they have, so their income was still low.

In recent years, the cultivation of algae has achieved attention of scientists and practicioniers due to the great variety of products that can be obtained, among which biofuels. The aim of this work is twofold. The first is to perform a profitability analysis of food and biofuel production from microalgae, in a small-scale setting. The second is to assess the economic impact of algae production systems on the dairy farms potentially interested in Southern Italy. The analysis was performed using financial and economic indicators and considering two system management scenarios, namely single and collective. Our results confirm that current microalgae production technology favors biofuel only as a co-product and that the production of high-value co-products improve profitability and net income in Southern Italian dairy farms, either in single or collective management. More specifically, the single management is more profitable, but the collective is more viable. The sensitivity analysis, based on the price uncertainty of algal biomass, confirms that the price of product is a critical parameter to ensure the investment feasibility in the agricultural context analyzed. Current study provides hints to entrepreneurs and managers operating in the agricultural sectors, interested in improving their firm’s performance through the adoption of a diversification strategy of business activities.

“Industry prosperity”, as a key content of the Rural Revitalization Strategy, is an effective way to increase farmers’ income, agricultural development and rural prosperity. Cooperatives have the functions of serving, assisting and enriching the people and are an important organizational carrier for achieving rural industry prosperity. This paper uses the propensity score-matching model and the field survey data of Dajiuhu Town, Shennongjia, Hubei Province to study the effect of farmers’ participation in cooperatives on their net income by means of quantitative analysis. The empirical results show that (1) farmers’ participation in cooperatives can improve their net income level; (2) the education level of farmers has a significant effect on their participation in cooperatives; (3) household factors, production and management characteristics and external environment also have an important effect on farmers’ participation. Based on the above conclusions, this research proposes the encouragement of farmers to actively participate in cooperatives, improve their education level, vigorously improve rural infrastructure and enhance farmers’ self-development efficiency to promote the continuous increase of farmers’ incomes, and give rise to the positive role of cooperatives in rural development, in order to realize the revitalization and sustainable development of rural areas.

Food is a commodity that is very strategic and always needed by the community. Therefore the food supply must be guaranteed to meet the needs of the community. The agricultural sector has a very important role in the national food supply. Dominant contribution of the agricultural sector particularly in strengthening food security. Respect it is necessary to find a solution to support the improvement of food security programs geared to meet the food needs of the community. To support the activities of the program has been carried out assessment of business opportunities through farming fish rice to increase farmers' income. In the implementation of this study by utilizing irrigated land area of 1 hectare for rice farming and business varieties Sidenuk of fish nila. Data type of the data collected primary and secondary data. To support the study used a SWOT (Strenght, Weakness, Oppotrtunity and Threath) analysis, while for the feasibility analysis used R/C ratio and B/C ratio. The study showed that agribusiness fish rice farming can provide an additional net profit of 7,165.250 million (35.29%), with the R/C ratio of 2.97 and B/C ratio of 1.97. Based on the assessment results, the agribusiness farming fish rice developed feasible.

The major source of income of Chinese farmers is non-farm income, especially wages and salaries. Based on the economics theory of health and healthcare, their non-farm labor supply behavior could be affected by health insurance policies. The work presented in this paper focuses on the impact of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NRCMS) on farmers&rsquo, non-farm labor supply behavior in China. A four-part model regression approach was used to examine the relationship. Our dataset comprised of 8273 people, aged 45 or above, from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) conducted in 2011 and 2013. The empirical results showed that NRCMS significantly reduced non-farm labor force participation and employment. Compared to non-participants of the NRCMS, the non-farmer labor time of these participants reduced, but the supplementary medical insurance and immediate reimbursement of the NRCMS increased the participants&rsquo, non-farm labor time. Our results have contributed to the reform of China&rsquo, s public health insurance and farms&rsquo, income growth, and it would be necessary to actively promote immediate reimbursement, gradually simplify reimbursement procedures for medical treatment in non-registered places, and eliminate the non-portability of NRCMS.

The fresh food supply chain in China has begun to reduce the number of intermediaries that connect producers and consumers. Using farm-level data, this paper investigates the impacts of short supply chain participation on vegetable farmers’ market performance, including profits, productivity, production cost, price and price risk. The results show that the participation in a short supply chain is a profit-maximising strategy and risk management tool for farmers. The increase in profit is attributed to productivity advantages, farm size expansion, and risk reduction rather than because of price premiums or cost savings. A policy implication is that short supply chain promotion has many benefits, but the government should be more concerned about the sustainability of short supply chains.

Rubber is a plantation crop that has high economic value and the largest foreign exchange producer 10. Rubber producers in Indonesia consist of the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan. Indonesia is one of the largest rubber producers after Thailand with the number of people involved in rubber farming reaching 2.2 million households. The recent decline in rubber prices has affected the decline in rubber farmers' income. So a strategy is needed to increase the income of rubber farmers. This paper provides an overview of the strategies that rubber farmers need to increase their income. The strategy that was carried out was an increase in the adoption of superior clones at the farmer level, optimization of rubber plantations by modifying the distance of rubber plants to be wider so that they could be used to plant intercrops during the rubber crop cycle and farmers using rubber marketing through UPPB (row rubber material processing and marketing unit)because it could increase the share price received by farmers so farmers get high prices.

This study reviewed the status of natural resources and the driving forces for change, as well as past and ongoing approaches in natural resource management at the watershed scale in Ethiopia. First, we reviewed established environmental policy tools and the legal and policy framework, and determined whether innovative financing mechanisms are working in other areas with a similar context. We undertook stakeholder analyses and mapping to identify key stakeholders, and to assess their possible roles in the implementation of a sustainable financing mechanism for watershed rehabilitation. We also determined whether opportunities exist for financing mechanisms involving hydropower and urban water supply in payments for ecosystem services (PES), and the global community in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in the context of the Bale Eco-region. The study identified major constraints to designing an appropriate financing mechanism. Finally, the study drew important conclusions and key policy implications that are relevant for Ethiopia and perhaps other areas in a similar context.

Thai Journal of Public Administration, 16, 2, 57

In het vorige nummer riep de Vlaamse landbouw-ethicus Stef Aerts op tot openbare afspraken in de keten over prijzen en tot een meer interventionistisch Europees landbouwbeleid, omdat de inkomsten van boeren te veel onder druk staan. Daarmee onderschat hij de rol van prijzen in de samenleving, stelt Krijn Poppe. Op verzoek van de redactie schreef hij bijgaand artikel over de toekomst van de landbouw als wicked (gemeen) probleem.

Niemand weet hoeveel milieubelasting de aarde precies kan hebben, maar een ecologische crisis van ongekende proporties ligt voortdurend op de loer, stellen Stijn van Gils en Louise Vet. Ze pleiten voor radicale veranderingen in de maatschappij. Zo’n ‘geëcologiseerde samenleving’ is volgens hen niet alleen goed voor de aarde, het geeft ook nieuw economisch perspectief. Ralf Bodelier vindt echter dat de ecologen Vet en Van Gils te weinig rekening houden met miljarden armen.

Het project N2Africa is onlangs de tweede fase ingegaan met als doel dat in 2020 een half miljoen kleine boeren in Afrika, ten zuiden van de Sahara, stikstofbinding hebben geïntegreerd in hun bedrijfsvoering. Op een manier die hen past, zegt Ken Giller. Stikstofbinding verbetert de bodemvruchtbaarheid, terwijl de teelt van bonen, die samen met bacteriën de stikstof vastleggen, een belangrijke aanvulling vormt op het menu en op het inkomen van de boer.

The revolution of information technology and communications has drastically changed the way people conduct business. With the rapid emergence of Taobao villages and other e-trading platforms in its rural areas, China is leading the developing world in rural e-commerce. Despite the potential of e-commerce to improve agriculture profits and farmer’s income, whether and to what extent farmers really benefit from it remains a question. Using household survey data from farmers selling products through e-trading platform and those selling products through traditional market channel, we aim to rigorously assess the effects of e-commerce adoption on farmer’s income and identify the key mechanisms through which the impact comes about. Propensity score matching (PSM) methods were adopted to deal with the fact that farmers’ participation in selling products through e-commerce is not random. The PSM results show that the adoption of e-commerce has a positive effect on farmers’ income, especially in the villages with more e-commerce adoption. And the increase in the profit margin and the growth of sales are the two main channels through which e-commerce impacts farmers’ income.

This article constructs a picture of green vegetable growing and supply in Dar es Salaam by looking at the lives and work of a small trader and an urban farmer. It reveals the importance of a range of distribution and trade networks and the integration of a wider city region, alongside urban and periurban production, for the large-scale supply of these vegetables to urban eaters. The livelihood benefit for the many actors involved is clear as are some of the threats emerging as the city changes.

The study aims at reviewing the implementing arrangements adopted recently by the EU Member States with regard to the risk management provisions in the agricultural sector. The study develops a general overview of the state of play of risk management in 2014/2020 Rural Development Programmes submitted by Member States (or Regions); examines similarities and differences in risk management tools implemented in order to gain a better understanding of their scope, their design, their limits and their potential efficiency; and suggests future CAP developments related to risk management in order to deal more effectively with income uncertainties and market volatility.

This report offers quantification of effects of possible trade and agricultural support scenarios on theUK agricultural production, trade, farm gate prices and farmers’ income levels in case of the UKleaving the EU. The results of each scenario show that for most sectors the biggest driver of UK farmincome changes is the level of public support payments available. The positive price impacts on farmincomes seen through both the FTA and WTO default scenario are offset by the loss of direct supportpayments. A reduction of direct payments, or their complete elimination, would exacerbate thenegative impact seen under the UK Trade Liberalisation scenario Dit rapport biedt een schatting van de effecten van mogelijke handels- en landbouwsteunscenario’s voor de productie, handel, prijzen en inkomens in de Britse landbouwsector in geval van een Brexit. De resultaten laten zien dat voor de meeste agrarische sectoren de belangrijkste inkomensgevolgen voortkomen uit veranderingen in de beschikbare directe inkomenssteun. De positieve prijseffecten op landbouwinkomens in zowel het FTA- als het WTO-scenario worden teniet gedaan als de Britse overheid tegelijkertijd directe inkomenssteun aan de sector verlaagt. Een vermindering of totale afbouw van directe inkomenssteun zal de negatieve inkomenseffecten van een Brits liberalisatiescenario verder verslechteren.

Put forward is the research on the way to improve the farmers’ economic and social situation based on an innovative organizational system; all organized into a cooperative association called a “Consortium”.

Niemand weet hoeveel milieubelasting de aarde precies kan hebben, maar een ecologische crisis van ongekende proporties ligt voortdurend op de loer, stellen Stijn van Gils en Louise Vet. Ze pleiten voor radicale veranderingen in de maatschappij. Zo’n ‘geëcologiseerde samenleving’ is volgens hen niet alleen goed voor de aarde, het geeft ook nieuw economisch perspectief. Ralf Bodelier vindt echter dat de ecologen Vet en Van Gils te weinig rekening houden met miljarden armen.

In het vorige nummer riep de Vlaamse landbouw-ethicus Stef Aerts op tot openbare afspraken in de keten over prijzen en tot een meer interventionistisch Europees landbouwbeleid, omdat de inkomsten van boeren te veel onder druk staan. Daarmee onderschat hij de rol van prijzen in de samenleving, stelt Krijn Poppe. Op verzoek van de redactie schreef hij bijgaand artikel over de toekomst van de landbouw als wicked (gemeen) probleem.

Neveninkomsten op de boerderij door: Agrarisch natuurbeheer, boerderijeducatie, agrarische kinderopvang, zorglandbouw, recreatie of boerderijverkoop

In het vorige nummer riep de Vlaamse landbouw-ethicus Stef Aerts op tot openbare afspraken in de keten over prijzen en tot een meer interventionistisch Europees landbouwbeleid, omdat de inkomsten van boeren te veel onder druk staan. Daarmee onderschat hij de rol van prijzen in de samenleving, stelt Krijn Poppe. Op verzoek van de redactie schreef hij bijgaand artikel over de toekomst van de landbouw als wicked (gemeen) probleem.

Neveninkomsten op de boerderij door: Agrarisch natuurbeheer, boerderijeducatie, agrarische kinderopvang, zorglandbouw, recreatie of boerderijverkoop

Het project N2Africa is onlangs de tweede fase ingegaan met als doel dat in 2020 een half miljoen kleine boeren in Afrika, ten zuiden van de Sahara, stikstofbinding hebben geïntegreerd in hun bedrijfsvoering. Op een manier die hen past, zegt Ken Giller. Stikstofbinding verbetert de bodemvruchtbaarheid, terwijl de teelt van bonen, die samen met bacteriën de stikstof vastleggen, een belangrijke aanvulling vormt op het menu en op het inkomen van de boer.

Onderzocht is in hoeverre het waarderen en verzilveren van ecosysteemdiensten, de zogenaamde TEEB-benadering, bruikbaar is voor het genereren van mogelijkheden voor verdere vergroening van het GLB vanaf 2020. Hier zijn twee gebieden bij betrokken: Salland en de Veenkoloniën. In gebiedsbijeenkomsten zijn belangrijke ecosysteemdiensten geïdentificeerd en besproken.

Niemand weet hoeveel milieubelasting de aarde precies kan hebben, maar een ecologische crisis van ongekende proporties ligt voortdurend op de loer, stellen Stijn van Gils en Louise Vet. Ze pleiten voor radicale veranderingen in de maatschappij. Zo’n ‘geëcologiseerde samenleving’ is volgens hen niet alleen goed voor de aarde, het geeft ook nieuw economisch perspectief. Ralf Bodelier vindt echter dat de ecologen Vet en Van Gils te weinig rekening houden met miljarden armen.

Het onderzoeksthema Methodieken Kennisoverdracht (BO 28) levert bouwstenen aan voor het verbeteren van kennisvalorisatie, tot waarde brengen van kennis, middels integrale kennisketens en een effectieve en efficiënte inzet van kennismiddelen door en voor kennispartners en ondernemers in Greenportregio’s. Dit met als doel dat de keten van kennis naar kunde, naar kassa structureel wordt. Het onderliggende project is mogelijk gemaakt door financiering vanuit het ministerie van Economische Zaken en aansturing vanuit de topsector Tuinbouw en Uitgangsmaterialen (T&U).

Onderzocht is in hoeverre het waarderen en verzilveren van ecosysteemdiensten, de zogenaamde TEEB-benadering, bruikbaar is voor het genereren van mogelijkheden voor verdere vergroening van het GLB vanaf 2020. Hier zijn twee gebieden bij betrokken: Salland en de Veenkoloniën. In gebiedsbijeenkomsten zijn belangrijke ecosysteemdiensten geïdentificeerd en besproken.

This article constructs a picture of green vegetable growing and supply in Dar es Salaam by looking at the lives and work of a small trader and an urban farmer. It reveals the importance of a range of distribution and trade networks and the integration of a wider city region, alongside urban and periurban production, for the large-scale supply of these vegetables to urban eaters. The livelihood benefit for the many actors involved is clear as are some of the threats emerging as the city changes.

Het onderzoeksthema Methodieken Kennisoverdracht (BO 28) levert bouwstenen aan voor het verbeteren van kennisvalorisatie, tot waarde brengen van kennis, middels integrale kennisketens en een effectieve en efficiënte inzet van kennismiddelen door en voor kennispartners en ondernemers in Greenportregio’s. Dit met als doel dat de keten van kennis naar kunde, naar kassa structureel wordt. Het onderliggende project is mogelijk gemaakt door financiering vanuit het ministerie van Economische Zaken en aansturing vanuit de topsector Tuinbouw en Uitgangsmaterialen (T&U).

This article constructs a picture of green vegetable growing and supply in Dar es Salaam by looking at the lives and work of a small trader and an urban farmer. It reveals the importance of a range of distribution and trade networks and the integration of a wider city region, alongside urban and periurban production, for the large-scale supply of these vegetables to urban eaters. The livelihood benefit for the many actors involved is clear as are some of the threats emerging as the city changes.

Het project N2Africa is onlangs de tweede fase ingegaan met als doel dat in 2020 een half miljoen kleine boeren in Afrika, ten zuiden van de Sahara, stikstofbinding hebben geïntegreerd in hun bedrijfsvoering. Op een manier die hen past, zegt Ken Giller. Stikstofbinding verbetert de bodemvruchtbaarheid, terwijl de teelt van bonen, die samen met bacteriën de stikstof vastleggen, een belangrijke aanvulling vormt op het menu en op het inkomen van de boer.

The recommendations focus on the need to increase the availability of and access to quality seeds; improve quality, varietal sustainability and resilience of the seed system; build capacities of key actors to improve on their production and business skills; and address issues of enabling environment in seed security.

In het eerste halfjaar van 2012 is de productie van glasgroenteproducten achtergebleven bij vorig jaar. De prijsvorming is voor komkommer en tomaat iets verbeterd, maar bij paprika en aubergine vallen de prijzen tegen. Hoe één en ander uitpakt voor het gemiddelde glasgroentebedrijf over geheel 2012 zal eind december door het LEI worden gepresenteerd.

De rentabiliteit en het inkomen van glastuinbouwbedrijven verbeteren in 2012 ten opzichte van 2011. Met name de snijbloemenbedrijven doen het in 2012 beter. Bij glasgroenten herstelt de rentabiliteit van het slechte jaar 2011, maar is het inkomen nog laag. Bij pot- en perkplantenbedrijven is sprake van een marginale toename van de rentabiliteit.