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Rural Girls Internet-Ethnography - Netnography - is a relatively new method, which presents both difficulties and opportunities. The difficulties are primarily associated with the breaking of new ground and not having a well-established research practice to lean on as regards the design and implementation of the studies. The opportunities, on the other hand, include the freedom to think freely and formulate new ideas about ethnographic research practice at a time when the Internet, and not least social media, are central spaces for social relationships, culture, and politics. In this article, we discuss three methodological aspects that we have considered in relation to netnography; more specifically, in relation to Facebook research. Our netnographic study of rural femininity in Glesbygdsgirls (Rural Girls) has particularly highlighted issues of spatiality, timeliness and reflexivity, as well as research positions. We have found that the Glesbygdsgirls’ forum makes it possible for individual positions and experiences to become part of something much larger. The digital spatiality is created together by the members. In conjunction with Massey, we want to point out how the space is something that is created on the basis of social relationships, which can be unfinished processes extending across both time and space (Massey (1994) 2014, 2005). However, the virtual space that is created in the user conversations and actions presupposes that there is a "multiple site of location" beyond the reality of Facebook; including physical sites or places that through their sheer numbers indicate a symbolic densification of the network space. According to Miller's view, it is a consequence of the media itself that at the level of society, rural areas become visible as something quite extensive, and at the individual level that one’s own experience is both confirmed and widened (Miller & Horst 2012; Miller 2011). At the same time, our empirical examples show that glesbygsgirl is not a homogeneous position, but rather that there exists conflict within the group about what constitutes an authentic rural femininity. In the discussion about network time, we have focused mainly on the rapid flow by which the internet is characterized, as well as how the network's simultaneousness can bring benefits, but also make new demands on the researcher's presence in the field in ways that have never previously come to the fore. However, it may be relevant to point out that, in addition to being characterized by simultaneousness and rapid flow, the internet also serves as a kind of archive. Posts that are not actively deleted remain available for a long time and can be searched for and read multiple times, long after they were originally published. Once again, it is fruitful to think of Massey's spatial understanding; the spaces created are extended in time and based on social relationships. How researchers act and present themselves in a Facebook forum is something that needs more discussion and exploration. Social networks like Facebook provide remarkable empirical opportunities and connect us with our fields in a very direct and informative way. In this article, we have presented the course of action we chose based on reflexivity and our research ethics. The somewhat problematic confusion between what is public and private that takes place in social forums is something we chose to use based on our roles as being both researchers and personally involved in the empirical field. To pursue Netnographic research on social forums can, at best, open the researcher up to a more participatory research methodology where research participants can be involved and made to participate more in in the research process. In this way, we can also achieve a much greater impact and – provided we listen and generate a dialogue – conduct really important research at a higher level. The Internet facilitates an interactive approach, an opportunity to work more in collaboration with the society and also at regional levels, and, moreover, be more relevant to people's current search for meaning.

Fashion bloggers In the mid 2000s, the fashion blogger appeared as a new media figure. The young women who wrote about fashion, shopping, and private lives aroused rapid criticism from the established media because of their huge impact. The emergence of fashion, beauty - and shopping blogging is a further development of a culturally defined combination between femininity and consumption that is both intensified and adapted to today's digital culture, as well as a changing view of gender. In the article, this development is interpreted as an expression of what Gill (2007, 2016) critically called a postfeminist sensitivity, and where the equivalence between femininity and feminism is determined. However, instead of a critical discussion of post feminism, the intention here is to show that this activity can also be interpreted as a negotiation with those cultural definitions of femininity that are in circulation. The article is based on an ethnological method using deep interviews with bloggers in the wider fields of fashion, beauty and shopping. Although none of the informants described their blog as pronouncedly feminist, many considered that this was true of their blog with regard to certain aspects. These included featuring a body or a fashion that does not comply with the norms, combining something traditionally feminine with enterprise and computer technology, and not compromising on your dreams. The informants embraced traditional female values such as beauty care, consumption and motherhood, but tried to infuse them with new, to some extent feminist, meanings. By this means, they negotiate meanings in the relationship between femininity and feminism in specific ways. Blogging challenges, in a specific way, the boundaries between the physical and the digital body, the concept of a real I and a blog I, and perceptions of femininity and feminism. However, in order to become a successful blogger, it was also necessary for the informants to negotiate their position with regard to intimacy, family information, transparency with themselves, and collaborating with companies that they did not believe in. The informants chose different ways to deal with such borders. In dealing with these borders and also in the crossing of them the norms of femininity are revealed; this lack of boundaries also solves the relationships between economy and intimacy, culture and nature, consumption and production. If the detention to a private sphere has subordinated women in history, then making visible the constructed character of this private sphere, is also a refusal to accept cultural beliefs about femininity as based on natural principles. The relationship between economy and intimacy is dissolved by exposing the private sphere as a means of work.

本研究の目的は運動部に所属する女子大学生アスリートを対象に，練習の前と試合の前における化粧行動の有無，化粧行動に関する工夫について調査を行い，女子大学生アスリートの化粧行動の実態を探索的に調査することであった。分析の結果，練習前（50.0%)・試合前（51.3%)ともに，化粧行動を「絶対にしない」と回答した者が最も多かった。一方で，練習前（9.1%)・試合前（13.6%)ともに，化粧行動を「絶対にする」と回答した者が一定数いることがわかった。女性アスリートの中には，「競技者としての自己」と「女性としての自己」を分けて捉えてしまう者もいるが，化粧行動は，2つの自己をつなぎ合わせる行動になり得る。今後は，化粧行動と競技パフォーマンスとの関連や，化粧行動と競技に伴うストレス反応との関連を検討することが期待される。

In this article, we explore young women’s memories of their experiences with sport, physical activity, and play during their childhood. Through collective memory work – sharing, discussing, writing, and analysing sporting memories/histories – we examine (re)constructions of young women’s experiences of gendered relations of power, bodily awareness, and regulation within movement-based practices. The approach taken explores relationships between theory and method, a feature of post- qualitative inquiry. Forming a collaborative memory workshop with six young women (aged 19–22) and two researchers, we illustrate how work-ing memories facilitates the interrogation of taken-for-granted assump-tions about women’s active bodies. Represented through two memories in this paper, their production, representation, and analysis were a collaborative effort, not solely representative of two individual experi-ences. Despite growing up within a period wherein women’s access to and engagement with sport and physical activity is more available, com-mon, and diverse compared to the youth of past generations, young women’s experiences explored here illustrate the ways in which move-ment-based practices are located within the confluence of postfeminist sensibilities including, intensely scrutinised gendered body cultures, potent neoliberal configurations, and discourses of empowerment. It is these new sporting and active femininities and the gendering experiences of physical culture that are explored within this paper through memory work and collective biography

A growing interdisciplinary literature examines the role of hair textures and styles in Black and mixed-race women's identity performances. Through an analysis of travel narratives, this paper extends and complements research on the context-dependency of racialized identity performances. This paper presents an analysis of 24 qualitative interviews with Black and mixed-race women in England and Germany. The question it seeks to answer is: ‘How do changes in context alter Black and mixed-race women's hairstyling practices as a performance of identity?’ Navigating a novel context could lead the women to (1) conform to local standards of beauty and femininity, (2) resist external expectations, (3) try out novel performances and (4) negotiate the complex performance of belonging. All in all, this paper shows that Black and mixed-race women dialogically re/negotiated and performatively re/created how they identify and how they are identified by others as they moved from one context to another.

Dans certains contextes familiaux, il arrive qu’une fille victime devienne une mère violente sous la forme notamment d’une violence d’attitude de non-secours : le désaveu et l’aveuglement d’une mère vis-à-vis de sa propre fille répétant la victimisation constituent en effet pour nous une forme spécifique de violence qui affecte la construction du féminin, tout autant que la relation mère-fille. Nous le montrons à partir du cas d’Alice, 17 ans, suivi en psychothérapie par l’une de nous dans un service d’aide aux victimes, avec une analyse des conditions transférentielles qui lui ont permis de sortir de la répétition transgénérationnelle et de questionner son féminin., In certain family contexts, a daughter who has been victimized can become a violent mother through a non-rescue attitude: the disavowal and blindness of a mother towards her own daughter, repeating the victimization, is for us a specific form of violence, which has an impact on the building of the femininity as much as the mother-daughter relationship. We show it based on Alice’ case, 17 years old, followed in psychotherapy by one of us in a Victim Support Service, with an analysis of the transferential conditions which allowed her to get out of the transgenerational repetition and to question her femininity.

Osnovna svrha istraživanja je prikazati sponu između definicije maskuliniteta i političke propagande. Toj sponi u radu dajemo naziv „pigmalionski muškarac“. Detaljnim proučavanjem ranog kolonijalizma u Indiji, nacističke Njemačke i Sjedinjenih Američkih Država 1940-ih i 1950-ih godina ukazujemo na problemski odnos kontinuiranog redefiniranja pojma maskuliniteta koji često nastaje, argumentirano, zbog utjecaja političke propagande. Tvrdimo da propaganda koristi pojam maskuliniteta kako bi promijenila određena ponašanja muške populacije svoje publike i putem njih ostvarila određene političke ciljeve. Ovo je problemski tekst kojim želimo čitateljevu pozornost skrenuti na opasnost fenomena kontinuiranog redefiniranja maskuliniteta., The main purpose of this research is to demonstrate the connection between the definition of masculinity and political propaganda. In this study, we refer to this connection as the 'Pygmalion Man.' By closely examining early colonialism in India, Nazi Germany, and the United States in the 1940s and 1950s, we highlight the problematic relationship of continuously redefining the concept of masculinity, which often arises, presumably, due to the influence of political propaganda. We argue that propaganda utilizes the concept of masculinity to change specific behaviors of the male population and achieve certain political goals through them. It is a problematic text intended to draw the reader's attention to the danger of the phenomenon of the continuous redefinition of masculinity.

En el verano de 1835, llegó al «campo y corte» de Don Carlos un estandarte con una imagen de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores. De inmediato, la Virgen María, bajo esa advocación, fue proclamada «generalísima» del «ejército real» de los carlistas. En la historia de ese estandarte se encuentran buena parte de los elementos de la cultura política de los primeros carlistas. En este artículo se examina esa historia apelando a los diversos contextos culturales y políticos en los que discurrió. In the summer of 1835, a banner arrived at the «camp and court» of Don Carlos, a banner with an image of Our Lady of Sorrows. Immediately, the Virgin Mary, under this title, was proclaimed «generalísima» of the «royal army» of Don Carlos. In the history of this banner, there are many elements of the political culture of early Carlists. This article examines this history by underlying the political and cultural contexts in which it developed. Au cours de l’été 1835, « le camp et la cour » de Don Carlos voit arriver une image de Notre Dame des Douleurs. Immédiatement, la Vierge Marie, sous cette dénomination, est proclamée « generalísma » de « l'armée royale » de Don Carlos. Dans l’histoire de cet étendard, on retrouve beaucoup d’éléments de la culture politique des premiers carlistes. Dans cet article, cette histoire est examinée en faisant appel aux différents contextes culturels et politiques dans lesquels elle s’est déroulée.

Este artículo analiza las diferencias encontradas en algunos anuncios de televisión británicos y españoles emitidos al principio de la pandemia de COVID-19, concretamente durante marzo y abril de 2020, es decir, durante las primeras semanas de confinamiento. Se analizaron cuarenta anuncios emitidos en Gran Bretaña y España, identificando expresiones que remitiesen a las dimensiones culturales de identidad, de género, de evitación de la incertidumbre y de orientación a largo plazo. Esta última dimensión no se suele analizar en la literatura intercultural, por lo que añade valor a este estudio. En este análisis, de carácter cualitativo y cuantitativo, se demuestra que, aunque tradicionalmente se describen importantes diferencias en la publicidad que se hace en estos dos países debido a sus también diferentes valores culturales, en un momento de pandemia global, los valores y preferencias se asemejan mucho, llegando a utilizarse las mismas expresiones de forma repetida en los anuncios de ambos grupos culturales. En concreto, los anuncios dirigidos al público británico apelaron a valores culturales femeninos y tribales-colectivistas, cuando los anuncios de este grupo cultural exhiben normalmente rasgos de masculinidad y de individualismo. Es decir, este artículo demuestra la importancia que tiene el contexto a la hora de analizar el discurso de los hablantes, hasta el punto de que un grupo cultural puede resaltar unos valores culturales con los que no es tradicionalmente asociado. Como se aprecia aquí, las similitudes en el estilo comunicativo superan a las diferencias que puedan presentar estos dos países, cuando tradicionalmente no debería ser así. This article discusses the differences found in some British and Spanish television advertisements issued at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and more specifically during the months of March and April 2020, i.e., during the first weeks of confinement. Forty advertisements issued in Great Britain and Spain were analysed, identifying expressions referring to the cultural dimensions of identity, gender, uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation. The last dimension is not usually included in intercultural communication analysis, so its inclusion here adds value to this study. This qualitative and quantitative analysis shows that although there are traditionally large differences in advertising in these two countries, due to their also different cultural values, at a time of a global pandemic, values and preferences are very similar, and the same expressions are repeatedly used in the advertisements of both cultural groups. In particular, advertisements aimed at the British audience appealed to feminine and tribal-collectivist cultural values, although adverts for this cultural group typically exhibit traits of masculinity and individualism. Thus, this article demonstrates the importance of context when analysing the speakers' discourse, to the point that a cultural group can highlight cultural values with which it is not traditionally associated. As can be seen in this paper, the similarities found in the communicative styles of these two groups outweigh the differences, when traditionally it should not have been the case.

Studies indicate that individuals preferring masculinity/femininity in one domain also prefer it in other domains. Heterosexual men and women and gay men have reported consistent preferences for masculinity/femininity across the faces and voices of their preferred sex. This study explored the femininity preferences of 417 Chinese lesbian and bisexual women in terms of face, voice pitch, vocal tract length, and personality traits and explored the effect of sexual self-labels (femme, butch, and androgyne) on these preferences. We found that lesbian and bisexual women showed a stronger preference for feminized faces, voice pitch, vocal tract length, and personality traits than masculinized versions, and these preferences were highly consistent across the four domains. Moreover, femininity preference was moderated by sexual self-labels, with butches preferring more feminine voice pitch, vocal tract length, and personality traits than femmes and androgynes. However, no significant difference was found for facial femininity preferences among different sexual self-labels. These findings present evidence of consistent femininity preference across visual, auditory, and personality traits and suggest that, regardless of sexual orientation, multiple cues may be used together when determining the attractiveness of individuals. Furthermore, these results support the hypothesis that the partner preference of lesbian and bisexual women mirrors that of heterosexual men.

This paper examines the situated ways in which Moroccan immigrant children in Spain create imagined, alternative life worlds and explore possible forms of identification through an investigation of these children’s hybrid linguistic practices in the midst of play. Drawing on Bakhtin’s (1981, 1986) notions of heteroglossia and hybridity, the analysis focuses on the meanings of codeswitching practices that a group of Moroccan immigrant girls deploy in pretend-play sequences involving dolls to construct female identities; identities that they treat as desirable in the context of Spanish idealizations of femininity, but that are considered transgressional by adults in Moroccan diaspora communities in Spain. Neighborhood peer group play affords Moroccan immigrant girls’ transformations and engagement in subversive tactics, in that these activities take place outside the scrutiny of parents and other adults. The rich verbal and sociocultural environment of Moroccan immigrant children’s peer groups provide us with an excellent window to investigate peer language socialization processes in relation to how immigrant children negotiate, transform, and subvert in the midst of play the different, and often incongruous, socio-cultural and linguistic expectations and constraints that they encounter on a daily basis. Use of Moroccan Arabic and Spanish in this pretend play, in particular, results in a heteroglossic polyphony of voices imbued with moral tensions (Bahktin 1981, 1986). This analysis highlights the importance of these hybrid linguistic practices in immigrant girls’ explorations of alternative processes of gendered identification in multilingual, culturally-syncretic environments. Through surreptitious pretend-play, Moroccan immigrant girls explore imagined transgressional possible identities and moral worlds. In this sense, this research also underscores the implications of children’s language use and language choice in pretend-play for larger processes of cultural continuity and transformation in transnational, diasporic communities undergoing rapid change.

This article examines how gender ideologies linked to global processes such as migration and the spread of youth popular culture pose certain challenges for teenage girls who live in patriarchal social contexts. Drawing on a corpus of ethnographic data at a multiethnic middle school in Cyprus, the article focuses on the ways in which language practices mediate this experience and the possibilities that language envelops in the process of gender identity formation in globalizing times. At the intersection of contradictory ideologies ranging from the school’s religious gender discourse, which promotes modesty and chastity, to the predominant media discourse of femininity, which highlights female sexuality, girls’ gender identity claims become fraught with moral implications. In the local peer culture, girls are placed on a fabricated and culturally widespread “virgin-whore” continuum along which different cultural groups – which are often equated with ethnic groups – are evaluated. Paradoxically, girls who embrace sexual freedom (either in practice or rhetorically) may in fact exercise agency and become empowered precisely because of early adolescents’ fascination with sexuality. These girls draw largely on the dominant discourse of femininity abundantly marketed by global media and the pop culture. They thus manage to explore alternative ideas about agency and gender in a locally rebellious manner that defies the traditionalist female roles that school and church promote.

This study demonstrates that two types of language ideologies (linguistic nationalism and feminine language normativity) influence how Japanese contemporary novels represent non-Japanese characters’ speech. It investigates the role of gender and observes that novelists only infrequently assign highly gendered utterance-final forms to non-Japanese characters when they speak in Japanese. This tendency is more salient among the representations of male non-Japanese characters. Masculine expressions seem to belong to a set of linguistic resources that are considered available only to the Japanese. This exclusivism, i.e., linguistic nationalism, might explain the lack of highly masculine forms among non-Japanese characters in novels. As for the relatively frequent assignment of gendered language for female characters, the normativity of feminine language makes it part of the basic language of all female speakers including non-Japanese individuals. In addition, feminine expressions are not as strongly associated with authenticity as masculine expressions.

Ausgehend von der Perspektive sozialwissenschaftlicher Biographieforschung, wie sie von Alheit und Dausien vertreten wird, werden in diesem Artikel Ergebnisse einer biographieanalytischen Studie zu den Tagebüchern der Fürstin Louise von Anhalt-Dessau präsentiert. Im Fokus der Interpretation stehen dabei insbesondere die in den Selbstzeugnissen und ausgewählten Korrespondenzen vorzufindenden Konstruktionen von Weiblichkeit. Die Analyse der Selbstzeugnisse im Hinblick auf die subjektiven Sinndeutungen im Kontext der eigenen Geschlechtlichkeit wird gerahmt von einer Betrachtung der im Landsitz der Fürstin dargestellten weiblichen Tugenden als ein beispielhafter Ausdruck der die Handlungsräume der Fürstin bedingenden gesellschaftlichen Struktur. Auch unter Einbeziehung einzelner freundschaftlichen Beziehungen zu weib-lichen und männlichen Angehörigen des Bürgertums, die einerseits als Spiegel der gesellschaftlichen Geschlechterstruktur und andererseits als Ort der Reflexion über die zeitgenössische Rolle der Frau anzusehen sind, kann in der Analyse aufgezeigt werden, auf welche Weise das Leben Louises geprägt ist von biographischen Suchbewegungen. Innerhalb dieses Prozesses gelangt sie zu einem Welt- und Selbstverständnis, das nicht mit einer bloßen Anpassung an die Strukturen der ständisch organisierten Gesellschaft, wie sie vormodernen Subjekten oftmals zugeschrieben wird, zu fassen ist.

Over the past decade, activewear has become a booming international business and cultural phenomenon. It has simultaneously been critiqued for its pervasive neoliberal, postfeminist, and healthism rhetoric and the ways it continues to (re)produce hegemonic femininity. In this paper, the author drew upon new materialist theory, specifically Karen Barad’s concept of spacetimemattering, to contribute to this body of literature, providing an alternative perspective on the production of femininity and feminist politics within activewear. Using a Baradian-inspired approach, this paper brought various material-discourses and events from multiple time periods into dialogue with the activewear phenomenon to (re)think the production of femininity. Specifically, the analysis explored how activewear entanglements across various spatiotemporalities challenge appearance-based femininity and increase the visibility (and acceptance) of the moving female body. Through this exploration, the author provided a way to (re)imagine feminist politics that are embedded in women’s everyday fitness practices.

Men are reluctant to seek help for depression. This is an important public health concern, and it has been largely attributed to the stigma attached to men who seek help. The present studies aim to understand the nature of such stigma. Specifically, are men who seek help for mental distress perceived to be less masculine and/or more feminine? Our findings suggest that symptomology, the diagnostic label, and targets' reaction to the symptoms jointly shape the gendered perceptions of help-seeking. In four experiments (N = 1118), participants read descriptions of targets with varying psychological or physical symptoms and provided masculinity and femininity ratings of the targets. People seeking help for internalizing symptoms (e.g., depressed moods) are perceived to be less masculine and more feminine than those seeking help for physical symptoms, yet the reverse pattern was found for people seeking help for externalizing symptoms (e.g., angry outbursts). In addition, the knowledge of a depression diagnosis decreased masculinity ratings and increased femininity ratings of male targets with physical symptoms (but not those with psychological symptoms), suggesting the power of labeling in shaping perceptions. Importantly, seeking help affects how men are perceived above and beyond symptomology: Men who downplay physical symptoms are perceived to be more masculine; whereas those who seek help for psychological symptoms are perceived to be more feminine. The association between help-seeking and masculinity ideologies shapes person perception, particularly because help-seeking violates norms of masculinity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Today's success is on the path of great social transformations, the speed of change and the disciplinary versatility of specific scientific directions, it is mindful that today's success is the success of postmodernity. Postmodernity has brought to greater scientific concepts, new look, new technologies, which are often critical in terms of old scientific achievements. The sphere of gender equality is also affected by such a process. Gender equality is increasingly coming under the concept of biological determinism, the concept of steel gender roles. Society and science are changing the perception of gender issues under the lever of recent changes in society, social life of the individual, as well as guided by modern achievements of social sciences and humanities, develop new gender theories that must meet such goals as gender equality, combating gender discrimination resolving conflicts between gender groups externally and internally. Postmodern society is characterized by a belief in a diverse identity, refutation of stable norms, a critical attitude to traditional values, moral, cultural, religious principles. In addition, postmodern society pays great attention to the issue of sexuality, sexual self-identification. These traits are inherent in gender research, gender is transformed from a biologically determined social role, to the personal self-identification of the individual, regardless of his physical characteristics. This view is completely different from the classical gender studies of the twentieth century. Changes in the concepts and goals of gender research lead to a new paradigm of theoretical and methodological foundations of gender research. Definitions of such changes show the difference between modern and classical research, and show a significant path of scientific thought on gender issues. Modern gender studies consider not only "female" but also "male". The connection between gender groups, heterogeneous conflicts in groups is studied, the issue of the "third gender" is studied and formed. Such research is driven by the will to achieve equal opportunities, both legal and moral, for any gender group. The domestic sphere of gender research still lags far behind global trends, but every year the gap, due to globalization and the growing relevance of gender research, will narrow. Such a project is, for example, the UN Millennium Plan, or a recent state call for gender representation in public authorities. Gender research has long been relevant, and practical decisions have led to improved gender policy in Ukraine. But sometimes such decisions are formal or in fact untrue. Public opinion also makes a significant contribution to the big difference between the “official” and the “real”. Because of this, it will be important to try to identify modern gender stereotypes that correspond to the modern postmodern worldview, in addition, recent events call attention to new specifics of social life, the COVID 2019 epidemic, the war against Russian aggression that objectively changed the standard of living , and introduced a new worldview, set new goals and objectives for research, in particular gender research., Сучасне суспільство знаходиться на шляху великих соціальних перетворень, швидкість змін та дисциплінарна розмитість конкретних наукових напрямів зумовлена тим, що сучасне суспільство є суспільством постмодерну. Постмодерн привніс до більшості наукових концепцій нові погляди, нові течії, що часто є критичними по відношенню до старих наукових досліджень. Сфери гендерних досліджень такий процес також торкнувся. Гендерні дослідження все більше відходять від концепції біологічного детермінізму, концепції сталих гендерних ролей. Суспільство та наука змінюють картину сприйняття гендерної проблематики під важелем останніх змін в соціумі, соціального життя індивіда, а також, керуючись сучасними здобутками соціально-гуманітарних наук, розробляють нові гендерні теорії, які мусять відповідати таким цілям, як: встановлення гендерної рівності, боротьба з гендерною дискримінацією, вирішення конфліктів між гендерними групами зовні та всередині самих груп. Суспільству постмодерну притаманна віра в різноманітну ідентичність, спростування сталих норм, критичне відношення до традиційних цінностей, моральних, культурних, релігійних засад. Окрім цього, суспільство постмодерну приділяє велику увагу проблематиці сексуальності, сексуальної самоідентифікації. Ці риси притаманні гендерним дослідженням, гендер перетворюється з біологічно детермінованої соціальної ролі на особисту самоідентифікацію індивіда, незалежно від його фізичних особливостей. Такий погляд суто відрізняється від класичних гендерних досліджень ХХ ст. Зміни у концепціях та цілях гендерних досліджень призводять до виникнення нової парадигми теоретико-методологічних засад гендерних досліджень. Визначення таких змін показують різницю між сучасними та класичними дослідженнями та істотній шлях наукової думки щодо гендерних питань. Сучасні гендерні дослідження розглядають не тільки “жіноче”, а й “чоловіче”. Вивчається зв’язок між гендерними групами, гетерогенні конфлікти у групах, досліджується та формується проблематика “третього гендеру”. Такими дослідженнями керує воля до здобуття рівних можливостей, як юридичних, так і моральних, для будь якої гендерної групи. Вітчизняна сфера гендерних досліджень ще доволі відстає від світових трендів, але з кожним роком розрив, через глобалізацію та зростання актуальності гендерних доліджень зменшується. Теж саме можна сказати і про гендерний розрив як об’єкт гендерних досліджень. Статистика, що формується на офіційних статистичних даних світових соціологічних дослідів, показує, що Україна послідовно йде до зниження індексу гендерної нерівності. Приймаються нові закони, країна стає учасником великих світових проектів, які, зокрема, націлені на подолання нерівності та дискримінації за гендерною ознакою. Таким проектом, наприклад, є “план тисячоліття ООН”, чи нещодавній державний заклик щодо гендерної репрезентації в органах державної влади. Гендерні дослідження вже давно набули своєї актуальності, а прийняті практичні рішення зумовлюють покращення гендерної політики в Україні. Але інколи такі рішення є формальними або фактично не відповідають дійсності. Саме через це актуальною буде спроба визначити сучасні гендерні стереотипи, які відповідають сучасній постмодерністичній картині світосприйняття, крім того, події останніх років зумовлюють приділяти увагу новій специфіці соціального життя, епідемії COVID-2019, що об’єктивно змінили стандартне життя індивіда та внесли нове світосприйняття, поставили нові цілі та завдання науковим дослідженням, зокрема, гендерним дослідженням.

Resumo O presente artigo pretende construir uma leitura psicanalítica sobre as mulheres presentes em ‘Lolita’, obra literária de Vladimir Nabokov, publicada em 1955. O livro é a autobiografia de Humbert Humbert, de 38 anos, que tem como objeto de amor uma garota de 12 anos, a quem ele nomeia como ninfeta. O narrador defende a existência de duas categorias femininas diferentes. A primeira é atribuída às mulheres adultas, nomeadas como agentes paliativos por serem permitidas por Lei a se relacionarem sexualmente com homens; e a segunda, às diabólicas ninfetas, seu verdadeiro objeto de desejo. Partindo de uma leitura freudolacaniana sobre o feminino e apoiada nos estudos da filósofa Simone de Beauvoir sobre as categorias de representação social das mulheres, o artigo realizou um percurso a partir da fala do narrador Humbert Humbert, criador de tais categorias do feminino, para a investigação do conceito sobre fetichismo. Foi possível concluir que o discurso acerca da sexualidade feminina se constitui para benefício exclusivo de Humbert Humbert, que determina e goza com a nomeação de mulheres, ou seja, ao falar sobre o feminino, o narrador nos ajuda a produzir UM saber, voltado, na verdade, para a sexualidade masculina. Abstract This article intends to construe a psychoanalytical reading about the women in the literary work Lolita, by Vladimir Nabokov, published in 1955. The book is the autobiography of Humbert Humbert, 38, whose love object is a 12-year-old girl whom that he names as a nymphet. The narrator argues for the existence of two different female categories. The first would be attributed to adult women, named as palliative agents as permitted by the Law to have sexual relations with men. The second to diabolical nymphets, their true object of desire. Starting from a Freudolacanian reading about the feminine and supported by the philosopher Simone de Beauvoir’s studies on the categories of women’s social representation, this paper will return to the narrator Humbert Humbert, creator of such categories of the feminine, to investigate concept about fetishism. At the end of the work, we were able to realize that the discourse about female sexuality is constituted for the exclusive benefit of Humbert Humbert, who determines and enjoys the naming of women, that is, by talking about the feminine, the narrator helps us to produce a knowledge, in fact, about male sexuality. Resumen Este artículo pretende construir una lectura psicoanalítica sobre las mujeres presentes en “Lolita”, obra literaria de Vladimir Nabokov, publicada en 1955. El libro es la autobiografía de Humbert Humbert, de 38 años, que tiene como objeto de amor a una niña de 12 años, a la que nombra nínfula. El narrador defiende la existencia de dos categorías femeninas diferentes. El primero se atribuiría a las mujeres adultas, nombradas como agentes paliativos por permitirles la Ley relacionarse sexualmente con los hombres. El segundo a las ninfas diabólicas, su verdadero objeto de deseo. Partiendo de una lectura freudolacaniana de lo femenino y apoyándose en los estudios de la filósofa Simone de Beauvoir sobre las categorías de representación social de la mujer, el artículo hace un recorrido desde el discurso del narrador Humbert Humbert, creador de tales categorías de lo femenino, hasta la investigación del concepto de fetichismo. Al final de la obra, pudimos percibir que el discurso sobre la sexualidad femenina se constituye para beneficio exclusivo de Humbert Humbert, quien determina y disfruta al nombrar a las mujeres, es decir, al hablar de lo femenino, el narrador nos ayuda a producir un conocimiento, de hecho, sobre la sexualidad masculina.

BACKGROUND: Prior studies have established that gender roles are predictive of substance use for Mexican and Mexican American adolescents, both living in the U.S. and in Mexico. OBJECTIVES: The moderating effects of gender and acculturation and the mediating effects of antisociality, depressive affect, and adaptive and avoidant coping on the gender role-alcohol use relationship were examined in a sample of Mexican American adolescents. METHODS: Secondary data analyses were conducted on a sample of 955 (450 boys, 505 girls) Mexican American 7th and 8th grade adolescents participating in a school-based substance use intervention. RESULTS: For boys, path analyses yielded significant direct paths from aggressive masculinity to alcohol use. Bootstrapped mediation tests also yielded significant indirect paths through antisociality from assertive masculinity, affective femininity, aggressive masculinity, and the interaction of linguistic acculturation by affective femininity to alcohol use. For girls, the relationship between aggressive masculinity with alcohol use and the negative relationship of affective femininity with alcohol use were also mediated by adaptive coping, which is predictive of decreased substance use. CONCLUSION/IMPORTANCE: The present analyses confirm the importance of gender roles, functional mediators, and their interaction with acculturation in predicting substance use in Mexican American adolescents, with implications for the design of interventions to reduce substance use within the Mexican American community.

Counterculture is a major cultural and political movement that affected all major spheres of the American mainstream, and this paper deals with its feminist implications. Young hippies, or counterculturers, sprung out of the 1950s mainstream society, rejecting the societal roles and lifestyles of their parents, and reviving egalitarian values and redefining the established gender roles. Whilst many would argue feminism of the 1960s bypassed Counterculture, and would only associate it with the New Left, I would argue feminism was an integral part of the hippie society. Along with the sexual revolution, Counterculture redefined the sexual roles of women, and provided young women with a new alternate lifestyle. This research aims to portray how the Counterculture influenced feminism, and vice versa, and to display the shift in the paradigm that occurred in the 1960s, with regards to women and how they are represented in society and the mainstream. Counterculture feminism is explored through 3 distinctly feminist literary works, The Group, The Bell Jar, and I’m With the Band. Whilst the previous two deal with ‘the problem with no name’ that heavily affected women in pre-Counterculture mainstream society, I’m With the Band portrays a uniquely countercultural lifestyle of a groupie that embraced her own autonomy and sexuality. Kontrakultura je značajan kulturni i politički pokret koji je utjecao na sve veće sfere Američkog mainstreama, a ovaj se rad bavi njegovim feminističkim implikacijama. Mladi hipiji izašli su iz društva 1950-ih, odbijajući društvene uloge i živote svojih roditelja, oživjeli su egalitarne vrijednosti te redefinirali ustaljene rodne uloge društva. Iako mnogi tvrde da je feminizam 1960-ih zaobišao kontrakulturu, te ga asociraju samo sa novom ljevicom, tvrdim da je feminizam sastavni dio hipi društva. Uz seksualnu revoluciju, kontrakultura je redefinirala seksualnu ulogu žena i pružila im alternativan način života. Cilj ovog rada je izložiti kako je kontrakultura utjecala na feminizam, i obratno, te prikazati promjenu u paradigmi koja se dogodila 1960-ih kod pozicije žena u društvu i načina na koji su one prikazivane. Feminizam kontrakulture istražujem kroz 3 inherentno feministička književna djela, The Group, The Bell Jar i I'm With the Band. Prva dva se dotiču 'problema bez imena' koji je uvelike utjecao na žene u društvu prije kontrakulture, dok I'm With the Band ilustrira jedinstveno kontrakulturalan način života 'groupie' djevojke koja je objeručke prihvatila svoju autonomiju i seksualnost.

Is é príomhaidhm an tionscadail taighde seo eagarthóireacht agus anailís a dhéanamh ar chnuasach béaloidis a bhailigh an bailitheoir béaloidis páirtaimseartha, Seán Mac Mathúna (1876-1949), ó mhná agus faoi mhná i gceantar an Luaigh Thuaidh, Co. an Chláir chun ról agus léiriú na mban mar a rinneadh cur síos orthu san ábhar béaloidis a iniúchadh. Tá tuiscint theoranta ag béaloideasaithe ar rannpháirtíocht na mban agus ar a gcuid béaloidis sa cheantar seo. Léiríonn seanfhocal áitiúil gné de dhearcadh diúltach na ndaoine i leith na mban i lár na fichiú haoise: '[t]ráthaire circe nó fiannaí mná' (Ó Duilearga & Ó hÓgáin, 1981). Is fiú aird a tharraingt ar léiriú na mban chun faillí na mblianta a réiteach. Tugtar cuntas ar shaol agus ar shaothar an bhailitheora. Rinneadh innéacsú ar an gCnuasach chun lámhscríbhinní Mhic Mhathúna a ullmhú don fhoilsiú ar líne ar Dúchas.ie ar mhaithe le caomhnú agus comhroinnt an eolais a bhailigh sé ar ardán digiteach idirghníomhach. Baineadh leas as agallaimh le faisnéiseoirí in iarthuaisceart an Chláir agus as saothar na n-antraipeolaithe Conrad Arensberg agus Solon Kimball chun cúlra stairiúil an Chnuasaigh a mheas i gcomhthéacs shaol na mban sna tríochaidí agus sna daichidí. Déantar staidéar feimineach/feidhmiúlach ar an mbunábhar a bhaineann le mná i gCnuasach Mhic Mhathúna bunaithe ar theoiricí William R. Bascom (1954), Joan Radner agus Susan Lanser (1987) agus Aili Nenola (1999) maidir le feidhmeanna an bhéaloidis agus na teachtaireachtaí (feimineacha) códaithe a nochtann dearcadh na ndaoine, idir fhir agus mhná, i leith na mban. Léiríodh peirspictíocht na mban trí chomparáid a dhéanamh idir samplaí den ábhar béaloidis a bailíodh ó mhná agus ó fhir a léiríonn saol agus taithí na mban iontu. Faightear tuiscint nua ar ról (traidisiúnta) na mban sa cheantar agus ar an meon i leith na banúlachta 'idéalaí' sa tráchtas seo. ENGLISH: The primary aim of this research project is editing and analysing the folklore collection that part-time folklore collector, Seán Mac Mathúna (1876-1949), collected from women and about women in the area around Luogh North, Co. Clare to examine closely the role and representation of women as described in the folklore material. Folklorists have a limited understanding of women's participation and their folklore in this area. A local proverb illustrates one aspect of the people's attitude towards women in the mid-twentieth century: 'A crowing hen or a female storyteller' (Ó Duilearga & Ó hÓgáin, 1981). Attention must be given to the representation of women to make up for years of neglect. An account is given of the collector's life and work. The Collection was indexed to prepare Mac Mathúna's manuscripts for online publication at dúchas.ie for the sake of the preservation and sharing of the material he collected on an interactive, digital platform. Interviews with informants in north-west Clare and the work of the anthropologists Conrad Arensberg and Solon Kimball were used to evaluate the historical background of the Collection in the context of women's lives in the 1930s and 1940s. A functionalist/feminist study of the original material associated with women in Mac Mathúna's Collection was conducted based on William R. Bascom's (1954) and Joan Radner and Susan Lanser's (1987) theories regarding the functions of folklore and the secret feminist messages that reveal the people's attitude, both men and women, towards women. The perspective of women is shown through comparing samples of the folklore material collected from women and men that reflect women's life and experience. A new understanding of the (traditional) role of women in the area and of the attitude towards 'ideal' femininity is found in this thesis.

Sexual harassment is pervasive and has adverse effects on its victims, yet perceiving sexual harassment is wrought with ambiguity, making harassment difficult to identify and understand. Eleven preregistered, multimethod experiments (total N = 4,065 participants) investigated the nature of perceiving sexual harassment by testing whether perceptions of sexual harassment and its impact are facilitated when harassing behaviors target those who fit with the prototype of women (e.g., those who have feminine features, interests, and characteristics) relative to those who fit less well with this prototype. Studies A1-A5 demonstrate that participants' mental representation of sexual harassment targets overlapped with the prototypes of women as assessed through participant-generated drawings, face selection tasks, reverse correlation, and self-report measures. In Studies B1-B4, participants were less likely to label incidents as sexual harassment when they targeted nonprototypical women compared with prototypical women. In Studies C1 and C2, participants perceived sexual harassment claims to be less credible and the harassment itself to be less psychologically harmful when the victims were nonprototypical women rather than prototypical women. This research offers theoretical and methodological advances to the study of sexual harassment through social cognition and prototypicality perspectives, and it has implications for harassment reporting and litigation as well as the realization of fundamental civil rights. For materials, data, and preregistrations of all studies, see https://osf.io/xehu9/. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

The research on Masculinity and Femininity has a long history. Despite this, there is still discussion about the nature of these concepts. In the present study, the development of the Oviedo Gender Roles Scale (GRSO) is presented. A sample of 612 participants belonging to general Spanish population is used (Myears = 34.2; SDyears = 15.9). The dimensionality, discrimination indices, reliability and evidence of convergent and divergent validity of the instrument were studied. In addition, differences in general (Big Five model) and specific personality traits based on sex were measured and an ANCOVA was performed controlling the variables of Masculinity and Femininity. A good fit to a three-factor multidimensional structure, with Cronbach’s alphas indicating good reliability (Socioemotional = .75; Comparison = .81; Aggressiveness = .77) and adequate evidence of validity were observed. Differences based on sex were observed in various personality traits, but when controlling for Masculinity and Femininity, such differences disappeared. ERGO is a reliable and valid test for the study of gender roles. The implication of a multidimensional approach on Masculinity and Femininity is discussed. La investigación de la Masculinidad y la Feminidad posee una larga trayectoria. A pesar de ello, aún se continúa discutiendo sobre la naturaleza de estos conceptos. En el presente estudio, se presenta el desarrollo de la Escala de Roles de Género de Oviedo (ERGO). Se empleó una muestra de 612 participantes procedentes de la población general española (Maños = 34.2; DTaños = 15.9). Se estudió la dimensionalidad, los índices de discriminación, la fiabilidad y las evidencias de validez divergente y convergente del instrumento. Además, se estudiaron diferencias en rasgos generales (modelo Big Five) y específicos de personalidad en función del sexo, y se realizó un ANCOVA controlando las variables de Masculinidad y Feminidad. Se observó un buen ajuste a una estructura multidimensional de tres factores, con alfas de Cronbach indicando una fiabilidad buena (Socioemocional = .75; Comparación = .81; Agresividad = .77) y adecuadas evidencias de validez. Se observaron diferencias en función del sexo en varios rasgos de personalidad, pero, al controlar la Masculinidad y Feminidad, las diferencias desaparecieron. El ERGO es una prueba válida y fiable para el estudio de los roles de género. Se discute la implicación de una aproximación multidimensional de la Masculinidad y Feminidad.

Straight men express more negative attitudes toward feminine, rather than masculine gay men, a phenomenon we label the gay-gender expression effect (GGEE). This effect stems partly from men's motivation to conform to the antifemininity norm of masculinity. This study investigated whether perceived changes in men's gender roles moderates this effect. Straight male participants (N 166) read information that (a) gay men's gender expression is either feminine or masculine, and that (b) men's gender role in society is either remaining masculine or becoming more feminine. They then reported their attitudes toward gay people. Results showed that the GGEE appears in the condition where men remain masculine, but fades away in the condition where men are becoming feminine. Specifically, we observed negative attitudes toward gay people regardless of their gender expression when gay men are portrayed as masculine and men's gender role in society is evolving (becoming more feminine). This effect was observed among participants who most strongly endorse the traditional antifemininity norm of masculinity. Implications of changes in gender norms are discussed.

This article emphasises the role that political leaders’ discourse plays in evoking positive emotions among citizens in uncertain times, such as feeling protected, secure and proud in addition to the leaders’ (often interconnected) role of encouraging negative feelings such as fear, resentment and anger. The article argues that such discourse frequently involves performances of gendered leadership. It cites examples from a range of countries to illustrate the points being made, but focuses on the 2020 US presidential election which saw a contest between two forms of protective masculinity: Trump’s exclusionary, macho, hypermasculinity versus Biden’s more socially inclusive, empathetic and softer version. Trump’s protective masculinity failure over managing the COVID-19 pandemic was arguably one of the factors contributing to his electoral defeat, while Biden aimed to make voters feel safer and more protected than under Trump. The article also provides examples of protective femininity, with a particular focus on the discourse of New Zealand’s prime minister, Jacinda Ardern.

The text examines two critiques of the single-family home model in post-World War II North American suburbs. On the one hand, it investigates the struggles for wages for housework in order to highlight the critique of the processes of female subjectification that take place within the house walls. On the other, it analyses the critique of masculinity that emerges from the pages of Playboy and the Playboy Townhouse project. Finally, it uses these critiques to highlight the different ways in which the home can be seen as a place of work and a space open to the outside world.

Feminine trans individuals (i.e., individuals who were assigned male at birth but who have a feminine gender presentation and identity) are present in many cultures. In some cultures, these individuals identify as (trans) women. Many of these individuals undergo medical treatments to feminize their bodies (e.g., breast augmentation), but most do not undergo vaginoplasties and therefore have penises. In many non-Western cultures, feminine trans individuals identify as a non-binary gender (i.e., neither man, nor woman). Many of these individuals do not surgically augment their bodies. Across cultures, some men express sexual interest in feminine trans individuals. Are manifestations of sexual interest in feminine trans individuals consistent across Western and non-Western cultural settings? Our review suggests that, across cultures, most of these men are also sexually attracted to cisgender individuals. Many are sexually attracted to cisgender women or to cisgender members of both sexes. A small subset is sexually attracted to cisgender men. Men who are sexually interested in feminine trans individuals commonly report being primarily insertive during anal sex. Additionally, they tend to report that their sexual interest in these individuals is motivated by attraction to femininity or to the combination female- and male-typical characteristics.

In this conceptual analysis, we theorise breastfeeding as an embodied ‘dirty’ performance of femininity and draw on Hoskin’s (2019a) work on femme theory to propose that women who breastfeed in public, who do so for an ‘extended’ time, and who enjoy it are subject to femmephobic attacks. We integrate three streams of literature to unsettle the ‘taint’ of breastfeeding. We first theorise breastfeeding as an act of femininity where women perform gender trouble in line with Butler's work. We also draw on Douglas’ work on ‘dirt’ and Rivera’s work on emotional ‘dirty’ work to theorise that ‘taint’ is one way in which society stigmatises the phenomenon of breastfeeding. Specifically, we propose that embodied breastfeeding evokes ‘tainted’ emotions. We then draw on Schippers’ work on ‘containing’ pariah forms of femininity (lest they ‘contaminate’ patriarchy) by showing how femmephobic stigmatisation limits breastfeeding women’s corporeality and presence in shared spaces.

Gender discrimination is a common experience for adolescent girls and has implications for their mental health and identity development. Guided by Phenomenological Variant of Ecological Systems Theory (PVEST; Spencer et al. 1997), this study examined the longitudinal and bidirectional associations between adolescent girls’ experiences of gender discrimination, their internalizing symptoms, and gender identity. The sample was 161 adolescent girls (ages 14–17; Mage = 15.90) from across the United States (51% White; 17% African American, 11% Hispanic/Latina) who participated in a short-term longitudinal study of adolescent development. The results showed a reciprocal, longitudinal association between discrimination and internalizing symptoms. Discrimination also predicted longitudinal declines in gender identity, which was explained indirectly through internalizing symptoms. The findings implicate gender discrimination as a distinct risk factor during girls’ developmental years, and underscore the importance of helping girls learn adaptive responses to sexism, while also reducing actual occurrence and exposure.

Examinations of speaker gender perception have primarily focused on the roles of fundamental frequency (f

Cette recherche vise à comprendre les expériences de beauté des femmes autochtones de Mashteuiatsh. Elle se place dans un contexte national où les femmes des Premières nations sont le groupe le plus vulnérable au Canada et où elles sont confrontées à des défis complexes lors de l’intégration d’informations concernant leur apparence et leurs appartenances culturelles. L’étude s’intéresse à la beauté, à sa définition et à la façon dont elle est expérimentée au quotidien, ainsi qu’au rôle de la beauté dans la construction de l’identité des femmes de Mashteuiatsh. L’analyse proposée s’appuie sur une enquête de terrain réalisée au sein de la communauté de Mashteuiatsh, au cours de laquelle des entretiens furent réalisés avec des participantes autochtones. Cette recherche se penche sur l’impact des stéréotypes et des standards de beauté dans leur vision de la beauté, sur la condition des femmes autochtones, sur la notion d’appartenance à un groupe, ainsi que sur la résistance ou l’adhésion aux canons de la beauté mondiale. Les femmes de Mashteuiatsh rencontrées dans le cadre de cette étude sont peu susceptibles d’avoir des notions uniformes et rigides du concept de beauté. Leur définition de la beauté passe, d’abord, par une valorisation de la beauté intérieure et elles sont plus susceptibles de décrire la beauté dans des termes de traits de personnalité et de valeurs qu’elles préfèrent à des caractéristiques physiques. Le contexte culturel de la communauté de Mashteuiatsh intervient, dans une certaine mesure, comme protection contre les messages extérieurs sur la beauté et il exerce une certaine influence dans les expériences corporelles. Par ailleurs, l’apparence physique joue un rôle important dans la construction identitaire. Celle-ci est profondément marquée par l’histoire coloniale, la Loi sur les Indiens, ainsi que par la culture et les idéaux de beauté de Mashteuiatsh. Ces états de fait ont un impact sur la façon dont les participantes se perçoivent en tant que femmes autochtones et sur la façon dont elles perçoivent leur image corporelle., This research aims to understand the beauty experiences of Aboriginal women in Mashteuiatsh. All in a national context where First Nations women are the most vulnerable group in Canada, and where they are faced with complex challenges when having to integrate information about their appearance and cultural affiliations. The study focuses on beauty, its definition and the way it is experienced in everyday life, as well as the role of beauty in the construction of the Mashteuiatsh women’s identity. The proposed analysis is based on a field survey conducted in the community of Mashteuiatsh, during which interviews were conducted with Aboriginal participants women of the community. This research focuses on the impact of stereotypes and beauty standards in their vision of beauty, on the condition of Aboriginal women, on the notion of belonging to a group, as well as on the resistance or adherence to beauty standards. The Mashteuiatsh women met in this study are unlikely to have uniform and rigid notions of the beauty concept. Their definition of beauty involves before everything else an appreciation of inner beauty and they are more likely to describe beauty in terms of personality traits and values that they prefer to physical characteristics. Mashteuiatsh cultural context intervenes to some extent as a protection against external messages on beauty and it exerts a certain influence in bodily experiences. Moreover, physical appearance plays an important role in identity construction. It is deeply affected by colonial history, the Indian Act, as well as the culture and Mashteuiatsh’s ideals of beauty. These have an impact on how participants perceive themselves as Aboriginal women and how they perceive their body image.

Islamic feminism, as a discourse within feminism, aims to re-read the Qur’an from a modern egalitarian perspective, which is outside the traditional and patriarchal interpretation of Islam. Islamic feminists reclaim an ethical vision of the Qur’an by presenting a reinterpretation, especially regarding verses that deprive women from having equal rights in the family, as well as in society. However, while Islamic feminism presents a gender equal interpretation of the Qur’an and raises new discourses and debates on gender relations in an Islamic context, a critical insight of Islamic feminism can provide a new gender and religious consciousness that, in turn, develops further perspectives on gender equality in a religious context. This paper aims to provide a critique of Islamic feminism from a social psychological perspective of gender using the theory of Abdulkarim Soroush. His theory considers revelation as the prophet’s word resulting from his religious experience. Soroush defines revelation as an inspiration; in this way, revelation or Qur’an is not directly God’s word, but Muhammad’s word resulting from a divine experience. Accordingly, this paper deals with a social psychological perspective of the lived experience of the prophet as a man in a certain epoch of history, in which the lived experiences of women were not represented, and the revelation or the Qur’an is based on a male lived experience. It begins with an overview of Islamic feminists as well as the more general current of Islamic reformists and their efforts to view the revelation as the word of the prophet in order to avoid attributing the non-scientific content of the Qur’an to the direct word of God. This is followed by a critique of Islamic feminism based on Abdulkarim Soroush’s theory of the recognition of the revelation as the word of the prophet, as well as gender theories from the field of social psychology.

The paper examines hyper-masculinity in West African war literature. Masculinity, hegemonic masculinity, and hyper-masculinity are all recurrent themes in Social Sciences and other fields of study but not so much in Literature. The disparity between the war history of West Africa, the few literary works on conflicts in West Africa, and the dearth of literary studies on Africa’s war literature underscore this study. Elma Shaw’sRedemption Roadis one of the very few war novels on Liberia’s civil war that spanned from 1989 to 2003 and cost the lives of over 250,000 people. Through the frameworks of postcolonialism and hypermasculinity, this paper analyses hypermasculinity and gender relations in Shaw’s post-colonial war novel. The geopolitical struggles of the post-colony, the emblematic dichotomies of feminine and masculine, and their implications on gender relations in war discourse are centralized. The study demonstrates that faulty childhood context, faulty governance, poor coping strategies, and the fear-loaded cultural oppression of males to show manliness culminate in the trials of men in this fictional post-colonial Liberia. These tensions exacerbate the chaos of war as they render the conflict setting a ripe fodder for violent gender relations. They also engender the inexplicability of femininity in masculinity discourses for the only reason that females are the litmus for the test and measurement of masculinity in many patriarchal cultures as demonstrated in the novel. Thus, the paper reveals insights into why male characters become hyper-masculine in the novel. This revelation facilitates a better understanding of gender issues in war contexts. The conclusion to the discourse is that in fictional war-torn Liberia, excessive masculinity is not a masculine nomenclature but a colonially influenced gender coping parading that has lasting negative implications on gender relations.

There has been growing concern about the increase in gender-based violence (GBV) among young people. The aim of this study was to explore the grey zones in GBV alongside gender (masculinities and femininities) discourses in young adults. We used the concept of a “grey zone” as an analytical tool to identify possible contradictory discursive positions where the notions of victims and perpetrators of GBV converge and become ambiguous. We performed a qualitative study based on 20 semi-structured interviews and 4 focus groups (October 2019 to February 2020) in Spain with a sample of 49 cisgender women and men, aged between 18 and 24, some involved in feminist activism and some not. We conducted a sociological analysis of the discourse system. Study findings show how culturally constructed gender norms intervene in the ways in which young people understand and deal with GBV. When asked general questions about GBV, this concept was problematized along with gender assumptions and two discursive positions were identified: the discourse of “men as authors of GBV” and the discourse of “GBV as an individual genderless issue.” When vignettes of everyday GBV situations were shown, grey zones became visible when discussing subtle forms of GBV influenced by the myths of romantic love, victim-blaming around sexual violence, digital GBV and bystander men intervention on GBV. In those grey zones, discourses on GBV were articulated around unequal notions of gender that, in turn, served as its justification, reproduction, and normalization. The grey zones identified represent contexts of oppression that illustrate how GBV is systematically reproduced, as well as the ways in which young people can be involved in it, perpetuating power and health inequalities. Our findings provide information as a guide to design GBV interventions and prevention actions that incorporate a focus on gender configurations. This work was supported by GENDER NET Plus Co-Fund (Reference 2018-00968) and the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain (Reference PCI2019-103580) under the PositivMasc project; and the Spanish Ministry of Universities under the grant received from the Programa Nacional de Formación de Profesorado Universitario to the first author (Reference FPU19/00905).

The idea of antithetical human nature and the concept of man as a bivalent creature are heuristic to reveal the problem of human being.The traditional antinomic splitting of anthropological features into one’s own – another’s, immanent – transcendent, freedom – necessity, good – evil, happiness –misfortune, etc. acquires a specific coloring in the Ukrainian realities. Purpose is to reveal the ambivalence of the image of a person, which acquires special features in the Ukrainian realities. Methodological basis are the principles of the phenomenological description of subjective experience, the means of historical and philosophical analysis, hermeneutical methods of understanding and interpretation.Discussion. These or those anthropological modes constitute the variability of the human (O.Bollnov, C.Jung, K.Jaspers, J.-P.Sartre, E.Fromm). The reasons for the mosaic nature of the human image are rooted in the existential inexhaustibility of the anthropological palette. The existence of man in the overtones of antinomies is evident in the studies of both domestic classics (V.Lypynsky, I.Franko) and modern Ukrainian philosophers (V.Malakhov, D.Sepety), and Western thinkers (V.Frankl, V.Tatarkevych, G.Hofstede). Conclusion. Controversial nature of the classical opposition of freedom – necessity turns in the Ukrainian realities into the opposition of “will” as an expressive meaningful constant and depressingly deathly “bondage”, and acquires tension of the binarism “freedom – death”. “Will” as the only state acceptable to a person, the authentically own, native way of being turns to a spectrum of modulations of the anthropological attribute of “oneself” as a native oecumene, a truly familiar and close space, opposed to the “alien” – land, people, language, custom, etc.The idea of parity of both – male and female – cores is quite adequate, since in Ukraine the Cossacks was an embodiment of perfect masculinity, “chivalrous nature”, similar to Western chivalry – with similar to chivalrous cult foundations (for example, the cult of the Mother of God and the cult of the Virgin Mary). After all, the ideology of the Cossacks demanded the convergence of the concepts of “nobleman” and “Cossack” as one who was “granted the liberties of a knightly people”.Controversial nature of the modes of life meaning, happiness disappears, losing expressive signs of confrontation and turning into a tense uniqueness of the constants of meaning of life, fate, finiteness of a person as a whole.The concept of happiness, extrapolating into the opposition of happiness /fate – disaster /sorrow (deprivation, misfortune), powerful for Ukrainian culture, is connotative with “will” (after all, “what kind of freedom is such a fate...”), on the one hand, and “underweight” – an evil fate, on the other hand. However, on the existential plane, the life-meaning ethical component of happiness loses its dramatic controversial vector: happiness with its internal semantic and moral modulations is a selfsufficient value., Стаття є спробою філософсько-антропологічного аналізу антиномічних характеристик буття людини. Евристичною є ідея бінарного розщеплення антропологічних ознак. Доведено, що антиномічність людських якостей має в українських реаліях своєрідне забарвлення.Стаття є спробою філософсько-антропологічного аналізу антиномічних характеристик буття людини. Евристичною є ідея бінарного розщеплення антропологічних ознак. Доведено, що антиномічність людських якостей має в українських реаліях своєрідне забарвлення.

The article carries out a theoretical analysis and an empirical study of the gender characteristics of the manifestation of leadership among student youth. The purpose of the article is the theoretical justification and empirical determination of the gender characteristics of the manifestation of leadership among student youth. The results. In the course of empirical research, it was possible to establish: clearly expressed leadership qualities are found mainly in women than in men, women show themselves to be confident, dominant, persistent. However, the comparative analysis did not reveal statistically significant differences in the manifestation of leadership qualities by gender - in men and women (according to the methodology of E. Zharikov, E. Krushelnytskyi); this quality is expressed more in men than in women. This characterizes men as persistent, they know how to manage their emotions, allocate time effectively (significant differences at the 1% level of significance); women are characterized by a more pronounced creative approach to solving difficult situations and professional tasks, like to search and try new things, easily get excited about a new business when making decisions, tend to go through several options (significant differences at the 5% level of significance); women, more than men, have pronounced "organizational abilities". This is manifested in the fact that women strive for harmonious team work, try to reach understanding and find a common language in relations with people, feel and guess the moods of their colleagues well (significant differences at the 1% level of significance); the higher the manifestations of masculinity in men, the more their leadership qualities are revealed, at the same time, the less feminine qualities are revealed in women, the more leadership qualities are revealed in them; the higher the masculinity index in men and women, the better they are able to manage themselves, maintain composure in difficult situations; The higher the femininity indicators in men, the more they are inclined to a creative approach in solving tasks; a high level of androgyny, i.e. the manifestation of both masculine and feminine traits, contributes to the development of such leadership qualities in women as "the ability to work with a group", i.e. contributes to the fact that androgynous women build effective interpersonal relationships in a group, based on trust, mutual support and understanding, at the same time, effectively solving the tasks assigned to the group. Conclusion. The higher the masculinity index in men and women, the better they are able to manage themselves, to maintain composure in difficult situations; The higher the femininity indicators in men, the more they are inclined to a creative approach in solving tasks. Feminine men's inherent emotionality, empathy allows them to look for and try something new, choosing, among other things, creative professions. A high level of androgyny, that is, the manifestation of both male and female traits, contributes to the development of such leadership qualities in women as "the ability to work with a group", that is, it contributes to the fact that androgynous women build effective interpersonal relationships in a group, based on trust, mutual support and understanding of the assigned tasks У статті проводиться теоретичний аналіз та емпіричне дослідження гендерних особливостей прояву лідерства у студентської молоді. Мета статті полягає у теоретичному обґрунтуванні та емпіричному визначенні гендерних особливості прояву лідерства у студентської молоді. Результати. У ході емпіричного дослідження вдалося встановити: яскраво виражені лідерські якості зустрічаються переважно у жінок, ніж у чоловіків, жінки виявляють себе як впевнені, домінантні, наполегливі. Проте, порівняльний аналіз не виявив статистично значущі відмінності у прояві лідерських якостей за статевою ознакою – у чоловіків і жінок (за методикою Є. Жарикова, Є. Крушельницького); така якість виражена більше у чоловіків, ніж у жінок. Це характеризує чоловіків як наполегливих, вони вміють керувати своїми емоціями, ефективно розподіляти час (значні розбіжності на 1% рівні значимості); жінки характеризуються більш вираженим творчим підходом у вирішенні важких ситуацій та професійних завдань, люблять шукати та пробувати щось нове, легко захоплюються новою справою, приймаючи рішення, схильні перебирати кілька варіантів (значні відмінності на 5% рівні значимості); у жінок, більш ніж у чоловіків, виражені «організаторські здібності». Це виявляється у тому, що жінки домагаються злагодженої роботи команди, намагаються у відносинах із людьми досягати порозуміння і знаходити спільну мову, добре відчувають і вгадують настрої товаришів (значні відмінності на 1% рівні значущості); чим вище у чоловіків прояви маскулінності, тим більшою мірою виявляються їх лідерські якості, у той же час, чим менше у жінок виявляються фемінні якості, тим більшою мірою виявляються у них лідерські якості; чим вище у чоловіків і жінок показник маскулінності, тим краще вони вміють керувати собою, зберігати самовладання у важких ситуаціях; Чим вище у чоловіків показники фемінінності, тим більше вони схильні до творчого підходу у вирішенні завдань; високий рівень андрогінності, тобто прояв одночасно чоловічих та жіночих рис, сприяє розвитку у жінок таких лідерських якостей як «уміння працювати з групою», тобто сприяє тому, що жінки-андрогіни вибудовують ефективні міжособистісні взаємини у групі, засновані на довірі, взаємопідтримці та розумінні, одночасно, вирішуючи ефективно вирішуючи перед групою поставлені завдання. Висновок. Чим вищі у чоловіків і жінок показник маскулінності, тим краще вони вміють керувати собою, зберігати самовладання у важких ситуаціях; Чим вище у чоловіків показники фемінінності, тим більше вони схильні до творчого підходу у вирішенні завдань. Притаманна фемінним чоловікам емоційність, емпатійність дозволяє їм шукати і пробувати щось нове, вибираючи, у тому числі, творчі професії. Високий рівень андрогінності, тобто прояв одночасно чоловічих і жіночих рис, сприяє розвитку у жінок таких лідерських якостей як «уміння працювати з групою», тобто сприяє тому, що жінки-андрогіни вибудовують ефективні міжособистісні взаємини в групі, засновані на довірі, взаємопідтримці та розумінні поставлених завдань

This thesis is a collection of poems examining certain paradoxes of my body. As a survivor of sexual violence, my body relives trauma which makes it feel uninhabitable. I compare my experiences with the Southern Utah desert. The physical beauty, destruction and inhabitability of the desert teaches me to accept my body as both beautiful and full of grief. The poems move chronologically through my life, beginning with an abusive relationship at the age of sixteen, a move to Moab at nineteen, and becoming a mother at twenty-five. Ultimately, with the desert as my guide, I learn to accept my body as unfixed and empowered through the use of my voice.

Целью данного исследования является изучение и анализ лингвистических средств, используемых для репрезентации гендерных стереотипов в современных рекламных текстах. Для достижения поставленной цели был проведён лингвистических анализ рекламных текстов, представленных в отечественных и зарубежных англоязычных источниках. Результаты исследования выявили, что гендерные психолингвистические стереотипы, существующие в современном обществе, влияют как на создание рекламного лозунга, так и на его восприятие представителями определённого гендера. The purpose of this study is an exploration and analysis of linguistic tools aimed to represent gender stereotypes in modern advertising texts. To achieve this goal, the linguistic analysis of Russian and foreign sources was carried out. Results of the study revealed that gender psycholinguistic stereotypes existing in modern society influence both creation of advertising slogan and its perception by representatives of certain gender.

The presented work deals with the male perspective on fashion and dressing. Clothing works with various means of communication, which are used with greater or lesser awareness of the individual. The main aim of this work is to find out how this communication is formed. In other words, it is a study of what goes into men's thinking and decision-making when it comes to clothing and what role their gender expression plays in this process. The work first presents several theoretical concepts that are inevitably connected with this topic. It is further enriched by qualitative research, which presents the mentioned topics in Czech context through 11 interviews with men of two age categories. Subsequent findings are approached through the lens of the grounded theory method. The key decision-making element turned out to be the everyday experience, which is manifested in the events in which men participate on a given day. An important aspect in men's lives are also external influences, which can come from a personal level, mainly represented by their life partners, or from a community level, exemplified by interests and leisure activities. These two main influential sources are covered by the overall social context, which sets general rules about what is appropriate or expected. In the case of the...

This essay aims to investigate the meaning of masculinity norms within the forestry sector in Sweden, and how these norms affect the gender equality within the industry. A qualitative research method was applied to highlight and investigate the research aim and questions. Six semi-structured interviews were conducted and furthermore analyzed with a discursive analysis method and a gender theoretical perspective. This study is a continuation of and has its starting point, where the project Jämställdhet i skogsbranschen, implemented by Länsstyrelsen in Västernorrland and other actors, left off. The fourth aim of that project became an object of focus for us and this essay as a whole. The results of this study implied that there are several masculinity norms within the Swedish forestry sector and that the norms influence both men and women. A hegemonic masculinity within the industry became apparent that affected women as well as men. Finally, the gender equality work within the sector could be affected by masculinity norms, that could be considered to prohibit existing and ongoing gender equality work.

This study experimentally investigates the influence of gender-role self-concept on health behavior in the domains of alcohol consumption and eating behavior. For that purpose, participants will be assigned to one of two conditions. Participants in the experimental condition are asked to name three characteristics of real men/women (corresponding to participant’s own gender identity) and subsequently describe three situations, in which they feel or have felt like a real woman/man. Participants in the control group are asked to name three characteristics of real friends and three situations, in which they feel or have felt like a real friend to someone. Participants are then asked to complete a pictorial decision task referring to beverages (alcoholic vs. non-alcoholic) and food (healthy vs. unhealthy) and to rate their intention of consuming alcohol and healthy eating. Finally, participants are asked to elaborate on gender stereotypes in drinking and eating behavior in a qualitative manner using open-ended questions.

The article presents the conceptual direction of individualization of training of skilled sportswomen and main provisions of the developed technique for individualization of training of the athletes in the annual cycle, specializing in sprinting. Efficiency of the developed technique application taking into account the gender features of sportswomen is proved.

In the present study we investigated the differences in the experience of attractiveness and unattractiveness of human bodies. One hundred one participants (55 females) were asked to create the most attractive and the most unattractive female and male figures using a computer animation. They performed this task by adjusting the size of six body parts: shoulders, breasts/chest, waist, hips, buttocks and legs. Analyses indicated that attractive body parts were distributed normally with the peak shifted to moderately supernormal sizes, while unattractive body parts have mostly U-shaped or skewed distributions with extremes in super-supernormal and/or subnormal sizes. Generally, both male and female attractive bodies have prominent „sporty“ look: supernormally wide shoulders and long legs. Gender differences have shown that men prefer more supernomal masculine and feminine sizes, while women show an ambivalence towards both groups of traits. PCA revealed gender differences on the multitraits level: males focus on prominent masculine and feminine traits, while women focus on traits that make both male and female bodies more elongated and slender. Gender differences are in line with specific male and female positions in the partner selection process, while a certain tendency towards masculinization of the female body required the inclusion of social factors, such as the influence of the culture of a sporty and fit look.

Drawing on a decade of research on terrorism in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, we show how subjective “rational choices” motivate some women to engage in terrorist activism. Focusing on the motives of young women who engage in terrorism is consistent with feminist theory’s insistence on women’s agency—even at the extremes. In addition to the well-established motivations for terrorism reported in the literature, interviews with young women involved in terrorism reveal mixed personal motives for their gender-defying choices, including thrill-seeking and some conscious rebellion. However, we contend that women’s subjective rationale for participation in such violent behavior needs to be contextualized. A cost–benefit approach, we maintain, highlights the strategic considerations supporting the deployment of women as combatants by Palestinian terrorist organizations. We argue that the inclusion of women in terrorist activism in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict exposes a major fault line in attitudes to the role and proper place of women in what remains largely a patriarchal culture. This social ambivalence accounts for why, on all measures, women fare worse than their male counterparts. The implications of the findings for feminist research as well as policy are discussed.

This research investigates the sport practice through the lens of gender on digital platforms. Since they are involved in the construction of corporeality, sports tend to reproduce socially dominant values about what being a woman, or a man means. Consequently, the idea that there are «feminine sports» and «masculine sports» is widespread. Specifically, sporting practices through the phenomenon of social media challenges are focused. These are highly correlated with concepts such as challenge and performance, in which gender, too, is enacted. The aim is to explore to what extent these sport challenges promote predominant ideas about femininity and masculinity, and in what cases they question them. To achieve these objectives, we used a dataset of about one thousand videos, shared on four social networking platforms during the period between 1 January 2020 and 31 January 2021. From this dataset, 136 social media challenges marked for «sport,» «physical ability,» or «fitness» were selected. Content analysis, chosen as the method of analysis, shows how through these new challenges traditional gender differences are perpetuated and promoted rather than challenged. In this regard, although digital platforms have created new symbolic and expressive spaces in which once unthinkable forms of self-representation and interaction can be implemented and new possibilities of agency are developed, sport social media challenges do not yet appear to be fully involved in that process. Esta investigación indaga la práctica deportiva a través de la lente de género en plataformas digitales. Al estar implicados en la construcción de la corporalidad, los deportes tienden a reproducir los valores socialmente dominantes sobre lo que significa ser mujer u hombre. En consecuencia, está muy extendida la idea de que existen «deportes femeninos» y «deportes masculinos». En concreto, nos centramos en las prácticas deportivas mediante el fenómeno de los retos en las redes sociales. Estos están muy correlacionados con conceptos como desafío y rendimiento, en los que también se promulga el género. El objetivo es explorar hasta qué punto estos retos deportivos promueven las ideas predominantes sobre la feminidad y la masculinidad, y en qué casos las cuestionan. Utilizamos un conjunto de datos de unos mil vídeos, compartidos en cuatro plataformas de redes sociales durante el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de enero de 2020 y el 31 de enero de 2021. De este conjunto de datos, se seleccionaron 136 retos marcados como «deporte», «habilidad física» o «fitness». El análisis de contenido, elegido como método de análisis, muestra cómo a través de estos nuevos retos se perpetúan y promueven las diferencias de género tradicionales en lugar de cuestionarlas. En este sentido, a pesar de que las plataformas digitales han creado nuevos espacios simbólicos y expresivos en los que se pueden implementar formas de autorrepresentación e interacción antaño y desarrollar nuevas posibilidades de agencia los retos deportivos en medios sociales, aún no parecen participar plenamente en ese proceso.

This paper examines how femininity is portrayed in the Harry Potter-series. Many female characters display certain feminine traits which are deemed as negative in the novels, and they are treated as less than because of it. Specifically Dolores Umbridge, Fleur Delacour and Luna Lovegood are disliked or ridiculed because of their feminine expressions. With help from theories about gender performativity, femininity as a scapegoat and texts about feminity this essay is demonstrating how the characters' characteristics and actions of three characters contributes to a misogynistic portrayal of women. It argues that female characters are unable to succeed unless they conform to the series' established norms for women. Keywords: Harry Potter, femininity, performativity, gender norms, gender critical, Dolores Umbridge, Fleur Delacour, Luna Lovegood

Die Populärkultur des 21. Jahrhunderts hat neue Protagonist*innen: Influencer*innen. Auch Akteur*innen der Neuen Rechten nutzen die medialen Praktiken des Influencer-Marketings mit dem Ziel, kulturelle Hegemonie zu erlangen, indem sie apokalyptische Zeitdiagnosen propagieren und sich gleichzeitig als hoffnungsvollen Gegenentwurf stilisieren. Der Beitrag gibt Einblick in die medialen Praktiken rechter Influencerinnen. Anhand des rechten Typus der Tradwife wird herausgearbeitet, wie die Integration des ideologischen Traditionalismus in die moderne Plattformkultur vonstattengeht. Die Analyse zeigt, dass 'Sinn für Ästhetik' zentrales Element im Branding von 'traditioneller' Weiblichkeit ist und gleichzeitig als Scharnier zwischen den Logiken der Sozialen Medien und (neu)rechter Ideologie dient. Popular culture has gained some new protagonists in the 21st century, namely influencers. New right activists also use influencer marketing media practices to achieve cultural hegemony. They are propagating apocalyptical diagnoses on the present and portray themselves as the desirable alternative. This article provides insights into the media practices of far-right activists as political influencers and elaborates how ideological traditionalism is integrated into modern platform culture through a kind of 'tradwife'. The analysis shows that a 'sense of aesthetics' is a central element in the branding of traditional femininity and, at the same time, acts as a hinge between the logics of social media and (new) right ideology.

The use of appearance manipulating applications on our smartphones has increased in popularity. As the aim of this study is to determine the impact of self-directed appearance manipulation on perceptions of personality and examine the influence of respondent age and gender on the various personality domains. This cross-sectional cohort study included 20 subjects between the ages of 18 to 34 who had headshots taken and were provided an introduction on the use of the Facetune2 app. After 1 week of engaging in digital appearance manipulation, subjects submitted their self-determined most attractive edited photograph. Four surveys were constructed with 10 sets of photographs each. Each of these surveys were then sent to lay people via a web-based survey tool. Anonymous blinded respondents used a 7-point Likert scale to rate their perception of each patient's aggressiveness, likeability, sociability, trustworthiness, attractiveness, authenticity, and masculinity or femininity. A multivariate linear mixed effect model was applied to analyze the overall patient trait data as well as to assess the impact of rater age and gender. A total of 288 respondents (mean age range, 25–34 years [43%]; 202 [70%] female) completed a survey. Overall, digitally enhanced photographs were perceived as more attractive (0.22; 95% CI, 0.06–0.38). Analysis based on gender of the study subjects revealed increased attractiveness scores for men (0.19; 95% CI, 0.07–0.33). Females were also perceived as being more attractive (0.16; 95% CI, 0.03–0.40), but less authentic (−0.24; 95% CI, −0.36 to −0.12). Females rated enhanced photographs of men as less masculine (−0.23; 95% CI, −0.46 to −0.04). Raters aged 35 to 64 rated altered photos as less attractive (0.31; 95% CI, 0.09–0.52), authentic (0.20; 95% CI, 0.01–0.38), and gender enhancing (0.42; 95% CI, 0.24–0.61) compared with individuals aged 18 to 34. Patients and surgeons should be aware of the ways in which self-enhanced photographs may affect social perception.

Öz:Güllü, Sâmiha Ayverdi’nin tek hikâye kitabı olan Mâbed’de Bir Gece’de yer alan hikâyelerinden biridir. Metin, Aslan Bey’e âşık olan iki kadının aşk tecrübesini ele almaktadır. Bu kadınlardan biri, Aslan Bey’in eşi Safiye; diğeri ise sevdiği kadın olan Güllü’dür. Hikâye, bu iki kadın arasındaki diyaloğu patriarkal kodlar ekseninde kurgulamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, feminist edebiyat eleştirisi aracılığıyla metindeki kadın-erkek ilişkilerini Sylvia Walby’nin patriarka kuramı, John Alan Lee’nin aşkın renkleri kuramı ve Carol Gilligan’ın ihtimam etiği gibi toplumsal cinsiyet temelli yaklaşımlara dayalı olarak incelemektedir. Yapılan çözümlemelerde, anlatıda toplumsal cinsiyete ilişkin üç ana tema ve on bir alt kategorinin ortaya çıktığı görülmüştür. Bu temalardan ilki Aslan Bey’in soyu, bireysel özellikleri, romantik ilişkilerdeki yaklaşımı ve sınıfsal konumu çerçevesinde ele alınan yüceltilmiş erkeklik olgusudur. İkincisi Safiye ve Güllü’nün medeni hâli, bedeni, sınıfı, toplumsal cinsiyete dayalı ev içi iş bölümü ve ihtimam etiği üzerinden ele alınan kadınlık görünümleridir. Üçüncüsü ise Safiye ve Güllü’nün sahiplenici ve özgecil aşk tarzı bağlamında gelişen aşka ilişkin tutumlarıdır. Elde edilen bulgular kadınların aşk tecrübelerinin patriarkal sistemin ürettiği romantik ideolojiler ekseninde deneyimlendiğini göstermektedir., Öz:Güllü is one of the stories in Mâbed’de Bir Gece, a unique story book of Sâmiha Ayverdi. The story addressed the love experience of two women who had fallen in love with a man named Aslan. One of these women is Safiye who is the wife of Aslan, and the other one is Güllü who is his darling. The story has been built on the dialogue between these two women in the context of patriarchy. The aim of this study was to investigate women and men relationships based on gender-centered approaches such as patriarchy theory of Sylvia Walby, colors of love theory of John Alan Lee, care ethics of Carol Gilligan. It was found that there are three themes and eleven subcategories related to gender in the text. The first one of these themes was glorification of masculinity, which was addressed in the framework of Aslan Bey’s ancestry, individual characteristics, romantic attitudes, and class. The second one was facets of femininity, which were addressed in the context of Safiye and Güllü’s marital status, body, class, gender-based domestic division of labor, and care ethics. The third one was attitudes towards love, which emerged based on manic and agapic love. The findings showed that women’s love experiences were experienced in the context of romantic ideologies produced by the patriarchal system.