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Field observations and numerical simulations were conducted to clarify the flow characteristics of mudflows in the Aizome River basin, Atami City, where multiple mudflows occurred on July 3, 2021. Additionally, evacuation methods from mudflows in a residential area with a high-risk valley of sediment disaster was discussed. The results show that the Aizome River basin has a well-defined valley topography, and the mudflows were not spread out much across the valley, but flowed within a width of 80 m or less. This indicates that evacuation is possible only by moving several tens of meters in the direction perpendicular to the flow direction.

Infrared (IR) land surface emissivity (LSE) plays an important role in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models through the satellite radiance assimilation. However, due to the large uncertainties in LSE over the desert, many land-surface sensitive channels of satellite IR sensors are not assimilated. This calls for further assessments of the quality of satellite-retrieved LSE in these desert regions. A set of LSE observations were made from field experiments conducted on 16–18 October 2013 along a south/north desert road in the Taklimakan Desert (TD), China. The observed LSEs (EOBS) are thus used in this study as the reference values to evaluate the quality of Combined ASTER MODIS Emissivity over Land (CAMEL) data. Analysis of these data shows four main results. First, the CAMEL datasets appear to sufficiently capture the spatial variations in LSE from the oasis to the hinterland of the TD (this is especially the case in the quartz reststrahlen band). From site 1 at the southern edge of the Taklimakan Desert to site 10 at the northern edge, the measured LSE and the corresponding CAMEL observation in the quartz reststrahlen band first decrease and reach their minimum around sites 4–6 in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert. Then, the LSE increases gradually and finally reaches its maximum at site 10, which has a clay ground surface, showing that the LSE is higher at the edges of the desert and lower in the center. Second, the CAMEL values at 11.3 μm have a zonal distribution characterized by a northeast–southwest strike, though such an artifact might have been introduced by ASTER LSE data during the merging process that created the CAMEL dataset. Third, the unrealistic variation of the original EOBS can be filtered out with useful signals, as identified by the first six principal components of the PCA conducted on the laboratory-measured hyperspectral emissivity spectra (ELAB). Fourth, the CAMEL results correlate well with the measured LSE at the 10 observation sites, with the observed LSE being slightly smaller than the CAMEL values in general.

Risk Based Inspection (RBI) has been implemented mainly in oil and gas industry to manage the risk of aging facilities. The RBI plan has also been introduced for new facilities and become part of the design requirements, making it the right time for PT. XYZ to improve their RBI implementation to support the Facility Risk Integrity Management System. This is a semi-quantitative study on primary data collected through focus group discussion using the RBI evaluation parameters based on API 580, API 581, and field observation and secondary data from previous RBI reports, maintenance program, and inspection program. Finally, an evaluation was conducted to assess whether the RBI management strategy has been integrated to the safety and asset management; inspection, testing, and monitoring; and operation strategies. This gap analysis aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the ongoing RBI implementation at PT. XYZ in general while specifically identify the part of RBI and related Asset Integrity Management already implemented and those that still need further improvement. Results show an overall score of 328 of 470, showing a good implementation of RBI. The largest gaps identified are RBI on specific equipment (score=3.0), documented RBI management policy and strategy (score=3.8), risk target and risk acceptable level (score=4.0), and specific damage mechanism components (score=5.3).

In this article, current research findings of local scour at offshore windfarm monopile foundations are presented. The scour mechanisms and scour depth prediction formulas under different hydrodynamic conditions are summarized, including the current-only condition, wave-only condition, combined wave-current condition, and complex dynamic condition. Furthermore, this article analyzes the influencing factors on the basis of classical equations for predicting the equilibrium scour depth under specific conditions. The weakness of existing researches and future prospects are also discussed. It is suggested that future research shall focus on physical experiments under unsteady tidal currents or other complex loadings. The computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method and artificial intelligence technique are suggested being adopted to study the scour at offshore windfarm foundations. Published version This work was supported by the Major International Joint Research Project POW3M of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51920105013) and the General Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52071127).

Field observation of wind fields has been carried out by using a doppler lidar and meteorological radars. Characteristics of fluctuational wind under cumulus convection and the growth of boundary layer including not only the effect of ground friction caused by surface roughness but also the effect of gust caused by up/down draft was examined and clarified. Some observed cases with the down flow under cumulus during passages of cold front were examined. The wind fields were simulated by large eddy simulation with canopy model, cloud physics model and boundary condition from simulated wind field by meteorological model WRF. The simulated wind fields consist with the observation. The wind speed near the ground increases with the down flow under the cumulus convection.

Este trabalho pretende contribuir para os estudos da relação família-escola, de gestão e organização escolar, trazendo como agente desta trama o gestor escolar e sua capacidade de mobilizar recursos de senso prático para enfrentar os conflitos e tensões do cotidiano de um estabelecimento situado em um território vulnerável. Munidos de uma espécie de perspicácia sociológica “espontânea”, os gestores criam estratégias com o objetivo de sensibilizar as famílias para as necessidades da ordem escolar. O artigo analisa duas dessas estratégias: a) utilização de uma pedagogia do controle emocional que envolve aconselhamento e sutis demonstrações de respeito e consideração aos alunos e suas famílias e b) invocação de discursos de matiz religiosa para resolver conflitos institucionais, sobretudo de ordem disciplinar. A metodologia incluiu observação de campo ao longo de quinze meses e sete entrevistas semiestruturadas com os diretores e coordenadores pedagógicos. Concluiu-se que as estratégias mobilizadas, embora não sejam suficientes para dirimir as dissonâncias entre as ordens escolar e doméstica, iluminam aspectos menos explícitos e também menos estudados da relação entre escola e famílias, e nesse sentido auxiliam na compreensão de como essa relação se constitui na convivência cotidiana.

Important role in the comfort of patients. Based on field observation, patients and visitors felt uncomfortable and bored while waiting in the queue to consult a doctor. Hospital visitors are not all ill patients but there are also those who only consult, escort, or visit. In this case, the beauty and comfort in the waiting area, which is a public and intermediary area, is expected to have a psychological effect that can distract visitors from a terrifying impression, provide comfortability while waiting and reduce patient tension before being examined. This study examines the influence of interior on the comfort of patients in the waiting room with case studies at Abby Hospital, Bunda Women and Children Hospital, and PMI Hospital. This study uses a qualitative method with a correlation method approach. Research variables include (1) circulation, (2) cleanliness, (3) noise, (4) lighting, (5) beauty, (6) aromas/odors. The findings show that at Bunda Women and Children Hospital, 32% of the respondents felt uncomfortable with the layout of the room (facilities/furniture), 64% of respondents felt comfortable, 4% of respondents felt very comfortable. While at PMI Hospital, 36% of respondents felt uncomfortable with the layout of the room (facilities/furniture), 56% of respondents felt comfortable, 4% of respondents felt very comfortable. Finally, at Abby Hospital, 0% of respondents felt uncomfortable with the layout of the room (facilities/furniture), 68% of respondents felt comfortable, 32% of respondents felt very comfortable. In this study, conclusions were drawn for basic guidelines for hospital comfort in terms of advantages and disadvantages.

We collected field observation notes, accessed student demographic data, and interviewed sixteen Black high school youth (50% male; Mage = 16.1) to explore experiences that contributed to their personal agency within a supportive school. Students were recruited from a public academy school that was designed to support youth who are disadvantaged due to environmental and structural barriers. Findings revealed that participants strived to pursue academic goals to create a better life for themselves and their families. Their expression of behaviors and attitudes associated with personal agency (e.g., choice/decision making, self-regulation, self-advocacy, self-efficacy), including their capacity to cope with emotional challenges, helped them in their pursuits. Moreover, the support they received from teachers, family members, peers, and community mentors, as facilitated by school personnel, was integral to their expression of behaviors and attitudes associated with personal agency.

En este artículo reflexionamos respecto de la técnica de observación en la metodología de las ciencias sociales. Nos proponemos construir una mirada amplia sobre la técnica de observación, que articule aspectos técnicos/operativos con reflexiones epistemológicas. Con este fin, discurrimos acerca de las cuestiones epistemológicas más relevantes a tomar en consideración, proponemos una clasificación de tipos de observación que sintetiza algunas de las definiciones existentes, y recuperamos algunos aprendizajes respecto del uso de la técnica en una experiencia de investigación empírica sobre travestis/transmigrantes. Proponemos que la observación de campo comprende un conjunto de variantes que tienen en común la orientación teórica, la planificación flexible y la sistematización de registros, así como el hecho de diferenciarse tanto de la observación experimental como de la observación cotidiana. A su vez, postulamos cuatro ejes para ordenar las variantes de la observación de campo: participante-no participante, revelación-ocultamiento de la identidad del observador, estructurada-no estructurada, mediada tecnológicamente-no mediada tecnológicamente. En el plano operativo, destacamos la entrada a campo, la atribución de identidades y la negociación de roles como aspectos decisivos., In this article we reflect on the technique of observation in the methodology of the social sciences. We propose to construct a broad view on the observation technique, which articulates technical/operational aspects with epistemological reflections. To this end, we discuss the most relevant epistemological issues to be taken into consideration, we propose a classification of types of observation that synthesizes some of the existing definitions, and we recover some lessons learned regarding the use of the technique in an empirical research experience with transvestite/transgender migrants. We argue that field observation comprises a set of variants that share theoretical orientation, flexible planning, and systematization of records, as well as the fact that they differ from both experimental observation and everyday observation. In turn, we propose four axes to order the variants of field observation: participant–non-participant, revelation–concealment of the observer's identity, structured–unstructured, technologically mediated–not technologically mediated. At the operational level, we highlight the entry into the field, the attribution of identities and the negotiation of roles as decisive aspects., Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

This study discusses teachers strategy of Islamic Education in overcoming students difficulties of reading Al-Qur'an a State Junior High School. The problems that will be addressed included what strategies were used by the teachers in overcoming students difficulties in reading Al-Qur'an and who the strategies were implemented to solve the problems. In conducting the study, we used a qualitative case study method. The case of this study was a state junior high school in West Sulawesi province. Data were gathered through direct field observation, in-depth interviews which involve teachers and the school principle. We also analyzed written material, such as the school teaching activities, to understand how the teachres solve students difficulties in reading al-Quran. Our study found that the strategies to overcome students difficulties in reading al-Quran included the determination of the qualification of learners. Hold a special coaching for students who experience difficulties in reading Quran. Then the teachers made cooperation with fellow teachers and learners. Finally, the teachers familiarized the students to read Al-Qur'an.

The increased cross section of overhead conductors can obviously improve the power transmission capacity. Whereas its large creep elongation may make the design works be more difficult. In this paper, time hardening model was proposed to analyze the creep properties of the large cross section conductor. To perform such analysis, the creep tests of the typical large cross section conductor JL1/G2A-1250/100-84/19 under different temperature conditions were carried out. Then the time hardening models excluding and including temperature coefficient were deduced respectively. The results showed that the calculation based on the time hardening model were well agreed with the results of laboratory tests and field observation. What is more, the accuracy of the time hardening model in this paper is higher than the fitting model. Finally, the section integration model was discussed based on the nonsynchronous stringing process so as to provide a new method for calculating the creep value of large cross section conductors.

Self-praise can be defined as a speech act involving an implicit or explicit positive evaluation of the speaker by the speaker (Dayter, 2014). Given that self-praise runs against the modesty maxim, its use tends to be regarded as a pragmatically hazardous act. Contrary to other speech acts, self-praise in face-to-face communication has received surprisingly little scholarly attention, with the scarce results appearing to be somewhat contradictory (Dayter, 2018). Furthermore, most of this research has focused on English (cf. Wu, 2011). The aim of the present paper is twofold. On the one hand, it intends to contribute to the further understanding of self-praise. On the other, it aims to redress the imbalance in favor of a language other than English, focusing on face-to-face communication in Peninsular Spanish. To this purpose, a mixed-method approach combining three data collection methods has been used, namely: field observation, online surveys, and interviews. Results show that self-praise in Peninsular Spanish is often pre-modified by formulaic expressions although explicit self-praise without any modification is more frequent than expected.

Governments around the world enforced many restrictions according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) and tried very hard to minimize spread of epidemic in their countries. One of these restrictions is on using of public spaces that led to create new challenges to think about how we design public spaces and the way of using the most dynamic nearby spaces around us such as streets. The main objectives of this research are to measure the impact of COVID-19 on behavior of local community in public street. And to what extend changed of social behavior in public streets to compensation the absence of public spaces, where they became a breathing space for locals in Amman, Jordan. Also to addresses these questions which are focused on how the local community deals physically with the COVID-19 situation? And what are the changes that are done in their behavior to entertain themselves during the COVID-19 pandemic? Researchers carried out an analysis by using a mixed used approach;qualitative and quantitative methods through executing a questionnaire and a field observation of the study area which is selected. In conclusion, the results of the study showed that activities of local residents have changed between in the lockdown of COVID-19 pandemic and beyond whereas there has been more demand on active lifestyles which is continue after COVID-19 pandemic as new behavior of local residents. although the physical quality of the street are not design to meet new behavior. © 2021 WITPress. All rights reserved.

Plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) are regarded as one of the main causes of the degradation of alpine meadows in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). The population density of plateau pikas is directly related to the degree of grassland damage. In this study, field observation was conducted for one week in the southeastern QTP in August 2019. A random encounter model (REM) was used to estimate the population density of plateau pikas from photographs and videos, and the frequencies of different behaviors were calculated. In addition, the effects of water-source distance and terrain on the distribution of plateau pikas and the frequencies of different pika behaviors under different population densities were explored. The observations and knowledge derived from this study provide a reference for the population control of plateau pikas.

The pristocerine genus Eleganesia Alencar & Azevedo et al., 2018 consists of a total of 20 valid extant species recorded from the Oriental and Palaearctic regions and one fossil species. Four of them, namely E. chitouensis, E. liukueiensis, E. meifuiae, and E. takasago, have been recorded from Taiwan, and three species, namely E. daikoku, E. elegans, and E. otohime, from the Ryukyus of Japan. In the present study, the species-level classification of Taiwanese and Ryukyuan species of Eleganesia is revised using newly collected specimens, by a combination of examining the external and male genital morphologies and molecular phylogenetic analyses. In conclusion, seven species are recognized from Taiwan and the Ryukyus. A Ryukyuan morphospecies that is previously considered as a geographic race of E. elegans is confirmed to be an independent species, and is described as E. kijimuna sp. nov.. Additionally, a new species, E. paiwan sp. nov. is described from Taiwan. On the other hand, E. daikoku is synonymized under E. chitouensis by external and male genital morphology. Furthermore, the conspecific combination of the male and female was newly confirmed for E. takasago by our field observation (a copulating male and female pair was collected) and molecular phylogenetic analyses.

This study aims to investigate the daylight performance of Colonial Mosques in Malaysia. The first objective of this study is to identify passive daylighting strategies from the colonial mosques. The second objective of this study is to evaluate the daylight performance of the colonial mosques. The research methodology consisted of table research, field observation, and daylight analysis simulation of the prayer hall in the Colonial Mosques, using Sefaira daylighting simulation software. The results have shown that the daylight in Colonial Mosques was affected by the building orientation, shading elements, window to wall ratio, and window type. It was also found that the clerestory window type enhances indoor daylight performance. Keywords: Passive Daylighting, Colonial Mosques. eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.

Transformation of Islamic Boarding School (well-known as Pesantren) toward the modernity is undeniable choice in order to preserve it existence in the contemporary era. Thus, the decision of Kyai (as the prime leader of Pesantren) to adopt and to synchronize the curriculum of Pesantren may effect on the shift of sub-culture and the orientation of santri on the Islamic education. This research are focus on three significant issues: Firstly, Mapping of Santri’s Sub-Culture perspective on the modernity in Pesantren; Secondly, Analyzing of The Shifting of Santri’s perception on modernity, Thirdly, Elaborating The Challenges and Opportunities of Pesantren in the modernity. This research isconducted in several pesantren which adopted modernization locates in Kediri, East Java.This study uses a critical paradigm, a qualitative approach and a case study strategy. Collecting the data throughin-depth interview method, field observation and documentating from santri and kyai’s responses from each pesantren Keywords: Pesantren; Pragmatism; Santri

The article presents the experience in the application of a hydrological conceptual model HBV, including its standard version and modifications, to studying runoff-formation processes on small experimental catchments in the upper reaches of the Ussuri R. based on field observation data in the warm seasons from 2012 to 2019. It was shown, that, in many cases, whatever the structure of the model, the quality of calculations was satisfactory, and the flood events were simulated with a high quality. All versions of the HBV model used in the study have been found to have drawbacks, either common or individual. The difference between the structures of the model and their effect on the estimated runoff in the outlet section has been demonstrated. Against to the standard version of HBV with two storages, the three storages version has not improved the efficency of runoff modeling. The standard structure of HBV was found to be optimal in terms of agreement with the natural processes of runoff formation and the quality of runoff simulation in small mountain rivers.

This study aimed to investigate the ethnomedicinal plant knowledge among people living in The Uvira Territory. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews with and field observation in seven villages. The ethnomedicinal data was analyzed using the informant consensus factor (ICF), family importance value (FIV), and Jaccard index (JI). Sixty-nine medicinal plants belonging to 61 genera and 34 families were used to treat eight disease categories. Fabaceae was not only the dominant family but also a family with the high FIV. Decoction and pound were the most common methods of preparation, while leaves were the most used part. We compared this study with 24 other ethnomedicinal studies conducted in RD Congo and neighboring countries, and the results showed that the Jaccard index ranged from 0.57 to 10.94. The highest degree of similarity (10.94) was found with another study conducted in Congo, while the lowest degree of similarity (0.57) was found with a study conducted in Rwanda. The disease category for which there was the highest number of use (66) and plant species (39) was “diseases of the digestive system disorders and intestinal parasites” (ICF 0.42). The investigation of the plants used as drugs in the study area revealed that the population daily relies on medicinal plants to treat different diseases.

In addition to contributing PAD, the excavation mining activities in Gowa have also resulted in various impacts of environmental damage in the form of land subsidence, erosion, deposition (sedimentation), noise, dust and disturbed groundwater levels. This condition not only causes a decrease in the quality of the environment but also has a very serious impact on human health and psyche. This study aims to determine how much influence the c excavation mining activity has on changes in physical environmental conditions and to determine the mining management strategy of the c quarry in Parangloe District, Gowa Regency. The method of data collection was carried out by using field observation techniques, interviews, agency surveys, documentation and literature review methods. The analysis used in this study is multiple regression analysis and SWOT analysis. Based on the results of the analysis, it is found that mining activities affect infrastructure, environmental quality and institutions. Meanwhile, mining activities do not affect the facilities. The quarry management strategy based on the results of the analysis is a strategy that uses strength and takes advantage of opportunities, namely the management of mining C by utilizing local technology and resources in improving the regional economy.

Badminton sport coaching which tends to be instant causes a gap between athletes' achievements in Sijunjung Regency and sports activities for potential athletes of elementary school age. It takes a program that can socialize badminton among elementary school students that is able to foster interest and motivation to play badminton and form a coaching forum into the badminton coaching club. The integrated Shuttle Time program is an effort to socialize and increase interest in playing badminton in elementary school students in general in Sijunjung Regency. The partner in this activity is the Sijunjung Regency Sports Facilities Association (ISORI). The key to implementing badminton with Shuttle Time is to provide badminton lessons that are cheaper, more interesting, fun and safe for elementary school students. The method used in this activity is through several stages, namely the first stage of direct field observation and coordination with related parties in this activity. The second stage provides Shuttle Time training for elementary school sports teachers and the third stage the teacher implements the shuttle time for students. The result of this activity is that the training activities will be carried out for 3 days and the teacher will get provisions in implementing this shuttle time in learning badminton in class hours and extracurricular development activities

Salvaging motorbike calamities and urban chaos would not only safeguard lives but achieve urban tranquility in Yaounde and Cameroon. The disorder in this transport sector observed in Yaounde can be uncurled and riders called to order as solution to the chaos accrued. This article exposes the shortcomings of biking transport as inadequate training and reckless riding have led to the urban chaos and calamities observed. If it does not occur from high speed, perhaps it would be a mentality problem. Some 140 questionnaires were administered to motor bike riders, clients, and transport authorities in Yaounde. Field observation and interview sessions were organized to have first-hand information on calamities in the city. Hotbed neighbourhoods of accidents were captured through a GPS and transformed into maps and tables. An in-depth documentary research at the Ministry of Transport and its delegations as well as the national institute of statistics was done to have data for analysis. Findings adhere to the fact that total identification of riders, mandatory use of helmets for rider and passenger as well as stringent speed limits with unadorned sanctions can be used to address the situation. This paper advocates that the Kigali experience in the management and control of motor bike transport be shared in Yaounde so as to reduce, if not curb urban mayhem and wanton accidents.

Observacoes diretas em campo constituem uma importante fonte de informacoes sobre a historia natural e o comportamento de peixes de riacho. Contudo, tais observacoes diretas podem ser insuficientes para permitir conclusoes robustas sobre as causas dos fenomenos biologicos envolvidos, ja que dados observacionais frequentemente falham em demonstrar de forma contundente relacoes de causa e efeito. Neste estudo nos trazemos conceitos necessarios para a formulacao de hipoteses a partir de uma versao derivada da Historia Natural e da Etologia, a Ecologia Comportamental Evolutiva. Essa perspectiva permite analises do contexto evolutivo e do valor adaptativo dos padroes comportamentais observados, e serve de base para novas hipoteses que podem ser aplicadas a muitos grupos de organismos. Observacoes e experimentos envolvendo peixes de riacho originaram e deram subsidio a muitas teorias sobre a evolucao de comportamentos e de caracteristicas morfologicas peculiares que sao amplamente debatidas pela comunidade cientifica. Apos apresentar os conceitos chaves, nos trazemos alguns exemplos de programas de pesquisas com peixes que culminaram na formulacao de importantes teorias, onde cientistas aproveitaram as oportunidades que os peixes de riacho oferecem e conduziram observacoes, amostragens e experimentos controlados em campo e laboratorio. Descrevemos nosso programa de pesquisas, que tem uma especie amazonica de peixe de riacho (Crenuchus spilurus) como organismo modelo. Ao final, advogamos pela pluralidade de metodos e analises no estudo da Ecologia Comportamental Evolutiva de peixes de riacho. BEHAVIORAL EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY - WITH APPLICATIONS TO FRESHWATER STREAM FISH: Direct field observation constitutes an important source of information on life history and behavior of stream fish. Unfortunately, information gathered from direct field observations are often limited and thus may fail to provide robust testing for the causation of biological phenomena. Here, we bring concepts that form the theoretical foundation necessary for raising hypotheses in Evolutionary Behavioral Ecology, a study area directly derived from natural history and ethology that directly incorporates evolutionary processes and the adaptative value of behavioral patterns observed. This perspective allows the analysis of the evolutionary context and the adaptive value of observed behavioral patterns, and serves as the basis for new hypotheses that can be applied to many groups of organisms. Using this framework, field observations and experiments encompassing freshwater stream fish have subsidized many theories on the evolution of behavioral and morphological traits that are widespread debated by scientific community. After presenting the main key concepts, we bring some examples of research programs with freshwater fish that culminated in the formulation of important theories and where scientists took advantage of the opportunities provided by stream fish to conduct observations, samplings and controlled experiments both in the field and in captivity. We also describe our own research program, which uses an Amazonian freshwater stream fish (Crenuchus spilurus) as a model organism. By doing so, we advocate for the use of several methods and analyses for the study of Evolutionary Behavioral Ecology of freshwater stream fish.

Malang has many kinds of traditional art and music and it is important that young people are aware of their local art and music as part of their cultural identity. The purpose of this research was to explore Malang traditional art and music which could be used as learning materials for junior high school students, especially for art and culture subject matter. This research used a qualitative approach. Data were collected through interviews, field observation and documentation analysis. The results showed that there is traditional art in Malang which can be used for this purpose, namely pottery from Penanggungan sub-district and batik from Celaket sub-district, which both use traditional elements. This research also identified the traditional music called Malangan Macapat which is different to Central Java Macapat. The conclusion was that these forms of Malang traditional art and music can be developed as learning materials for art and culture subject matter for junior high school students. Keywords: education, art, music, learning materials, traditional

Around the world, numerous coastal boulders with weight of few thousand tons are suspected to have been transported by very large tsunamis, although their origins remain enigmatic. For clarifying origins of these boulders, the relation between the tsunami flow depth and the movement of meter-size boulders should be clarified but there is no proper field dataset. Here we collected first comprehensive dataset of both moved and unmoved boulders as well as the maximum flow depths along the Sanriku coast of Japan, where was affected by the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami based on satellite image analyses and field survey. The dataset revealed that up to ca. 1500 tons of boulders and concrete blocks were moved by the 2011 tsunami with approx. 28 m flow depth. We further revealed that most unmoved boulders were not moved because of the local setting rather than their heavy weights. The threshold of moved/unmoved boulders is estimated against the flow depth. The threshold predicted that approx. > 20 m flow depths are required to move approx. > 1000 tons boulders. The results imply that even a few thousand tons of enigmatic boulders in the world could have been moved by these sizes of the tsunami flow depths, although applicability of our results to other examples should be evaluated in the future work. We further tested the validity of an earlier proposed inverse model. Although the model result is consistent with the field observation, assumption of the appropriate parameters is problematic and further improvement of the model is required to estimate hydrodynamic features of the tsunami and to discriminate tsunami boulders from storm ones. Regarding such future work, our dataset is expected to be important for the evaluation of the improved numerical models.

This study evaluates the effective Daylighting design strategies of Colonial Mosques in Malaysia. There are two objectives, and the first objective is to examine the Daylighting performance of the main prayer hall of three Colonial Mosques in Malaysia. The second objective is to identify effective Daylighting design strategies from the Colonial Mosques in Malaysia. The triangular research methodology was applied for this study. The research methodology consists of literature review, field observation, and Daylighting analysis simulation with Sefaira simulation software. In conclusion, window heights influence the Daylighting performance of the main prayer hall. Higher windows give more effective Daylighting.

The Regency of Indramayu has been stigmatised as a land of trafficking of women and children, not only at national level, but it has also transcended overseas. This research is aimed to seek deeper into the perspective of the victims from Bongas, Indramayu regarding their involvement in the trafficking. This research employed case study method and field observation based on descriptive-analytical approach. This research reveals that the majority of the people in Indramayu are living in the breadline, and they are mostly poorly educated. Women in Indramayu are even denounced as the breadwinner, or locally called as “luruh duit” or rushing for money, and this term is inappropriately interpreted; women are burdened with the responsibility to raise the economic status of the families by working in big cities. The culture of earning money by migrating to big cities is seen as a chance for human trafficking. This research also suggests some strategies such as co-assisting and developing the program to identify, rehabilitate, and reintegrate the victims of the crime.

We investigate the route choice behavior of pedestrians under the condition of local view by using a field observation in a subway station and a microscopic pedestrian model with discrete space representation. The local view of a pedestrian means that the pedestrian's field of vision can be blocked by obstacles. Several typical phenomena with respect to behavior affected by the local view of pedestrians are observed through recording the movement of pedestrians in the subway station. Based on these observed phenomena and behaviors, a route choice model considering the effect of local view of pedestrians is developed. In the model, an algorithm for dividing feasibly vision areas is formulated. Two algorithms for computing the potential fields are then developed based on the results of dividing feasibly vision areas. By numerical experiments, the simulation results of the model are compared with the empirical observations to validate the model.

espanolLa presente investigacion fue ejecutada durante el ano 2020, tuvo como finalidad determinar la influencia del sistema web en el proceso de incidencias de la empresa RR&C Grupo Tecnologico S.A.C., el diseno empleado en la investigacion fue experimental del tipo preexperimental, la metodologia que se aplico en el estudio fue aplicada y de enfoque cuantitativo. Ademas, la tecnica empleada para la recoleccion de datos fue la observacion y el instrumento usado fue la guia de observacion de campo, los cuales fueron validados por expertos. Para el caso de la muestra estuvo conformada por 20 incidencias por cada uno de los indicadores. Y los resultados conseguidos en la investigacion fueron: para el primer indicador se logro incrementar la tasa promedio de resolucion de incidencias en el pretest de un valor de 61.48% a un valor de 87.00% luego del postest y para el segundo indicador se logro reducir la tasa promedio de incidencias reabiertas en el pretest de un valor de 16.80% a un valor de 8.35% despues del postest. De tal forma, se concluyo que el sistema informatico mejoro positivamente el proceso de incidencias en la compania RR&C Grupo Tecnologico S.A.C. EnglishThe present investigation was carried out during the year 2020, its purpose was to determine the influence of the web system in the process of incidents of the company RR&C Grupo Tecnologico S.A.C., the design used in the research was experimental of the pre-experimental type, the methodology applied in the study was applied and of quantitative approach. In addition, the technique used for data collection was observation and the instrument used was the field observation guide, which was validated by experts. The sample consisted of 20 incidents for each of the indicators. And the results achieved in the research were: for the first indicator, the average rate of incident resolution in the pretest was increased from a value of 61.48% to a value of 87.00% after the postest, and for the second indicator, the average rate of reopened incidents in the pretest was reduced from a value of 16.80% to a value of 8.35% after the postest. Thus, it was concluded that the computer system positively improved the process of incidents in the company RR&C Grupo Tecnologico S.A.C.

The tea bag method provides a replicable and standardized method to study the effect of environmental variables on the decomposition of standard litter, which enables comparison of organic matter decomposition rates on a large scale. However, it remains uncertain whether tea bag decomposition in response to wetness is representative of that of local litters. We performed incubation experiments to examine whether the effect of soil water on tea bag decomposition becomes inhibitory at higher water contents, as is the case in local leaf litters. In addition, we performed field studies in a mixed forest and cedar plantation in Japan to compare two litter bag mesh sizes: 0.25-mm mesh, the size previously used by a major manufacturer of tea bags (Lipton), and nonwoven bags with mesh sizes finer than 0.25 mm, which are currently produced by Lipton. Both green tea and rooibos tea exhibited higher decomposition rates at higher water contents, but decomposition was inhibited at the highest water content, this was in contrast to our hypothesis based on a field observation but consistent with conceptual models of local litters. The nonwoven tea bags did not show lower decomposition rates, despite the finer mesh size. Rather, the nonwoven rooibos tea bags exhibited slightly higher decomposition rates than the 0.25-mm mesh bags in the cedar plantation, possibly due to a greater abundance of microorganisms that decompose litters in the nonwoven bags, due to the decrease in predation by mesofauna. Our findings provide essential information for future studies of tea bag decomposition.

The Loess Plateau can be considered as a landslide-prone area in northwest China. The genera consensus about the interaction between landslide deposit and terrace sediments is not well studied; this paper summarised 40 loess landslides in the South Jingyang Platform, Shaanxi Province, China to help understand of this issue. Four of the loess landslides with high mobility have been analysed in detail. Three trenches T1, T2 and T3 dug after the loess landslides LD37, LD11 and LD38 highlighted the landslide-induced changes in geomorphology and internal geometry of geology, respectively. Furthermore, observation of upwards seepage flow on the profile of trench T3 is believed to be the trigger of the high speed, and long runout flowslides in the study area. A newly developed sandbox apparatus is used to reproduce the landslide kinematics due to a mass travelling over an inclined plane. The sandbox experiments show that the sediments are sheared and pushed upwards after the collision with the deposits. The deposits are then wrapped in a space between sediments, which tends to form the ‘sandwich’ structure. The distal sediments are thrust when the loess deposits’ kinetic energy consistently dissipates, developing the accumulated folded strata. These results reveal the deposits’ interactions with the sediments in the study area and provide key guideposts regarding prevention and mitigation of loess landslide hazards.

Introduction: Improving intersection capacity will not be possible without accounting for traffic safety. Purpose of the study: We aim to determine the prerequisite for accident-free traffic at signal-controlled intersections with turning traffic flows. Methods: In our study, we used the methods of observation, comparison, and mathematical analysis. Results: We have carried out a field observation of traffic intensity at signal-controlled intersections in the city of Yekaterinburg, focusing on vehicles that moved when the green light was on. We have also analyzed traffic flow moving in three directions in the same lanes. We have discovered that traffic accident likelihood is the highest (54%) at four-way intersections. Three-way intersections account for 44% of traffic accidents, while the remaining 2% of accidents occur at multi-way intersections. Furthermore, we have determined the additional factors that impact safety in turning traffic flows at intersections. Our study demonstrates that in order to ensure maximum intersection capacity, the duration of the traffic signal cycle must be adjusted with the minimum safe distance between vehicles in mind.

The purpose of this study is finding out the indoor air quality and its relevant factors of fitness centers located in apartment housing complexes, while also suggesting plans for improving the air quality of these centers. Indoor air quality was examined in each of the four fitness centers in the apartment housing complexes over the course of one day, during the service hours of 12 PM to 8 PM, from the month of February 2019 to March 2019. Indoor concentration levels of PM10, CO₂, CO, HCHO, TVOC were measured, and background elements such as indoor temperature and relative humidity were also measured. The interviews with the managers of these fitness centers and the field observation recordings were conducted simultaneously on the measuring day. The recordings observed are a variety of conditions which may affect indoor air quality, such as the number of users, the ventilation system operation, the period of window being opened, and other factors. The results showed that the concentrations of PM10, CO₂, TVOC were higher than the legal standard in particular spaces at certain times of day. From the analysis, it appears that the most relevant factors affecting indoor air quality was the operation status and the filter maintenance level of ventilation system. Therefore, this study suggests that managers should operate the ventilation system continuously and change the filter periodically, and that related regulations for keeping healthy indoor air in apartment complex fitness centers should be established.

Aims This study is designed to present out-patient's 'inappropriate diagnosed seeking behaviour' in tertiary hospitals and interpret its association with some potential social factors. Methods A qualitative study based on grounded theory was designed in this paper. The participates were recruited by a two-stage process. The field observation and in-depth interview were adopted for data collection. Multi-round (five rounds) sampling and continuing data analysis were adopted as well. Results Totally 26 out-patients from three tertiary hospitals in Shanghai were involved. Four focused codes, including 'limited policy-related knowledge', 'limited health-related knowledge', 'distrust on related policy' and 'distrust on medical networks', were identified. Then, a theoretical model about the association of out-patient's 'limited knowledge' with 'distrust' and its relationship with 'inappropriate first-diagnosed seeking behaviour' in tertiary hospitals was developed. Conclusion 'Inappropriate first-diagnosed seeking behaviour' of the out-patients in tertiary hospitals is closely associated with their limited knowledge and related distrust. Great effort on improving publics' knowledge and rebuilding a benign trust relationship with out-patients and the medical networks is found to be essential for guiding publics' appropriate first-diagnosed health behaviour in various levels of medical institutions.

Artikel ini membahas permasalahan praktik jual-beli gula merah di Kota Metro yang dalam praktiknya terdapat beberapa hal menarik untuk dikaji berkaitan dengan hukum Islam. Pertama, penimbangan gula merah bersama dengan peti kayu yang memiliki bobot berbeda-beda. Kedua, penimbangan gula merah menggunakan sampel atau contoh. Paper ini fokus membahas bagaimana tinjauan hukum Islam terhadap praktik penimbangan gula merah di Kota Metro. Fenomena tersebut dikaji menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dan pendekatan studi kasus. Data diperoleh dengan menggunakan teknik observasi lapangan, wawancara ke pada para pedagang sebagai narasumber yang kemudian dianalisis melalui tiga tahap, yakni reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa praktik jual-beli gula merah borongan di Pasar Kota Metro memenuhi rukun dan syarat jual-beli dalam hukum Islam. Kuantifikasi objek jual-beli dalam kemasan di Pasar Metro berdasarkan Hukum Ekonomi Syariah (HESy) yang mengacu pada konsep ‘urf (kebiasaan adat). Praktik ini masuk dalam ‘urf hasan, karena dilandaskan pada faktor kemudahan, kepercayaan dan kesukarelaan antara penjual dan pembeli. Dengan demikian, hukum praktik penimbangan gula merah di Kota Metro adalah sah (shahih).

La recherche scientifique est aujourd’hui une activité mondialisée qui s’effectue en réseau, autour d’objets ou de questions largement financés par des organismes internationaux, nationaux, aussi bien publics que privés. Si les partenariats des coopérations scientifiques se sont démultipliés, le mode projet, lui, s’est imposé comme mode de financement de la recherche par excellence. Cette nouvelle configuration par rapport à celle de la science du XXème siècle pose des questions sur les modalités de mise en œuvre de la coopération scientifique internationale, qui, de par sa complexité, ne peut pas se résumer à une question d’accès à des ressources financières ni de connexion à des réseaux scientifiques internationaux. Ainsi, en nous appuyant sur une enquête de terrain, la théorie de l’Acteur-réseau nous permet de montrer que la participation à des projets de recherche pour le développement collaboratifs, soutenus par des financements internationaux, passe nécessairement par la construction et/ou la consolidation d’une compétence nationale. Nous discutons, en même temps, dans quelle mesure les agences qui soutiennent la recherche pour le développement contribuent à renforcer les investissements réalisés par les pays non-hégémoniques sur le plan local tout en consolidant leur positionnement à l’international.

Pollen, a major causal agent of respiratory allergy, is mainly affected by weather conditions. In Korea, pollen and weather data are collected by the national observation network. Forecast models and operational services are developed and provided based on the national pollen data base. Using the pollen risk forecast information will help patients with respiratory allergy to improve their lives. Changes in temperature and CO2 concentration by climate change affect the growth of plants and their capacity of producing more allergenic pollens, which should be considered in making the future strategy on treating allergy patients.

Artificial Coral Reefs (ACRs) have been introduced to help solve coastal erosion problems, but their feasibility has not been assessed with field data. This study conducted a feasibility analysis of ACRs on their erosion mitigation effects by performing a case study of Cheonjin-Bongpo beach, South Korea. A numerical-physical combined analysis was carried out using a SWAN model simulation and physical model test with a scale of 1/25 based on field observations of Cheonjin-Bongpo beach. Both Dean’s parameter and the surf-scaling parameter were applied to comparative analysis between the absence and presence conditions of the ACR. The results for this combined method indicate that ACR attenuates the wave height significantly (59~71%). Furthermore, ACR helps decrease the mass flux (~50%), undertow (~80%), and maximum wave set up (~61%). The decreases in Dean’s parameter (~66%) and the surf-scaling parameter suggest that the wave properties changed from the dissipative type to the reflective type even under high wave conditions. Consequently, an ACR can enhance shoreline stability.

Owing to the advantages of assuring the best views and seawater exchange, submerged breakwaters have been widely installed along the eastern coast of Korea in recent years. It significantly contributes to promoting the advancement of shorelines by partially inhibiting incident wave energy. Observations were carried out by a pressure-type wave gauge in the Bongpo Beach to evaluate the coefficients of wave transmission via a submerged breakwater, and the results obtained were compared with those of existing conventional equations on the transmission coefficient derived from hydraulic experiments. After reviewing the existing equations, we proposed a transmission coefficient equation in terms of an error function. Although it exhibited robust relationships with the crest height and breaking coefficient, deviations from the observed data were evident and considered to be triggered by the difference in the incident wave climate. Therefore, in this study, we conducted a numerical experiment to verify the influence of wave period on the coefficients of wave transmission, in which we adopted a parabolic-type mild-slope equation model. Consequently, the deviation from calculated results appears to practically cover all deviation range in the observed data. The wave period and direction of the incident wave increased, the transmission coefficient decreased, and the wave direction was determined to demonstrate a relatively significant influence on the transmission coefficient. It was inferred that this numerical study is expected to be used practically in evaluating the design achievement of the submerged breakwater, which is adopted as a countermeasure to coastal beach erosion.

The number of pit-in-pit foundation pit is increasing quickly because of the continuous utilization of underground spaces in urban areas. Based on the co-construction project of Shanghai Museum of Natural History foundation pit and Shanghai Metro Line 13 foundation pit in Shanghai, China, the deformation characteristics of pit-in-pit foundation pit are researched by field observation and centrifugal model tests. The lateral wall displacement of inner foundation pit includes global deformation caused by the outer foundation pit excavation and deflection caused by the excavation of itself. The effect of inner foundation pit excavation on the lateral wall displacement of outer foundation pit and ground-surface settlement is smaller. The two factors affecting the deformation characteristics of pit-in-pit foundation pit, the distance between inner and outer foundation pits (D) and the excavation width of inner foundation pit (Win), are analyzed by centrifugal model tests. The result shows that the maximum lateral wall displacements of inner and outer foundation pits decrease nearly linearly with the increase of D, but increase with the increase of Win.

Durian (Durio zibethinus L.) is one of tropical fruit grown in Southeast Asia and known as King of the fruit. Durian (D. zibethinus) has many varieties with distinctive of morphological characters. The study aim is to explore the diversity of durian varieties in Kota Bahagia sub-district, Aceh, Indonesia. This study was carried out in October-December 2020 in five villages, namely Jambo Keupok, Alur Duamas, Seneubok Alur Buloh, Seneubok Keranji and Beutong. Data collection on the morphological characteristics of durian varieties was carried out through direct field observation of morphology. The data were tabulated and the similarity index was calculated. A total of 18 varieties of durian were found in 5 villages in Kota Bahagia sub-district, i.e. Jantung, Semut, Nanas, Kunyit, Bintang, Tamago, Labu, Bingen, Patai, Jelatang, Jerat, Ampo, Toba, Lilin, Kondo, Limeng, Langsat, dan Gadang Tampok. The highest similarity index value was found in Limeng (Lm) and Patai (Pa) varieties with an association coefficient value of 63.04, while the lowest values were found in Nanas (Na) and Semut (Se) varieties and Kondo (Ko) and Nanas (Na) varieties with an association coefficient of 15.21.

This study aims to see the phenomena of the tradition of pilgrimage to the grave of K.H.R Bagus Khasantuka in Dusun Senuko Sidoagung Godean Sleman. The method used in this research is qualitative research methods. This study has two types of data and data sources, namely primary data and secondary data. Data interview techniques in this study were carried out by direct field observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis techniques used were data, data reduction, data presentation, and data collection. The data validity checking technique used was the source triangulation technique and the technique triangulation. The results of this study indicate the phenomenon of the pilgrimage tradition at K.H.Rr's grave intending to pray for and interpret the values of life, pilgrims who visit the grave of waliyullah K.H.R Bagus Khasantuka can trace the struggle of previous scholars in Islam. The existence of Sendang Bagusan as an example of K.H.R Bagus Khasantuka is still used by the Javanese mystical adherents for the kungkum ritual to achieve certain goals. The development of the Tomb of K.H.R Bagus Khasantuka also had a positive impact on the construction of hamlet roads, gates, and youth organization activities in Senuko Village.

The substantiation of parameters of the 3D observation system is considered from the perspective of the Kirchhoff migration. At the first step of this transformation, on the basis of diffraction transformation on a gather of CSP, the problem of wavelet extraction reflected from specified points of the medium (image points) is solved. The characteristic of the directivity of this transformation is determined by parameters of the arrangement of devices. At the second step, summation is performed by gathers of the common image point (СIP). The distribution density of the observation system sources determines the stacking fold by CIP. In the process of selecting survey parameters, the comparative analysis of equivalent observation systems with the same data properties for the migration task, but with different parameters of the observation system, is of great important. The relationship between the step of common midpoints of the observation system and the step of traces of resulting images of the medium is discussed. The Gaussian beam migration algorithm is considered as a method for solving the problem of constructing an image of the medium that correctly takes into account the irregularity of the initial data.

The control method of deformation of large sections of soft rock formations in coal mines is a major problem in mining practice. Taking Wangzhuang Coal Mine in Shanxi Province, China, for example, the support method of large sections of soft rock formations was studied to control the deformation of the top and bottom plates and two gangs, and to obtain the damage of the surrounding rocks at different depths through drilling imaging. In addition, the displacement, plastic area and stress field distribution patterns of surrounding rocks are obtained by simulating in FLAC3D. Coupling support for broken, plastic and elastic zones is achieved using bolts, grout anchors, and long anchor cables. The bottom of the road is effectively controlled by floor grout and concrete reverse arches. The results show that under the combination of anchorage and grout, the fault depth and degree of the surrounding rocks are less than the original support method, which can effectively reduce the subsidon of the roof and the deformation of the two gangs. It is important to note that anchorage cable set support can effectively reduce shear fault areas in floor and two gang plastic areas, and reduce the weight of the pavement floor. This study provides a technical reference for the support of large sections of soft rock roadways in coal mines.

Enset is a multipurpose plant, of which every part is thoroughly utilized, cultivated, as a food and crop only in Ethiopia, particularly in the southern and southwestern parts of the country. The main objective of this research is to assess the indigenous knowledge of farmers for identifying the different enset varieties grown in Labu Koromo kebele, Dore woreda. The data were collected using open and close ended questionnaires, key informative, oral interview and field observation. There are different characteristics that farmers use to differentiate enset variety such as leaf color, midrib and pseudo stem. According to the responses of farmers, enset variety at Sidama Zone is estimated to be 51 to 60. Among this amount of enset diversity, 11 to 20 were recorded in Dore woreda. Upgrading the indigenous knowledge of farmers is required in the future for better recognition and standard. Moreover, further study regarding the varieties growing at Dore woreda is required for scientific documentation. Key words: Dore woreda, Enset, farmers, Sidama zone, variety.

Di Kelurahan Bukaka, Kabupaten Bone, Sulawesi Selatan terdapat industri pembuatan batu bata dengan bahan baku tanah liat (lempung), yang dikelola oleh masyarakat setempat secara turun-temurun dan telah berlangsung selama puluhan tahun. Berdasarkan hasil obsevasi lapangan, diidentifikasi masalah bahwa produk yang dihasilkan secara umum belum memenuhi standar kualitas batu bata yang baik, yang ditetapkan dalam Standar Industri Indonesia. Tujuan kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah melakukan serangkaian pengujian laboratorium untuk mengetahui dan memberikan rekomendasi peningkatan kualitas bahan baku (tanah liat) maupun produk batu bata yang dihasilkan, agar dapat memenuhi standar kualitas yang dibutuhkan. Metode-metode pekerjaan laboratorium yang dilakukan meliputi analisis mineralogi (XRD) dan kimia (XRF) pada sampel-sampel lempung, serta uji dimensi, uji bakar, warna, kadar garam, daya serap, kuat tekan, dan uji dering pada sampel-sampel batu bata. Hasil pengujian menunjukan bahwa material lempung bahan baku gerabah tersusun oleh mineral felspar, kuarsa, kaolinit, dan kalsit; dengan kandungan besi yang tinggi (Fe2O3 mencapai 8,85%), sehingga direkomedasikan untuk dilakukan penurunan kadar dengan metode magnetic separator. Dimensi batu bata yang diproduksi jauh melebihi standar kualitas, sehingga disarankan untuk melakukan peningkatan ukuran, terutama dari segi lebar dan tebal. Dari segi pembakaran, direkomendasikan untuk ditingkatkan temperatur dan durasinya, agar kualitas batu bata yang dihasilkan lebih bagus/kuat. Batu bata juga memiliki daya serap yang rendah, hanya sekitar 0,5-0,6 gr/dm2/menit, sehingga perlu penanganan yang lebih baik pada saat penyampuran material bahan bakunya. Hasil uji kuat tekan batu bata menunjukkan nilai rata-rata 24,47 kg/cm2, yang mengindikasikan batu bata Kelas 25 (SII-0021-78), dengan bunyi dering yang bagus.