Search

Las empresas más atractivas para trabajar son de especial interés porque suponen una importante relevancia en el mercado de trabajo y la sociedad. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las empresas más atractivas del mercado laboral en España que permanecen todos los años en el ranking publicado por la Revista Actualidad Económica, durante el periodo 2013-2020. Se investiga la excelencia laboral de estas empresas durante el duro comienzo de la pandemia COVID-19, además de caracterizarlas con indicadores tan importantes como el género de la dirección, pertenencia a la Unión Europea, la ubicación de su sede según Comunidad Autónoma, el tamaño, la cotización bursátil y si pertenecen al IBEX35. El estudio cuantitativo mediante análisis descriptivos y de inferencia permite concluir que de manera significativa las empresas excelentes lideradas por mujeres destacan en Ambiente Laboral y RSC. Las organizaciones que están fuera de la Unión Europea alcanzan mayores valoraciones. En cambio, la ubicación de su sede no influye en la valoración total. El tamaño sí redunda en una valoración positiva total, pero no ocurre lo mismo con el hecho de cotizar en bolsa. Finalmente, se observa que, ante el desafío del COVID-19, estas empresas consiguen mantener la excelencia laboral consistente en entornos donde destacan el Talento, Retribución, Ambiente, Formación y Valoración Total. Por tanto, se aportan resultados valiosos para la formulación de políticas de recursos humanos., The most attractive companies to work for are of special interest because they represent important relevance in the labor market and society. The aim of this article is to analyze the best companies in the labor market in Spain that remain every year in the ranking published by the Revista de Actualidad Económica, during 2013-2020 period. The labor excellence of these companies is investigated taking in account the beginning of COVID-19 crisis, in addition to characterizing them with critical indicators like the gender of the management, European Union belonging, the location of its headquarters according to Autonomous Community, size, stock market price and whether they belong to the IBEX35. A quantitative analysis by means of descriptive and inference methods allows us to conclude that excellent companies led by women stand out in Work Environment and CSR. Organizations outside the European Union achieve higher values. On the other hand, location of its headquarters does not influence valuation. The size does result in a total positive assessment, but the same doesn’t apply if the company is listed on the stock market. Finally, it is observed that, faced with the challenge of COVID-19, these companies manage to maintain consistent labor excellence in environments where Talent, Compensation, Environment, Training and Total Valuation stand out. Therefore, valuable results are provided for the formulation of human resources policies.

This article studies a sample of displaced workers during the deep 1990s recession in Sweden and estimates the effect of secondary-level adult education on tertiary-level educational attainment. Plant closures and mass layoffs are used to identify job separations unrelated to individual productivity. Results indicate a large positive effect of general adult education on displaced workers’ further investment in human capital by continuing on to university education. These findings offer some explanation of findings in previous research, i.e. slow recovery of post-treatment earnings among workers enrolled in adult education, with positive treatment effects on earnings emerging in the long run.

PurposeSustainable Development Goals (SDG) 5 and 8, respectively, indicate that decent work and gender equality are challenges that business organizations must face in order to achieve the social well-being and sustainable development of communities. Considering these goals, the present article aims to define the concept of fair work and examine the current degree of knowledge among staff in the hotel sector in Barcelona about the indicators of the Fair Labor Responsible Hotels (HJLR) certification.Design/methodology/approachA mixed methodology is used to analyze the primary data. A survey of 248 employees is complemented by nine semi-structured interviews with experts, general managers and heads of department of independently owned hotels and national and international chains.FindingsThe results show that this certification is necessary for the economic and social sustainability of the hospitality sector and to raise awareness that fair work is an urgent need. However, these currently tend to be little more than artificial actions.Originality/valueThe paper aims to emphasize the perspective of real actors in hotel industry about the actors' considerations of fair work to enhance the actors' job involvement and satisfaction.

The enduring lack of diversity in the corporate elite continues to attract attention from scholars and practitioners. However, the issue of representation or ‘body count’ – in particular for women – tends to dominate the discussion and overshadows social-relational dimensions. Adopting a network perspective, this article investigates how gender and nationality interact with human and social capital (i.e. director capital), explaining why particular directors hold more influential positions in the corporate elite. Findings from Swiss data show that some specific aspects of human and social capital matter more than others for being an influential director and that, ceteris paribus, Swiss citizens benefit most from both sources of capital. The discussion engages with the implications of our findings on current approaches intended to increase the numbers of appointments of ‘diverse’ directors, and how these are expected to change the corporate elite and the related job market in the longer term.

In an empirical, dynamic simultaneous equation model (DSEM) for Brazil with 22 equations and variables, we show that foreign income is a driver of economic growth besides semi-endogenous technical change. With a balance-of-payments constraint and endogenous terms of trade, the major mechanism is (i) world GDP driving exports, (ii) exports paying for imported capital goods, which (iii) enter a production function increasing output and the foreign-debt/GDP ratio and (iv) increase the endogenous labour force, and (v) slightly reduce human capital growth. The savings gap drives foreign debt and interest rates up and make the model unstable. Permanent increases of human capital increase the R&D/GDP ratio, labour-augmenting productivity, and GDP. A policy to increase the R&D/GDP ratio leads to more human capital, labour productivity and GDP levels. Both knowledge policies reduce the debt/GDP ratio. A lasting shock on the terms of trade reveals that there is no Harberger–Laursen–Metzler effect. The results hold in the presence of endogenous terms of trade, foreign debt, net foreign income, and net current transfers from abroad, and non-Walrasian (dis-)equilibrium variables: inflation and changing inventories for the goods market, and unemployment in the labour market. Policy should strengthen the weak link from R&D (research and development) to technical change and make education more attractive.

The purpose of this study is to investigate, by use of relevant robust econometric modelling, physical capital and human capital, and their impact on growth in Indonesia for policy analysis. The Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) by Pesaran and Pesaran (1997) were chosen for supporting the relationship analysis. The important finding for policy analysis is that human capital appears to be a continuing factor shaping Indonesia’s growth, along with physical capital accumulation, with particularly strong effects for human capital arising from tertiary education. Physical capital has shown a strong and significant impact on the growth in the long run and indicates that Indonesia needs long term investment to generate growth. Such investment has distinction which related to sustainable operation such as infrastructure, sophisticated services, and venture capital. Consequently, it requires high skill labour supplied by tertiary education institutions. A further development of tertiary education next to enhancement of investment environment in manufacture and service sector should be set as priority programs in inducing growth.

The recent COP27 has propelled nations towards achieving reduced environmental degradation. Governments are, therefore, required to develop effective policy tools to improve their environmental sustainability plans. In line with this, an empirical study is required to explore the all-inclusive effect of ecological sustainability policy on ecological footprint (EFP) among the world’s top renewable energy consumption countries from 1994 to 2018. Recent studies on environmental degradation have focused on renewable energy while neglecting the role of environmental tax. Thus, the current study fills this gap by exploring the role of environmental tax on ecological footprint. Furthermore, the study evaluates the direct and indirect impact of environmental tax and renewable energy on different levels of EFP using the method of moment quantile regression (MMQR). The DOLS, FMOLS, and panel GMM techniques are also applied to check the robustness of the MMQR results. The empirical results indicate that environmental tax and renewable energy directly and significantly reduce the EFP; however, these impacts are insignificant in countries with lower levels of environmental pollution. Furthermore, the findings indicate that environmental tax plays a leading role in changing the energy structure towards environmentally friendly energies. The results also show that economic globalization and human capital impact ecological footprint negatively. Finally, the results suggest that GDP and nonrenewable energy aggravates ecological footprint. The study results propose insights for policymakers to mitigate environmental degradation by boosting environmental tax to deter polluters and investing more in renewable energy development.

Several major global challenges, including climate change and water scarcity, warrant a scientific approach to generating solutions. Developing high quality and robust capacity in (bio)statistics is key to ensuring sound scientific solutions to these challenges, so collaboration between academic and research institutes should be high on university agendas.To strengthen capacity in the developing world, South-North partnerships should be a priority. The ideas and examples of statistical capacity-building presented in this article are the result of several monthly online discussions between a mixed group of authors having international experience and formal links with Hasselt University in Belgium. The discussion focuses on statistical capacity-building through education (teaching), research, and societal impact. We have adopted an example-based approach, and in view of the background of the authors, the examples refer mainly to biostatistical capacity-building. Although many universities worldwide have already initiated university collaborations for development, we hope and believe that our ideas and concrete examples can serve as inspiration to further strengthen South-North partnerships on statistical capacity-building. We are grateful to the reviewer for the in-depth reading of earlier drafts of this article and for many valuable suggestions. We also acknowledge the support of Kristien Verbrugghen (VLIRUOS director) and Tim Zeuwts (VLIR-UOS staff ) and of Lieve Quanten and Stefanie Kerkhofs (both UHasselt)

This study aims to examine the relationship between individual value and knowledge creation in human capital.The effect of individual value on each element of knowledge creation – socialization, externalization, combination and internalization – is tested in this study. The study also tested the effect of each component of knowledge creation with human capital. Data were collected using an online questionnaire. A total of 286 questionnaires were sent to managers of medium-sized companies in the province of Bali, Indonesia. Of the 196 questionnaires that were sent, returned and filled out completely, 158 had responses that were utilizable, showing a usable response rate of 80.61%. Data analysis was carried out using variance-based structural equation modelling with a partial least squares approach (SEM-PLS) with WarpsPLS 7.0. The results of the study found a significant positive effect of individual value on each element of knowledge creation: with socialization, with externalization, with combination and with internalization. This study also found that each component of knowledge creation has a significant positive effect on human capital: socialization, externalization, combination and internalization, respectively. This study shows that the value that is believed by individuals based on knowledge can be a strong factor of competitiveness for future of human capital.

Accurately assessing a firm's human capital and its relative position compared to other firms is critical, as it has strong implications for many stakeholders to understand the firm's strategic competitiveness. The traditional way of assessing firm human capital is mostly based on survey method and the accuracy depends on a large group of survey respondents. In this article, we propose to adopt the PageRank algorithm in the context of a firm network formed by actual flow of employees among firms. The PageRank score obtained provides a good assessment of the firm's human capital, which is validated by both the regression model and the random forest model. Our work contributes to the literature by proposing a more accurate, faster, and more cost-effective assessment approach for measuring firm's human capital. This novel approach is also friendly to real-time and big data of the current business world and provides important implications for the development of a more effective third-party ranking system regarding human capital of firms.

Human capital is an essential driver of the economy. The regional distribution of human capital affects the development process of the economy. This paper applies the Markov chain and its spatial form extensions to the human capital index of China from 1985 to 2019 and calculates the transition probabilities between different human capital levels. This paper shows that China’s regional human capital is unevenly distributed, with significant differences across provinces, and this difference does not tend to decrease over time. Furthermore, by comparing the results of non-spatial and spatial Markov chains, this study confirms the spatial effects from neighboring regions on human capital changes. In other words, rich neighboring provinces increase the probability that a province becomes better off, and conversely, a province surrounded by poor neighboring provinces has a higher probability to worsen. This article emphasizes the importance of incorporating spatial effects into regional human capital in China.

At a time where firms encounter a “race for talent”, it is crucial for many MNCs to present themselves as attractive employers. Failing to position themselves in the international labor market can reduce firms’ ability to acquire valuable international human capital, thereby generating disadvantageous organizational effects. Against this backdrop, drawing on signaling theory and employer branding literature, our paper aims to shed light on the association between nationality diversity in the executive suite and MNCs’ employer attractiveness. Our lines of argument build on the notion that top management team composition can affect MNCs’ efforts to promote diversity among their employees. This focus on diversity, in turn, can affect MNCs’ employer attractiveness. Examining firms from various European countries, we find that top management team nationality diversity is positively associated with firms’ employer attractiveness for foreign job seekers. We also show that a firm’s efforts to promote diversity mediate the relationship between TMT nationality diversity and employer attractiveness. We therefore advance the academic debate on diversity as an employer branding tool and a means to enhance employer attractiveness. In practical terms, we also provide valuable insights for firms wishing to transform into (more) diverse entities.

The actuality of the research upon which the article is based is substantiated on the fact that human capital is one of the key factors of socio-economic development of the country and its regions. The aim of the work was to study the content of human capital, estimate the human capital of the region through representations of its residents. The article considers definitions of human capital within the framework of economic and sociological sciences, the concept of «human capital of region», approaches to the structure of human capital. The article presents the results of research of human capital conducted in six border regions of Russia: the Altai krai, the Khabarovsk krai, the Republic of Buryatia, Belgorod, Voronezh and Chelyabinsk oblasts. The article presents the analysis of subjective representations about the quality of human capital, including opinions of the population on the state of health, quality of knowledge gained in the process of education, its demand, job satisfaction and its conditions. An attempt was made to estimate the potential of health, education and labor capital of the six regions studied., Актуальность предложенного в статье исследования связана с тем, что человеческий капитал является одним из ключевых факторов социально-экономического развития страны и ее регионов. Целью работы является исследование содержания человеческого капитала, оценка человеческого капитала региона в представлениях его жителей. В статье рассмотрены определения человеческого капитала в рамках экономических и социологических наук, понятие «человеческий капитал региона», подходы к структуре человеческого капитала. В статье представлены результаты исследования человеческого капитала приграничных регионов России. Социологический опрос был проведен в шести субъектах Российской Федерации: Алтайском и Хабаровском крае, Республике Бурятия, Белгородской, Воронежской и Челябинской области. Рассмотрены субъективные представления о качестве человеческого капитала, включающие мнения населения о состоянии здоровья, качестве знаний, полученных в процессе образования, его востребованности, удовлетворенностью работой и ее условиями. Сделана попытка оценить потенциал капитала здоровья, капитала образования и трудового капитала шести исследуемых регионов.

This project is the service roadmap application that has been prepared according to the condition of the laboratory village of the Community Education, Faculty of Education. This project was planned to be implemented for 3 years. The first year of the project was focused on the lesson materials for developing the production capacity of “Rawagede” Educational Tourism Village Merchandise through HyFlex Learning. The second year was focused on building a sustainable group business, that focused on business partnership networks. The third year was focused on the impact after implemented,and concern of sustainable Merchandise business assistance. This service project is motivated by the local potential of Sirna Jaya village, and might become a resource to develop human and social capital for its local community. Tourism products are the part of Sapta Pesona application that relate to memories and it applicated through souvenirs. the souvenir would be able become tangible memories for the tourists. HyFlex's provides a flexibility for blended learning, this learning method provides an opportunity for learners to choose whether to attend online, offline or both. The outcomes of the project are the exposure of article in national journal, videos on Youtube channels and booklets that able to be copyrighted. Abstrak Pengabdian ini merupakan bentuk penerapan dari roadmap pengabdian yang telah disusun berdasarkan keadaan desa binaan yang dilakukan oleh prodi Pendidikan Masyarakat Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan. Roadmap kegiatan pengabdian ini dilaksanakan selama 3 tahun. Tahun pertama melakukan kegiatan pengabdian dengan materi Pengembangan Kapasitas Produksi Merchandise Desa Wisata Edukasi “Rawagede” berbasis Pembelajaran HyFlex. Tahun kedua membangun usaha kelompok yang berkelanjutan, materi kegiatan pengabdian berfokus pada jejaring kemitraan usaha. Tahun ketiga berfokus untuk melihat dampak setelah adanya Pengembangan Kapasitas Produksi Merchandise Desa Wisata Edukasi “Rawagede” berbasis Pembelajaran HyFlex, materi yang diberikan adalah pendampingan usaha Merchandise berkelanjutan. Pengabdian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh potensi Desa wisata Sirna Jaya sebagai aset mengembangkan human capital dan social capital masyarakat. Melalui desa wisata, banyak masyarakat terlibat dalam bersinergis mengembangkan desa wisata. Produk wisata merupakan bagian dari penerapan sapta pesona yang berwujud kenangan, kenangan tersebut diwujudkan dalam bentuk cinderamata. Harapannya cinderamata mampu menjadi kenangan yang berwujud bagi wisatawan yang berkunjung. Kegiatan pembelajaran HyFlex sendiri memberikan level flexibilitas baru untuk blended learning, metode pembelajaran ini memberikan kesempatan bagi warga belajar untuk memilih apakah akan menghadiri pembelajaran secara daring, luring atau keduanya. Luaran pengabdian berbentuk publikasi artikel pada jurnal nasional, video kegiatan pada kanal Youtube dan booklet kegiatan yang dapat di hak patenkan.

When it comes to utilizing or harnessing human capital for any organization, it becomes very important to know the management science behind HRM. Intellectual capital, technology, globalization, profitability via expansion and change are all major business problems that companies are presently experiencing. These problems need companies to collaborate to create new skills, and human resource management is in charge of doing so. It assists companies in addressing competitive difficulties by acting as a leader. HR professionals have lost their stereotype of monitoring policies and enforcing rules. HR professionals are now held accountable for their employees’ engagement and dedication to the company, as well as motivating people to participate and take ownership. It’s no longer a relic of the past. It has evolved from a little reactive image to a much larger canvas. The new management of human resources is triggered by bringing the organization’s management together with the workers, resulting in a merger of the person’s and the organization’s reservoirs of knowledge, culminating in the joint victory of both. Global competitiveness may be accomplished not only by using updated technology and facilities but also by encouraging workers to adhere to international standards in an efficient and effective manner. Human resources specialists in every firm on the global stage have the goal to influence the business world; HR is currently in a paradigm change, and its role as a support function, relied on to assist others and to recruit and dismiss from businesses, is quickly fading. Human resources are taking a proactive role in addressing globalization’s issues. It brings about change and enhances people’s abilities to learn and cooperate, as well as handle variety, ambiguity, and complexity. The study and comparison of the perceptions of corporate workers, management faculty, and management students in an effort to understand the role of HRM in developing national talent for global success.

RESUMEN En países donde la actividad minera es una de las fuentes de ingresos más importantes, siempre es de interés identificar aquellas prácticas de gestión que permitan lograr satisfacer las necesidades y perspectivas de la población, entre las cuales se destaca la responsabilidad social empresarial. El propósito de esta investigación fue establecer la correlación entre la responsabilidad social empresarial y el desarrollo de la comunidad en el entorno de una compañía minera. En el trabajo se tomó en cuenta la investigación no experimental con un diseño correlacional y un muestreo no probabilístico; la muestra estuvo constituida por los trabajadores de la compañía y por los pobladores de la localidad. La técnica utilizada fue la encuesta con el cuestionario como instrumento de recolección de datos, el cual cumplió con los criterios de validez y confiabilidad (coeficiente alpha de Cronbach = 0.833). Del instrumento se destacan las dimensiones de la responsabilidad social como son la «ética» (transparencia informativa), «sostenibilidad» (participación y beneficio mutuo), «capital humano» (gestión de recursos humanos y seguridad en el trabajo) y «seguridad» (adaptación al cambio y gestión de impacto), por ser específicas a la realidad del estudio. De los resultados se tiene la certeza de que existe una alta correlación (r = 0.964) entre las dos variables de investigación, responsabilidad social y el desarrollo comunal, pues se observa una correlación alta y significativa entre ambas. ABSTRACT In countries where mining activity is one of the most important sources of income, there is a constant interest in identifying those management practices that make it possible to satisfy the needs and perspectives of the population, among which corporate social responsibility deserves special mention. The purpose of this research was to establish the correlation between corporate social responsibility and community development in the environment surrounding a mining company. This was a non-experimental research study with a correlational design and non-probabilistic sampling; the sample consisted of the company’s workers and the local inhabitants. The technique used was the survey, and the questionnaire was used as the data collection instrument, which met the criteria of validity and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient = 0.833). Social responsibility dimensions such as “ethics” (information transparency), “sustainability” (participation and mutual benefit), “human capital” (human resources management and occupational safety) and “safety” (change adjustment and impact management) stand out from the instrument, as they are specific to the reality of the study. From the results, it is evident that there is a high correlation (r = 0.964) between the two research variables, social responsibility and community development, due to the high and significant correlation between the two.

Academic mobility has begun to be discussed more frequently in higher education literature with more internationalized higher education. Since the flow of talent generally occurs from the periphery to the core, it is seen that studies mostly deal with either foreign researchers in developed countries or researchers returning to their developing home countries. However, this study aims to examine the mobility of foreign academics in a reverse direction. Specific to research universities in Turkey, foreign academics' demographic information, academic qualifications, and contributions to their universities were examined with a bibliometric analysis. The findings were also discussed within the legal framework determined by Turkish authorities regarding the employment of foreign academics. The findings show that (i) the proportion of foreign academics with and without a Ph.D. in research universities is close to each other, (ii) researchers are concentrated in the arts and humanities research, (iii) more than half of the academics have completed their doctoral studies in high-income economies, (iv) less than half of the researchers graduated from universities ranked in the top 500 list of THE World University Rankings, and (v) there is a variation among universities in their contributions to research, citation performance, and graduate counseling. In this respect, the results show that the majority of researchers at research universities are not directly employed with a research orientation, and the legal framework contains caveats that need to be explained for research universities.

Purpose While extant research has predominantly focused on outcomes of customer satisfaction that benefit the focal firm such as customer engagement behaviors (CEBs), little is done to understand human capital-related outcomes that directly benefit customers and thus benefit the firm indirectly. Drawing on the theory of reasoned action, broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions and human capital theory, this study aims to understand how and why a satisfied customer benefits the firm directly (CEBs) and indirectly (human capital-related outcomes). Design/methodology/approach Following a sequential mixed-methods approach, two studies are conducted in an extended service encounter context (higher education) where customers also constitute key human capital of the service firm. First, a qualitative study is conducted, which is then followed by a quantitative study. Survey data collected from students working as interns in organizations and their immediate managers resulted in 209 “intern–manager” dyads. Findings The findings demonstrate that customer satisfaction on its own does not substantially account for either human capital-related outcomes or CEBs (except word of mouth [WOM]). Both emotional and cognitive mechanisms play key and unique mediating roles in translating satisfaction into outcomes that benefit a service firm directly and indirectly by benefiting its customers. Research limitations/implications While much research demonstrates benefits of customer satisfaction for the focal firm, this research advances our understanding of the novel consequences of customer satisfaction by shedding light on human capital-related outcomes that directly benefit customers. It also aids in explicating prior inconsistent findings on the relationship between customer satisfaction and CEBs by uncovering the underlying mediating mechanisms. Practical implications This investigation provides a deeper understanding of the significance of customer satisfaction by demonstrating how and why satisfied customers increase firm value beyond purchase, for instance, by being direct (through positive WOM) and indirect (through enhanced human capital performance) promoters, consultants (through participation) or investors (through monetary giving). A key implication of this research is that simply enhancing customer satisfaction on its own may not suffice as the findings suggest that satisfaction translates into beneficial outcomes only when satisfaction is channeled toward enhancing customer perceptions of competence and their positive emotions. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature by providing a deeper understanding of how and why customer satisfaction influences outcomes that not only benefit the firm but also its customers in extended service encounter context.

Doğurganlık davranışı, özellikle son otuz yılda daha da gözlemlenebilir duruma gelerek tüm dünyada insanların yaşamları üzerinde önemli bir etki oluşturmaktadır. Bir hanede doğum yapma kararı, yetiştirilen çocuğun zaman maliyeti, sosyal yapı, kadının istihdam durumu ve toplam aile geliri gibi birçok ekonomik ve sosyal değişkenden etkilenmektedir. Çalışmamızın amacı doğurganlık özelliklerinin sosyal ve ekonomik değişkenlerden nasıl etkilendiğini ortaya koymaktır. Modelimiz 1990-2018 döneminde 49 ülke gelir düzeylerine göre üç gruba ayrılarak uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçları, doğurganlık özelliklerinin tüm ülke gruplarında sosyal değişkenlerden daha fazla ekonomik değişkenlerden etkilendiğini ortaya koymakta ve ekonomik değişkenlerde meydana gelen bir artış düşük gelirli ülkeler beşeri sermaye sayısını artırırken yüksek gelirli ülkelerde beşeri sermayenin kalitesini iyileştirmektedir. Sağlık değişkeni bütün ülke gruplarında doğurganlık üzerinde pozitif etkiye sahiptir., Fertility behavior poses a significant impact on people's lives throughout the world, which has become even more observable especially in the last thirty years. The decision to give birth in a household is influenced by many economic and social variables such as the time cost of the raised child, social structure, the employment status of women and total family income. The aim of our study is to reveal how fertility characteristics are affected by social and economic variables. Our model was applied to three groups in 49 countries within the period of 1990-2018 focusing on the income levels of these countries. The outcomes of the study reveal that fertility characteristics are affected more by economic variables than social variables in all country groups, signifying that a positive increase in economic variables improves the quality of human capital in high-income countries while a positive increase in economic variables in low-income countries increases the number of human capital.

The contemporary challenges of the sustainable improvement of the business climate are no longer exclusively a question of infrastructure and equipment. The strategies implemented by many countries focus on the role of people, their skills and their ability to innovate. The knowledge economy is often the generic name adopted to designate this development. Taking human capital into account in economic analysis has been an important step forward, especially since its accumulation is an essential factor of economic growth. Indeed, the dissemination of knowledge allows increasing returns and generates positive externalities. It is in this sense that a historical foundation that traces the genesis of the concept of the investment climate and its evolution will be evoked to clarify current issues. This contribution then proposes to examine the role of human capital in the growth and development of economies through an exploration of the concept and its different theoretical approaches. The difficulties of valuing human capital will be addressed thirdly, emphasizing the methods and limits of traditional approaches to its measurement and the interest of alternative methodological solutions such as the socio-economic model. We emphasize that these difficulties have a methodological origin, noting that there is currently no suitable methodology for measuring human capital that achieves consensus and that is easily actionable in companies. Finally, this contribution proposes to examine human capital as a central factor of the business climate insofar as its integration into the knowledge economy is a major issue in improving the investment climate. This contribution draws on ideas and reflections from the literature review., Les enjeux contemporains de l’amélioration durable du climat des affaires ne sont plus exclusivement une question d’infrastructures et d’équipements. Les stratégies mises en œuvre par de nombreux pays se penchent sur le rôle des personnes, de leurs compétences et de leur capacité à innover. L’économie de la connaissance est souvent la dénomination générique adoptée pour désigner cette évolution. La prise en compte du capital humain dans l'analyse économique a constitué une avancée importante d’autant que son accumulation est un facteur essentiel de croissance économique. En effet, la diffusion des connaissances permet des rendements croissants et génère des externalités positives. C’est dans ce sens qu’une assise historique qui retrace de la genèse du concept du climat d’investissement et son évolution sera évoquée pour éclaircir les problématiques actuelles. Cette contribution se propose ensuite d’examiner le rôle du capital humain dans la croissance et le développement des économies à travers une exploration du concept et ses différentes approches théoriques. Les difficultés de valorisation du capital humain seront abordées en troisième lieu, en mettant l’accent sur les méthodes et les limites des approches traditionnelles de sa mesure et l’intérêt que présentent des solutions méthodologiques alternatives comme le modèle socio-économique. Nous soulignons que ces difficultés ont une origine méthodologique, en constatant qu’il n’y a pas, aujourd’hui, de méthodologie adaptée de mesure du capital humain qui fasse consensus et qui soit aisément actionnable dans les entreprises. Enfin, cette contribution se propose d’examiner le capital humain comme facteur central du climat des affaires dans la mesure où son intégration à l’économie de la connaissance est un enjeu majeur de l’assainissement du climat d’investissement. Cette contribution fait appel à des idées et des réflexions issues de la revue de littérature.

Infertility is a medical condition that can be overcome, thanks to advances in medically assisted reproductive (MAR) therapies. Despite the ultimate measure of MAR efficacy being the birth of a new human being, there are ethical and methodological questions as to which outcome best translates the value of MAR in cost-effectiveness analyses. Many authors favour cost per life birth outcomes instead of more traditional cost per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), which raises generalizability issues for decision-makers. Nonetheless, infertility and infertility treatments substantially differ from other health conditions and health treatments, particularly in the way they affect the quality of life of the infertile couple. Collecting quality of life measures in infertility and pregnancy is also surrounded by challenges not easily overcome. We reflect on cost-effectiveness methods applied to MAR technologies, on ethical considerations for valuing a MAR-generated life, and on its broader societal value for consideration by decision-makers.

This paper develops an indicator that measures the level of human capital to address the specific education and health challenges faced by middle income countries. We apply this indicator to countries in Europe and Central Asia, where productive employment requires skills that are more prevalent among higher education graduates, and where good health is associated to low levels of adult health risk factors. The Europe and Central Asia Human Capital Index (ECA-HCI) extends the World Bank's Human Capital Index by adding a measure of quality-adjusted years of higher education to the original education component, and it includes the prevalence of three adult health risk factors—obesity, smoking, and heavy drinking—as an additional proxy for latent health status. The results show that children born today in the average country in Europe and Central Asia will be almost half as productive as they would have had they reached the benchmark of complete education and full health. Countries with good basic education outcomes do not necessarily have good higher education outcomes, and high prevalence of adult health risk factors can offset good education indicators. This extension of the Human Capital Index could also be useful for assessing the state of human capital in middle-income countries in general.

The article considers the adaptive behavior of Russians during 2015–2017 (a period that is often referred to as the “new reality”) by analyzing how Russians perceive the prospects of economic devel...

PurposeDespite growing scholarly interest in academic entrepreneurship (AE) few studies have examined its non-commercial aspects and how it contributes to meeting grand societal challenges. One explanation for this may be the continuing focus of AE on intellectual property commercialization. This paper aims to address this knowledge gap by uncovering how universities can contribute to promoting non-commercial forms of AE.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses the human capital theoretical lens to make its argument and applies it to data obtained from exploratory qualitative research (55 semi-structured interviews and nine focus groups) in the developing countries of Bolivia, Colombia and Ecuador.FindingsUniversities can promote different forms of non-commercial AE even in the absence of sophisticated resources for innovation, through the stimulation of the specific human capital of the university community resulting from activities where they help others.Originality/valueThis paper proposes a general framework for advancing theory development in AE and its non-commercial forms, based on data obtained in uncharted territories for AE.

Аналізуються можливі соціально-економічні наслідки, які може понести Росія від її тривалої агресії проти народу Укра-їни. Умовною відправною основою для аналізу взято порушення країною-агресором чотирьох біблійних заповідей: «Не зажа-дай добра ближнього!», «Не вкради!», «Не обдури!», «Не вбий!». Досліджуються складові соціально-економічних збитків, пов’язаних з мілітарізацією країни, пониженням економічного статусу експроприйованої власності, катастрофічного погір-шення якості людського капіталу, міжнародних санкцій, зубожіння й отуплення народу, десоціологізації економіки тощо. Досліджується роль, яку відіграє у сучасних економічних відносинах інститут довіри, а також – економічні наслідки, які виникають у зв’язку з формуванням негативного іміджу економічних суб’єктів різних рівнів, зокрема в Росії. This paper analysis possible socio-economic consequences that Russia may suffer from its long-term aggression against the people of Ukraine. The analysis addresses the violation of the four Biblical commandments by Russia: “You shall not covet your neighbor’s house or anything that belongs to your neighbor”, “You shall not steal”, “You shall not give false testimony against your neighbor”, “You shall not murder”. The paper investigates the components of socio-economic losses associated with (a) the militarization of the country, (b) the lowering of the economic status of expropriated property, (c) the catastrophic deterioration of the quality of human capital, (d) international sanctions, (e) the impoverishment and numbing of the people, and (f) the de-socialization of the economy. The research also addressed the role of trust in modern economic relations and the economic consequences of forming a negative image of economic subjects of various levels based on Russian example.

Many developing countries are populated by multiple ethnic groups who use their own language in daily life and in local business, but have to use a common language in national business and in communications with other groups. In these countries, how much weights should be placed on teaching a local ethnic language and teaching a common language is a critical issue. A similar conflict arises in low-income countries in general between teaching skills that are "practical" and directly useful in local jobs, and teaching academic skills that are important in modern sector jobs. This paper develops a model to examine these questions theoretically. It is shown that balanced education of the two languages/skills is critical for skill development of those with limited wealth for education. It is also found that the balanced education brings higher earnings net of educational expenditure, only when a country has favorable conditions (TFP is reasonably high, and education, in particular, common language education [academic education] is reasonably effective) and only for those with adequate wealth. Common-language-only (academic-only) education maximizes net earnings of those with little wealth, and, when the country's conditions are not good, maximizes net earnings of all. This implies that there exists a trade-off between educational and economic outcomes for those with little wealth, and, when the conditions are not good, the trade-off exists for everyone without adequate wealth. Policy implications derived from the results too are discussed.

This study sheds light on the contingent effect that employee human capital may have on the relationship between family involvement and internationalisation via exporting —both in terms of entry mode (how to export) and degree (how much to export). We formulate several hypotheses by drawing mainly on arguments from the resource-based view and stewardship theory. The empirical setting is a large sample of Spanish manufacturing firms (family and non-family) operating between 1991 and 2016. Our results reveal that the positive (negative) relationship between family involvement and export intensity (direct exporting) is boosted (mitigated) at higher levels of employee human capital. Our findings thus provide statistical support for a positive and significant contingent approach to the effect human capital has on the connection between family involvement and internationalisation.

We show that business cycles reduce welfare through a decrease in the average level of employment in a labor market search model with learning on the job and skill loss during unemployment. Empirically, unemployment and the job-finding rate are negatively correlated. Since new jobs are the product of these two from the employment transition equation, business cycles imply fewer new jobs. Learning on the job implies that the resulting decrease in employment reduces aggregate human capital. This reduces incentives to post vacancies, further decreasing employment and human capital. We quantify this mechanism and find large output and welfare costs of business cycles. (JEL D83, E23, E24, E32, J24, J63)

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) significantly altered how business income is taxed in the US. This paper provides a quantitative assessment of the distributional and macroeconomic effects of the TCJA, both in the short run and in the long run, using a life-cycle model with occupational choice and accumulation of entrepreneurial human capital. When salient provisions of the TCJA are implemented, the economy experiences an increase of 0.20 and 0.5 percentage points in annual GDP and capital stock growth for the first decade 2018-2027, respectively. However, economic inequality increases across and within occupations under the TCJA. The provisions affect the incentives for individuals to save, making the occupational choice extensive margin critically important in analyzing the potential impacts of the new tax reform.

We study the aggregate consequences of the Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) program, focusing on the role of complementarity between heterogeneous human capital. First, we develop and estimate a wage process in which individuals' human capital comprises (pure) labor and experience, and their efficiencies are affected by disability. We find that older workers are more experience-abundant, and that disability causes a smaller loss in the efficiency of experience than it does in the efficiency of labor. Further, the estimated aggregate production technology shows that labor and experience are complementary inputs. Combining these empirical results with a structural general equilibrium model, we analyze the labor market implications of removing the DI program. Removal of the DI program induces an increase in the relative supply of experience, thus affecting the marginal productivities of inputs and wages of all workers in the economy. Despite the increased labor market entry of disabled workers, the aggregate productivity may increase in the counterfactual economy, thanks to the complementarity between labor and experience.

The creation of new ventures involves a great deal of risk and uncertainty. However, research has been theoretically divergent and empirically inconclusive about the influence of individuals’ risk tolerance on entrepreneurial entry. In this paper, we argue that this relationship is contingent on the reference point of individuals, taking into account the human capital and the opportunity cost of individuals when they decide to start a venture. This approach allows us to clarify some of the previous mixed results in the literature. We use a sample of almost 600,000 individuals from 90 countries that have participated in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor project between 2010 and 2014. Our results show that individuals with previous experience as entrepreneurs do not need to be so risk-tolerant to set up their own venture, while individuals with a job and/or a high educational level need to be especially risk-tolerant to become entrepreneurs.

This paper studies the impact of labor market conditions during the education-to-work transition on workers' long-term skill development. Using representative survey data on measures of work-relevant cognitive skills for adults from 19 countries, I document four main findings: i) cohorts of workers who faced higher unemployment rates at ages 18–25 have lower skills at ages 36–59; ii) unemployment rates faced at later ages (26–35) do not have such an effect; iii) the former findings hold even though, on average, people get more formal education as a response to higher unemployment in their late teens and early twenties; iv) skill inequality is affected: workers whose parents were less educated bear most of the negative effects. These findings can be rationalized by on-the-job learning during the early twenties being an important factor of skill-development, and such learning being negatively impacted by bad macroeconomic conditions. Using German panel data on skills, I show that young workers at large firms experience higher skill growth than those at small firms. This finding suggests firm heterogeneity in human capital provision to young workers as a potential mechanism since, in bad economic times, young workers disproportionately match with small firms.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the long-run and short-run impact of demographic structure and human capital on the economic growth of Turkey. Theoretical framework: The shift in demographic dividend which witness shifts in age structures, have led to positive prospects, which have resulted in the decline in rate of births leading to a decline in a country’s young dependent group, and subsequently caused an increase in the percentage of the workforce working-age numbers. In the past few decades, there has been a noticeable substantial shift in the population structure with regard to the percentage of the cohort of working age population in Turkey that could have consequences on the economy. Design/Methodology/Approach: The annual time series data of Turkey for the time period 1990 to 2020 was employed through the utilization of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to investigate the association between the demographic structure, human capital and economic growth. Findings: The results revealed that variations in the age structure, as manifested by the variations in the age cohorts of the working-age population, possess substantial favorable impacts on economic growth in the short and long run. The research also revealed that human capital impacts on economic growth in a positive way in the short run. Research, practical & social implications: The study revealed that there is a substantial shift in the population fabric in Turkey. The ongoing changes that have transpired relatively rapidly might have significant economic consequences for the country in the future. Hence, it is therefore recommended that Turkey acquire demographic and economic measures which will stimulate the population to be intensively involved in the workforce. This is to garner the gains of demographic and educational returns as a major method towards the attainment of a high level of economic growth. Originality/Value: This study utilizes working age population more broadly than most of the literature, using disaggregated age groups based on age. The key motivation for this is to ascertain the role of each age group, and its effect on economic growth.

This paper aims to analyze how the digital economy affects industrial restructuring and examine the mediating role of the relevant factors. Based on the analysis of the effect mechanism of the digital economy development on industrial restructuring, this paper constructs an improved measuring index system of digital economy covering digital infrastructure, digital industrialization, and industrial digitalization, and measures regional digital economic growth based on provincial panel data in China from 2013 to 2020 by using the entropy TOPSIS method, empirical analyses on the impact of the digital economy on industrial restructuring, and verifies the mediating effect of human capital, technological innovation, and financial development in this process. Research findings are as follows: (i) Digital economic growth demonstrates a considerable positive effect of the speed, efficiency of industrial restructuring, and industrial structure rationalization. (ii) Digital economy indirectly boosts industrial restructuring by affecting human capital, technological innovation, and financial development. The findings in this study are of theoretical significance to interpret the effect of digital economic growth on industrial restructuring, facilitating relevant economies in the decision-making of industrial restructuring and upgrading.

The study investigated the understanding of the pull factors of drug use among upper basic school students: a pathway to human capital development. The study adopted a qualitative form survey design. The population for the study were a public upper basic school in the Junior secondary schools in the Ilorin metropolis. The target population were the upper basic seven, eighth and nine (J.S.S I, II, and III) students that use drugs. A sample size of 9 secondary schools was purposively sampled. Twenty-one basic school students' drug users were sampled through snowballing simple technique. The study applied a qualitative method using an open-ended interview approach developed by the researcher. The thematic data analysis technique was used to analyze the interview data retrieved from the participants. qualitative computer data analysis software (NVIVO 10) was used to analyze the data. Results revealed Alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, inhalants, methadone, tramadol, codeine, morphine, cannabis or marijuana, opiates, heroin ‘EJA’, JEDI’, and cocaine among others. Parental easy access, peer influence, and experimental curiosity were some of the pull factors, while increased enlightenment, parental role, and limited access to the drug are some of the measures drug users need to quit drugs.

Digital transformation can become a complex process when workers have insufficient skills, which makes training in the digital field essential. Herein, we intend to relate the digital literacy perceived by workers with their training needs for the Portuguese public sector context. Additionally, based on the Human capital theory, we also investigate which professional/demographic characteristics increase training propensity in digital fields. Through an online questionnaire, a dataset with information on 573 workers was obtained. The data analysis was made by using a probabilistic regression model and additional statistical techniques. The results revealed that workers with higher levels of education and higher professional skills have higher probability of participating in training in the digital field. On average, workers reveal low levels of digital knowledge (2.7 in a 1–5 scale) and low participation in training in the digital fields (72% of the sample had no training over the last two years), but the majority present a willingness to participate in future training sessions, especially in the fields of Dataset management, Cybersecurity and Communication systems. This study provides information on training in the digital field of public workers, which is essential for public organizations to better prepare for digital transformation. Additionally, it contributes to a very recent literature on digital learning, and it can be extended to other contexts.

Introduction: “Human capital” is defined as an integration of innate skills and knowledge acquired by investing in the formation of an individual; it is a real “capital” that pays off in the long term. In the Italian legal system, a human being is recognised as a “person” from the moment of birth. This determines the acquisition of the personal rights of an individual. Necessarily, therefore, by law, a fetus does not own such rights; nevertheless, it has an innate “potential” to acquire such rights after birth. Objective: In Italian jurisprudence, in general, the damage from a loss of a parental relationship is justified by the condition of existential emptiness caused in the family by the loss of a child. Compensation for this damage in the event of abortion due to third-party responsibility presents a non-uniform recognition in the judgements of the Italian courts, but in any case, it is almost always recognised with limitations since the emotional relationship with the lost individual is defined only in terms of “potential”. Consequently, in this matter, at least two questions can be raised: (i) Is the economic estimate of abortion based on objective and standardised criteria, or is it heavily influenced by subjective evaluation? (ii) Is it possible to find standard criteria that may act as guidelines to quantify the loss of that human capital “in progress”? Methodology: The authors try to answer these questions by analysing the different approaches to this issue adopted at an international level. Conclusions: In conclusion, the authors propose homogeneous criteria to quantify the damage caused by abortion.

Countries of the EU are trying to create a single digital market. Therefore, this article aims to evaluate the current situation in the field of readiness of economic entities in Slovakia for challenges in the field of human capital management (HCM) when implementing digital technologies in their processes and to propose recommendations regarding the implementation of digital technologies. We used basic scientific methods and calculated Cronbach’s alpha, descriptive statistics, and the chi-square test to detect dependencies between variables. This article processes data from a questionnaire survey completed by managers or owners of economic entities in Slovakia. In 2020, we received answers from 905 respondents, and in 2021, our sample consisted of 561 respondents. We found that among the most used is digitalization in the field of GDPR and not the use of a personnel information system (HRIS). The assumptions that the size of the entity and the prevailing ownership influence the use of digital technologies were also confirmed. The article’s originality lies in the topicality of the examined issue and the extensive questionnaire survey spanning two years. It follows from the findings from previous articles, which pointed to the extremely low values of Slovakia within the DESI index.

Can a policy-independent epidemic dynamics change agents' optimal consumption-investment decisions and by so much so that an economy based on human capital and labor à la Lucas (1988) would reach a steady state and stagnate instead of thriving and reaching a Balanced Growth Path? We prove here that, under strictly decreasing returns on human capital, the economy will optimally reach a steady state in levels. Conversely, under constant returns, the economy will experience a balanced growth either from the beginning if preferences are logarithmic, or asymptotically otherwise.

For decades, academics have studied the human resources of many different sectors with a wide range of approaches and methodologies. However, there is still room for analysis on educational mismatch, even more so in the hospitality industry after the COVID-19 pandemic standstill as it is a topic that has been somewhat relegated in recent times. Thus, this study seeks to analyze this phenomenon based on a multinomial logistic regression, which is underused in the human capital-related literature, especially on educational mismatch. The results confirm the influence of several factors such as tenure, experience or skills and quantify their effects on the chances of being educationally mismatched. Moreover, special attention is given to the remarkable influence of the required skills for a specific job position on vertical mismatch. Therefore, this paper updates previous research on the issue but also sheds new light on identifying the main aspects in which employees may focus in order to have better career prospects. The main limitation of this study is the availability of the data, which corresponds to 2018. Durante décadas, los académicos han estudiado los recursos humanos de muchos sectores diferentes con una amplia gama de enfoques y metodologías. Sin embargo, todavía hay espacio para el análisis del desajuste educativo, más aún en la industria de la hostelería tras el parón de la pandemia COVID-19, ya que es un tema que ha quedado ligeramente relegado en los últimos tiempos. Así pues, este estudio pretende analizar este fenómeno a través de una regresión logística multinomial, una metodología que se encuentra infrautilizada en la literatura relacionada con el capital humano, especialmente en el desajuste educativo. Los resultados confirman la influencia de varios factores, como la antigüedad en el puesto, la experiencia o las competencias, y cuantifican sus efectos sobre las posibilidades de sufrir desajuste educativo. Además, se presta especial atención a la gran influencia de las competencias requeridas para un puesto de trabajo específico sobre el desajuste vertical. Así pues, este trabajo actualiza las investigaciones anteriores sobre la cuestión, pero también arroja nueva luz sobre la identificación de los principales aspectos en los que los empleados podrían prestar atención para tener mejores perspectivas de carrera. La principal limitación de este trabajo es la disponibilidad de los datos, que corresponden a 2018. Sánchez-Cubo, F. benefits from a predoctoral contract for training researcher staff within the frame of the Formación de Profesorado Universitario (FPU) Fellowship Programme of the Ministry of Universities of Spain.

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é discutir a trajetória do Sistema de Educação Superior no Brasil no que é denominado aqui de um ciclo virtuoso de 25 anos - 1990-2015, apontando principalmente ganhos e conquistas. O caminho metodológico tem o caráter exploratório, baseado tanto na técnica bibliográfica-documental como no uso de estatísticas formuladas a partir de dados secundários. ABSTRACT This article aims to discuss the trajectory the Brazilian Higher Education System followed in what we call a virtuous cycle of 25 years (1900-2015). The methodological path has an exploratory character based on statistics formulated from secondary data and bibliographical and documentary analysis.

How does a large structural change to the labor market affect education investments made at young ages? Exploiting differential exposure to the national decline in routine-task intensity across local labor markets, we show that the secular decline in routine tasks causes major shifts in education investments of high school students, where they invest less in vocational-trades education and increasingly invest in college education. Our results highlight that labor demand changes impact inequality in the next generation. Low-ability and low-SES students are most responsive to task-biased demand changes and, as a result, intergenerational mobility in college education increases.

This study investigates the impact of openness on human capital in 112 countries worldwide in 2000–2019. An two-stage least square fixed-effect model with instrumental variables is used to unravel the complicated relationship between human capital and its key determinants. The empirical results show that the impacts of openness vary greatly among different groups of countries. For example, while FDI has no effect on human capital in developed and upper-middle-income developing countries, its effect is positive in lower-middle-income countries and negative in low-income countries. Exports stimulate human capital formation in developed countries but in low-income developing countries, they act as an impediment to human capital formation. Imports have a positive effect on human capital in developing countries; however, in developed countries, the effect of imports on human capital is negative. International cooperation effectively raises the level of human capital in developed, upper-middle-income and low-income countries; however, it has no effect in lower-middle-income countries. In light of mindsponge—mindspongeconomics and the SM3D knowledge management system, the study’s findings particularly shed light on the long-term development roadmap associated with human capital and openness expansion in less developed and emerging countries in years to come.

In times of global ecological crisis, the responsibility of large corporations in environmental degradation is increasingly pointed out. As a result, there has been a surge in private organizations' pledges to reduce their environmental impact in recent years. In this paper, we demonstrate that companies with poor environmental responsibility have incentives to take such pledges to maintain their ability to attract high-skilled human capital. Through a case study on a French climate movement which was initiated by elite students who threatened to boycott job offers from polluting employers, we find that environmental pledges can significantly attenuate this selection effect. Using a unique and large survey database on the climate movement participants (n=2307) and machine learning classifiers, we find that individuals who initially intended to refuse a job offer from a polluting employer were, on average, three times less likely to hold such intentions after being exposed to a corporate environmental pledge. This result can be explained by the fact that intentions to refuse to work for polluting companies, and reactions to environmental pledges are driven by different factors. Furthermore, we find substantial heterogeneity in the response to environmental pledges, which is primarily explained by career perspectives, beliefs about the ecological crisis and support for radical political action in the name of ecology.

The present study examines the impact of globalization, financial development, human capital, and carbon emissions on adopting renewable energy sources in Pakistan. The advancement of sustainable energy sources is paramount in tackling worldwide environmental issues. The present investigation aimed to scrutinize the uptake of sustainable energy sources to alleviate ecological concerns, utilizing data obtained from Pakistan over the time frame of 1990 to 2021. The study utilized the robust least squares (RLS) approach for data analysis. The results suggest that globalization favors renewable energy, while financial development, human capital, and carbon emissions demonstrate adverse impacts on renewable energy. The present study suggests several policy recommendations to improve the adoption of renewable energy sources and reduce environmental pollution.

Making the most of human capital is a sine qua non for guaranteeing countries' competitiveness and sustainable development. In Morocco, the New Development Model (NMD) advocates "the adoption of new teaching methods focused on strengthening students' scientific and technical skills, as well as cross-disciplinary and behavioural skills" (NMD, 2021, p. 111), in order to build up human capital as a lever for the Kingdom's performance. With this in mind, the designers of this NMD see the competency-based approach as an appropriate pedagogical choice for meeting this challenge with the same level of professional performance and excellence. Admittedly, despite its ability to provide relevant responses to the needs of students and the expectations of society, the fact remains that the competency-based approach, given its commercial and economic logic, runs the risk of dehumanising training if it lapses into utilitarianism and behaviourism. It is therefore imperative to adopt this approach not only from an exclusive pragmatic point of view, but also with an ethical vision that establishes a critical and questioning approach. The aim of this paper is firstly to demonstrate the contribution of the competency-based approach to student training and, consequently, to the project of developing human capital, and secondly to provide a critical analysis of this approach. It will attempt to show the limits of the competency-based approach and to set out the ethical scope of all training. This is necessary if we are to train graduates who, with a critical mind and embodying the image of the "honest man", act with uprightness and loyalty in accordance with the rules of social morality and the principles of probity. The aim, therefore, of this reflection is to show the need to go beyond the commercial, productive and technicist logic of the skills-based approach in valuing human capital and to work in favor of an education in ethical and social values, with freedom, autonomy, civic-mindedness, commitment and honesty as its dependents. Keywords: Human capital, valorisation, competency-based approaches, ethical commitment JEL Classification: I25 Paper type: Theoretical Research, La valorisation du capital humain est une condition sine qua non pour garantir la compétitivité des pays et leur développement durable. Au Maroc, le Nouveau modèle de développement (NMD) préconise «l’adoption de nouvelles méthodes pédagogiques centrées sur le renforcement des compétences de l’étudiant, autant scientifiques et techniques que transversales et comportementales» [1] (NMD, 2021, p. 111) afin d’accumuler un capital humain comme levier de la performance du Royaume. Dans cette perspective, l’approche par compétences s’avère pour les concepteurs de ce NMD un choix pédagogique adéquat pour relever ce défi avec autant de performance et d’excellence professionnelles. Certes, en dépit de sa capacité à apporter les réponses pertinentes aux besoins des étudiants et aux attentes des sociétés; il n’en demeure pas moins que l’approche par compétences au regard de sa logique marchande et économique affichées risquera de déshumaniser la formation si elle versera dans l’utilitarisme et le comportementalisme. Il est donc impératif d’adopter cette approche non seulement dans une optique pragmatique exclusive, mais aussi dans une vision éthique instaurant l’esprit critique et la démarche interrogative. Voulant, d’abord, montrer les apports de l’approche par compétences à la formation des étudiants et par conséquent au projet de valorisation du capital humain, cette réflexion se veut aussi une analyse critique de cette approche. Elle essayera de montrer les limites de l’approche par compétences et d’étaler la portée éthique de toute formation. Une portée nécessaire pour former des lauréats qui, possédant l’esprit critique et incarnant l’image de «l’honnête-homme», agissent avec droiture et loyauté conformément aux règles de la morale sociale et des principes de la probité. L’objectif, donc, de cette présente réflexion est de montrer la nécessité de dépasser la logique marchande, productrice et techniciste de l’approche par compétences dans la valorisation du capital humain et d’œuvrer en faveur d’une éducation aux valeurs éthiques et sociales avec comme dépendants la liberté, l’autonomie, le civisme, l’engagement et l’honnêteté. Mots clés: Capital humain, valorisation, approches par compétences, engagement éthique Classification JEL : I25 Type de l’article : Article théorique

Carbon emission is the focus of global climate change concerns. Population aging changes the level of labor structure, which directly affects the industry adjustment and will also have a long-term impact on carbon emissions. Uncovering the complex association among population aging, labor allocation, and CO2 emission is crucial for developing effective policies for low-carbon and sustainable development in China. Therefore, this study aims to analyze whether population aging contributes to reducing carbon emission intensity by regulating labor allocation. Based on provincial panel data from 2000 to 2019, the Systematic Generalized Method of Moments (Systematic GMM) model and the Bias Corrected Least Squares Estimation with Nonsymmetric Dependence Structure (Bias Corrected LSDV) model are adopted in this study. The results show that nationwide as a whole, population aging objectively inhibits human capital accumulation and, to some extent, weakens its positive carbon emission reduction effect. Meanwhile, population aging helps to mitigate the increase in carbon emissions caused by the capital-labor endowment structure. Due to the dual impact of aging and population migration, the emission reduction effect of human capital accumulation is significant in the East. The brain drain in the central and western regions further inhibits the positive effect of regional human capital accumulation. Promoting the rationalization of population mobility nationwide, reducing the brain drain in less developed regions, and directing capital into technology-intensive industrial sectors are the core keys to achieving optimal labor allocation in an aging society. This will help China meet its carbon neutrality target on schedule.

Данная статья посвящена вопросам взаимосвязи философии с понятием «человеческий капитал», а также оценке влияния философских концепций образования на развитие человеческого капитала. Значимое влияние философского мышления на возникновение и развитии человеческого капитала, являющегося ключевым ресурсом для достижения конкурентных преимуществ и устойчивого прогресса в различных сферах жизни, бесспорно – ведь цель философии заключается в поиске основных принципов и истин, способствующих пониманию индивидуумом мира вокруг себя и своего места в нём, осознанию важности обучения и развития. Исследование может быть полезным для понимания важности философии в формировании человеческого капитала и для разработки стратегий образования и управления человеческими ресурсами в различных организациях и обществах., This article is dedicated to the relationship between philosophy and the concept of "human capital" as well as to the evaluation of the influence of philosophical concepts of education on the development of human capital. The significant impact of philosophical thinking on the emergence and development of human capital, which is a key resource for competitive advantage and sustainable progress in various spheres of life, is indisputable – because the purpose of philosophy is to find basic principles and truths that contribute to an individual's understanding of the world around him/her and his/her place in it, awareness of the importance of learning and development. The study can be useful for understanding the importance of philosophy in shaping human capital and for developing educational and human resource management strategies in different organizations and societies., Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 6 (132) 2023

The purpose. The article examines the specifics of challenges and opportunities for the formation of intellectual capital of domestic enterprises of the machine-building sector of Ukraine in the conditions of digitalization. Industries are of key importance for the economy of Ukraine, indicators of its functioning are the main factor of the country's social and economic development. In particular, mechanical engineering is one of the basic branches of the Ukrainian economy and a strategically important branch that affects the development of the technological potential and competitiveness of the Ukrainian economy as a whole. The level of development of mechanical engineering is one of the main factors that allows to ensure the sustainable development of the Ukrainian economy, the development of the country as a whole depends on its level and dynamics of development. Therefore, the study of the current state of the machine-building industry, the efficiency of the machine-building enterprises, the identification of current problems will allow to determine the tools for the recovery and further sustainable development of the machine-building enterprises, as one of the key branches of the national economy. In the modern concept of economic development, it is intellectual capital that becomes a decisive factor in the growth of national wealth, competitiveness of the country, region, business entity, and quality of life. Despite the existing degree of study, today the issues of specific challenges and opportunities for the formation of intellectual capital are in dire need of continuing a deeper study and scientific justification, because this category is extremely dynamic. The analysis of digital transformations in the context of the formation of intellectual capital, trends of changes in the work of personnel management in the conditions of the digital economy is also given, an overview of the need for human resources in the conditions of the development of the digital economy is given. The rapid development of digital technologies and IT spheres lead to the automation of production processes, which determines the tendency for the disappearance of some professions. In the near future, many professions that are necessary now will lose their demand, the number of jobs will decrease, which threatens to increase unemployment if modern professionals do not have the skills necessary for work in the realities of the digital economy. This will significantly change the management of aggregate intellectual capital in the future, which determines the relevance of this article. The work analyzes publications and research on the formation and development of the main components of intellectual capital in the conditions of digitalization. On the basis of the research, conclusions are formulated about the need to apply mechanisms for effective management of the intellectual capital of machine-building enterprises in the future. Today, Ukraine is on the way to becoming an information society and the corresponding type of economic relations. Informatization of industry, the service sector, the entrepreneurial sector, science and education, and state institutions is a priority goal of the development of the economy of Ukraine. Information and knowledge are not only an effective catalyst for the transition to the sixth technological order, the basis of which is scientific research and development, but also its strategic resource. Informatization of scientific and research activity in the field of mechanical engineering is an important factor in the formation of modern information infrastructure of scientific and research organizations and the creation of a single information space, which is relevant in the conditions of the development of the information society, the network economy and the transition to the knowledge economy. The state of modern mechanical engineering was analyzed, the main trends and problems of the industrial complex in modern economic conditions were identified, and recommendations were made to solve them in order to ensure the sustainable development of mechanical engineering enterprises and increase the level of the economic potential of industry in general. The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists, economists and experts on the study of the intellectual capital of an industrial enterprise. In the process of researching the intellectual capital of the machine-building industry, conclusions and proposals were made under the prism of the specifics of the formation of its constituent elements in the era of the formation and development of the digital economy. The leading vector of the further development of the intellectual capital of enterprises in the conditions of the digital economy should be the issues of classification, measurement and transformation of knowledge capital, as well as the development of tools for transferring its elements into materialized and innovative assets of the enterprise., Анотація. У статті розглянуто особливості викликів та можливостей формування інтелектуального капіталу вітчизняних підприємств машинобудівного сектору України в умовах цифровізації. Галузі промисловості мають ключове значення для економіки України, показники її функціонування виступають головним чинником соціального та економічного розвитку країни. Зокрема машинобудування є однією з базових галузей економіки України та стратегічно важливою галуззю, яка впливає на розвиток технологічного потенціалу та конкурентоспроможності економіки України у цілому. Рівень розвитку машинобудування є одним з основних факторів, що дозволяє забезпечити сталий розвиток української економіки, від його рівня та динаміки розвитку залежить розвиток країни у цілому. Тому, дослідження сучасного стану машинобудівної галузі, ефективності діяльності підприємств машинобудування, виявлення актуальних проблем дозволить визначити інструменти для відновлення та подальшого сталого розвитку підприємств машинобудування, як однієї з ключових галузей національної економіки. У сучасній концепції економічного розвитку саме інтелектуальний капітал стає вирішальним фактором зростання національного багатства, конкурентоспроможності країни, регіону, суб’єкта господарювання, якості життя.Незважаючи на наявний ступінь вивченості, на сьогоднішній день питання особливостей викликів та можливостей формування інтелектуального капіталу мають гостру потребу у продовженні більш глибокого вивчення та наукового обґрунтування, тому що дана категорія є вкрай динамічною. Також приводиться аналізування цифрових трансформацій у контексті формування інтелектуального капіталу, тенденції змін у роботі управління персоналом в умовах цифрової економіки, дається огляд потреби у людських ресурсах в умовах розбудови цифрової економіки. Стрімкий розвиток цифрових технологій і сфер IT приводять до автоматизації виробничих процесів, що обумовлює тенденцію до зникнення частини професій. У недалекому майбутньому багато професій, які є необхідними зараз, втратять свою затребуваність, кількість робочих місць зменшиться, що загрожує збільшенням безробіття, якщо сучасні фахівці не володітимуть навичками, необхідними для трудової діяльності у реаліях цифрової економіки. Це суттєво змінить управління сукупним інтелектуальним капіталом у майбутньому, що обумовлює актуальність даної статті. У роботі проаналізовано публікації та дослідження на тему формування та розвитку основних складових інтелектуального капіталу в умовах цифровізації. На підставі дослідження сформульовані висновки про потребу застосування механізмів ефективного управління інтелектуальним капіталом машинобудівних підприємств у майбутньому. На сьогодні Україна перебуває на шляху становлення інформаційного суспільства та відповідного типу економічних відносин. Інформатизація промисловості, сфери послуг, підприємницького сектору, науки й освіти, державних установ є пріоритетною метою розвитку економіки України. Інформація та знання є не тільки ефективним каталізатором для переходу до шостого технологічного укладу, основою якого є наукові дослідження та розроблення, але і його стратегічним ресурсом. Інформатизація науково-дослідної діяльності галузі машинобудування є важливим чинником формування сучасної інформаційної інфраструктури науково-дослідних організацій і створення єдиного інформаційного простору, що є актуальним в умовах розвитку інформаційного суспільства, мережної економіки та переходу до економіки знань.Проаналізовано стан сучасного машинобудування, виявлено основні тенденції та проблем промислового комплексу у сучасних умовах господарювання та надано рекомендації щодо їх вирішення задля забезпечення сталого розвитку машинобудівних підприємств та підвищення рівня економічного потенціалу промисловості загалом.У статті викладено результати порівняльного аналізування праць українських та зарубіжних вчених, економістів та експертів з вивчення інтелектуального капіталу промислового підприємства. У процесі дослідження інтелектуального капіталу підприємства машинобудівної галузі висновки та пропозиції здійснені під призмою специфіки формування його складових елементів в епоху становлення та розвитку цифрової економіки. Провідним вектором подальшого розвитку інтелектуального капіталу підприємств в умовах цифрової економіки мають стати питання класифікації, вимірювання та трансформації вказаного капіталу, а також розроблення інструментів переведення його елементів в матеріалізовані та інноваційні активи підприємства.