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Limited availability of phosphorus (P) in agricultural soils is a major cause of poor growth and yield of crops throughout the world. Optimization of crops productivity can be achieved by increasing the bioavailability of P via phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), however, their effectiveness may vary with changing agro-climatic conditions That’s why current experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (with PSB and without PSB) in improving growth and yield of wheat under different P levels (0, 25, 50, and 100 % of recommended P). The PSB with 100% recommended P significantly enhanced wheat tillers m−2, grains spike-1, grains and biological yield compared to the rest of the treatment’s combination. A significant improvement in 100 grains weight and rate of photosynthesis also validated the efficacious functioning of PSB and full recommended P. Furthermore, PSB were effective in optimizing wheat yield attributes at respective P level compared to Without PSB. Our findings imply that, PSB application along with 100% recommended P as inorganic phosphorus has potential to enhance wheat growth and yield over sole application of P fertilizers or PSB.

Arsenic is present at nanomolar levels throughout the surface ocean, and microbes assimilate this toxic element due to its similarity to inorganic phosphorus. Although the concentration and characterization of dissolved arsenic has been a focus of ocean studies, the size of the particulate arsenic pool and its partitioning into organic molecules within the microbial community is not known. We measured the particulate pool of arsenic in five surface samples from the open ocean and determined the contribution of arsenic-containing lipids to this pool. Here we show that the accumulation of arsenic into lipids is a widespread phenomenon in the surface ocean. Particulate arsenic concentrations were 15 to 42 pmol L−1 with 7–20% of the particulate arsenic pool in the form of arsenolipids. We characterized these arsenolipids and found that arsenosugar phospholipids dominated the arsenolipid pools in our samples with a minor component of arsenohydrocarbons and other unidentified lipids. A significant portion of the arsenosugar phospholipids (up to 35%) were present as previously undescribed mixed acyl ether lipids, suggesting a bacterial source. Scientific significance statement Marine microbes experience constant exposure to the toxic element arsenic. However, there are no baseline measurements of how much arsenic accumulates in microbial communities nor do we know the full spectrum of arsenic containing biomolecules produced in marine systems. In culture-based studies there is strong evidence that phytoplankton synthesize arsenic-containing lipids, but these lipids have not been observed in natural communities of marine microbes. Here we make measurements of bulk particulate arsenic at five sites in the surface open ocean and show that a significant portion of this particulate arsenic is present as complex arsenic-containing lipids. We characterize this arsenolipid pool chemically and quantitatively to show a variety of chemically distinct and quantitatively significant lipids that expand our understanding of marine arsenic biogeochemistry. Data availability statement Mass spectrometry data and its associated metadata will be available on Dryad with publication. Scripts for data processing and figure generation found on github at https://github.com/kheal/particulate_As_data_analysis.

Coastal zones are extremely vulnerable and, at the same time, anthropogenically pressed. Excessive enrichment of marine waters with nutrients and organic matter can lead to “red tides”, oxygen deficits, decreasing assimilation capacity, etc. The purpose of this work is to study atmospheric precipitations as a source of nutrients directly affecting waters of the coastal areas of Crimea and, ultimately, strengthening eutrophication consequences. In 2004–2008, and from 2015 to present, samples of atmospheric precipitations have been collected at the Marine Hydrometeorological Station in Sevastopol. They have been analyzed for the content of inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica. For 2009–2014, direct measurements are unavailable and a previously retrieved multiple nonlinear regression equation has been used to estimate the concentration of inorganic nitrogen in atmospheric precipitations depending on meteorological conditions, including the number of precipitations, number of days without precipitations, relative air humidity, wind direction vectors, and air temperature. Data obtained in this study have revealed that atmospheric precipitations are one of important inputs of nutrients for local areas. Their relative contribution increases on the time scale of days, while the role of rivers remains the most important on the annual scale. The contribution of atmospheric precipitations to the inventory of nutrients becomes more significant in the summer, when seasonal stratification in the water column prevents vertical mixing of waters, and the ambient concentration of nutrients in the upper layer of water is minimal.

Reclamation of abandoned salinized farmland was found to enhance accumulation of soil nutrients, microbial biomass, and aggregate. However, the effects of reclamation on specific soil P forms in soil aggregates remain poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the distribution of inorganic phosphorus (Pi) among soil aggregates in northwest China as affected by abandoned farmland reclamation. Four treatments were investigated, including abandoned farmland with natural succession (CK), reclaimed abandoned farmland into cropland (CL), grassland (GL), and trees (TS). We evaluated the soil Pi fractions, soil aggregate, organic acids, and bacterial community. The results showed that the content of > 0.25-mm aggregate increases after reclamation, suggesting that abandoned farmland reclamation have positive effect on soil aggregation. The concentrations of Ca2-P, Ca8-P, Al-P, Fe–P, and Ca10-P increased in CL and GL after the reclamation. Ca-P mainly enriched in 0.25-mm aggregates, indicating that aggregates had significant effect on Pi distribution (P

In this paper, an organic/inorganic phosphorus and silicon-containing coating was prepared by the sol–gel method and its flame retardant mechanism for poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabrics was thoroughly investigated. The influence of hybrid coating on PET fabric was investigated by the limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical flammability test (VFT) and microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC). The results revealed that the LOI of the coated PET fabric was up to 29.2% and no dripping was observed in the VFT. MCC results showed that hybrid coating reduced the peak heat release rate, heat release capacity and total heat release of PET fabric. Thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated increased thermal stability and char residue of PET fabrics due to the hybrid coating. Furthermore, the char residues were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The above results proved that the synergistic effect between the 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide group and the silicon network played a key role in the flame retardancy of PET fabrics. In addition, the durability of coated PET fabrics was interpreted by calculating the interaction energy through molecular dynamics simulation.

Sedimentary phosphorus is a crucial potential source of phosphorus in the eutrophic lake ecosystem. Different ecological types are supposed to affect the presence and variation of sediment phosphorus. On the basis of field investigations, the total sediment phosphorus load in Zhushan Bay was 1,457.48 mg/kg, nearly four times that of the hydrophyte-dominated area. Thereinto, 41.1% was in the form of iron and aluminum-bound phosphorus, which explicitly indicated the phosphorus contamination there. Analytical methods such as Pearson correlation, contamination assessment and principal component analysis were conducted to find out that ‘contamination’ was not equivalent to ‘release risk’. The contamination classification of East Lake Taihu was ‘clean’ in general. However, 63.3% of the total phosphorus could be mobilized under certain conditions. Therefore, light phosphorus loading does not equate to less release risk. In the long run, the implicit phosphorus release by the activation of organic phosphorus in hydrophytic areas needs close attention. This study provides a reference to understand the influence of hydrophytes and algae on the phosphorus cycle of sediment.

Low availability of native soil phosphorus (P) is a major constraint limiting sustainable crop production especially in alkaline calcareous soils. Application of organic manure in this regard has gained attention of the scientific community. Yet, the potential of fermented animal manure in improving P use efficiency and subsequent crop yield has not been assessed. This pot experiment was designed to study the performance of wheat under application of non-fermented and fermented animal manure in combination with 0, 45 or 90 kg·ha−1 phosphorus in the form of diammonium phosphate (DAP). Results show that non-fermented animal manure and split dose of phosphorus fertilizer improved plant quantitative attributes including plant growth, yield and nutrient uptake parameters. However, the placement of fermented animal manure combined with the full amount of P (90 kg·ha−1) fertilizer gave the mean highest value of fertile tillers per pot (12) and their grain yield (5.2 g). Moreover, plant physiological parameters were enhanced with fermented animal manure and the recommended rate of P fertilizer compared with the control. Likewise, the biochemical properties of wheat grain such as fat, fiber, ash and protein contents were increased by 1.24, 2.26, 1.47 and 11.2%, respectively, in plants receiving fermented animal manure and P fertilizer (90 kg·ha−1). Furthermore, co-application of fermented animal manure with P (90 kg·ha−1) into soil improved phosphorus uptake from 0.72 to 1.25 g·pot−1, phosphorus usage efficiency from 0.715 to 0.856 mg·pot−1, and soil phosphorus extent from 7.58 to 16.1% over controls. It is thus inferred that this new approach resulted in release of P from fermented manure that not only reduced fixation but also enhanced the growth, yield, physiology and nutrient uptake in wheat.

Soil phosphorus accumulation resulting in a high risk of phosphorus pollution is due to high multiple vegetable cropping indexes and excessive fertilizer input in protected fields. Therefore, this study explored the bioavailability of soil-accumulated phosphorus to improve fertilization and reduce the risk of soil phosphorus contamination in protected fields. A field trial was performed in Yanbian Prefecture, China to study the phosphorus bioavailability after continuous spinach planting without phosphate fertilizer applications. Results indicated that with increasing numbers of planting stubbles, soil inorganic phosphorus and occluded phosphorus changed little, while water-soluble and loose phosphorus, aluminum-phosphate, iron-phosphate, and calcium-phosphorus decreased first and then increased. Soil available phosphorus declined linearly. For planting spinach in protected fields, the threshold of soil phosphorus deficiency is 200 mg kg−1. A soil phosphorus supply potential model was established between x (the soil available phosphorus) and y (the numbers of planting stubbles): y = 6.759 + 0.027x, R = 0.99, which can be used to predict how planting stubbles are needed to raise the soil available phosphorus above the critical value of phosphorus deficiency for spinach. These results will provide the theoretical guidance for rational phosphorus fertilizer applications and control agricultural, non-point pollution sources in protected fields.

Phytase, a key biocatalyst with multipurpose applied potentialities, and its significant relationship to contemporary industrial apprehensions provide unique physicochemical and catalytic attributes. Owing to the rising research advancement, the convergence of technologies fosters additional merits to this industrially relevant biocatalyst, i.e., phytase. Enriched with multipurpose characteristics, phytase holds a significant global market share expected to reach up to $590 million USD by 2024 compared to its share from $380 million USD in 2019. Major applications of phytase are in the pharmaceutical, food, and feed sectors. Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and mineral availability are vital factors in aquaculture. The manufacturing cost of feed in aquaculture is about 50–80%. Fish meal is a rich protein source; however, plant-based proteins are preferred due to high price issues. Plant-based diets contain antinutritional factors, primarily phytate, and fishes are incapable of metabolizing phytate. About 1% phosphorus (P) is present in the fish meal, which if not digested by fish and remain undigested, causing water pollution. Phytate has unfavorable impacts on fish growth and body composition. Phytate binds with phosphorus in fishes to make phytate-phosphorus complex and make it unavailable for fishes. Phytate also forms complexes commonly with cations such as calcium, iron, copper, magnesium, and so on, limiting the bioavailability of minerals. Phytate forms a bond with trypsin and intervenes with available protein. Phytase enzyme emancipates inorganic phosphorus from phytate when supplemented with plant-based diets. Numerous varieties of stable phytases, handling ease, and resistant to high temperature are discussed herein. The maximum use of phytase in aquaculture nutrition extends to the necessities of economical feed and safety environment.

An experiment was conducted to know the effect of supplemental phosphorus on biomass growth and composition of a floating aquatic fern, Azolla pinnata, cultured in a pit system for 21 days with 4 levels of phosphorus (0, 5, 10, and 15 ppm) supplementation. Water quality parameters of the pits were within a suitable range for A. pinnata culture. It was observed that fresh and dry weights of A. pinnata increased with phosphorus supplementation up to 10 ppm. Doubling time was the fastest when the culture medium was supplemented with 10 ppm of phosphorus. Phosphorus content of A. pinnata was proportional to the phosphorus supplementation in the culture medium. Supplementation of phosphorus also improved the protein and lipid contents of A. pinnata. It was concluded that supplementation of 10 ppm phosphorus to water used for culturing A. pinnata is optimum under outdoor conditions. SAARC J. Agric., 19(1): 177-184 (2021)

Este trabalho não possui resumo em português. The western region of the southern Pantanal is characterised by soils with high phosphorus (P) contents, derived from materials from the surrounding lithostratigraphic units, accumulated by fluvial transport. However, studies on forms and availability of P in these soils are scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate the different forms of inorganic P and their relationship with some attributes of carbonatic soils in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Hedley’s sequential fractionation scheme was used to evaluate the forms of P in soil profiles: Kastanozems (profiles P1 and P3) and Gleysol (profile P2). Total P contents were similar in the three profiles, 3782–5637 mg kg–1 , with mean values of 22% for organic P and 46% for inorganic P (P.i). The P.i results indicated that in the profiles there was a predominance of inorganic forms of P in the following order: P-NaOH 0.5 mol L–1 > P-NaHCO3 > P-NaOH 0.1 mol L–1 > P-HCl, that is, adsorbed to microaggregates, labile, adsorbed to oxides and precipitated with calcium (Ca), respectively. The highest values of total organic P were verified in the surface horizons, with high correlation with total P contents. Residual P contents were high in all profiles, representing 29.0–33.3% of the total P, being correlated with CaCO3 contents. The studied profiles had high contents of labile P, with the highest values in the fraction P.i-NaHCO3, possibly associated with the processes of reduction of iron during the periods of floods, making the adsorbed P available. The contents of P.i-NaOH 0.1 mol L–1 , a moderately labile fraction adsorbed to oxides, showed few differences compared to the non-labile fractions associated with Ca (P.i-HCl). Possibly, organic matter was bound to Ca, inhibiting the formation of precipitates of Ca with P and making P available for the more labile fractions.

It is important to consider tobacco stalks as sources of biochar and improve the soil quality of tobacco-producing areas in Southwest China. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of biochar produced from tobacco stalks on soil inorganic phosphorus (P) fractions in bulk and rhizosphere soils. We also analyzed the factors influencing these effects in tobacco-planting fields. Biochar was applied to two experimental fields in Heishi and Qianxi in Bijie City, Guizhou Province in China, at application rates of 0, 5, 20, and 40 t ha−1. Subsequently, the soil inorganic P (Pi) fractions, pH, and exchangeable and hydrolytic acidities were analyzed, while the factors influencing the soil Pi fractions were determined by redundancy analysis (RDA). The results indicated that the biochar application rate, experimental site, and tobacco roots all affected the soil Pi fractions. Aluminum-phosphate (Al-P), iron-phosphate (Fe-P), and occluded-phosphate (O-P) levels in the bulk soil had significantly increased with biochar application in the Qianxi site. Meanwhile, there was a reduction in Al-P, Fe-P, and O-P levels in the rhizosphere soil in the Heishi site but not in the Qianxi site. The calcium-phosphate (Ca-P) levels in the soil were also greatly reduced in the Heishi site, while in the Qianxi site, the Ca-P levels were relatively constant in the bulk soil and increased in the rhizosphere soil. Furthermore, the exchangeable and hydrolytic acidities decreased with increasing biochar application. Soil Pi fractions varied according to biochar application rate and experimental site. We found that 20 t ha−1 was an appropriate biochar application rate for enhancing soil Pi fractions. In addition, the soil Pi fractions were negatively correlated with the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content but were positively correlated with the hydrolytic acidity.

The present study attempts to relate the phosphorus dynamics in relation to nutrient management in rice- blackgram cropping sequence with respect to changes in soil fertility. Results of two years (2017-2019) experimentation revealed that at all growth stages of rice, significantly highest available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil were recorded with application of RDNK+Dhaincha @ 10t ha-1(M3) and this was on par with RDNK+ Sunhemp @ 10t ha-1(M2), whereas lowest was recorded in RDNK (M0) alone in all four seasons of study. Among the P levels the available nutrient status (N, P and K) were increased with the increasing level of P from 0 (P1) to 120 kg P2O5 (P5) ha-1, irrespective of the nutrients imposed to rice crop. Significantly highest was recorded in P5 (120 kg P2O5 ha-1) and this was on par with P4 (90 kg P2O5 ha-1), whereas the lowest was recorded in treatment P1 that received 0 kg P2O5 ha-1. However, as like preceeding rice crop the similar trend was observed at flowering and harvest in succeeding blackgram.

本稿では土壌におけるリン溶解菌（リン化合物の可溶化に関わる細菌・真菌）の機能的多様性をまとめる。土壌における主要な無機リン・有機リン化合物の動態についてまとめ、土壌微生物のリンプールとしての役割ならびにリンの変換における役割を紹介する。微生物は無機リン・有機リンの可溶化能力の点で機能的に多様であり、リン可溶真菌として50属の子嚢菌類、担子菌類、ケカビ類が報告されている。有機リン化合物を加水分解するホスファターゼをコードする遺伝子を有するリン可溶細菌のメタバーコーディングについての最近の研究をレビューし、リン可溶真菌に関する今後の研究について議論する。, This review summarizes the functional diversity of phosphate-solubilizing microbes (i.e. bacteria and fungi associated with the solubilization of phosphorus compounds) in soil. Dynamics of major compounds of inorganic and organic phorphorus in soil are briefly documented, and importance of soil microbes as a pool and in the transformation of phosphorus is introduced. Microbes are functionally diverse in terms of their ability to solubilize inorganic and organic phosphorus, with previous studies identifying 50 genera of Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mucoromycota as phosphate-solubilizing fungi. Recent studies on the metabarcoding of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria possessing genes encoding phosphatases that hydrolyze organic phosphorus compounds are reviewed, and future research directions regarding phosphatase-producing fungi are discussed., 菌類の機能形質に着目した多様性指標に基づく森林土壌の分解機能予測

Rh-based homogeneous catalysts with phosphine ligands are highly active in hydroformylation reactions. Using DFT calculations, we found a similar electronic effect of inorganic phosphorus in the Rh...

Organic and inorganic fertilizers improve soil fertility and give both macro and micronutrients to the soil for better growth of agricultural crops. Therefore, current study was designed to find out the efficacy of inorganic phosphorus (P) alone and in combination farmyard manure (FYM) applied in various doses on production and quality aspects of garlic. A field experiment was organized in a randomized complete block design, replicated thrice using different rates of P in the form of single super phosphate (SSP) and farmyard manure (FYM). Seven different treatments of various levels of P, either using inorganic phosphorus from SSP alone or in combination with organic phosphorus from FYM, i.e. T0 = control; T1 = 50 kg P.ha-1 (SSP); T2 = 70 kg P.ha-1 (SSP); T3 = 90 kg P.ha-1 (SSP); T4 = 25 kg P.ha-1 (SSP) + 25 kg P.ha-1 (FYM); T5 = 35 kg P.ha-1 (SSP) + 35 kg P.ha-1 (FYM); T6 = 45 kg P.ha-1 (SSP) + 45 kg P.ha-1 (FYM)] were applied to the soil. All the growth, yield and quality parameters recorded showed significant response when P was applied in combination of inorganic and organic sources as compared with control and inorganic P alone. A combined treatment of 45 kg P.ha-1 (SSP) + 45 kg P.ha-1 (FYM) gave comparatively better results in terms of plant height (66.87 cm), fresh leaf weight (2.70 g), leaf area plant-1 (83.83 cm2), relative leaf chlorophyll content (11.90), weight of bulb plant-1 (42.66 g), diameter of bulb (4.50 cm), number of cloves bulb-1 (8.50), bulb yield (4382.96 kg ha-1) and vitamin C content (6.43 mg 100 g-1). Thus, it was concluded from this study that a combined treatment of 45 kg P.ha-1 (SSP) + 45 kg P.ha-1 (FYM) should be applied for quality production of garlic under rainfed conditions of Rawalakot.

Cadmium is a heavy metal that is widely found in agricultural land because of the frequent use of inorganic phosphorus fertilizers. The use of high phosphorus inorganic fertilizers is also used by farmers who cultivate rice in Detusoko Barat Village. Therefore, research has been carried out with the aim of knowing the cadmium content in paddy soil and rice and its comparison with the minimum limit of cadmium in rice and soil. This research is survey research, in which the determination of soil and rice samples using a purposive sampling method. From this method, the soil samples taken are rice fields cultivating Palembang, Bengawan and Kental rice varieties. And the rice samples taken were rice from the three varieties. The variables observed were cadmium from the soil and rice and soil pH. The results showed that the cadmium content in Palembang rice soil was 0.015 ppm, Bengawan 0.006 ppm, and thick 0.001 ppm, while the results of the research on cadmium content in Palembang rice were 0.007 ppm, Bengawan rice was 0.008 ppm, and thick rice was 0.006 ppm. Where the cadmium content in rice is still below the minimum limit that has been set.

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of high-frequency tapping system (1/3S 3d/4) on latex yield, biochemistry and its impact on the Tapping Panel Dryness (TPD) of young RRIM600 hillside tapping rubber. The experiment was conducted at three different hillside rubber plantations (NM 1 - 3) at Na-Mom district, Song Khla province, Thailand. Eight-year-old rubber RRIM 600 clones was used in the experiment starting from 2008 until 2009. The rubber trees were investigated for latex yield production, bark consumption, and TPD. In addition, latex diagnosis (sucrose, inorganic phosphorus (Pi), and thiol levels) was measured. The results demonstrated that high-frequency tapping system positively affected the rubber latex yield formation. However, site-specific condition of rubber plantation altered latex yield production. NM 3 provided the highest latex yield (fresh and dry weight) as compared to other plantations. Tapping frequency was highly correlated to latex yield (fresh and dry weights) in all investigated rubber plantations (R2 > 0.75). Using high-frequency tapping system increased bark consumption and stimulated TPD. Moreover, results of latex diagnosis (sucrose, Pi, and thiol levels) showed relatively unhealthy rubber tree as impacted by high-frequency tapping system. Therefore, the farmer should consider it for better decision-making for tapping system application.

This study assessed the responses of vitamin-D3 intraperitoneally injected to Rohu, Labeo rohita @ of 0 IU/kg bw (only solvent), 100 IU/kg bw and 500 IU/kg bw reared in 20 and 40 ppm of calcium (Ca) enriched water. The cellular changes in Corpuscles of Stannius (CS) gland, serum Ca, and inorganic phosphate (Pi) level were analysed up to the 60th day. Rohu administered with 100 IU/kg bw D3 and exposed to 40 ppm Ca-rich water exhibited notable hyperplasia of CS compared with their control groups. Notable changes with high serum Ca level (13.87 ± 0.3 mg/dl) was detected on the 5th day in fish exposed to 40 ppm Ca-rich water, while related values attained (13.74 ± 0.1 mg/dl) only after 7 days in 20 ppm Ca-rich water of 500 IU/kg bw vitamin D3 injection. Similarly, high serum Pi level (7.66 ± 0.2 mg/dl) in 40 ppm Ca injected with D3 at 500 IU/kg bw. The results demonstrated that the Ca homeostasis of Labeo rohita is influenced by intra-peritoneal vitamin D3. Progressive studies should be conducted by increasing the dose of vitamin D3 to investigate optimum dose/supplement in feed for commercially important aquaculture teleost Labeo rohita for maximum and sustainable absorption of Ca from the variable water Calcium levels to maintain Ca2+ homeostasis.

The Japanese traditional fermented soybean or "natto", a cheap and nutrient-rich food, is very popular in Japan. The low-phytate (LP) soybeans exhibit higher mineral bioavailability; however, their use in preparing natto has not been reported. Therefore, in this study, characteristics and quality of natto prepared using LP soybean were investigated. The findings revealed a better color, lower stickiness, and lower hardness and taste of LP natto with lower phytate and higher inorganic phosphorus (Pi) concentrations than those in the normal-phytate (NP) natto. However, the Ca, Mg, and K concentrations were not significantly different between LP and NP natto, whereas the protein level in NP natto was slightly higher than that in LP natto. These findings indicate that the lower phytate content in LP natto than that in NP natto, could facilitate a higher bioavailability of P and other minerals. Moreover, the improved color and lower stickiness, in addition to lower hardness and taste of LP natto, imparted through improved manufacturing process could increase its acceptability overseas, thereby increasing its commercial value. These improved qualities of LP natto could contribute to improving human health as well as increasing sustainable food and nutrient security.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which converts the phosphate group (-PO4) in the substrate to the hydroxyl group (-OH), is a useful tool in the biological analysis, a good indicator of dissolved inorganic phosphorus levels and an important biomarker for several diseases. In conventional designs for ALP detection, both the interferent with a -PO4 and the target with a –OH will go into the sensing path and give out the undesired background and the desired signal respectively. This limited the sensitivity of the method and required the complicated design to achieve a satisfying limit of detection (LOD) of ALP. Here, we provided a new sensing strategy for ALP detection design. We designed a path-choice-based biosensor with two DNA tracks in which ALP works as the switch to guide the reaction path of lambda exonuclease (λ exo). The path-choice character enlarged the difference between signal and background by separating the interferent removing path and the target sensing path. The substrate preference of ALP and λ exo was studied to optimize the structure of DNA tracks. The path-choice-based biosensor achieved simple, fast (30 min), sensitive (LOD 0.014 U L−1) and selective detection of the activity of ALP. The method has been applied to detect the activity of ALP in cell lysates, which shows the potential application in ALP-related biological research.

Amaç: Çalışmada, Doğu Anadolu bölgesinde yaygın olarak görülen Mollisol ve Entisol olarak sınıflandırılan toprak profillerinde inorganik fosfor fraksiyonlarının miktar ve dağılımlarının belirlenerek, bunların toprak özellikleri ve biri birleri ile ilişkilerinin belirlenerek, inorganik fosfor fraksiyonlarının bitkiye yarayışlı toprak fosforuna katkılarının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.Yöntem ve Bulgular: Kireçli ve hafif alkalin reaksiyonlu toprakların, toplam fosfor miktarları 280-1713 mg kg-1 arasında, ortalama 713 mg kg-1 olarak saptanmıştır. Toplam fosforun ortalama % 80.9’unu oluşturan ve bu topraklarda birinci sırada bulunan fosfor fraksiyonu olarak belirlenen kalsiyuma bağlı fosfatlar (Ca-P) 163.2-951.1 mg kg-1 arasında belirlenmiştir. Ca-P’ den sonra bu topraklarda miktar olarak ikinci sırayı alan hapsedilmiş fosfatlar (CDB-P) 2.07-105.6 mg kg-1 arasında, üçüncü olarak ise ilk ekstraksiyon sırasında karbonatlar tarafından tutulan fosfatları (CB-P) 0.76-52.83 mg kg-1 arasında bulunmuştur. Dördüncü ve son sırada ise hapsedilmemiş alüminyum ve demir fosfatlar (Al-P+Fe-P) 0.09-5.0 mg kg-1 arasında bu topraklarda en az miktarlarda bulunan fosfor fraksiyonları olarak bulunmuştur.Genel Yorum: Özetle, bu topraklarda inorganik fosfor fraksiyonlarının miktarlarına göre bulunma sırası Ca-P>CDB-P>CB-P>Al-P+Fe-P olarak belirlenmiştir.Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Bu topraklarda bitkiye yarayışlı fosfora (Olsen-P), hapsedilmemiş alüminyum ve demir fosfatlar (AI-P+Fe-P) ve hapsedilmiş fosfatlar (CDB-P) olmak üzere iki fraksiyonun katkıyı yaptığı belirlenmiştir., Aims: The aim of this study is to determine the amount and distribution of inorganic phosphorus fractions in soil profiles classified as Mollisol and Entisol, which are common in the Eastern Anatolian region, and to determine their soil properties and their relationships with each other, and to evaluate the contribution of inorganic phosphorus fractions to available soil phosphorus (Olsen-P).Methods and Results: The total amount of phosphorus in these soils with calcareous and slightly alkaline reactions has been determined as 280-1713 mg kg-1 and an average of 713 mg kg-1. Ca-P’, which make up an average of 80.9% of the total phosphorus and which are determined as the first phosphorus fraction in these soils, have been determined between 163.2-951.1 mg kg-1. The occluded phosphates (CDB-P), which rank second in quantity in these soils after Ca-P2, are between 2.07-105.6 mg kg-1, and thirdly, phosphates (CB-P) held by carbonates during the first extraction are 0.76-52.83 mg kg-1. In the fourth and last row, nonoccluded aluminum and iron phosphates (Al-P + Fe-P) were found as the least amount of phosphorus fractions in these soils between 0.09-5.0 mg kg-1.Conclusions: In summary, the order of inorganic phosphorus fractions in these soils was determined as Ca-P> CDB-P> CB-P> Al-P+Fe-P. Significance and Impact of the Study: It was determined that two fractions contribute to phosphorus (Olsen-P), nonoccluded aluminum and iron phosphates (AI-P + Fe-P) and occluded phosphates (CDB-P) in these soils.

Sewage sludge is a rich source of phosphorus. The kinetics of orthophosphate release and the efficiency of phosphorus recovery from aerobic granular sludge (GS) and activated sludge (AS) were compared at external organics (F) to biomass (M) ratios that ranged from 0 to 0.10. Changes in the F/M ratio affected orthophosphates release from AS to a greater extent than their release from GS. On average, increasing the F/M ratio by 0.02 increased the rate of phosphorus release from AS and GS by 2.12 and 1.75 mg P/(L h), respectively. Phosphorus release was highest at an F/M ratio of 0.04 (114.03 and 60.71 mg P/L from AS and GS, respectively). The efficiency of phosphorus recovery from AS ranged from 51.3 to 56.1%; the efficiency of its recovery from GS ranged from 32.8 to 37.5%. From GS, mostly inorganic phosphorus was released (about 8.5 mg/g MLSS), most of which was NAIP, i.e. phosphorus bound to Fe, Mn and Al. At a stoichiometric dose of MgO to PO43−, the precipitation efficiency was 30.13% ± 4.51 with uncontrolled pH and reached 81.73% ± 0.17 at a controlled pH of 10.

Phosphorus is a critical element in agriculture because of its role in fertilizing fields. Thus, and due to sewage discharges, phosphorus is also present in aquatic ecosystems, causing eutrophication. Phosphorus can be found in inorganic and organic forms. One solution to phosphorus-related conflicts is the application of technologies for the recovery of phosphorus from wastewater and its possible reuse. However, existing technologies are focused on the elimination/recovery of inorganic phosphorus, while technologies based on combined mechanisms have demonstrated greater efficiency in the treatment of different forms of phosphorus and its recovery. This article reviews the operational factors of the different technologies based on the physical, chemical and biological mechanisms of phosphorus recovery. Emerging combined technologies that have been able to maximize the recovery of organic and inorganic phosphorus from different wastewater streams are also reviewed. Thus, the forms of phosphorus must be understood for the appropriate technology for the recovery different forms of P in wastewater discharges to be chosen, providing environmental protection to aquatic ecosystems.

Summary Commercialization of Brassica napus. L (oilseed rape) meal as protein diet is gaining more attention due to its well‐balanced amino acid and protein contents. Phytic acid (PA) is a major source of phosphorus in plants but is considered as anti‐nutritive for monogastric animals including humans due to its adverse effects on essential mineral absorption. The undigested PA causes eutrophication, which potentially threatens aquatic life. PA accounts to 2‐5% in mature seeds of oilseed rape and is synthesized by complex pathways involving multiple enzymes. Breeding polyploids for recessive traits is challenging as gene functions are encoded by several paralogs. Gene redundancy often requires to knock out several gene copies to study their underlying effects. Therefore, we adopted CRISPR‐Cas9 mutagenesis to knock out three functional paralogs of BnITPK. We obtained low PA mutants with an increase of free phosphorus in the canola grade spring cultivar Haydn. These mutants could mark an important milestone in rapeseed breeding with an increase in protein value and no adverse effects on oil contents.

Background: Azoxystrobin is widely used in crops against several fungal diseases, but may have potential negative effects on soil microorganisms beneficial to plants such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. To date, the impact of azoxystrobin has been studied on the growth and healing capacity of AM fungi, but not on the inorganic phosphorus (Pi) uptake dynamics. Aims: The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of azoxystrobin on the dynamics of Pi uptake by potato plants associated or not to Rhizophagus irregularis. Additionally, fungal root colonization, plant growth and P accumulation were assessed. Methods: A semi-hydroponic cultivation system was used using mycorrhizal (M) and nonmycorrhizal (NM) plants growing in presence/absence of azoxystrobin. The percentage of Pi depletion in the nutrient solution was determined by inductive coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer after 30 and 60 days of circulation. Results: Whatever the presence/absence of the AM fungus, azoxystrobin decreased Pi uptake by plants after 30 days of growth. Conversely, after 60 days in absence of azoxystrobin, a larger Pi uptake was measured in the M plants, while the reverse was noticed in presence of azoxystrobin. Conclusions: The M plants were more affected by azoxystrobin than those growing in absence of the fungicide, suggesting a direct effect of azoxystrobin on the AM fungus and an indirect effect on the plant-fungus associates via a potential imbalance in the transfer of nutrients. Although it is difficult to extrapolate our results to field, fungicide toxicity on crops inoculated with selected AM fungi deserve to be explored.

Upotreba enzima fitaze u ishrani životinja ima važan nutritivni, ekološki i ekonomski značaj. Danas postoje dva osnovna načina njene primene u praksi: korišćenjem matrica ili dodavanjem “on the top”. S obzirom na prednosti koje pruža krajnjem korisniku, upotreba matrica postaje imperativ u savremenoj stočarskoj proizvodnji. Dobro je poznato da u slučajevima, kada cene nabavnih sirovina (kukuruza, pšenice, masti i neorganskog fosfora – MCP) rastu na tržištu, tada upotreba enzima u hrani postaje ekonomski atraktivnija i pruža korisniku znatno veću dobit u odnosu na početna ulaganja. Bez obzira što proizvođači fitaze preporučuju njenu upotrebu u znatno većim količinama u odnosu na raniju praksu, neophodno je napomenuti da su u pojedinim istraživanjima zapaženi i negativni efekti takve upotrebe (pad proizvodnih rezultata i poremećaji zdravstvenog stanja životinja. Novi tehnološki postupci u proizvodnji fitaze imaju za cilj da navedene probleme prevaziđu, a kroz tzv. „superdoziranje” fitaze upotrebu neorganskog fosfora dodatno smanje, ili ga u potpunosti isključe iz recepture. Ipak, pri svakoj odluci o primeni fitaze neophodno je uzeti u obzir cenu preparata, njegovu optimalnu količinu i uštedu koja se može ostvariti primenom matrice (kroz smanjenje cene recepture, poboljšanje proizvodnih rezulta i zdravstvenog stanja tretiranih životinja). The use of phytase in animal nutrition has important nutritional, ecological and economic importance. There are two basic ways of its application in practice: through the use of matrices or on top. Considering the unequivocal advantages it provides to the end user, the use of matrices becomes imperative in modern livestock production. It is well known that in all cases when the prices of corn, wheat, fat, and in the case of phytase, especially inorganic phosphorus (MCP), increase in the market, then the use of enzymes in feed becomes more economically attractive and provides the user with a significantly higher return for initial investment. Although the producers of phytase recommend its use in much larger quantities compared to the previous practice, it is necessary to mention that in some studies the negative effects of such use have also been noted (decrease in production results, and in some cases also disturbances in the health of animals). New technological procedures in the production of phytase aim to overcome the aforementioned effects, and through the so-called superdosing of phytase further reduce the use of inorganic phosphorus or even completely excludes it from the feed mixtures. However, with every decision on the application of phytase, it is necessary to take into account the price of the preparation, its optimal amount and the savings that can be achieved by applying the matrix, as well as the effects on the production results and/or the health status of the treated animals. Zbornik radova i kratkih sadržaja

Phaeocystis globosa is a globally distributed harmful algal blooms (HABs) species dominated by the colonial morphotype, which presents dramatic environmental hazards and poses a threat to human health. Modified clay (MC) can effectively flocculate HAB organisms and prevent their subsequent growth, but the effects of MC on colony-dominated P. globosa blooms remain uncertain. In this paper, a series of removal and incubation experiments were conducted to investigate the growth, colony formation and colony development of P. globosa cells after treatment with MC. The results show that the density of colonies was higher at MC concentrations below 0.2 g/L compared to those in the control, indicating the role of P. globosa colonies in resistance to environmental stress. Concentrations of MC greater than 0.2 g/L could reduce the density of solitary cells and colonies, and the colony diameter and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) content were also decreased. The adsorption of MC to dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and the cell damage caused by collision may be the main mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. These results elucidate that the treatment with an appropriate concentration of MC may provide an effective mitigation strategy for P. globosa blooms by preventing their growth and colony formation.

Biochemical parameters like serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus, C-reactive protein and alkaline phosphatase were evaluated during fracture healing in 6 dogs with distal femoral diaphyseal fractures, which were stabilized with String of pearls (SOP) locking plates. Statistical analysis revealed a highly significant difference (P

Исследование выполнено на однородном материале многолетнего гидрологического массива, усредненного за 1950-2005 гг. для среднегодовых значений S (PSU), O2, PO4, NH3 и NO3 (μмоль/кг) на регулярной сетке 11 из [1]. Использо-вание кластерного анализа (модификация В. М. Ряховского [2]), проведенного в двух вариантах – по пяти (с учетом солености) и четырем (без нее) параметрам, позволило в поверхностном слое Балтийского моря выделить по шесть кластеров (регионов). Кластеры 1-4 в обоих вариантах достаточно схожи: 1 – Ботнического залива, 2 – Финского залива, 3 – Приустьевой I (влияние р. Вислы, Даугавы и Невы), 4 – Приустьевой II (влияние р. Одер, Неман и Пярну), далее по первому варианту: 5 – Основной и 6 – Западный, а по второму: 5 – Центральный и 6 – Южный. При этом регион Ботнического залива характеризуется пониженными значениями фосфатов; Финского – пониженными значения кислорода; воды р. Вислы, Даугавы и Невы – повышенными значениями кислорода, фосфатов и нитратов; р. Одер, Неман и Пярну – повышенными значения аммония; Западный – повышенной соленостью; Южный – значениями аммония в пределах 0,37÷1,07 μмоль N/кг. Проведенные расчеты позволяют сделать вывод об общности процессов – атмосферная циркуляция, речной сток и водообмен с Северным морем, управляющих распределением в поверхностной структурной зоне не только солености, но и кислорода, фосфора и азота, т. е. подтверждается вывод, сделанный ранее в работах [3-5], но уже с помощью количественных оценок.

This paper was conducted to monitor the effect of mixed essential oils (AROMIX@) as phytogenic extract herbs administration in drinking water on growth performance, hematological, biochemical, immunological statuses and carcass traits of broiler chickens. A total number of 240 unsexed broiler chicks (Cobb-500) strain, were randomly divided to four equal groups, 60 chicks each at seven days of age. The first group drank tap water (control), the second, third and fourth group were drank the same water, adding 1 ml AROMIX@ per 5, 10 and 15 liter tap water, respectively for 5 week of age. It was cleared from the results that there was a significant improve in feed conversion ratio, red and white blood cell counts, total protein, albumin, globulin, calcium, inorganic phosphorus and a relative reduction in the liver enzymes but in the normal range. However, it was observed that mix essential oils have no significant impact on carcass organs. High levels of the vital parameters, low levels of hepatic enzymes showed that birds health was good and relative improvement in immune system. The relative improvement of the absorption of minerals such as calcium and inorganic phosphorus to the positive role of essential oils. Administration in drank water was occasion, a regular activity of hepatic enzymes which can evidence safety and hepato-protective nature of these oils. Therefore, it is cleared from the results that the addition of these extract herbs in drinking water enhances the health meat, performance and physiological status of broiler chicks, which helps to obtain healthy meat and suitable for human consumption.

Blood metabolic profile tests are simple cost-effective biochemical tests which are mostly used to identi-fy nutritional and/or management challenges in dairy cattle herds, but they also can be simply used to find animals which are clinically healthy, but really have some hidden problems like low production performance, reproductive diseases and/or long calving intervals and other sub-clinical diseases. Rou-tine metabolic profile tests commonly consist of blood glucose, urea, albumin, cholesterol, beta-hydroxybutyric acid and non-esterified fatty acids values, as well as sodium, potassium, chloride, calci-um, magnesium and inorganic phosphate levels. Briefly, the current review discusses blood metabolic profile tests, their importance, introduces an easy method for it, emphasises on the relation between blood metabolic profile parameters and many important sub-clinical diseases including ketosis, milk fever, mastitis, cystic ovaries, displaced abomasum and etc., and indicates that because of its simplicity, low cost and easy for analysis results, it can be considered as a good method for diagnosis of important diseases at dairy cattle farms.

Clinicopathological investigations are essential for the evaluation of the health status of ruminants. Apart from species-specific reference intervals, the effect of common biological factors should be considered for an accurate interpretation of laboratory data. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of season on hematologic and biochemical analytes, and serum total thyroxine and cortisol in adult rams of two breeds. Four blood samples (one every season) were collected from each ram. Complete blood count was performed on the Advia 120 (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, USA), while the differential leukocyte count was manually conducted. Biochemical and hormonal analyses were performed on Flexor E (Vital Scientific, The Netherlands), AVL 9180 (Roche Diagnostics, Belgium), and Immulite 1000 (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, USA), respectively. Linear mixed effects models (R language) were employed for statistical analyses. Forty-three (26 Chios, 17 Florina), adult, clinically healthy rams were included. Statistically significant (p

Concentrations of biogenic silica (BSi) in the southern Yellow Sea were determined during four cruises (spring: April-May 2014; autumn: November 2014; summer: August-September 2015; winter: January 2016). Samples of BSi were measured using the double extraction method. Seasonal and spatial variations of BSi and the potential correlation between chlorophyll a (Chi a) content and BSi in four seasons were measured in this study. Significant spatial variability was observed in seawater BSi concentrations. The average concentration of BSi was highest in winter and lowest in spring. Furthermore, the relationships between concentrations of BSi and hydrological parameters were also discussed. There was a significant positive correlation between Chi a and BSi. The concentrations of BSi showed significant relationships with temperature and the concentrations of silicates, total inorganic nitrogen and total inorganic phosphorus, indicating that distribution of BSi was affected by temperature and nutrient level.

Important tools for the investigation of phosphorus (P) in soil are the acid digestion in aqua regia (AR) for total P, the sequential P fractionation (SF), 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) spectroscopy and P K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (P K-edge XANES) spectroscopy. The objective of the present study was to critically compare the outcomes of these methods in order to improve the data evaluation and interpretation. For this purpose, we analyzed total P (Pt) and the P speciation of three groups of soil samples (extremely P-rich, P-poor acidic, P-poor to P-rich alkaline). The recovery of the extracted P between the different methods depended on the soil characteristics, resulting in recommendations for improving the P extraction. The 31P-NMR spectra were calibrated to a monoester standard which provided a better consistency of the peak position in comparison to the shifting of the orthophosphate peak to 6.0 ppm. The SF and 31P-NMR agreed in the inorganic P (Pi) and Po proportions, especially in the alkaline fraction. The correlation between Po from P K-edge XANES and diesters from 31P-NMR indicated that P K-edge XANES detected rather diesters than monoesters in soils. Correlations between SF and P K-edge XANES results confirmed the presence of specific Pi species in the sequentially extracted fractions. However, the SF is still relatively unspecific for interpreting Po species from a certain fraction. A more specific description of the Po composition in fractions from the SF requires investigation of these fractions by 31P-NMR and P K-edge XANES.

El uso indiscriminado de fertilizantes ha contribuido a la salinidad del suelo tanto como al agotamiento de recursos minerales del mismo ocasionando así dependencia a los fertilizantes sintéticos por parte de los productores agrícolas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el contenido inorgánico de N, P, K en las formas asimilables para las plantas de seis abonos orgánicos potenciales a utilizarse en la agricultura orgánica, bajos los principios del cuidado al medio ambiente. Las determinaciones de los elementos fueron realizados a través de un espectrofotómetro marca HANNA modelo HI83225-01. El abono con mayor contenido de nitrógeno es sus formas asimilables fue el guano de murciélago, seguido por la gallinaza y lombricomposta Fertium®. En el caso del fósforo, el abono que mostró la más alta cantidad fue de igual manera el guano de murciélago seguido por la gallinaza y estiércol de vaca. Para la determinación de potasio fue el guano de murciélago quien obtuvo el resultado más alto junto con la gallinaza y lombricomposta Fertium ®. Los seis abonos observaron valores altos de conductividad eléctrica (CE), y la gallinaza, guano de murciélago y estiércol de vaca observaron los mayores valores de éste parámetro, relacionados de forma signif icativa con el contenido de nutrientes. En cuanto al pH los seis abonos se encontraron con valores dentro de los permitidos por las normas mexicanas. Los resultados permiten generar información del contenido de nutrientes de los seis abonos para realizar su adecuada aplicación por los productores.

The present study aims to investigate the effect of wheat natural phytase, fermentation and baking processes in the destruction of phytic acid during the process of making wheat bread for some Iraqi mills. The concentration of phytic acid was (850.32, 802.14, 531.84 mg / 100g) for the flour of AL-Brairie, AL-Nesr and AL-Al-Doura mills respectively. At the end of the fermentation processes, the decrease in the concentration of phytic acid in the samples produced from the flour obtained from the three mills was (47.06, 26.98, 40.00%) respectively, while inorganic phosphorus concentration in all treatments increased by 32.4, 42.37 and 36.21 %, respectively. It was found that the activity of wheat natural phytase enzyme varies according to the type of mill and the enzyme has been destroyed after the baking process for all treatments. It is clear that, with the effect of wheat natural phytase enzyme and fermentation and baking processes, the concentration of phytic acid may be reduced when preparing wheat bread for some mills by (26-47%).

This study was conducted in order to determine the status of different pools of inorganic phosphorus in surface and sub-surface soils, changed over 3 years of intensive cropping with Rice-M...

espanolRESUMEN Los Streptomyces son un grupo de actinobacterias considerados como habitantes del suelo escasamente estudiados en el campo de la biofertilizacion vegetal, y dentro de la economia peruana Allium sativum L., (ajo) es uno de los principales cultivos horticolas de region de Arequipa. Por ello nos hemos propuesto en caracterizar a nivel morfologico, bioquimico y genetico aislados de actino bacterias rizosfericas de una zona silvestres y examinar sus propiedades como promotores del crecimiento vegetal (PGPR) in vitro e in vivo sobre plantulas de Allium sativum L. El analisis in vitro detecto a Streptomyces cirratus (ST3E) que fijo 0.63 ± 0.01 mg/L nitrogeno atmosferico bajo la forma de amonio, tambien se detecto a Streptomyces sp (ST2A) como la mejor cepa que sintetizo 19.1±0.82 ng/ml de acido indol acetico y todas cepas presentaron un indice de solubilizacion de fosforo inorganico entre 2.18 y 3.31. El ensayo in vivo permitio detectar a Streptomyces cirratus (ST3E), este ha inducido al aumento del tamano del vastago y aumento del peso seco, Streptomyces sp (ST2A), este aumento el tamano de la raiz y las cepas Streptomyces sp (ST8A) y Streptomyces sp (ST8B), estos han inducido al aumento del diametro del bulbo del ajo. Se propone a la cepa Streptomyces cirratus (ST3E) como candidato para profundizar estudios a nivel molecular como posible Streptomyces capaz de fijar el nitrogeno atmosferico, asi mismo este estudio propone a Streptomyces cirratus (ST3E), Streptomyces sp (ST2A), Streptomyces sp (ST8A) y Streptomyces sp (ST8B) como buenos candidatos para ser incorporados en los bioformulados como agentes de biofertilizacion en el cultivo del ajo. EnglishABSTRACT The Streptomyces are a group of actinobacteria considered as soil inhabitants sparsely studied in the field of plant biofertilization, and within the Peruvian economy Allium sativum L., (garlic) is one of the main horticultural crops in the Arequipa region. Therefore, we have proposed to characterize morphological, biochemical and genetic level, isolated rhizospheric actinobacteria of a wild area and examine their properties as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in vitro and in vivo on seedlings of Allium sativum L. The in vitro analysis detected Streptomyces cirratus (ST3E) that fixed 0.63 ± 0.01 mg/L atmospheric nitrogen in the form of ammonium, Streptomyces sp (ST2A) was also detected as the best strain that synthesized 19.1 ± 0.82 [μg/ml indole acetic indole acid, and all strains showed solubility indexes of inorganic phosphorus between 2.18 and 3.31. The in vivo test allowed to detect Streptomyces cirratus (ST3E), this has induced the increase of the size of the stem and increase of the dry weight and Streptomyces sp (ST2A), this increase the size of the root and the strains, Streptomyces sp (ST8A) and Streptomyces sp (ST8B), these have induced an increase in the diameter of the garlic bulb. Streptomyces cirratus (ST3E) is proposed as a candidate for deepend studies at molecular level as a possible fixer of atmospheric nitrogen. Strains of Streptomyces cirratus (ST3E), Streptomyces sp (ST2A), Streptomyces sp (ST8A) and Streptomyces sp (ST8B) are proposed as candidates for incorporation into bioformulates as biofertilization agents for the cultivation of garlic.

Changes of inorganic phosphorus forms and the characteristics of phosphorus adsorption and desorption were studied under a long-term fertilization experiment in black soil. Results showed that the ...

Phosphorus (P) fertilizers are added to improve the soil P fertility, but the rate of P release can greatly influence its availability. Organic acids are effective in the release of inorganic P (Pi), but the contribution of each Pi fraction is not well understood. This study reported the transformation rate of P and solubility of Pi fractions induced by organic acids. Path analysis was utilized to explore the direct and indirect effects of Pi fractions on the amount of total Pi (TPi) solubilized. Results showed that the P release was initially rapid, followed by a slower release that lasted up to 2160 h, and the Elovich equation was the best-fitted kinetic equation to estimate the transformation rate of available P. The amount of TPi-solubilized by oxalic and citric acids tended to increase with increasing organic acid concentrations. Oxalic acid exhibited a lower TPi-solubility capability than citric acid when the organic acid concentration was ≤1 mmol L−1, whereas citric acid was higher at ≥1.5 mmol L−1. The Al-P-solubilized had the highest content of studied fractions, and path analysis revealed that the Al-P-solubilized exhibited a significant direct effect on TPi-solubilized. Thus, Al-P is a potential P source in black soil.

The temporal and spatial distributions of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP), and dissolved silicate (DSi), and their long-term changes were investigated in Bohai Bay (BHB) in spring, summer, and autumn (2013–2014). The high DIN values were consistently distributed in the western inshore waters, mainly determined by terrestrial factors, e.g., riverine input, while DIP and DSi were mostly distributed in the southern coastal waters, the central BHB, or near the sea port Caofeidian in northern BHB, largely related to non-terrestrial factors, e.g., sediment release. Based on the nutrient distribution, BHB could be partitioned into western and eastern parts, with −15 m depth as the separation. The long-term variations of nutrients since 2000 showed an increase in DIN and decreases in DIP and DSi. Relatively slow changes in DIN and DIP and a rapid decrease in DSi were exhibited in summer, which was associated with precipitation and sediment release.

Accurate information on soil inorganic phosphorus (Pi) is crucial for the sustainable development of agriculture in arid regions. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of cropping patterns on Pi concentrations in soil aggregates from the 0–10 cm depth in northwest China. The three cropping patterns were as follows: continuous cotton (CC), corn-wheat rotation (CW), and tree-cotton intercropping (TC). The results showed that more than 89% of the soil mass was in the macroaggregates (> 0.25 mm) in all cropping patterns, indicating a good soil structure in the study area. Total Pi and available P concentrations were significantly higher in the TC > CW. Additionally, the O-P concentrations were enriched in the CC treatment. But, the Ca8-P, Al-P and Fe-P concentrations were significantly greater in CW and TC than in CC. These results suggested that continuous cotton production leads to plant available Pi (Ca8-P, Al-P, and Fe-P) convert into unavailable Pi forms (Ca10-P and O-P). The TC system had the greatest contribution to total P in > 0.25 mm aggregates (p

Climate change, specifically the increasing frequency and intensity of summer heat and drought, has severe influences on the performance of beech forests, including decline in growth, reduced nutrient turnover, enhanced mortality, and a shift in spatial distribution northwards and towards higher elevations. The present study aimed to characterize the physiological responses of Croatian beech saplings originating from 10 natural forest stands to experimentally applied water deprivation in a common-garden experiment. The aim was to evaluate the extent to which external factors such as climate, as well as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability in the soil of the natural habitats, control the response of beech saplings to water deprivation. For this purpose, beech saplings from 10 forest stands that differed in terms of soil type, chemical soil properties, as well as climate were collected in winter, cultivated in an artificial soil substrate under controlled conditions for one year, and then subjected to 29 days of water deprivation. Responses to water deprivation were observed in the antioxidative system (total ascorbate, reduced ascorbate, oxidized ascorbate, and redox state) in leaves and fine roots. The latter allowed us to categorize saplings as adapted or sensitive to water deprivation. P over N availability in the soil rather than climatic conditions in the natural habitats controlled the response of beech saplings to the water-deprivation event. The categorization of saplings as adapted or sensitive to water deprivation was related to genetic parameters. The results of this multidisciplinary study (tree physiology, climate, and genetic data) are considered to be highly significant and beneficial for the adaptation of European beech forests to changing climatic conditions.

[EN] Aquaculture effluents with high levels of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) contribute to eutrophication in the aquatic ecosystem. The environmental impact of phosphorus and N aquaculture waste may be diminished by modifying diet ingredients that improve phosphorous (P) digestibility, and therefore, reduce the P in metabolic waste. The content of P in fishmeal is high (30 g/kg), but the inclusion of fishmeal in the diet is reducing due to its high costs and limited accessibility; therefore, the addition of an inorganic P source is necessary to ensure a satisfactory level of available P in fish diets. Consequently, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of four different inorganic P sources on P digestibility and excretion in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), as one of the most relevant aquaculture species. Monosodium/monocalcium phosphate with 2% of sodium source presented a P digestibility similar to monoammonium phosphate, but with lower nitrogen and phosphorus excretion into the environment, which is advantageous from a nutritional, environmental and industrial point of view (biofilters and recirculation systems in fish farms). This study was conducted to evaluate the apparent availability and P and N excretion in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using different inorganic phosphorus sources. With this goal, fish (153 +/- 14.1 g) fed four inorganic P sources were assayed: monoammonium phosphate (MAP, NH4H2PO4), monosodium/monocalcium phosphate (SCP-2%, AQphos+, NaH2PO4/Ca(H2PO4)(2)center dot H2O in proportion 12/88), monosodium/monocalcium phosphate (SCP-5%, NaH2PO4/Ca(H2PO4)(2)center dot H2O in proportion 30/70) and monocalcium phosphate (MCP, Ca(H2PO4)(2)center dot H2O). Phosphorus (P) digestibility, in diets that included MAP and SCP-2% as inorganic phosphorus sources, were significantly higher than for SCP-5% and MCP sources. In relation to the P excretion pattern, independent of the diet, a peak at 6 h after feeding was registered, but at different levels depending on inorganic P sources. Fish fed an MAP diet excreted a higher amount of dissolved P in comparison with the rest of the inorganic P sources, although the total P losses were lower in MAP and SCP-2% (33.02% and 28.13, respectively) than in SCP-5% and MCP sources (43.35% and 47.83, respectively). Nitrogen (N) excretion was also studied, and the fish fed an SCP-5% diet provided lower values (15.8%) than MAP (28.0%). When N total wastes were calculated, SCP-2% and SCP-5% showed the lowest values (31.54 and 28.25%, respectively). In conclusion, based on P and N digestibility and excretion, the SCP-2% diet showed the best results from a nutritional and environmental point of view., This study has been developed under the framework of the project entitled "Improvement of the nutritional quality of aquaculture feeds through the incorporation of microalgae hydrolysates enriched in probiotic microorganisms-ALQUABIOTIC," ITC-20181099, corresponding to the FEDER INNTERCONECTA 2018 call, funded by CDTI (Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology), supported by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and co-financed by FEDER funds (European Regional Development Fund) within the 2014-2020 Intelligent Growth Operational Program.