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Short mackerel are caught with high intensity by the fisherman and using various fishing gear. It is feared that this activity could change the reproduction habits of short mackerel in ther habitat. This study aims to analyze the bio-dynamics reproduction of short mackerel, including sex ratio, maturity stage, length at first maturity, length at first spawning, and fecundity. The survey method obtained the sample collection from the fish landing sites. Samples were collected in 1320 samples consisting of 651 females (13.0-16.5 cm) and 669 males (13.3-17.4 cm). The results showed that the sex ratio was balanced (1.00:1.02), the stage of gonad maturity showed from immature gonad to spawning (I to V), and the highest gonad maturity index for males and females were found in July (1.609 and 1.794). The length at first maturity of males and females had occurred when they were 16.51 cm and 16.63 cm, and the length at first spawning for males and females was 17.12 cm and 17.03 cm in size. The fecundity of female mackerel ranges from 30.106 to 58.439 in the northern waters of Makassar Strait. Capturing fish is suggested with a length above the spawned fish (>17 cm), considering that the fish only spawn at least once from their life cycle. The fecundity of short mackerel is relatively high as an indicator of high reproductive potential.

Makassar Strait has been identified as an area of interesting studies for marine science and operational fisheries. It provides the unique ocean structures such as topographic feature, the main path of the Indonesia Throughflow (ITF) and dynamics of thermal fronts. The aims of this study were to map the dynamic spatial and temporal of the thermal fronts, and to describe their implications to the pelagic fisheries. We used satellite data of sea surface temperature (SST) for the period of January-December 2018 with spatial and temporal resolutions of 4 km and monthly, respectively. For fishery data, we used sampling data of skipjack tuna fishing ground distributions in October and December 2018. Thermal fronts throughout the year were estimated using a Single Image Edge Detection (SIED) algorithm and the available fishing ground data were overlain on the SST front map. The results showed that the spatial distributions of thermal fronts along Makassar Strait tended to be different every month. However, the thermal fronts were consistently detected near the upwelling area from June to September. Skipjack tuna fishing grounds associated with fish aggregating devices (FADs) developed in the northern area of upwelling in October. Two month later, the FADs and free swimming skipjack fishing grounds again well formed around the same location. It implies that the formation of the thermal fronts after upwelling contributes the positive effect on development of pelagic fishery especially skipjack in Makassar Strait.

This research aims to evaluate rainfall estimates of satellite products in regions that have high variations of rainfall pattern. The surrounding area of Makassar Strait have chosen because of its distinctive rainfall pattern between the eastern and western parts of the Makassar Strait. For this purpose, spatial distribution of Pearson’s coefficient correlation and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is used to evaluate accuracy of rainfall in the eastern part of Kalimantan Island and the western part of Sulawesi Island. Moreover, we also used the contingency table to complete the parameter accuracy of the TRMM rainfall estimates. The results show that the performance of TRMM rainfall estimates varies depending on space and time. Overall, the coefficient correlation between TRMM and rain observed from no correlation was -0.06 and 0.78 from strong correlation. The best correlation is on the eastern coast of South West Sulawesi located in line with the Java Sea. While, no variation in the correlation was related to flatland such as Kalimantan Island. On the other hand, in the mountain region, the correlation of TRMM rainfall estimates and observed rainfall tend to decrease. The RMSE distribution in this region depends on the accumulation of daily rainfall. RMSE tends to be high where there are higher fluctuations of fluctuating rainfall in a location. From contingency indicators, we found that the TRMM rainfall estimates were overestimate. Generally, the absence of rainfall during the dry season contributes to improving TRMM rainfall estimates by raising accuracy (ACC) in the contingency table.

— The research aims to know the condition of environmental parameters both from biological factors and physical factors of the Makassar Strait during the East season. The usability of the research ie can be to build and simulate dynamic models of fisheries systems. Data Collection has been carried since May 2019 to November 2019. Data collection on environmental parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, flow velocity) and nutrients (nitrates and phosphates), phytoplankton and zooplankton abundance, , and gastric contents analysis were carried out, Method for analysing was used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare environmental parameters, nutrients and abundance of plankton between the three districts observed. The relationship between the abundance of plankton with environmental parameters was analyzed by using multiple linear regression analysis. Determination of trophic level is based on analysis of gastric contents using the TrophLab 2K program. Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) between observation stations grouped in 6 months of observation showed that salinity was significantly different between locations and months of observation, temperature and pH were significantly different between months but did not differ according to location of observation, whereas DO levels did not show differences either between locations. The results of identification of phytoplankton types obtained during this research were dominated by diatoms. The type of zooplankton obtained is generally dominated by copepods. The result of gastric surgery is 10 dominant and economically valuable fish’s species belonging to planktivor, omnivor and carnivor fish, and based on ecosystems including pelagic and demersal fish.

This paper compares several designs of an oscillating wave power generator suitable for local net fishing boat in the waters of Tonyaman in the Strait of Makassar, Indonesia. The designs were based on wave height data for the period of January to December 2016 and of the local fishing vessel construction data. Several generator designs were created to replace diesel engines used by the local fishermen to power their boats’ lamps in the night. Results showed that DESIGN 5 with Arm length to buoy (L1) of 4 m and Arm length to pulley (L2) of 3 m and DESIGN 6 with L1 of 4 m and L2 of 2 m were the two designs most fitting for that purpose. Both designs could produce sufficient power ( ) to power the boats’ lamps in the shortest wave height condition (0.75 m) and the tallest wave height condition (1.5 m). At the shortest wave height condition (0.75 m), DESIGN 5 produced 14,237.58 W and DESIGN 6 produced 14,290.31 W. At the tallest wave height condition (1.5 m), DESIGN 5 and DESIGN 6 generated 28,285.31 W and 28,496.25 W of power, respectively.

Surface chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) distribution have been analyzed with seasonal variation during southeast monsoon in southern part of Makassar Strait and Flores Sea. Satellite data of Landsat-8 is applied to this study to formulate the distribution of chlorophyll concentration during monsoonal wind period. The distribution of chlorophyll concentration was normally peaked condition in August during southeast monsoon. Satellite data showed that a slowdown in the rise of the distribution of chlorophyll in September with a lower concentration than normal is likely due to a weakening the strength of southeast trade winds during June – July – August 2016. Further analysis shows that the southern part of the Makassar strait is likely occurrence of upwelling characterized by increase in surface chlorophyll concentrations were identified as the potential area of fishing ground.

Flying fish, Hirundichthy oxycephalus is one of economically important marine species to Indonesia, particularly in Makassar Strait and Flores Sea. However, there is a limited published data on genetic variation in molecular marker level of this species. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was employed in this study to determine the genetic variability of three populations of flying fish collected from Takalar, Pare-Pare, and Majene in Makassar Strait. Genomic DNA was isolated from preserved muscle tissue using phenol-chloroform technique. Two selected arbitrary primers (CA-01 and P-40) were performed to generate RAPD finger printing of flying fish populations. The two primers generated a total of 81 fragments (loci) and 50 polymorphic fragments with size ranging from 125 to 1,250 bp. There were no significant differences in number of fragment and number of polymorphic fragment among populations. The high polymorphism (63.5±7.4%) was obtained from Takalar population followed by Pare-Pare (58.3±19.6%) and Majene population (57.7±0.8%). Similarity index of individuals was 0.60±0.17 for Takalar, 0.63±0.17 for Majene and 0.75±0.21 for Pare-Pare population. Seven fragments were identified as species-specific markers of H. oxycephalus. The UPGMA cluster analysis showed that the Takalar population was genetically closer to Pare-Pare population (D= 0.0812) than to Majene population (D= 0.1873).

The sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) variabilities in the south of Makassar Strait were mostly affected by monsoonal wind speed/directions and riverine freshwater inflows. The east-southeast (ESE) wind (May-October) played a major role in an upwelling formation in the region starting in the southern tip of the southern Sulawesi Island. Of the 17 years time period, the variability of the SST values ranged from 25.7°C (August 2004) - 30.89°C (March 2007). An upwelling initiation typically occurred in early May when ESE wind speed was at 5 m/s, whereas the largest upwelling event always occurred in August of each year. Upwelling event generally diminished in September and terminated in October. At the time of the maximum upwelling events (August), the formation of upwelling could be observed up to about 330km toward the southwest of the southern tip of the Sulawesi island. Interannually, El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) intensified the upwelling event during the east season through an intensification of the ESE wind speed.

Anisakis spp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) parasitize a wide range of marine animals, mammals serving as the definitive host and different fish species as intermediate or paratenic hosts. In this study, 18 fish species were investigated for Anisakis infection. Katsuwonus pelamis, Euthynnus affinis, Caranx sp., and Auxis thazard were infected with high prevalence of Anisakis type I, while Cephalopholis cyanostigma and Rastrelliger kanagurta revealed low prevalence. The mean intensity of Anisakis larvae in K. pelamis and A. thazard was 49.7 and 5.6, respectively. A total of 73 Anisakis type I larvae collected from K. pelamis and A. thazard were all identified as Anisakis typica by PCR-RFLP analysis. Five specimens of Anisakis from K. pelamis and 15 specimens from A. thazard were sequenced using ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and 6 specimens from A. thazard and 4 specimens from K. pelamis were sequenced in mtDNA cox2 region. Alignments of the samples in the ITS region showed 2 patterns of nucleotides. The first pattern (genotype) of Anisakis from A. thazard had 100% similarity with adult A. typica from dolphins from USA, whereas the second genotype from A. thazard and K. pelamis had 4 base pairs different in ITS1 region with adult A. typica from USA. In the mtDNA cox2 regions, Anisakis type I specimens from A. thazard and K. pelamis showed similarity range from 94% to 99% with A. typica AB517571/DQ116427. The difference of 4 bp nucleotides in ITS1 regions and divergence into 2 subgroups in mtDNA cox2 indicating the existence of A. typica sibling species in the Makassar Strait.

The Maritime Continent is located within the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) which is described as the largest area of warm sea surface temperatures with the highest rainfall on Earth. Serving as the largest source of atmospheric water vapor and latent heat, it is of crucial importance to global atmospheric and hydrologic circulation. The regional climate is controlled by large-scale phenomena such as the seasonal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the Australian-Indonesian monsoon system as well as climate anomalies like the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and or oscillations such as El NiAAA /-o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Due to the complex topography of the Maritime Continent and very local air-sea interactions, the environmental influence of these phenomena strongly varies across the region today and may have done so during the past. Environmental reconstructions have been conducted by using proxy records from speleothems, corals as well as marine and lacustrine sediments revealing a complex history of climate variations of the Maritime Continent during the Holocene. Mid-to late Holocene sea surface conditions were reconstructed by using trace elements and stable isotopes as well as relative abundances of planktic foraminifera. Additionally, the amount, composition and grain size distribution of bulk sediment was investigated. Based on multi-proxy reconstructions from four marine sediment cores from western, central, and southern Indonesia, this thesis outlines variations in rainfall and upper water column conditions in response to large-scale climate phenomena as the IOD, the Australian-Indonesian monsoon system and ENSO from mid- to late Holocene. In the eastern tropical Indian Ocean (western Indonesia), thermocline temperatures, the thermal gradient of the upper ocean as well as the relative abundances of planktic foraminifera reveal a deeper thermocline between 8 and 3 ka and an uplift of the thermocline for the past 3 ka off western Sumatra. The recorded shoaling of the thermocline and the deduced increased occurrence of upwelling likely results from a more-positive IOD-like mean state of the Indian Ocean during the late Holocene. A transient Holocene climate model simulation reproduces anomalous surface easterly winds over the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean that support the interpretation of more positive IOD-like mean state during the late Holocene compared to the mid-Holocene. In the Makassar Strait (central Indonesia) cooler and fresher sea surface coincide with an increase in terrigenous runoff from eastern Borneo and point to an intensified AustralianIndonesian summer monsoon (AISM) during the late Holocene. Contemporaneously, periods Abstract V characterized by freshwater pulses recorded off eastern Borneo might be related to a strengthened ENSO with intensified El NiAAA /-o and La NiAAA /-a conditions. Sediment composition within the Java Sea (southern Indonesia) suggest variations in precipitation in southern Borneo and eastern Java in response to the Australian-Indonesian monsoon system and ENSO. Drier conditions in southern Borneo but relatively unchanged rainfall in Java around 2 ka indicate more frequent and/or intensified El NiAAA /-o events which are masked by an intensified AISM in Java. Present-day variations in rainfall over Java reveal a close relationship of monsoonal rainfall to northern high latitude climate variations which may have persist also during the past and contributed to the late Holocene intensification of the AISM over the Maritime continent.

The Mahakam is a 980-km-long tropical river flowing in the East Kalimantan province (Borneo Island, Indonesia). A significant fraction of this river is influenced by tides, the modelling of which is the main subject of this study. Various physical and numerical issues must be addressed. In the upstream part of the domain, the river flows through a region of three lakes surrounded by peat swamps. In the lowland regions, the river is meandering and its hydrodynamics is mostly influenced by tides. The latter propagate upstream of the delta, in the main river and its tributaries. Finally, the mouth of the Mahakam is a delta exhibiting a high number of channels connected to the Makassar Strait. This article focusses on the flow in the delta channels, which is characterised by a wide range of time and space scales. To capture most of them, the depth-integrated and the section-integrated versions of the unstructured mesh, finite-element model Second-Generation Louvain-la-Neuve Ice-Ocean Model are used. Unstructured grids allow for a refinement of the mesh in the narrowest channels and also an extension of the domain upstream and downstream of the delta in order to prescribe the open-boundary conditions. The Makassar Strait, the Mahakam Delta and the three lakes are modelled with 2D elements. The rivers, from the upstream limit of the delta to the lakes and the upstream limit of the domain, are modelled in 1D. The calibration of the tidal elevation simulated in the Mahakam Delta is presented. Preliminary results on the division of the Eulerian residual discharge through the channels of the delta are also presented. Finally, as a first-order description of the long-term transport, the age of the water originating from the upstream limit of the delta is computed. It is seen that for May and June 2008, the time taken by the water parcel to cross the estuary varies from 4 to 7 days depending on the channel under consideration.

Funding for this research was provided by the Marie Curie Action Plan, Seventh Framework Program (Grant no. 237922) and BMBF Grants 03G0217A (MAJA) and 03G0185A (VITAL). We present core top Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and δ18O measurements for Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi and Hoeglundina elegans from the Timor Sea and the Makassar Strait, which span a bottom water temperature (BWT) range from 2 to 18 °C. In both species Mg/Ca ratios are positively and significantly correlated with BWT, while δ18O measurements are significantly anti-correlated with BWT. Comparison of calcification temperatures derived from Mg/Ca ratios and δ18O measurements yield comparable results and closely match CTD-measured temperatures. We integrate our results with previously published data sets from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans and provide temperature calibration equations over the temperature range from 2 to 12 °C for H. elegans and from 0 to 10 °C for C. wuellerstorfi. We found geographical differences in the relation of benthic Mg/Ca ratios to BWT: C. wuellerstorfi shows Mg/Ca sensitivity to BWT of 19% increase in Mg/Ca per °C for the Atlantic Ocean and of 15% per °C for the Indian and Pacific Oceans. H. elegans shows Mg/Ca sensitivity to BWT of 16% increase in Mg/Ca per °C for the Atlantic Ocean and of 14% per °C for the Indian and Pacific Oceans. C. wuellerstorfi Sr/Ca variability appears to be mainly driven by carbonate ion saturation, whereas H. elegans Sr/Ca variability is closely linked to BWT in the compiled data sets from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Postprint

Indonesian througflow is the gateway of inter-ocean transport between the North Pacific and the Indian Ocean. The Makassar Strait is the major route of Indonesian througflow, and the transport from the North Pacific to the Indian Ocean is almost 80% via the Makassar Strait (Susanto, et al, 2001). Especially during the ENSO and La Nifia years reviewing the sea level variations and the water transport of the Makassar Strait are very important. On the other hand, by using tide gauges data from 1993 to 1999, Sofian and Kozai (2003a) reported during the La Nifia the sea level of the Java Sea is higher than 7 years mean. During the dry seasons of La Nifia period, the high sea level is the suspect of flooding in the northern coast of the Java Island (Arbiyakto, 2002, Heni, 2002). Flooding phenomena in the northern coast of the Java Island during the dry season which may be caused by high surface transport from the Makassar Strait to the Java Sea are also reviewed.

Sea level variation in the Java Sea and its impact on the coastal cities in the northern part of the Java Island are reviewed. Influenced by the recent ENSO (El Niflo Southern Oscillation) events from 1993 to 1999, the sea level rise rate of the Java Sea was higher than the global sea level rise rate. During the end of 1997 to 1998 of ENSO years, the sea level of the Java Sea recorded from tide gauges was the highest. The impact of Indonesian througflow within the Makassar Strait surface current on sea level characteristics of the Java Sea is also reviewed.

The coastal of Makassar Strait is one of main fishing grounds for purse seine vessels from northern part of Java which based at the following landing sites, i.e. Pekalongan, Tegal and Juwana. The purse seine fishery predominantly targets small pelagic fish. This paper attempts to present the current condition of small pelagic fishery in the Makassar Strait. Catch and effort (trip) data between 2004 and 2011 from the three landing sites were used to estimate Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) using Schaefer & Fox models. The results showed a decreasing trend in the catch rate, from 30.83 tons/trip in 2004 to 12.27 tons/trip in 2011. The estimated MSY is at the range of 34,705- 37,930 tons with optimum efforts for 2,234-2,500 purse seine trips. Thus the level of purse seine fishing effort in 2011, i.e. 3,078 trips, was exceeding the optimum effort. The decreasing trend in the catch rate may indicate overfishing is occurring between 2004 and 2011. For management of the small pelagic fisheries in the waters of Makassar Strait, important action recommended is fishing effort restrictions. The effort allowed would be only in the range of 2,234-2,500 purse seine trips, and the fishing capacity needs to be controled.

Master's thesis in Offshore technology This master thesis is describing the theoretical & analytical principles of pipeline installation. In the literature survey stage we elaborate on basic information about different types of offshore pipelines. Installation also plays an important and vital role. Therefore in the next step we introduce various installation methods for offshore pipelines and what may govern the choice of an installation method / scenario. Then guidelines and constrains for establishing the different installation methods are matters of our concerns. Calculations for two different cases related to documenting installation of steel pipelines and flexible pipelines in sideway current are included. The S-lay pipeline installation method will be taken for the analysis in the 2 case study of this thesis. Analysis will be carried out in 2 steps. First step is a static analysis and the second is a dynamic analysis. Fortunately the program OrcaFlex is capable to do both analyses. The stinger elements are modeled as points which are held by links/tethers in both vertical and lateral directions. The links are restricted to only accept tension forces without any shear forces or bending moments. The idea is that these links will act as “roller” restraints. Tension forces in a vertical link will represent stinger roller reactions when the pipe is sitting on the roller, and zero force will represent a pipe lift-off. Same criteria apply to the lateral links. Tension in a lateral link will represent a lateral reaction which is due to lateral forces on the pipe. These lateral links are simple but very useful components for the model to reach its equilibrium during iterations. The upper end of the pipeline is fixed to the barge and will not accept torsion. This end represents the barge tensioner. The bottom end of the pipeline is pinned to the seabed with no torsion allowed and will represent an anchored end. Different direction scenarios will be taken for the current. In this project the directions will be 0°, 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°, and 180°. Cases presented will be named based on these directions. OrcaFlex outputs will be observed to find out which scenario gives the “worst” condition during pipe-lay.

Bagan Rambo is a large type of lift net with fine meshed of box-shaped netting 0.5 cm mesh size, operated with electric mercury lamp for attracting pelagic species in coastal area. The number of mercury bulb used for the bagan rambo is up to 64 units for total light intensity of 14 ??? 20 kW. It is an original light fishing from South Sulawesi and recently has rapidly developed in numbers. The several research was conducted to analysis of technology, capture process and catch pattern of bagan rambo in Makassar Strait through onboard observation during fishing operation was conducted from May to July 2002 and continuing from July to August 2005. The research showed that bagan rambo was very efective to caught of pelagic species. There are 59 total species caught by bagan rambo and between that but 6 species are dominant catch. Acoording to the mechanical selection process, there are 2 species was escaped by bagan rambo net (Stolephorus sp and Rabdania sp). This indicate that selectivity approach bagan rambo friendly for the anchovy (Stolephorus sp) and rabdania sp. There are 2.18 % from the total catch of the bagan rambo to be discarded catch.. Some activities was conducted to improving the by catch with purpose to empowerment of the fisherman will be discussed.