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Establishing suitable salt tolerant all-male tilapia strains with fast growth rate is a crucial requirement for successful euryhaline farming required for controlling prolific breeding and as an adaptation to the effect of climate-induced drought. This study assessed the percentage of tilapia male hybrids, their growth performance and survival rate produced by crossing female Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and male Rufiji tilapia (Oreochromis urolepis urolepis) at different salinities. The fingerlings were reared for 70 days in triplicate concrete tanks (1 m3), each stocked with 15 fish weighing 1.62 ± 0.03 g, 1.69 ± 0.02 g and 1.41 ± 0.06 g exposed to 2, 15 and 35 ppt salinities, respectively. Acclimatization was done by adding seawater to freshwater at a rate of 2 ppt per day for 18 days. Fish sexing was done by visual assessment of the genital papilla followed by rearing the hybrids for six months to observe reproduction. Results showed that, the cross between O. niloticus (female) and O. urolepis urolepis (male) produced hybrids that were all-males without any reproduction within six months post hybridization. The hybrids reared at a salinity of 2 ppt had higher growth performance than those reared at 15 and 35 ppt. Similarly, hybrids cultured at 15 ppt had significantly higher growth performance than those reared at 35 ppt. All the hybrids produced had survival rates of 100%. This study indicated that, all-male tilapia produced by crossing between O. niloticus (female) and O. urolepis (male) can be used by fish farmers as alternative species for mariculture development to control prolific breeding and as an adaptation strategy to climate change.

The sustainability of mariculture depends on adopting green technologies, which can mitigate the negative impacts on the environment and ensure long-term viability. However, existing studies do not comprehensively understand the characteristics and regional differences of green technology progress (GTP) in mariculture. According to data from ten coastal regions from 2008 to 2020, this study adopts the Epsilon-Based Measure (EBM)-Malmquist model to measure the GTP of mariculture, uses the Dagum Gini coefficient to analyze the spatial differences of GTP, and uses convergence models to explore the convergence of GTP. The results showed that: (1) the GTP of China’s mariculture showed a fluctuating upward trend temporally and significant spatial differences. The overall differences showed a dispersion trend over time. The contributions of inter-regional super variable net value difference (Gnb), inter-regional transvariation intensity (Gt), and intra-regional difference (Gw) were 38.813%, 31.256%, and 29.931%, respectively. (2) The degree of dispersion of GTP among different regions has not decreased with time, which means there is no apparent σ convergence. Absolute β convergence and conditional β convergence existed in GTP, and the absolute value of the latter was greater than that of the former. That is, the growth rate of GTP will first reach their respective steady-state levels and then approach a unified steady-state equilibrium level.

Fishing is an ancient activity with its involvement being traced back to the stone age; it is also an important economic activity in the nations of the world, supplying about 60% of the world’s protein as well as creating jobs and income revenue, especially in developing nations. Three sources of fishery exist in the world: inland, marine, and aquaculture. Global aquaculture being different from capture fisheries of marine and inland has experienced rapid growth in global fishery production since 2007, producing 85.5 million metric tons in 2021, with capture fishery producing 92.6 million metric tons. While different species of fish exist in the nation’s waters, only a few are of economic value, with most of the fish caught for food gotten from inland fishing, some are food for animals, also inland fishing of ancient times are for recreational purposes. This study focuses on drawing comparisons between inland fishing in Nigeria and Turkiye. Secondary quantitative method was used in the data collection process which was in the form of the scientific and common names of the fish species in the inland waters of the countries, their status/occurrence in the waters, their location(s), fishing practices of the countries and a ten- year rate of capture fishery production of the inland waters between the years 2011 and 2020. The inland fishing in both countries was compared based on these elements to conclude that just as the countries up for comparison are far apart based on their location (existing on two different continents), sois the inland fishing of both countries, having very few similarities. The inland fishing of both nations differs in great magnitude, having different kinds of species in their waters, as well as different fishing practices, and different rates of capture inland fishing production.

Although mariculture contributes significantly to regional/local economic development, it also promotes environmental degradation. Therefore, it is essential to understand mariculture dynamics before taking adaptive measures to deal with it. In the present study, a framework that integrates the Google Earth Engine (GEE) based methods and GeoDetector software was developed to identify patterns and drivers of mariculture dynamics. This framework was then applied to Zhao’an Bay, which is an intensive aquaculture bay in Coastal China, based on Landsat 8 OLI (2013–2022) and Sentinel-2 (December 2015–May 2022) data. The results show that the GEE-based method produces acceptable classification accuracy. The overall accuracy values for the interpretation are >85%, where the kappa coefficients are >0.9 for all years, excluding 2015 (0.83). Mariculture increased in the study area from 2013 to 2022, and this is characterised by distinct spatiotemporal variations. Cage mariculture is primarily concentrated around islands, whereas raft mariculture is dominant in bay areas, and pond and mudflat mariculture types are mostly in nearshore areas. The growth of mariculture in Zhao’an Bay is attributed to a combination of geographic and human factors. The initial area associated with mariculture in a grid significantly impacted the expansion of the raft, cage, and mudflat mariculture. The distance to an island, spatial proximity to similar types of mariculture and types of mariculture are the main drivers of change in mariculture. Human activities greatly contribute to the dynamics of mudflat mariculture; regulation regarding the clearing of waterways directly impacts the dynamics of mariculture. The present study demonstrates that the proposed framework facilitates the effective monitoring of the mariculture dynamics and identification of driving factors. These findings can be exploited for the local planning and management of mariculture in similar coastal bays.

Among all the mucosal barriers, the skin and its surrounding mucus are possibly the main defensive tool against changes in the environment that can be harmful for fish. Due to the extraction of this mucus being less invasive, the study of its production and functions has attracted great interest in recent years. However, there are still many gaps concerning the sampling process as well as the possible alterations in skin integrity and mucus composition. In the current study, the effects of skin mucus extraction were determined by comparing the effects of a single extraction (single extraction group, SEG) with those of three successive extractions separated by 3 days (repetitive extractions group, REG). Intact skin histology without mucus extraction (ØEG) and both plasma and skin mucus biomarkers and antibacterial capacities were also assessed. Regarding the skin histology and skin barrier properties, both the SEG and REG did not show differences in the intact skin. Interestingly, repetitive mucus extractions seemed to activate skin mucus turnover, significantly increasing the number of small-sized mucous cells (cell area< 100 µm2) and reducing the number of large-sized mucous cells (cell area > 150 µm2). Repetitive extractions significantly decreased the amounts of soluble protein and increased cortisol secretion. These metabolites remained unaltered in the plasma, indicating different responses in the plasma and mucus. Despite changes in the mucus biomarkers, antibacterial capacity against pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas anguilliseptica and Vibrio anguillarum) was maintained in both the plasma and mucus irrespective of the number of mucus extractions. Overall, the mucus sampling protocol had little effect on skin integrity and mucus antibacterial properties, only modifying the amounts of soluble protein exuded and stimulating mucous cell replacement. This protocol is a feasible and minimally invasive way of studying and monitoring fish health and welfare and can be used as an alternative or a complement to plasma analysis. This methodology can be transferred to farm culture conditions and be very useful for studying threatened species in order to preserve fish welfare.

Aquaculture is expanding sector on the global level resulting in higher concerns for its sustainability. Generally, sustainability can be defined as a process of meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs, and it is considered to be constituted of three pillars: the economy, society and environment. This work considers environmental pillar of sustainability of mariculture systems, with a goal to investigate effect of alternative powering options in mariculture on its lifetime environmental footprint. In this sense the alternative mariculture system from Koričan at al. (2022) has been considered. This work, as a result of INTEL- MARIC project, conducted at UNIZAG FSB considers set of alternative fuels (LNG, Methanol, Biodiesel) and associated emissions (CO2, NOx, SO, and PM) of the mariculture system. The life-cycle assessment (LCA) indicates that significant environmental benefits are possible in case of alternative mariculture system layouts and by use of alternative fuels like for instance methanol or biodiesel.

The growth in population and the higher need for aquatic products make the aquaculture industry the world’s fastest-growing food industry. With its rapid development, production is facing various challenges to achieve sustainability and cost- effectiveness. Some obstacles in production are related to the design of mariculture cages, automatization, location of the farm, biofouling, feeding, waste management, and others. This paper deals with the extended bibliometric analysis of technical problems in mariculture based on keywords, citations, journals, and other factors by means of scientometric software, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer. Important keywords related to aquaculture and mariculture were obtained from the Web of Science platform and further analyzed by means of the mentioned scientometric software offering knowledge domain visualization and construction of knowledge maps. Apart from the identification of research topics of the highest importance, research hotspots are characterized as follows: technical, biological, digital, and environmental. The most cited articles are related to the environmental problems and solutions in marine aquaculture and the study of biofouling and how to control it. Other important documents with high citation rates are related to the cages, offshore mariculture, location conditions, and sustainability. This study recognizes trends by combining aquaculture production with floating structures for energy extraction of sea resources ; thus, making aquaculture more interdisciplinary than before.

Indeks kondicije (IK) je dobar pokazatelj opće kvalitete dagnji i pogodnosti područja za uzgoj školjkaša. Svrha ovog rada je dobivanje podataka o kvaliteti dagnji iz uzgoja, te međusobna usporedba i rangiranje uzgajališta određivanjem IK. Istraživanje je provedeno tijekom zime i ljeta na dagnjama iz uzgajališta na području Istre: uvale Vabrige, Limskog kanala, Pomera, Budave i Raškog zaljeva. IK predstavlja udio mesa školjkaša u ukupnoj masi školjke ili ljušture. U ovom radu IK izračunat je iz mase mokrog tkiva i volumena školjke (IK- 1), mase školjke (IK-2), mase ljušture (IK-3) te dimenzija školjke (IK-4 i IK-5). Svi IK potvrdili su da su dagnje (sva uzgajališta) zadovoljavajuće kvalitete sa sadržajem mesa od oko 15%. Usporedbom IK dagnji uzorkovanih zimi dobiveno je rangiranje uzgajališta na području Istarske županije: Pomerski zaljev > Vabriga > Raški zaljev > Budava > Limski kanal. Visoke vrijednosti IK zimi u Pomerskom zaljevu upućuju na najpovoljnije ekološke uvjete u tom uzgajalištu. Dagnje iz Pomera su najbolje prema svim IK i sa sadržajem mesa od 25%. Usporedba tijekom ljeta rangira uzgajališta na temelju ukupnih IK: Budava > Limski kanal > Pomerski zaljev > Raški zaljev > Vabriga. Dagnje iz Budave ljeti imaju najviše vrijednosti IK i sa sadržajem mesa od 21%, što upućuje da su ljeti najpovoljniji ekološki uvjeti u tom uzgajalištu. Nadalje dagnje iz Budave su pokazale najbolje rezultate nakon translokacije u Limski kanal. Iz rezultata se može zaključiti da je vitalnost (IK) dagnji bolja u područjima gdje je stalan dotok slatke vode. Uzrok boljem IK je povećana količina hranjivih tvari u ovim vodama, a ne direktan utjecaj sniženog saliniteta. Condition index is a good indicator of mussel’s state of health and the condition of the ecosystem they live in. The purpose of this study is to obtain data on the quality of farms mussels and mutual comparison and ranking of farms by determining of the condition index. Condition index represents the proportion of meat in the total mass of shellfish or shells. Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis is known as a biological indicator organism. As a sessile organism and filter feeder it indicates the presence or absence of contaminants in the sea, and it can also be used for monitoring at periodic changes in pollution levels in certain areas. Mussel samples were taken at five sites in Istria: Lim channel, Raša bay, Vabriga, Budava Bay and Pomer bay. In this study the condition index was calculated from the wet weight of tissue and volume of shells (IK-1), shellfish mass (IK-2), mass of shells (IK-3) and the dimension of the shells (IK 4 and IK 5). All condition indexes confirmed that mussels from all sites are of good quality with the content of the meat of about 15%. Comparing of the sampled mussels in the winter period, we rank them from the highest condition index value to the lowest: Pomer bay > Vabriga > Raša bay > Budava > Lim channel. High values of condition index (with the 25% content of the meat in shells) for the winter period were in Pomer suggesting the best environmental conditions in the farm. Comparison of the mariculture sites during the summer we ranked sites: Budava > Lim channel > Pomer bay > Raša bay > Vabriga. Mussels from Budava in the summer period have the highest condition index values and the meat content of 21%. The best mussels for consumption in the Istria for the winter periods are the mussels from Pomer bay, and for the summer periods are the mussels from Budava.

In order to continue the development of mariculture in a sustainable manner, fish farms tend to be relocated to further offshore sea areas. A great number of offshore cage farms has been designed, built and put into use over the last few decades, which implicates only further development in that direction. An overview of existing structures for mariculture installations has been conducted in order to analyse technical characteristics of different cage designs and their applicability to potential off-shore farm locations in the Adriatic sea. An extended SWOT analysis was carried out in order to single out systems with greater application potential taking into account conditions in the Adriatic sea and present fish farming practices. Different options are ranked and a preliminary solution of the regionally applicable fish farming cage is proposed to allow further refinement of conceptual designs taking into account not only the technical features but also other factors. This study discusses technical parameters that must be considered for effective offshore mariculture, which have to be additionally combined with other parameters in order to fully support production.

In the ecological environment, oxytetracycline hydrochloride accumulates seriously and the main source is the discharge of mariculture wastewater. Bismuth oxide was found to do well in removing oxy...

Cooperation of a lightweight autonomous aerial vehicle (LAAR) and an autonomous surface vehicle (ASV) in prolonged robotic inspections missions in mariculture requires a landing platform (LP) with a docking system mounted onto the ASV. The autonomous surface and aerial vehicles developed in the scope of HEKTOR (Heterogeneous Autonomous Robotic System in Viticulture and Mariculture) project are presented herein. Furthermore, mechanical and electrical design of the LP, the control scheme and communication protocol of the LP with the ASV, and LP-ROS interface for future high-level mission control are described. The ASV autonomy test results show that it can work for 10-11h. Laboratory and field trials of the LP show that the chosen concept works in various settings.

This paper examines how land use affects water quality and how this impacts the viability of shellfish mariculture (marine aquaculture) in the UK through a synthesis of the current literature, stakeholder workshops and targeted engagement of cross-sector organisations across a case study in South West England. We examine the importance of water quality as a constraint for shellfish mariculture in South West England and explore how current and projected future land uses are likely to influence ongoing viability. Currently, faecal material from agricultural runoff and municipal wastewater discharges is the main water quality issue affecting the viability of shellfish mariculture. Most UK Shellfish Waters, including those in SW England (~90%), do not consistently meet regulatory standards for faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) in shellfish, designed to ensure they are safe for direct human consumption. Other pollutants currently impacting shellfish mariculture include persistent organic pollutants and metals, suspended solids and excess nutrient inputs. Emerging pollutants with the potential to impact on mariculture include a range of consumer- industrial- and agri- chemicals, including biocides, pesticides, veterinary and human medicines. We evaluated possible changes in water quality conditions through deriving and exploring a range of future scenarios, considering policies and trends in land use including regenerative and intensive agriculture, renewable energy generation, afforestation, urban development and climate change. Our findings highlight possible trade-offs and synergies between land and water-based food production systems, applicable in SW England and across other regions of the UK and internationally, for helping to inform environmental policy development and implementation.

Optimizing the release density and size of juvenile commercial species for local ecosystems is a critical issue that should be considered when countering predation impacts. To ascertain whether mariculture production of the Japanese scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) could be enhanced by modifying releasing practices, we experimentally investigated the effects of density and size of scallop seeds on their survival in the presence of two sea star species, Asterias amurensis and Distolasterias nipon, with different predation capacities. Under current mariculture practices, the juveniles are briefly exposed to air just before release; therefore, we also examined how air exposure stress increased the predation risk. Scallop survival in the presence of both sea stars increased by > 20% by increasing scallop size from 30 to 50 mm. Increasing scallop density (range: 5 to 30 scallops m−2) increased each individual’s survival in the presence of A. amurensis but had no significant effect on predation by D. nipon. Therefore, the release of smaller quantities of large-sized scallops rather than larger quantities of small scallops is recommended to reduce D. nipon predation. In the presence of sea stars, especially by D. nipon, the predation impact on small scallops increased after just a few hours of air exposure, indicating that air exposure of juvenile scallops should be minimized. Our results will mitigate the economic cost of mariculture by facilitating the determination of optimal release conditions for juvenile scallops.

Denmark is currently producing their first Maritime Spatial Plan, as required by the European Union’s Maritime Spatial Planning Directive 2014/89. This article investigates the Danish approach to governing land-sea interactions, exploring the impacts of various institutional and procedural factors on the practice of planning at the land-sea interface in Denmark. We find that in Denmark, the MSP process has priority over the terrestrial planning system, that there is a complex institutional set-up with a lack of integration between the maritime and terrestrial planning systems, and that there exist differing perspectives about the importance of certainindustries leading to conflicts. Denmark is currently producing their first Maritime Spatial Plan, as required by the European Union’s Maritime Spatial Planning Directive 2014/89. This article investigates the Danish approach to governing land-sea interactions, exploring the impacts of various institutional and procedural factors on the practice of planning at the land-sea interface in Denmark. We find that in Denmark, the MSP process has priority over the terrestrial planning system, that there is a complex institutional set-up with a lack of integration between the maritime and terrestrial planning systems, and that there exist differing perspectives about the importance of certain industries leading to conflicts.

Seaweed aquaculture accounts for 51.3% of global mariculture production and grows at 6.2% yr−1 (2000–2018). It delivers a broad range of ecosystem services, providing a source of food and natural products across a range of industries. It also offers a versatile, nature-based solution for climate change mitigation and adaptation and for counteracting eutrophication and biodiversity crisis. Here we offer the perspective that scaling up seaweed aquaculture as an emission capture and utilization technology, one supporting a circular bioeconomy, is an imperative to accommodate more than 9 billion people in 2050 while advancing across many of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Agriculture’s ability to feed the world is limited by land and freshwater. This Perspective argues that scaling up seaweed aquaculture is needed to accommodate the 9+ billion people expected by 2050 and to meet the Sustainable Development Goals.

To study the effect that climate change is exerting on fish production, the following project has been proposed to analyze the effect of the temperatures upon a sea bream production that would be produced in Mazarrón, Murcia. In this work, different studies based on bioprogramming have been carried out in order to quantify and qualify the changes that the temperature will have on the cultivation of bears. The temperatures used to carry out the bioprogramming have been extracted from historical data in order to be as precise as possible and the estimates made for the year 2050 have been extracted from the results of predictive mathematical models on the evolution of temperatures in the Mediterranean. In order to make a comparison of how the production of sea bream has evolved in the Mediterranean, the results have been compared with those obtained from the temperatures that existed ten years ago and today. The results obtained present pros and cons regarding the effect that the increase in temperatures has on the crop, since although the productive parameters show a long-term improvement due to the decrease of the winter, the animal welfare parameters, such as ammonium in the medium, the matter in suspension and the incidence of diseases in the crop present negative data. Para estudiar el efecto que está ejerciendo el cambio climático en la producción de doradas se ha planteado el siguiente proyecto en el que se analiza el efecto de las temperaturas sobre una producción de doradas que se establecería en el Mediterráneo, en la costa de Mazarrón, Murcia. En este trabajo se han realizado diferentes estudios basados en bioprogramaciones para poder cuantificar y calificar los cambios que la temperatura tendrá sobre el cultivo de osas. Las temperaturas empleadas para realizar las bioprogramaciones se han extraído de históricos con el fin de ser lo más preciso posible y las estimaciones hechas para el año 2050 se han extraído de los resultados de modelos matemáticos predictivos sobre la evolución de las temperaturas en el Mediterráneo. Para poder hacer una comparación de cómo ha evolucionado la producción de doradas en el Mediterráneo, se han comparado los resultados con los obtenidos a partir de las temperaturas que había hace diez años y actualmente, con las estimadas para 2050. Los resultados obtenidos presentan pros y contras respecto al efecto que tiene el aumento de las temperaturas sobre el cultivo, ya que, aunque los parámetros productivos presentan una mejora a largo plazo debido a la disminución del invierno, los parámetros de bienestar animal, como el amonio al medio, las materias en suspensión y la incidencia de las enfermedades en el cultivo presentan datos negativos. Per estudiar l'efecte que està exercint el canvi climàtic en la producció d’orades s'ha plantejat el projecte següent en què s'analitza l'efecte de les temperatures sobre una producció d’orades que s'establiria a la Mediterrània, a la costa de Mazarrón, Múrcia . En aquest treball s'han realitzat diferents estudis basats en bioprogramacions per tal de poder quantificar i qualificar els canvis que la temperatura tindrà sobre el cultiu d’orades. Les temperatures emprades per realitzar les bioprogramacions s’han extret d’històrics per tal de ser el més precís possible i les estimacions fetes per a l’any 2050 s’han extret dels resultats de models matemàtics predictius sobre l’evolució de les temperatures al Mediterrani. Per poder fer una comparació de com ha evolucionat la producció d’orades a la Mediterrània, s'han comparat els resultats amb els obtinguts a partir de les temperatures que hi havia fa deu anys i actualment, amb les estimades per al 2050. Els resultats obtinguts presenten pros i contres respecte a l'efecte que té l'augment de les temperatures sobre el cultiu, ja que encara que els paràmetres productius presenten una millora a llarg termini a causa de la disminució de l'hivern, els paràmetres de benestar animal, com ara l'amoni al medi, les matèries en suspensió i la incidència de les malalties en el cultiu presenten dades negatives. Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::14 - Vida Submarina

Due to the competition for food, space, oxygen and due to their role as diseases vector, epibionts can negatively affect oyster farming. We assessed the efficacy of six methods commonly used for the removal of epibionts from oyster shells during farming. The experiment was conducted at an oyster farm on the Paraná coast – South Brazil. Oysters (Crassostrea gasar) were acclimated for 90 d in the cultivation system and later exposed to cleaning treatments: i) freshwater; ii) hypersaline water; iii) sodium hypochlorite solution; iv) quaternary ammonia solution; v) exposure to air; vi) hydroblasting; and vii) no cleaning procedure (control). After treatment, oysters were kept in the cultivation system for 15 and 30 d – when the total incrustation and mortality were measured. Epibionts from nine phyla were identified. The most abundant were Arthropoda (Crustacea) (62.5%), Mollusca (33.8%) and Annelida (3.1%). Freshwater [15 (n = 2263 epibionts) and 30 days (n = 2822 epibionts)] and hydroblasting [15 (n = 1850 epibionts) and 30 days (n = 2389 epibionts)] treatments were the most efficient to reduce epibionts and caused lower rates of oyster mortality [15 (5.0 and 3.33%, respectively) and 30 days (1.67 and 6.67%, respectively)].

Multispectral satellite remote sensing imagery, together with appropriate modeling, have been proven to provide chlorophyll-a maps that are useful to evaluate the suitability of coastal areas for carrying out shellfish aquaculture. However, current approaches used for chlorophyll-a estimation in very shallow coastal areas often fail in their accuracy. To overcome this limitation, an algorithm that provides an accurate estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration in the coastal areas of the Ebro delta (North Western Mediterranean) using atmospherically corrected Sentinel 2 (S2) remote sensing reflectances (Rrs) has been calibrated and validated. The derived chlorophyll-a maps created have been used in a dynamic carrying capacity model that covers areas from very rich waters inside the embayment to the more oligotrophic waters in the open sea. The use of carrying capacity models is recommended to evaluate the potential of marine coastal areas for bivalve mollusk aquaculture. In this context, the depletion of chlorophyll-a is an indicator of negative environmental impact and thus a continuous monitoring of chlorophyll-a is key. The proposed methodology allows estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration from Sentinel-2 with an accuracy higher than 70% in most cases. The carrying capacity and the suitability of the external areas of the Ebro delta have been determined. The results show that these areas can hold a significant mussel production. The methodology presented in this study aims to provide a tool to the shellfish aquaculture industry. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

En aquest Research Café es presenten projectes on la tecnologia es posa al servei dels mars i els oceans, i que estan lligats amb els objectius ODS Vida Submarina i Acció pel clima. Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::14 - Vida Submarina

The development of aquaculture, especially in mariculture, contributes to satisfy the increasing demand for aquatic food, but it also faces serious socio-economic and environmental issues. This is also consistent with aquaculture in the Southern Central Region (SCR), Vietnam. The paper conducted to evaluate the mariculture status and activities by questionnaire interviews of 255 mariculture stakeholders (cages/rafts owners) and their challenges by in-depth interviews of 16 aquaculture managing officers at eight provinces in SCR, 2018-2019. The results showed an assessment of the current status of mariculture, SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis, and orientation strategies of mariculture development. For a long time, the aquaculture area has not varied considerably, and mainly distributed in inland, coastal and off-coastal waters, almost it is not implemented in the open sea yet. Mariculture was also challenged by various concerned issues: various types of mariculture and species, small scale, outdated traditional technology, and labor force with fair practices in mariculture. Almost them are made the challenge for aquaculture expansion and implementation in open seas. Moreover, capital sources and credit access of stakeholders, and enterprise's investment are key factors to develop offshore mariculture. Based on the results of SWOT analysis, five strategies are proposed for sustainable development of mariculture in the SCR, as well as to meet the objectives of Vietnam's mariculture strategy. It is noted that when developing mariculture on an industrial scale to increase commercial products, the small- and medium-scale ones are vulnerable, so expansion and development of mariculture should be combined with the creation of job opportunities, reduction of poverty alleviation and economic growth and sustainability.

Copepod adalah pakan alami yang memiliki ukuran kecil pada stadia naupli dengan nilai nutrisi yang tinggi. Cocok sebagai pakan awal larva ikan laut dengan bukaan mulut kecil. Tujuan penelitian mengetahui hasil panen copepod dari Genus Acartia sebagai pakan alami pada kultur masal, untuk pakan larva pada produksi benih ikan laut. Penelitian dilakukan pada Tahun 2020, di Balai Besar Riset Budidaya Laut dan Penyuluhan Perikanan, Gondol-Bali. Penelitian dibagi menjadi 2 tahap, pertama adalah untuk mengetahui pola pertumbuhan copepod sebagai acuan panen pada penelitian ke dua. Copepod dipelihara pada 3 buah toples volume 10 L. Penelitian ke dua untuk mengetahui jumlah copepod yang dipanen pada kultur masal sebagai persedian pakan. Kultur menggunakan 3 bak fiber bervolume 1.000 L. Inokulasi yang diberikan stadia copepodit dengan kepadatan 50 ind/L. Copepod diberi pakan buatan dan dipelihara hingga kepadatan menurun. Berdasarkan pola pertumbuhan kepadatan copepod dari penelitian pertama maka panen copepod penelitian ke dua dimulai hari ke delapan. Hasil panen tertinggi stadia naupli dicapai hari ke tujuh belas dengan kepadatan 184,7 ind/L, stadia copepodit 4,4 ind/L. Hasil kulur copepod tidak cukup dipakai sebagai pakan utama pada produksi larva secara masal dan hanya dapat dipakai sebagai campuran pakan alami untuk menambah nilai nutrisi bagi larva.

China's mariculture is an indispensable part of the world's aquaculture and helps address food security issues in China and around the globe. However, this industry is facing a grand challenge from global warming. Therefore, it is urgent to assess the sensitivity of the main mariculture species and production modes to the increasing temperature. Here, we first extracted the coastal temperature data from 1465 grid cells (0.25 × 0.25 arcdegree) in the mariculture regions, and then compiled an upper thermal limit as well as culturing modes dataset of forty-two commercially important mariculture species. With these two datasets, we calculated the thermal safety margin (TSM) for each species across its aquaculture regions. Our results showed that several species with low TSMs were particularly sensitive to the current conditions and future warming, and some culturing regions face catastrophic consequences caused by high temperature and potential heatwaves. It is also noted that several mariculture modes like pond farming and mudflat ranching were more vulnerable compared to other mariculture modes. In summary, China's mariculture industry is sensitive to global warming at present and in the future. Our present study also provided tools to assess the risks in mariculture production and suggested solutions for future mitigation and adaptations.

Infestation by parasitic copepods is a substantial problem in the cage culture of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). The Copepoda parasite, Lernanthropus kroyeri (Lernanthropidae), is one of the threats to the mariculture of sea bass. In the present study, we evaluated the data of abundance for L. kroyeri pre-adults and adult males (PAAM) and ovigerous adult females (AFo ) to estimate the internal infection pressure (IIP) in the same cage environment. The sea bass infested by L. kroyeri was collected from grow-out sea cages located in Gulluk Bay (Turkey) in September and October 2019. Mean fish weight and length of sea bass were 75.79 ± 1.66 g and 21.40 ± 0.56 cm, respectively. The fixed lag method was used to predict the abundance of L. kroyeri adult females. The overall prevalence of L. kroyeri was 60%. The mean abundance of PAAM and AFo varied from 0.8 ± 0.24 to 2.5 ± 0.67 and 2.9 ± 0.40 to 4.3 ± 0.55, respectively. The abundance of AF was strongly correlated with PAAM. The pattern of AFo and PAAM was interpreted as an indication of the continuous infestation of L. kroyeri on sea bass. Our results showed that the correlation of AFo abundance for five consecutive weeks was significant, representing the main determinative factor for the continuity of the parasitic load. In our approach, internal infestation pressure is the quantitative estimation of the potential infective copepodids, which are mainly characterized by AF abundance and the prevalence. We predicted that the internal infestation pressure could be high, even exceeding the 50.000 × 106 potential infective copepodids for one sea cage with the fish density of 20 sea bass/m3 .

The study examined different types of organic manure on the culture of marine plankton as a potential source of food for rabbitfish, Siganus stellatus, larvae. Cow dung showed significantly higher species abundance and diversity of cultured marine plankton followed by chicken and finally mixed media manure (p

Alaska Sea Grant, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Grant/Award Number: NA18OAR4170078; Blue Evolution

Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture has been considered as an alternative for the sustainable development of mariculture. This study evaluated the use of a multi-trophic system in mariculture in order to improve economic viability indices and reduce environmental impacts, leading to a sustainable production. To do so, the economic indicators of two monotrophic crops were considered: Perna perna mussels and Rachycentron canadum cobias, along with a multi-trophic system involving both species. The indices for the evaluation of profitability were the internal rate of return (IRR), the payback period (PP) and the net present value (NPV). Investment analyses were realized through cash flow and determination of economic viability indicators for a period of 10 years. The systems were evaluated in different scenarios. Each scenario was estimated by means of 20% and 40% variations of the values adopted for the following parameters: unit price of cobia juveniles, average price of the feed, cobia commercial price, mussel commercial price, cobia productivity, and mussel productivity. The multi-trophic system showed greater economic viability in the different scenarios evaluated. This system demonstrated greater resilience, which is more economically attractive to an entrepreneur. Production diversification is an alternative option with a lower associated investment, which can favor economic return and mitigate the risks of small-scale systems dedicated to monocultures.

In order to explore the effect of carbon and nitrogen (C/N) ratio on the performance of anoxic/aerobic-moving bed bio-film reactor (A/O-MBBR) process for treating mariculture wastewater, a laboratory-scale A/O-MBBR was conducted. The results showed that the reduction of C/N ratio was conducive to improving the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), while inhibiting that of nitrite nitrogen (NO2−-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N). The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in anoxic zone were significantly higher in concentration than that in aerobic zone although they both declined with decrease of C/N ratio. The result provides solid support for better controlling the pollution of mariculture wastewater.

The purpose of this text is to awaken the population and society of Greater Florianópolis about how the local economy depends heavily on the sea, and the need to preserve this resource, otherwise we will see, in the near future, the loss of several jobs and income. generated by mariculture, local gastronomy and tourism. Os principais setores econômicos de Florianópolis estão relacionados direta ou indiretamente com o mar. O turismo, a maricultura e a gastronomia local, reconhecida em todo o país, dependem da manutenção de um ambiente marinho sadio. Este texto apresenta diversas informações e dados que corroboram esta afirmação, e ressalta a necessidade de implementação de uma política assertiva para a reversão dos níveis de poluição marinha, além da conscientização e o envolvimento de toda a sociedade para que juntos possamos cuidar e zelar pela Baía de Florianópolis.

Resumen Se investigó la disponibilidad de semilla de peces marinos potenciales para la Maricultura en el ecosistema de Puerto Salaverry en el 2020. Se realizaron en las estaciones de verano y primavera, el litoral de la playa entre los espigones fue de 200 m. Se registraron la temperatura superficial del mar, salinidad y pH, luego se realizó un promedio de cuatro corridas para la obtención del plancton con redes de 70 y 100 μ y la pesca se realizó con un chinchorro de 20 x 2m y Chayo de 3,5 x 2 m con cinco calas y se relacionó con la captura de peces de la pesca artesanal de la zona. Salaverry se caracterizó por tener temperaturas entre 17-20 °C, 35-36 ppt, y pH 7,4. El Fitoplancton estuvo representado por la dominancia de Bacillariophytas, el Zooplancton por copépodos y la semilla de peces estuvo representada por tres familias Atherinidae, Mugilidae y Sciaenidae todas estuvieron incluidas en la pesca artesanal siendo potenciales para la Maricultura. Abstract The availability of potential marine fish seeds for Mariculture in the ecosystem of Puerto Salaverry in 2020 was investigated. They were carried out in the summer and spring seasons, the coastline of the beach between the breakwaters was 200 m. The surface temperature of the sea, salinity, and pH were recorded, then an average of four runs was made to obtain the plankton with 70 and 100 μ nets, and fishing was carried out with a 20 x 2 m manual trawl and a 3.5 m Chayo. x 2 m with five coves and was related to the capture of fish from artisanal fishing in the area. Salaverry was characterized by having temperatures between 17-20 °C, 35-36 ppt, and pH 7.4. Phytoplankton was represented by the dominance of Bacillariophytas, Zooplankton by copepods, and the fish seed was represented by three families Atherinidae, Mugilidae, and Sciaenidae, all of which were included in artisanal fishing being the potential for Mariculture.

U ovom završnom radu je predstavljen važni jadranski školjkaš, dagnja Mytilus galloprovincialis, Lamarck, 1819. U uvodnom dijelu opisana je povijest uzgoja školjkaša, posebno duga tradicija uzgoja dagnje. Španjolska i Grčka su jedne od najvećih proizvođača dagnji u Europi. U Hrvatskoj uzgoj dagnji ima dugu povijest, a tehnologija uzgoja se temelji na tradicionalnom načinu uzgoja. No, uzgajivači ističu potrebu za modernizacijom proizvodnje s ciljem skraćivanja uzgojnog ciklusa i lakšeg manipulativnog rada. U radu se obrađuju opće biološke karakteristike vrste, način rasta, reprodukcija i životni ciklus. Detaljno se iznosi tijek uzgojnog ciklusa, prihvat ličinki na kolektore, razvoj mlađi i rast do tržišne veličine dagnje. Također, opisana je moguća pojava različitih bioagresora koji predstavljaju opasnost u uzgoju, te sindromi koji se mogu javiti kod ljudi uslijed konzumiranja kontaminiranih jedinki. This thesis presents an important Adriatic species, mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819. The introductory part describes a history of shellfish farming, especially the long tradition of mussel farming. Spain and Greece are one of the largest producers of mussels in Europe. Croatia has a long history of mussel farming, with the cultivation tehnology still based on the tradicional way of farming. However, the farmers emphasize the need to modernize production in order to shorten the farming cycle and easily manipulate the farming process. This thesis deals with the general biological characteristic of the species, growth, reproduction and life cycle. Furthermore, a special review in the paper refers to the course of the mussel reproduction cycle, the reception of larvae on the collectors, the development of young mussels and growth to marketable size. Moreover, the paper deals with issues related to the appearance of various bioaggressors that can be danger in farming and also syndromes that can occur in humans due to the consumption of contaminated shellfish.

U završnom radu istražuje se, analizira te objašnjava održivi razvoj marikulture i konzumiranje ribe kao proizvoda takvog načina uzgoja. Pri tom se naglašava kako se riba, kao proizvod sve više cijeni i prepoznaje, ne samo zbog svojeg okusa, nego i zbog nutritivne vrijednosti koja je posebice, danas istaknuta kroz uravnoteženu prehranu. Kroz rad se naglašava važnost kvalitete ribe te se ističu stavovi ugostitelja, ali i samih potrošača o ribi iz uzgoja. Obzirom na predviđeni porast svjetske populacije tijekom sljedećih desetljeća, zajedno s povećanim uključivanjem ribe u prehranu, očekuje se porast globalne potražnje za hranom iz marikulture. U završnom radu pokušat će se istražiti koje su glavne prepreke prilikom razvoja održive marikulture kako bi se na svjestan i ekološki prihvatljivi način mogla što više implementirati. U radu su korišteni rezultati istraživanja stavova ugostitelja o ribi iz marikulture. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da su prilikom nabavke ribe ugostiteljima važne vanjske karakteristike, mogućnosti nabave ribe, zemlja podrijetla i način isporuke. Ugostitelji smatraju da je divlja riba bolje kvalitete te se zdravije hrani u usporedbi sa ribom iz uzgajališta. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na potrebu za razbijanjem predrasuda i intenzivnu promociju ribe iz marikulture i među ugostiteljima., This final paper explores, analyzes and explains the sustainable development of mariculture and the consumption of fish as a product of such farming. It is emphasized that fish, as a product, is increasingly valued and recognized, certainly because of its taste and preparation, but also because of the different, rich nutritional values that are especially prominent today through a healthy and balanced diet. Throughout this paper, the question of quality of fish is very important, along with what attitude and thinking is hidden about farmed fish by caterers but also by consumers themselves. Given the projected increase in world population over the next decades, along with the increased inclusion of fish in the diet, global demand for seafood is expected to increase. This final paper will try to explore the main obstacles to the development of sustainable mariculture so that it can be implemented as much as possible in a conscious and environmentally friendly way. The final paper uses the results of a survey of caterers' attitudes about fish from mariculture. The obtained results show that during procuring fish, external characteristics, possibilities of procuring fish, country of origin and method of delivery are important to caterers. Caterers believe that wild fish have better quality and consume healthier food compared to the farmed fish. The obtained results indicate the need to break down prejudices and intensive promotion of fish from mariculture among caterers.

Variation in salinity is one of the major environmental factors influencing the species diversity of fish in an estuary. Therefore, evaluating the relationship between salinity and species diversity is important. In this study, fish diversity was assessed by fish sampling and visiting local fish markets from February to November 2021. Mean salinity was 10.59 psu (Practical Salinity Unit) and 0.46 psu during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. Harpadon nehereus, Odontamblyopus rubicundus and Pseudapocryptes elongatus species were found as polyhaline (0.06~18.1 psu) species. Anguilla japonica and Arius gagora were abundant in brackish water conditions (0.35~14.2 psu). However, Acanthopagrus latus and Setipinna phasa were found in freshwater conditions (0.06~0.11 psu). The suitability index indicates that commercially important fish species such as Liza parsia, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Mugil cephalus, Penaeus monodon and Scylla serrata can be used for mariculture during the dry season, and Acanthopagrus latus, Pethia canius and Setipinna phasa during the wet season. Overall, these findings suggest that salinity, water temperature, and chlorophyll-a had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the fish distribution and assemblage composition in the study area. This finding will be helpful in developing policies for the conservation and management of the aquatic resources in the coastal zone to enrich the blue economy.

Mariculture is an important part of aquaculture, and it is important to address global food security and nutrition issues. However, seawater environmental conditions are complex and variable, which causes large uncertainties in the remote sensing spectral features. At the same time, mariculture types are distinct because of the different types of aquaculture (cage aquaculture and raft aquaculture). These factors bring great challenges for mariculture extraction and mapping using remote sensing. In order to solve these problems, an optical remote sensing aquaculture index named the marine aquaculture index (MAI) is proposed. Based on this spectral index, using time series Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite data, a random forest classification scheme is proposed for mapping mariculture by combining spectral, textural, geometric, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscattering. The results revealed that (1) MAI can emphasize the difference between mariculture and seawater; (2) the overall accuracy of mariculture in the Bohai Rim is 94.10%, and the kappa coefficient is 0.91; and (3) the area of cage aquaculture and raft aquaculture in the Bohai Rim is 16.89 km2 and 1206.71 km2, respectively. This study details an effective method for carrying out mariculture monitoring and ensuring the sustainable development of aquaculture.

Governance and management strategies for aquaculture development were examined for a select number of jurisdictions covering a range of marine aquaculture production to better understand the degree to which concepts of “Ecological Carrying Capacity” (ECC) are incorporated into management tools or permitting requirements for aquaculture development. Policies, regulations, and strategic plans were sought through professional knowledge and, at times, using web-based searches. Aquaculture ECC, defined here as, “the magnitude of aquaculture production that can be supported without leading to unacceptable changes in ecological process, species, populations, or communities in the environment,” was not strictly applied in any jurisdiction’s aquaculture policy documentation. A broadened search to consider the concept of aquaculture carrying capacity (CC) more generally was conducted. Of the ten nations examined, CC concepts could be found in policy documentation of several nations. The inclusion of CC concepts in policy and strategic planning can be used as part of a suite of management tools to promote sustainable aquaculture within FAO’s Ecological Approach to Aquaculture.

A study was conducted in the marine finfish cage culture area in Sungai Udang, Penang, at the northern part of the Malacca Straits to examine the phytoplankton composition and abundance especially for potentially harmful phytoplankton. Monthly sampling were taken from March 2016 to January 2017 at nine sampling stations. Physio-chemical parameters of surface seawater such as pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, total suspended solids, and nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphate and silicate) were also measured. A total of 54 phytoplankton taxa were recorded, with 37 genera belonged to diatoms, 15 of dinoflagellates, and 2 of cyanobacteria. The composition of phytoplankton was dominated by diatoms (>85%) at all sampling stations throughout the sampling period. The phytoplankton abundance ranged between 2.6×103 cells L-1 and 5.8×106 cells L-1. The potentially harmful toxic phytoplankton observed throughout the sampling period are dinoflagellates Alexandrium spp., Prorocentrum micans and Dinophysis caudata and diatoms, Pseudo-nitzchia spp but in low cell density. A total of six bloom-forming phytoplankton that can potentially trigger mass mortality of cultured fish such as Akashiwo sanguinea, Chaetoceros spp., Ceratium furca, Ceratium fusus, Margalefidinium spp. and Karlodinium spp. recorded at this area were relatively low in cell densities. Furthermore, no fish kill incident was reported in the area from blooms of phytoplankton during the period of study. Even though potentially harmful phytoplankton present were in low densities, they may pose significant risks to aquaculture activity if there is a sudden bloom. Hence, a monitoring program should be implemented to provide early warning of harmful algae blooms and safeguard the aquaculture industry in Sungai Udang, Penang.

The authors present the volume of Atlantic salmon farming in the world and in the Russian Arctic. It shows the reasons that hamper the development of salmonid mariculture in the Russian Arctic: the lack of own planting material adapted to Arctic waters, high-quality fodder, fish diseases and others. Objectives of the article: to show the peculiarities of natural and socio-economic conditions of mariculture development in the Russian Arctic and the impact of Atlantic salmon mariculture on import substitution. Relevance stems from the need to substantiate the sources of import substitution of salmon products. The most important results: the main factors that reduce the economic efficiency of growing and selling products were found; the possible causes of salmon diseases in the Russian Arctic and their impact on production processes were systematized, the possible impact of caged fish farming on the environment and on the population of salmon in the Arctic zone was shown. Practical significance: the article shows the influence of possible escapes of farmed salmon on the socio-economic conditions of the population of the Terskiy coast of the Murmansk region and the White Sea basin. It is proposed to introduce Atlantic GM salmon into the composition of genetically modified products. It is shown that import substitution is fully provided by Atlantic salmon mariculture and the supply of wild salmon from the Far East to the European part of Russia.

This study aimed to investigate the behavioral shifts of constructed wetland (CW) when the treated water was changed from domestic wastewater to mariculture wastewater. The results showed that the average removal efficiencies of ammonium nitrogen (), total nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were 29.54, 46.07 and 57.15% in mariculture wastewater, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in domestic wastewater (71.35, 66.34 and 74.98%, respectively). While there was no significant difference in the removal efficiency of nitrate and phosphate (P > 0.05) between the two systems. Based on the analysis of bacterial community and adsorption properties, the results further indicated that the removal mechanism of between both systems was mainly due to substrate adsorption: the maximum adsorption capacity of on the substrate in mariculture wastewater was 5,432 mg kg−1, whereas that in domestic wastewater was 18,033 mg kg−1. In terms of bacterial communities, the dominant bacteria at the family level were Victivallaceae (18.63%) in domestic wastewater and Porphyromonadaceae (18.37%) in mariculture wastewater, which showed the significant alteration to the bacterial community. In conclusion, this study showed that conventional CW could be used for treating wastewater from land-based marine aquaculture, while the operating conditions needed to be optimized in the process of application. HIGHLIGHTS We addressed changes in the reuse of constructed wetlands for treating mariculture wastewater.; Significant inhibitive effects on , total nitrogen and COD removal occurred during the wastewater transformation.; Substrate adsorption negatively affected removal efficiency in constructed wetland-treatment of mariculture wastewater.

As the aquaculture sector significantly expanded worldwide in the past decades, the concept of sustainable aquaculture has developed with the challenge of not only maximizing benefits but also minimizing the negative impacts on the environment assuring, at the same time, food security. In this framework monitoring and improving the microbiological water quality and animal health is a central topic. In the present study, we evaluated the seawater microbiological quality in a mariculture system located in a Mediterranean coastal area (Northern Ionian Sea, Italy). We furnished, for the first time, a microbial inventory based on conventional culture-based methods, integrated with the 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding approach for vibrios identification and diversity analyses, and further implemented with microbial metabolic profiling data obtained from the Biolog EcoPlate system. Microbiological pollution indicators, vibrios diversity, and microbial metabolism were determined in two different times of the year (July and December). All microbial parameters measured in July were markedly increased compared to those measured in December. The presence of potentially pathogenic vibrios is discussed concerning the risk of fish disease and human infections. Thus, the microbial inventory here proposed might represent a new multi-parametric approach for the suitable surveillance of the microbial quality in a mariculture system. Consequently, it could be useful for ensuring the safety of both the reared species and the consumers in the light of sustainable, eco-friendly aquaculture management.

Blooms of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella, which produces Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST), generate serious socio-economic consequences for mariculture in Chile, especially for the production of Mytilus chilensis and other bivalves. Palliative strategies, such as the depuration of mussels in enriched water with chitosan offer encouraging prospects against the advance of contaminated areas and toxin persistence. Adult mussels were fed with A. catenella for 20 days and then were allowed to depurate using chitosan as facilitator, for the same period. Intoxicated mussels showed a reduction in feeding activity and rapid PST accumulation in 20 days (C = 451.5t + 1,673.6, R2 = 0.55 p = 0.008). Not enough evidence was found to indicate a positive effect of chitosan in mussel depuration after 20 days (C = −311.1t + 8,462.4, R2 = 0.8 p = 0.001). At the end of the study, toxicity was higher than 800 μg STX eq kg−1. C2 and GTX4 analogues were the most abundant in the dinoflagellate strain, while C2 and C1 were the most accumulated in mussels. The presence of C1 was notorious during depuration, as the persistence of GTX2,3. GTX5 was only detected in A. catenella, while STX was only present in mussels. Mussel sensitivity to the presence of the toxic dinoflagellate was observed in the present study. The biotransformation, selective elimination and epimerization processes were deduced from intoxication and depuration experiments.

In this study, the variations of the seawater carbonate system parameters and air-sea CO2 flux (FCO2) of Shen’ao Bay, a typical subtropical aquaculture bay located in China, were investigated in spring 2016 (March to May). Parameters related to the seawater carbonate system and FCO2 were measured monthly in 3 different aquaculture areas (fish, oyster and seaweed) and in a non-culture area near the bay mouth. The results showed that the seawater carbonate system was markedly influenced by the biological processes of the culture species. Total alkalinity was significantly lower in the oyster area compared with the fish and seaweed areas, mainly because of the calcification process of oysters. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) were highest in the fish area, followed by the oyster and non-culture areas, and lowest in the seaweed area. Oysters and fish can have indirect influences on DIC and pCO2by releasing nutrients, which facilitate the growth of seaweed and phytoplankton and therefore promote photosynthetic CO2 fixation. For these reasons, Shen’ao Bay acts as a potential CO2 sink in spring, with an average FCO2 ranging from -1.2 to -4.8 mmol m-2 d-1. CO2 fixation in the seaweed area was the largest contributor to CO2 flux, accounting for ca. 58% of the total CO2 sink capacity of the entire bay. These results suggest that the carbonate system and FCO2 of Shen’ao Bay were significantly affected by large-scale mariculture activities. A higher CO2 sink capacity could be acquired by extending the culture area of seaweed.

Eksplorasi mineral logam tersebut dikhawatirkan dapat menyebabkan adanya limbah tambang berupa logam berat yang mencemari air dan sedimen di kawasan pesisir Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi dan status mutu logam berat dalam air dan sedimen sehubungan dengan potensi pencemaran yang mungkin terjadi dalam hubungannya dengan pengembangan marikultur. Penelitian dilaksanakan di kawasan pesisir Teluk Talengan, Manalu, dan Dagho dan sekitarnya dengan mengambil sampel air dan sedimen dan selanjutnya dianalisis di laboratorium untuk logam berat Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, dan Zn. Statistik deskriptif digunakan untuk menganalisis data yang ada dan selanjutnya metode Storet (Storage and Retrieval) digunakan untuk menentukan status mutu air dan sedimen dari logam berat untuk biota laut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari lima logam berat dalam air didapatkan konsentrasi Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, dan Zn berturut-turut < 0,0001 – 0,05; 0,142 – 1,138; < 0,0001; 0,400 – 0,842, dan < 0,0001 – 0,22 ppm, sedangkan dalam sedimen berturut-turut 77,09 – 161,39; 452,0 – 3.643,0; < 0,0001; 12,99 – 91,50; dan 2,81 – 60,89 mg/L di kawasan pesisir Pulau Sangihe, Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Hasil penentuan status mutu air dan sedimen menunjukkan bahwa air kawasan pesisir Pulau Sangihe tergolong tercemar berat berdasarkan konsentrasi logam berat Cu dan Pb, sedangkan sedimennya tergolong memenuhi baku mutu berdasarkan konsentrasi logam berat untuk biota laut.

It is of note that the capture fisheries are under stress for many targeted species. To reduce the pressure on the wild, research on mariculture had been practicing for decades. Even though technologies for captive breeding are standardized, the growth and survival of the larvae of candidate marine fish species are still not up to the mark. It is necessary to focus and encourage new approaches to standardize the hatchery protocol for enhanced production and sustainable management towards future demands. The major concern facing the marine fish hatchery is the delivery of nutritionally enriched feeds to the larvae. Inadequate nutrition is one of the major reasons for early mortality, weaning mortality, cannibalism, inadequate growth, lowered immunity etc. In India, nutrigenomics research is an up-and-coming field, especially the transcriptomics approach that can be applied to understand the gene expression profile of the larvae and juveniles with respect to nutritional interventions. 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There are activities in viticulture and mariculture that require extreme physical endurance from human workers, making them prime candidates for automation and robotization. This paper presents a novel, practical, heterogeneous, autonomous robotic system divided into two main parts, each dealing with respective scenarios in viticulture and mariculture. The robotic components and the subsystems that enable collaboration were developed as part of the ongoing HEKTOR project, and each specific scenario is presented. In viticulture, this includes vineyard surveillance, spraying and suckering with an all-terrain mobile manipulator (ATMM) and a lightweight autonomous aerial robot (LAAR) that can be used in very steep vineyards where other mechanization fails. In mariculture, scenarios include coordinated aerial and subsurface monitoring of fish net pens using the LAAR, an autonomous surface vehicle (ASV), and a remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV). All robotic components communicate and coordinate their actions through the Robot Operating System (ROS). Field tests demonstrate the great capabilities of the HEKTOR system for the fully autonomous execution of very strenuous and hazardous work in viticulture and mariculture, while meeting the necessary conditions for the required quality and quantity of the work performed.

За последние годы значительно увеличилось количество ферм по выращиванию моллюсков у берегов Крыма и Кавказа. Культивирование тихоокеанской устрицы Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) требует проведения мониторинга здоровья моллюсков и паразитологического контроля морских ферм. Целью данной работы было изучить видовой состав эпибионтов и эндобионтов, ассоциированных с раковинами культивируемых устриц C. gigas, а также выявить виды, повреждающие раковины. Товарные устрицы с визуальными повреждениями раковины собраны на морской ферме в заливе Донузлав (Крым, Чёрное море) и доставлены для дальнейшего изучения в лабораторию в живом виде охлаждёнными. В результате обследования 22 устриц обнаружены 14 видов макрозообентоса и экземпляры живых моллюсков-камнеточцев Petricola lithophaga (Retzius, 1788). Размеры моллюсков-камнеточцев варьировали от 9 до 16 мм, возраст составлял около двух лет. Длительное нахождение P. lithophaga внутри створок устриц может вызывать деградацию известкового слоя раковины и даже гибель моллюска-хозяина; данный факт имеет большое значение для марикультуры Чёрного моря. Принимая в расчёт годовой цикл развития камнеточца-петриколы, в период массового оседания его личинок (с июля по октябрь) можно рекомендовать проводить осмотр раковин культивируемых устриц. Выполнение дальнейших детальных исследований позволит разработать мероприятия по профилактике и защите двустворчатых моллюсков от заражения камнеточцем P. lithophaga.

Mariculture represents approximate 50 percent of global aquaculture production by weight. Fish cages, which consist simply HDPE frame, netting, and mooring system, in fish farming are key elements of sea cage aquaculture. Aquaculture divers are responsible for inspection and maintenance of the underwater structures such as nets, mooring line and anchor, removing dead fish, monitoring the abnormal behavior of fish, assistance harvesting of fish and other periodic underwater works in fish cage farms. In recent years, the demand for aquaculture divers has increased in fish cage farms in both northern and southern Aegean Sea with enhancement of fish production in mariculture. On the other hand, various problems (diving accidents, faulty diving operations, lack of training etc.) related to work conditions and legal regulations of aquaculture divers have emerged. In the study, with the questionnaire consisting of 49 questions, face to face surveys were performed with 162 aquaculture divers in fish farms around Muğla and İzmir provinces between February and May 2019. Results showed the presence that there are three main problems consisting of diving regulations for professional divers, the candidate diving system and diving education which may cause fatal accidents should be improved and revised urgently.

Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is a significant issue in Atlantic salmon mariculture. Research on the development of treatments or vaccines uses experimental challenges where salmon is exposed to amoebae concentrations ranging from 500 to 5,000/L. However, the water concentrations of N. perurans on affected salmon farms are much lower. The lowest concentration of N. perurans previously reported to cause AGD was 10/L. Here, we report that concentrations as low as 0.1/L of N. perurans can cause AGD. We propose that concentrations of N. perurans that reflect those measured on salmon farms should be used for future experimental challenges.