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Biomass with a large amount of moisture is well-suited to be processed by supercritical water gasification, SCWG. The precipitation of inorganics, together with char formation and re-polymerization, can cause reactor plugging and stop the process operations. When plugging occurs, sudden injections of relatively large mass quantities take place, influencing the mass flow dynamics significantly in the process. Reactor plugging is a phenomenon very well observed during SCWG of industrial feedstock, which hinders scale-up initiatives, and it is seldom studied with precision in the literature. The present study provides an accurate evaluation of continuous tubular reactor dynamics in the event of sudden injections of water. An interpretation of the results regarding water properties at supercritical conditions contributes to comprehending mass and heat transfer when plugging occurs. Experiments are then compared to SCWG of a biomass sample aiming to give key insights into heat transfer and fluid dynamics mechanisms that could help develop operational and control strategies to increase the reliability of SCWG. In addition, a simplified model is presented to assess the effect of material integrity on burst-event likelihood, which states that SCWG is safe to operate, at 250 bar and 610 °C, in tubular reactors made of 0.22 wall thickness-to-diameter ratio Inconel-625 with superficial microfractures smaller than 30 µm. We also suggest improvement opportunities for the safety of SCWG in continuous operation mode.

Biomass with a large amount of moisture is well-suited to be processed by supercritical water gasification, SCWG. The precipitation of inorganics, together with char formation and re-polymerization, can cause reactor plugging and stop the process operations. When plugging occurs, sudden injections of relatively large mass quantities take place, influencing the mass flow dynamics significantly in the process. Reactor plugging is a phenomenon very well observed during SCWG of industrial feedstock, which hinders scale-up initiatives, and it is seldom studied with precision in the literature. The present study provides an accurate evaluation of continuous tubular reactor dynamics in the event of sudden injections of water. An interpretation of the results regarding water properties at supercritical conditions contributes to comprehending mass and heat transfer when plugging occurs. Experiments are then compared to SCWG of a biomass sample aiming to give key insights into heat transfer and fluid dynamics mechanisms that could help develop operational and control strategies to increase the reliability of SCWG. In addition, a simplified model is presented to assess the effect of material integrity on burst-event likelihood, which states that SCWG is safe to operate, at 250 bar and 610 °C, in tubular reactors made of 0.22 wall thickness-to-diameter ratio Inconel-625 with superficial microfractures smaller than 30 µm. We also suggest improvement opportunities for the safety of SCWG in continuous operation mode.

2021 SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference, MEOS 2021 -- 28 November 2021 through 1 December 2021 -- -- 177500, EUR (Estimated Ultimate Recovery) forecasting in unconventional fields has been a tough process sourced by its physics involved in the production mechanism of such systems which makes it hard to model or forecast. Machine learning (ML) based EUR prediction becomes very challenging because of the operational issues and the quality of the data in historical production. Geology-driven EUR forecasting, once established, offers EUR forecasting solutions that is not affected by operational issues such as shut-ins. This study illustrates the overall methodology in intelligent fields with real-time data flow and model update that enables optimization of well placement in addition to EUR forecasting for individual wells. A synthetic but realistic model which demonstrates the physics is utilized to generate input data for training the ML model where the spatially-distributed geological parameters including but not limited to porosity, permeability, saturation have been used to describe the production values and ultimately the EUR. The completion is given where the formation characteristics vary in the field that lead to location-dependent production performance leading to well placement optimization based on EUR forecasting from the geological parameters. The algorithm not only predicts the EUR of an individual well and makes decision for the optimum well locations. As the training model includes data of interfering wells, the model is capable of capturing the pattern in the well interference. Even though a synthetic but realistic reservoir model is constructed to generate the data for the aim of assisting the ML model, in practice, it is not an easy task to (1) obtain the input parameters to build a robust reservoir simulation model and (2) understanding and modeling of physics of fluid flow and production in unconventionals is a complex and time-consuming task to build real models. Thus, data-driven approaches like this help to speed up reservoir management and development decisions with reasonable approximations compared to numerical models and solutions. Application of machine learning in intelligent fields is also explained where the models are dynamically-updated and trained with the new data. Geology-driven EUR forecasting has been applied and relatively-new in the industry. In. this study, we are extending it to optimize well placement in intelligent fields in unconventionals beyond other existing studies in the literature. © 2021, Society of Petroleum Engineers

One of the main challenges associated with the operation and maintenance of binary geothermal power plants is the degradation of construction materials. In this sense, it is crucial to apply appropriate preventive maintenance in critical components (such as the wellheads, heat exchangers, or pipes), while reducing shutdown times. Based on electrochemical measurements performed in an autoclave corrosion testing setup, we studied the corrosion mechanism of API L80 steel grade as a function of operational and/or maintenance procedures. We used a test fuid representative for a site in Switzerland, but the main observations made may be applicable in a wider context. We found that changes in the fuid temperature (from 200 to 100 °C) or temporary oxygen ingress signifcantly infuenced the corrosion behavior of this carbon steel and increased its corrosion rate (from approx. 20 µm/year to>120 µm/year). After a few days, the corrosion rate was found to decrease and stabilize around values of 50–70 µm/year, as a result of a porous corrosion product layer formed on the metal surface (approx. 250 µm thick). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated an increase in capacitance of the double layer over time, most likely due to an increase in the efective surface area of the steel sample, as a consequence of surface roughening due to corrosion. The results from this study may be implemented in the design and operation of future power plants in Switzerland and elsewhere to ensure reliable and cost-efective energy production from geothermal resources. ISSN:2195-9706

This paper focuses on exploring the leadership governance in universities. The leadership governance creates an environment which is transparent and it incorporates stakeholders that transform the university. The leadership governance faces visible and invisible challenges which calls for experts in different areas of leadership to be incorporated into the structures of the university in order to bring sustainability in the university. The primary data was collected from six traditional universities and three universities of technology in South Africa from the sample of 39 members of senate. The nature of the study is a quantitative study in which Survey Monkey was used for the distribution of questionnaires. The findings of the study indicate that there is a lack of involvement of stakeholders in the processes of reviewing policies and operational issues. The other findings was the use of university members in leadership to promote unity.

One of the main challenges associated with the operation and maintenance of binary geothermal power plants is the degradation of construction materials. In this sense, it is crucial to apply appropriate preventive maintenance in critical components (such as the wellheads, heat exchangers, or pipes), while reducing shutdown times. Based on electrochemical measurements performed in an autoclave corrosion testing setup, we studied the corrosion mechanism of API L80 steel grade as a function of operational and/or maintenance procedures. We used a test fuid representative for a site in Switzerland, but the main observations made may be applicable in a wider context. We found that changes in the fuid temperature (from 200 to 100 °C) or temporary oxygen ingress signifcantly infuenced the corrosion behavior of this carbon steel and increased its corrosion rate (from approx. 20 µm/year to>120 µm/year). After a few days, the corrosion rate was found to decrease and stabilize around values of 50–70 µm/year, as a result of a porous corrosion product layer formed on the metal surface (approx. 250 µm thick). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated an increase in capacitance of the double layer over time, most likely due to an increase in the efective surface area of the steel sample, as a consequence of surface roughening due to corrosion. The results from this study may be implemented in the design and operation of future power plants in Switzerland and elsewhere to ensure reliable and cost-efective energy production from geothermal resources., Geothermal Energy, 8, ISSN:2195-9706

In Switzerland, deep geothermal energy can give a promising contribution to the future energy scenario. However, the expertise in operational issues of deep geothermal power plants is limited, and technical challenges, such as corrosion, are a determining factor for their reliable and long-term operation. In this work, two representative fluids of optimal geothermal conditions in Switzerland were studied. The corrosiveness of the solutions was assessed using two experimental setups that allow investigating the range of temperatures and pressures that apply to the reservoir and power plant conditions. The corrosion behaviour of API L80 steel was analyzed by means of electrochemical measurements (at 100 and 200 °C) and of gravimetric tests (at 100 °C). After the tests, the morphologies and composition of the corrosion products were obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). Results show that corrosion rates are significantly high at 100 °C in environments with a chloride concentration of around 600 mg/L and pH around 7. The corrosion products deposited on the metal surface mainly consist of magnetite and/or hematite that might potentially form a protective layer. This study gives a first insight of the potential corrosiveness of geothermal fluids in Switzerland., Metals, 9 (3), ISSN:2075-4701

This paper aims to identify the extent in which the interdepartmental conflicts from the local organizations can constitute a real barrier in assimilation of the concept of marketing in organizational practice in Romania. Based on an extensive literature review approach, which suggest different forms of conflicts between functional structures of an organization, and on a selective quantitative research, this article reveals the extent to which the assimilation of the concept of marketing in organizational practice in Romania may be hampered by their manifestation.

This article aims to analyze the implementation of musyarakah mutanaqishah financing on Islamic banking in Indonesia, especially in facing the existence of three issues available in contract implementation (sharia issues, legal issues, and operational issues). The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method with an inductive analysis approach. The method of analyzing the date is based on Law of Republic of Indonesia Number 21/2008 concerning Sharia Banking, DSN-MUI, Fatwa Number 73/2008 concerning Musyarakah Mutanaqishah, and AAOIFI Sharia Standards. The research findings showed that the implementation of MMQ on some points is not based on sharia law. In terms of legal and operational analysis based on BI rules on banking laws, there are indications of a discrepancy between the basic rules and its implementation in the field. The operational assignment of all payment obligations for fees deviates from AAOIFI standards and DSN fatwas, and there are no specific accounting standards related to MMQ . Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis implementasi pembiayaan musyarakah mutanaqishah pada perbankan syariah di Indonesia, terutama dalam menanggapi keberadaan tiga isu yang melekat pada implementasi akad (isu syariah, isu legal, dan isu operasional). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan analisis induktif. Analisis dilaksanakan berdasarkan Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 21 Tahun 2008 Tentang Perbankan Syariah, Fatwa DSN-MUI Nomor 73/2008 tentang Musyarakah Mutanaqishah , dan Standar Syariah AAOIFI. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa implementasi MMQ pada beberapa point belum sesuai syariah. Dari sisi analisis legal dan operasional berdasarkan aturan BI tentang undang-undang perbankan terindikasi adanya ketidaksesuaian antara dasar aturan dengan implementasi di lapangan.Terkait operasional adanya pelimpahan semua kewajiban pembayaran atas biaya yang muncul menyimpang dari standar AAOIFI dan fatwa DSN dan belum ada standar akuntansi khusus terkait MMQ.

Water Alternating Gas (WAG) injection is a Enhanced Oil Recovery method spread in several countries around the world since fifty years ago approximately. The technique consists in to inject inside a reservoir alternates and successive slugs of water and gas to achieve a best sweep efficiency of the interest zone; this fact will be seen reflected in an increase of the recovery factor. A description of the main theoretical aspects of this EOR process is presented, as well as a state of the art taking into account factors such as dominant displacement mechanisms, used gases, type of objective rocks and geographical location of the projects. Important operational issues during technique implementation are discussed. Finally, a screening guide to apply this EOR process, keeping in mind gathered information of historical field cases, is showed.

Multiple volcanoes erupt yearly propelling volcanic ash into the atmosphere and creating an aviation hazard. The plinian eruption type is most likely to create a significant aviation hazard. Plinian eruptions can eject large quantities of fine ash up to an altitude of 50,000 m (164,000 feet). While large airborne particles rapidly fall, smaller particles at reduced concentrations drift for days to weeks as they gradually descend and deposit on the ground. Very small particles, less than 1 μm, can remain aloft for years.An average of three aircraft encounters with volcanic ash was reported every year between 1973 and 2003. Of these, 8 resulted in some loss of engine power, including a complete shutdown of all four engines on a Boeing 747. However, no crashes have been attributed to volcanic ash. The major forms of engine damage caused by volcanic ash are:1. Deposition of ash on turbine nozzles and blades due to glassification2. Erosion of compressor and turbine blades3. Carbon deposits on fuel nozzlesThe combination of these effects can push the engine to surge and flame out. If a flame out occurs, engine restart may be possible.Less serious engine damage can also occur. In most cases the major damage will require an engine overhaul long before the minor damage becomes an operational issue, but under some conditions no sign of volcanic ash is evident and the turbine cooling system blockage could go unnoticed until an engine inspection is performed.Several organizations provide aircrew procedures to respond to encounters with a volcanic ash cloud. If a volcanic ash encounter is suspected, then an engine inspection, including borescope, should be performed with particular attention given to the turbine cooling system.Copyright © 2013 by Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada

Multiple volcanoes erupt yearly propelling volcanic ash into the atmosphere and creating an aviation hazard. The plinian eruption type is most likely to create a significant aviation hazard. Plinian eruptions can eject large quantities of fine ash up to an altitude of 50,000 m (164,000 feet). While large airborne particles rapidly fall, smaller particles at reduced concentrations drift for days to weeks as they gradually descend and deposit on the ground. Very small particles, less than 1μm, can remain aloft for years. An average of three aircraft encounters with volcanic ash was reported every year between 1973 and 2003. Of these, 8 resulted in some loss of engine power, including a complete shutdown of all four engines on a Boeing 747. However, no crashes have been attributed to volcanic ash. The major forms of engine damage caused by volcanic ash are: 1. Deposition of ash on turbine nozzles and blades due to glassification 2. Erosion of compressor and turbine blades 3. Carbon deposits on fuel nozzles The combination of these effects can push the engine to surge and flame out. If a flame out occurs, engine restart may be possible. Less serious engine damage can also occur. In most cases the major damage will require an engine overhaul long before the minor damage becomes an operational issue, but under some conditions no sign of volcanic ash is evident and the turbine cooling system blockage could go unnoticed until an engine inspection is performed. Several organizations provide aircrew procedures to respond to encounters with a volcanic ash cloud. If a volcanic ash encounter is suspected, then an engine inspection, including borescope, should be performed with particular attention given to the turbine cooling system. Copyright © 2013 by Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada., ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, GT 2013, 3 June 2013 through 7 June 2013, San Antonio, Tx

Tijdens de missie van Adré Kuipers naar het Internationeal Ruimtestation hebben we gevonden dat trilsignalen in gewichtsloosheid net zo goed voelbaar zijn als op aarde.

Tijdens de missie van Adré Kuipers naar het Internationeal Ruimtestation hebben we gevonden dat trilsignalen in gewichtsloosheid net zo goed voelbaar zijn als op aarde.

Chain coordination is growing in importance for those in the food industry to maintain access to global markets and competitive advantage. Information communication facilitates coordination and is seen as the glue that holds organisational chain relationships together. This paper describes how Australian food processors have been exchanging information to coordinate customers and suppliers in their chains along with changes over time. The most frequent information exchanged was to resolve problems. Operational issues were only discussed when exceptions arose and this was decreasing over time, as problems were resolved and processes improved. For the organisations studied, they were increasingly formalising processes to review progress and performance. A wide range of organisational departments were involved in communications with customers and suppliers, especially to resolve problems and develop new products. While the traditional telephone and face-to-face communication methods were the most popular, e-mails were replacing faxes. There were also moves to increasing use of reports, electronic data interchange and intranets for more well developed relationships with larger customers and suppliers. These changes in communication systems were the source of some increased satisfaction with information systems by improving timeliness and depth of information shared. However, there was perceived to be some room for further improvement.

Directive 2001/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2001 on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment was officialised in July 2001. It establishes a basic framework for the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment, which should be adopted by the Member States of the European Union. In accordance with the principle of subsidiarity, the responsibility of developing a detailed procedure is left to the Member States. Within this context, this paper aims to assist the Member States with decisions concerning the implementation of a strategic environmental assessment (SEA) process conforming to the Directive by defining briefly some operational issues related to the Member State's discretionary margin and by analysing their consequences regarding the objectives stated by the Directive (in terms of protection of the environment, contribution to the integration of environmental considerations into the preparation and adoption of plans and programmes, and contribution to more transparent decisionmaking). © 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved., SCOPUS: re.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Based on the results of the Geothermal ERA-NET work package (WP) 2 „Information exchange on national incentives and status of geothermal energy“, and WP4 “Development of joint activities”, the topical field of operational issues of geothermal energy installations was identified as one of the main barriers for the development of geothermal energy and as an urgent RD&D need mentioned by most of the participating countries in a ranking process., FP7, {"references":["Goldbrunner J. & Goetzl G., 2013: Geothermal Energy Use, Country Update for Austria; Proceedings European Geothermal Congress 2013, Pisa, Italy, 3‐7 June 2013.","Goldbrunner J. & Goetzl G., 2016: Geothermal Energy Use, Country Update for Austria; Proceedings European Geothermal Congress 2016, Strasbourg, France, 19‐23 September 2016.","Goetzl G., 2007: Heatflow density map of Austria, scale 1:2.000.000; in Hofmann T. & Schönlaub H.P.: Geoatlas Österreich, Geological Survey of Austria, Vienna.","Suchi, E., Dittmann, J., Knopf, S., Müller, C, Schulz, R., 2014: Geothermal Atlas to visualise potential conflicts of interest Between CO2 storage (CCS) and deep geothermal energy in Germany. Z.Dt. Ges.Geowiss., 165(3)439-453.","Bajcsi, P., Bozsó, P., Bozsó, R., Molnár, G., Tábor, V., Czinkota, I., Tóth, T.M., Kovács, B., Schubert, F., Bozsó, G., Szanyi, J., 2015: New geothermal well-completion and rework technology by laser. Central European Geology, Vol. 58/1–2, 88–99, DOI: 10.1556/24.58.2015.1–2.6","Barcza, M., Bálint, A., Kiss, S., Szanyi, J., Kovács, B., 2011: A Szentes térségi hévíztározó épződmények hidrodinamikai viszonyai szivattyú tesztek kiértékelése alapján. A Miskolci Egyetem Közleménye, A sorozat, Bányászat, vol. 81, p. 245-254","Bálint, A., Barcza, M., Szanyi, J., Kovács, B., Kóbor, B., Medgyes, T., 2010: Investigation of thermal water injection into porous aquifers. Abstracts of 1st Knowbridge Conference on Renewables. September 27-28, 2010. Miskolc, Hungary.","Dövényi, P., Horváth, F., 1988: A review of temperature, thermal conductivity and heat flow data form the Pannonian Basin. In: Royden, L.H., Horváth, F. 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Based on the results of the Geothermal ERA-NET work package (WP) 2 „Information exchange on national incentives and status of geothermal energy“, and WP4 “Development of joint activities”, the topical field of operational issues of geothermal energy installations was identified as one of the main barriers for the development of geothermal energy and as an urgent RD&D need mentioned by most of the participating countries in a ranking process.