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Siqi Yan,1 Shaohong Huang,1 Zijing Yang,2 Song Luo,1 Xiaoxia Yang,1 Lidan He,1 Jianbo Li,1 Guoying Que1 1Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jianbo Li; Guoying QueStomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 366, South of Jiangnan Avenue, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +862084413946Email 435264691@qq.com; 2917268593@qq.comPurpose: This study aimed to investigate the new development of caries among preschoolers in northern Guangdong and to assess caries-related factors to distinguish groups with different caries risk levels.Methods: Baseline data were recorded for participants from September to November 2019, and participants were reexamined from September to November 2020. A longitudinal observation of 11,973 preschoolers was conducted. The simplified debris index (DI-S) and decayed-missing-filled tooth (dmft) index values were obtained for each participant.Results: Factors associated with whether caries would occur in the future and one-year increase in dmft (Δdmft) included baseline dmft, baseline DI-S, and baseline age. The risk ratio (RR) of caries occurrence and the number of teeth with new-onset caries were 4.482 (95% confidence interval, 4.056– 4.957) and 2.945 (2.742– 3.165) in the participants with baseline dmft ≥ 3, which were higher than those with baseline dmft =1 or 2. In the baseline caries-free group, whether caries would occur in the future was related to the baseline DI-S (95% confidence interval, 0.022– 0.062). The caries incidence of maxillary central incisors (27.9%) was the highest among teeth of preschoolers without caries at baseline, whereas the caries incidence of mandibular first deciduous molars (42.7%) was the highest among teeth of preschoolers with caries at baseline.Conclusion: Baseline dmft is a good predictor of future caries. Children with baseline caries-free status, baseline dmft > 0, and baseline dmft ≥ 3 should be treated with preventive interventions of different intensities and frequencies. The occurrence of future caries in baseline caries-free participants is related to oral hygiene status. Measures to prevent caries on smooth surfaces, such as topical fluoridation, should be applied to all preschoolers. Preschoolers with caries at baseline may be given priority for pit and fissure sealing.Keywords: preschool children, caries risk, previous caries experience, simplified debris index, oral epidemiology

Siqi Yan,1 Shaohong Huang,1 Zijing Yang,2 Song Luo,1 Xiaoxia Yang,1 Lidan He,1 Jianbo Li,1 Guoying Que1 1Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jianbo Li; Guoying QueStomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 366, South of Jiangnan Avenue, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +862084413946Email 435264691@qq.com; 2917268593@qq.comPurpose: This study aimed to investigate the new development of caries among preschoolers in northern Guangdong and to assess caries-related factors to distinguish groups with different caries risk levels.Methods: Baseline data were recorded for participants from September to November 2019, and participants were reexamined from September to November 2020. A longitudinal observation of 11,973 preschoolers was conducted. The simplified debris index (DI-S) and decayed-missing-filled tooth (dmft) index values were obtained for each participant.Results: Factors associated with whether caries would occur in the future and one-year increase in dmft (Δdmft) included baseline dmft, baseline DI-S, and baseline age. The risk ratio (RR) of caries occurrence and the number of teeth with new-onset caries were 4.482 (95% confidence interval, 4.056– 4.957) and 2.945 (2.742– 3.165) in the participants with baseline dmft ≥ 3, which were higher than those with baseline dmft =1 or 2. In the baseline caries-free group, whether caries would occur in the future was related to the baseline DI-S (95% confidence interval, 0.022– 0.062). The caries incidence of maxillary central incisors (27.9%) was the highest among teeth of preschoolers without caries at baseline, whereas the caries incidence of mandibular first deciduous molars (42.7%) was the highest among teeth of preschoolers with caries at baseline.Conclusion: Baseline dmft is a good predictor of future caries. Children with baseline caries-free status, baseline dmft > 0, and baseline dmft ≥ 3 should be treated with preventive interventions of different intensities and frequencies. The occurrence of future caries in baseline caries-free participants is related to oral hygiene status. Measures to prevent caries on smooth surfaces, such as topical fluoridation, should be applied to all preschoolers. Preschoolers with caries at baseline may be given priority for pit and fissure sealing.Keywords: preschool children, caries risk, previous caries experience, simplified debris index, oral epidemiology

Background: The relationship between chronic inflammatory diseases and their comorbidities and correlation with periodontal diseases has become an increasing focus of research. Objectives: The aim of this case-control study was to conclude if patients suffering from COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) tend to have more AP (Apical Periodontitis) than non-COPD patients. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 30 patients assigned as cases, associated with 30 control patients linked by age (+/−5 years) and sex. Results: A total of 60 patients were recorded, and a total of 12 radiographic variables were analyzed. A total of 43 (71.7%) patients were registered with PAI (Periapical Index) ≥ 3, and there was a slightly tendency in the patients from the control group 22 (73.3%) compared to those from the cases 21 (70%), respectively (p > 0.05). Conclusions: It was concluded that there was not a significant association between the levels of PAI (Periapical Index) ≥ 3 per patient in those suffering from COPD. In fact, it could be concluded that patients diagnosed with COPD tend to have more teeth with PAI ≥ 3, more endodontic treatments and their periodontitis tended to accumulate more caries. Clinical Significance: This study establishes, in a case-control study, some specific aspects of oral health in patients with COPD, as well as analyzing the importance of oral health in this disease.

Objective To investigate the oral health behavior of urban and rural students in the 12~15 year age group in Guangdong Province, aiming to provide informational support for adolescent oral health care. Methods A multistage stratified sampling method with equal capacity and simple random sampling was applied to obtain representative samples. A total of 7 680 students aged 12 to 15 were selected from Guangdong Province, with 1 920 in each age group of 12, 13, 14 and 15 years; half were male and half were female, and half were from urban areas and half were from rural areas. According to the Fourth National Oral Health Epidemiology Questionnaire Survey Program, a standard questionnaire was designed to conduct on-the-spot investigations on sugar intake, brushing, dental floss usage, fluoride toothpaste usage. Results ① Eating before a meal and before bed: the proportion of sweet snacks, sweet drinks and sugary drinks consumed ≥2 times/day was higher in the rural group than in the urban group (P < 0.001), with only sugary drinks consumed significantly differently by age (P < 0.001). ② The rural group had a significantly lower proportion of brushing ≥ 2 times/day, flossing habits and fluoride toothpaste habits than the urban group (P < 0.001), whereas only fluoride toothpaste habits were significantly different across age groups (P < 0.001). Conclusions Among the students aged 12 to 15 in Guangdong Province, the rural group had a higher proportion of consuming desserts, sweet drinks and sweetened drinks. The proportion of brushing ≥ 2 times/day was lower, and the usage rate of floss and fluoride toothpaste was lower.

As one of the most common chronic diseases of the oral cavity, caries gradually accumulate over the lifetime and affect approximately 80% of the world population. The epidemiological characteristics of the disease are specific in terms of regional distribution, temporal distribution and population distribution. Caries prevalence and mean decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth (mean DMFT) scores are the most commonly used indexes in oral epidemiology. Caries prevalence is used to describe the frequency of caries over a certain period of time. In addition, DMFT scores reflect the severity of caries in the population. The caries prevalence and the severity of caries are assessed as part of a dynamic process. In developing countries, caries prevalence is higher among urban populations than among rural populations. Currently, the epidemic characteristics of caries in urban and rural areas are changing, and the caries prevalence of urban residents is lower than that of rural residents. This article is a chronological review of the Oral Health Epidemiological Surveys of China from 1983 to 2015, the Preventive Dentistry study and other related studies. It is concluded that the epidemic characteristics of caries in urban and rural areas in China have changed from a higher caries prevalence in urban areas compared to that in rural areas to a lower caries prevalence in urban areas compared to that in rural areas. Several factors, such as the dynamic development of differences in dietary habits, economic levels and access to oral medical resources of urban and rural residents might have led to changes in caries prevalence in urban and rural areas. The caries prevalence of rural residents has increased greatly, which indicates that the caries prevention efforts of the relevant departments should be focused more on rural areas in the future.

Background: Epidemiological investigations define the prevalence and distribution of the various types of malocclusions, and can help to identify etiological factors and set the most correct orthodontic therapy. Aim: The goal of this study was to verify the prevalence and distribution of various types of malocclusions in the pediatric population. Methods: The study was performed on a sample of 350 patients (ages 5–9) being treated at the ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda in Milan. A comparison was presented with one similar epidemiological investigation conducted 22 years earlier by the same researchers. The values of the malocclusion indices were reported from the cephalometric analyzes of the patients and were differentiated on the basis of gender and ethnicity. Results: The predominant traits of malocclusion in the general population of the analyzed sample were: skeletal class II (47.43%), hyper-divergence (40.86%), maxillary retrusion (46%), mandibular retrusion (66%), maxillary hypoplasia (50%), mandibular hypoplasia (49.14%), Wits index > 2 mm (22.57%); overjet > 4 mm (31.1%) and overbite > 4 mm (24.86%). Substantial differences were found between Italian patients and patients belonging to different ethnic groups in almost all parameters, and between the male and female genders in some of them. Patients in the 2000 study had a higher prevalence of Class II and hyper-divergence. Conclusions: This epidemiological investigation can suggest different approaches in setting the orthodontic treatment plan based on the ethnic group of the patient taken in charge and encourage more specific and large-scale analytical studies on the subject.

Background Whether an association between alcohol consumption and dental caries exists is still unclear. Chinese Baijiu is the most common alcohol consumed by middle-aged and elderly Chinese individuals. This study aimed to assess the relationship between alcohol consumption (Chinese Baijiu) and dental caries in Guangdong Province, southern China. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Guangdong Province using a multistage, stratified, equal-sized, random sampling strategy. In total, 576 individuals aged 55–74 were recruited to fill out a questionnaire through face-to-face and one-on-one interviews and to undergo a series of dental examinations with a Community Periodontal Index (CPI) probe. According to the standard for clinical dentition examination of the WHO 2013 criteria, the presence of dental caries was determined by the DFT/DFRoot (decayed-filled tooth/root) index. The ratios of males to females and urban people to countrymen were both 1:1. Then, the chi-square test and rank-sum tests were used to compare the differences in caries between subgroups, and multivariate logistic regression analyses, as well as negative binomial regression analyses, were executed to identify the potential relationship between alcohol consumption and caries. Results The prevalence of crown caries was 79.17% with a DFT index of 3.19, while that of root caries was 61.28% with a DFRoot index of 2.08. The prevalence and mean tooth of crown caries of females were higher than those of males. The prevalence and mean DFRoot of root caries in rural areas were higher than those in urban areas. The results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis and negative binomial regression analysis showed that there was a statistically significant negative correlation between the consumption frequency of Chinese Baijiu and caries (often vs. never/rarely, crown caries: odds ratio (OR) = 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.26–1.13, P = 0.103, incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.44–0.92, P = 0.015; root caries: OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.24–0.93, P = 0.030, IRR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.32–0.54, P = 0.008). Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, frequent consumption of Chinese Baijiu was a protective factor for caries in middle-aged and elderly people in Guangdong Province. However, considering the harm of alcohol to one’s general health, it is recommended to drink moderately and avoid alcohol abuse.

The purpose of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors use among cancer patients from the medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) cohort of the University of Messina. We retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients with either intravenous bisphosphonates or denosumab-related MRONJ reported in the electronic health records of the Unit of Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Messina between the first quarter of 2018 and the first quarter 2020 to identify eligible patients. We observed six cases of MRONJ associated with CDK4/6 inhibitors concomitantly with intravenous bisphosphonates and/or denosumab in breast cancer patients. The CDK4/6 inhibitors registered were palbociclib (n = 5) and abemaciclib (n = 1). Data of cancer patients diagnosed with MRONJ in the same period (n = 10) were extracted for comparison. The comparative assessment with this group of patients showed a similar distribution of MRONJ stage ranged and clinical course after treatment. The degree of risk for osteonecrosis in patients taking these new classes of drugs is uncertain but warrants awareness and close monitoring. The role of premedication dental evaluation as a prevention strategy has been acknowledged for cancer patients about to initiate intravenous bisphosphonates and/or denosumab for treatment of bone metastasis, but additional attention should be paid to whom are assuming CDK4/6 inhibitors because of their oral adverse events.

Background: The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic may lead to changes in the dental needs of the population and new challenges concerning oral health care. Methods: The Google Trends tool was used to collect data on the Internet search interest. The investigated material was collected from 1 January 2020 to 23 August 2020. Search terms &ldquo, toothache&rdquo, &ldquo, dentist&rdquo, and &ldquo, stay at home&rdquo, were retrieved for the whole world as well as for the US, the UK, Poland, Italy and Sweden. Results: During the lockdown, correlation analysis indicates the lowest public interest in the word &ldquo, one week preceding the peak for &ldquo, followed by an increase in the word search for &ldquo, On 12 April, worldwide, the maximum of Google Trends Relative Search Volume (RSV) for &ldquo, was observed. Conclusion: Decrease in &ldquo, queries during lockdown followed by an increase in &ldquo, search predicts greater dental needs in the post-pandemic period. The surveillance shows significant changes in queries for dental-related terms during the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to prepare for future pandemic outbreaks teledentistry programs should be taken into consideration.

Background Dental caries of deciduous teeth (Early Childhood Caries, ECC) has become a crucial oral health problem over the decades in China. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and severity of ECC among preschool children from Guangdong Province, Southern China. In addition, to assess the association of ECC with reported oral health-related behaviors. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 2592 participants was carried out in Guangdong Province by means of an equal-sized, stratified, multistage random sampling method during December 2015 and April 2016. The participants were divided into three groups according to their ages (3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds). Half of the participants were derived from urban areas, while the other from rural areas. According to the standard for clinical dentition examination of the WHO 2013 criteria, the presence of ECC was determined by the dmft (decayed-missing-filled tooth) index using a CPI (Community Periodontal Index) probe. A questionnaire about caries-related factors was completed by each of the participants’ parents or grandparents through a face-to-face and one-on-one interview. Then, t-test, Chi2 tests, One-Way ANOVA served for statistical analysis, and logistic regression analysis as well as covariance analysis were executed to identify potential associated factors for ECC. Results The prevalence (% dmft > 0) of ECC was 68.3 (95% CI: 66.5–70.1), the mean dmft was 4.36 (95% CI: 4.17–4.55), and the filled rate was 1.2%. In multivariable modeling, associated factors for both prevalence and mean dmft were older age, rural areas, consumption of sweets before sleep, dental visit history, low household income, and low parental education level. Initiating toothbrushing after 3 years of age and being exclusively/ predominantly breastfed indicated only the prevalence; being female and frequently consuming sweetened milk/powdered milk indicated only the mean dmft. Conclusions Preschool children in Guangdong Province, especially children from rural areas, experienced a significant amount of ECC. Associated factors for ECC included demographics, oral health measures, dietary factors, and socioeconomic factors. More attention should be given to prevention of ECC from early life. The construction of social support for oral health should be strengthened. Oral health education and promotion, especially of rural areas, should be intensified to reduce the inequality between urban and rural areas.

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the sociodemographic and clinical parameters of patients who visit the emergency dental service and their most common diagnoses. Materials and Methods: The data were collected on the basis of a survey filled out by patients. A total of 1730 out of 6732 patients (26%) were surveyed using a questionnaire to analyze sociodemographic status, dental visits, the description and dynamics of the symptoms. After the data collection, methods of descriptive data presentation and of inferential statistics were made in SPSS. Results: Survey results show that most subjects (60.4%) came during the weekends and holidays. The subjects, 73.1 % of them, stated that they had already used this type of service, and 65.8% did not visit their dentist beforehand. The largest number of subjects (62.2%) reported that they needed emergency service within a week after their problems had begun. The most common diagnoses included face and jaw abscesses (27.3%). There is a statistically significant difference between the number of patients who went to the emergency dental service and completed the questionnaire over the course of several months contrary to patients who were there in May and June (59.7%) compared to July and August (40.3 %). Conclusions: Most subjects had clear indications for being referred to an emergency dental service. Most of the emergency conditions were mainly due to irregular visits to the dentist. Patient education and preventive programs would probably have reduced the number of visits.

Oral health disparities are prevalent in the American population and are influenced by various social determinants. This study aimed to analyze oral health disparities in the US between 1999–2004 and 2013–2016 according to sociodemographic characteristics. This analytic cross-sectional study analyzed five oral health indicators from Healthy People 2020. A binomial test was used to compare proportions between baseline and follow-up. Only the indicator for non-treated cavities among children reached its goal. White children had the greatest decrease (−15.4%; p = 0.0428) in dental caries. Higher income determined better outcomes for adolescents (−27.54%; p = 0.00032 dental caries) and adults (−15.96%; p = 0.0143 tooth extractions). However, adults 35–44 years with the highest income had a significant increase (40.74%, p = 0.0258) in decayed teeth. This study provides evidence to suggest that some progress has been made towards reducing oral health disparities in the US, primarily among children. However, trends for certain indicators remain disparate between different racial/ethnic and income groups. Applications for the findings of this study should address the intersectional nature of social determinants of health and should center on improving the equity of services offered by public oral healthcare.

Objective To understand the level and current status of oral health knowledge among people aged 35⁃44 years in Guangdong Province and to provide a reference for oral health education in Guangdong Province. Methods An equal⁃sized, stratified, multistage, random sampling design was applied to obtain representative sample groups consisting of 288 Guangdong residents aged 35⁃44 years in four urban areas and four rural areas with a gender ratio of one to one. According to the Guideline of the 4th National Oral Health Survey, a questionnaire survey was conducted, and a statistical analysis of the questionnaire responses related to oral health knowledge was performed. Results In total, 288 people participated in the survey, of which 95.8 percent were aware that“Oral health is very important to their own lives, and the prevention of oral diseases depends on themselves first” , 76.0% recognized that“Regular oral examination is very necessary” , and 66.7% disagreed that“Teeth were innate and had little to do with their own protection” . The percentages of participants that agreed with the statements“Eating sugar can cause dental caries” ,“Oral disease may affect general health” ,“Bacteria may cause dental caries”and“Bacteria may cause gum inflammation”were 87.2% , 84.7%, 80.9%, and 80.2%, respectively. However, the rates of awareness that teeth could be protected by fluoride and by pit and fissure sealant were only 36.8% and 18.8%, respectively. Conclusion General knowledge of oral health care was relatively high among adults aged 35 ⁃ 44 years in Guangdong Province, but knowledge of fluoride, pit and fissure sealing and caries prevention was relatively low. Oral health education should be continuously improved, especially regarding the popularization of oral health knowledge.

Objective To investigate the dental fluorosis status of permanent teeth of a 12⁃year⁃old population of Guangdong Province to provide informational support for oral health care in Guangdong. Methods An equal ⁃ sized cross⁃sectional random⁃sample assessment was carried out among 1 920 urban and rural residents of Guangdong Prov⁃ ince, half male and half female, aged 12 years. We examined the dental fluorosis status of complete permanent teeth crown based on a health survey and the criteria of clinical dental fluorosis from the fourth national oral health survey. The data were analyzed by SAS9.2 to investigate the prevalence and community fluorosis index as well as gender and ur⁃ ban and rural differences, and compared with the prevalence of fluorosis in Guangdong Province in 2005 and 1995. Re⁃ sults In the 12⁃year⁃old population, the prevalence of dental fluorosis was 5.05%, and the community fluorosis index was 0.108. There was no significant difference between genders（P > 0.05）, but there was a significant difference be⁃ tween subjects from urban and rural areas（P < 0.05）. There were significant differences among prevalence of dental flu⁃ orosis and community fluorosis index in 1995, 2005 and 2015—2016（P < 0.05）. Conclusion The prevalence of den⁃tal fluorosis and the community fluorosis index of 12 ⁃ year ⁃ old people of Guangdong Province are relatively low, but there is an upward trend.

Obiective To investigate the current status of remaining teeth and edentulous jaw arch of people aged 35⁃44, 55⁃64 and 65⁃ 74 in Guangdong province. Methods An equal⁃ sized stratified multi⁃stage randomly sampling design was applied to select a total of 288 Guangdong residents in urban and rural areas, and the subjects were between the age of 35⁃44, 55⁃64 and 65⁃74, with a gender ratio of half to half. The status of remaining teeth and edentulous jaw arch were assessed according to the Guideline for the 4th National Oral Health Survey. Results 88.89% subjects in the 35⁃44 year group had more than 28 teeth and 100% subjects had more than 20 teeth, with an average of 29.88 teeth remaining and no edentulous jaw. The average remaining teeth was 26.06 in the group of 55 ⁃ 64 year, with 87.50% subjects having more than 20 teeth, 59.03% subjects having 28 or more teeth, 4.16% subjects having single edentulous jaw arch, and 1.04% subjects having both edentulous jaw arch. 73.96% and 35.07% subjects in the group of 65⁃74 year had 20 above or 28 above remaining teeth, respectively, and the average teeth was 22.94. There were 8.34% subjects having single edentulous jaw arch and 1.39% subjects having both edentulous jaws. In the 35⁃44 and 65⁃74 year group, the prevalence of missing teeth in the female was significantly higher than the male (P < 0.05), while no significant difference was found between urban and rural areas (P > 0.05). More remaining teeth were noticed in current survey (2015) when compared to the data in 2005 (P < 0.05). Conclusion The 35⁃44 year people have few lost teeth, and over half of the elderly people have several lost teeth. Elderly people with edentulous arch are very few.

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the healthcare system, including dentistry. However, it is not entirely clear whether affected patients’ willingness for regular dental visits and preventive behaviors with regards oral hygiene and diet. This is essential to understanding the potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the acceleration of dental issues in the future. It was aimed at checking the level of dental visit avoidance, self-reported oral health needs, and dietary changes. This cross-sectional questionnaire study conducted in Poland (n = 2574; mean age 44.4 ± 15.6; female 56.3%) assessed nutritional habits and dental care changes during the COVID-19 pandemic. As demonstrated, nearly half of the responders (47.1%) avoided regular dental visits, while only 0.5% used online consultations. Fears related to potential cross-contamination in dental offices dropped from 25% to 11.4% and were associated with increased BMI and age (p < 0.05). Sweet snacking/drinking confirmed 19.1%/33.2% subjects. Self-reported oral health care needs (tooth stain, calculus, gingivitis, loss of fillings) were related to frequent snacking and poor oral hygiene (p < 0.05). The study highlights that pandemic periods are covered by eating and drinking changes combined with inadequate hygiene and dental care impose health complaints in the oral cavity. This can magnify both nutritional and interrelated oral health issues, highlighting the need to implement preventive and mitigation measures.

Objective To investigate current status of periodontal health in the population at the age of 15⁃74 in Guangdong province and provide information for oral health care in Guangdong. Methods A stratified multistage randomly sampling design was applied to obtain 4 provincially representative sample groups consisted of 2784 Guangdong residents, aged at 15, 35⁃44, 55⁃64 and 65⁃74 respectively, with a gender ratio of half to half. The status of probing depth (PD) and loss of attachment (LOA) of the whole mouth were assessed according to the Guideline for the fourth National Oral Health Survey by using a CPI probe, and the data obtained were analyzed with SAS9.2 package. Results The prevalence of shallow periodontal pocket in the 15, 35⁃44, 55⁃64 and 65⁃74 years old group were 0.52%, 38.54%, 49.65%, 47.22% with 0.02, 2.05, 3.74, 2.80 affected teeth on average. The corresponding percentages of deep periodontal pocket in the 4 groups were 0.05%, 3.47%, 15.97%, 9.03% with 0, 0.07, 0.31, 0.16 affected teeth on average. Prevalence and the mean affected teeth of 4⁃5 mm LOA were 0.10%, 26.74%, 33.68%, 35.07% and 0, 1.54, 4.33, 4.05. The prevalence and the mean affected teeth of 6⁃8 mm LOA were 0, 6.94%, 32.29%, 27.08% and 0, 0.24, 1.23, 0.97. The prevalence of LOA≥4 mm were 0.10%, 35.07%, 79.17%, 74.65% and the prevalence of LOA≥6 mm were 0, 8.33%, 45.49%, 39.58%. In the 35⁃74 years old group, the prevalence and the mean teeth with PD and LOA increased with age and reached a peak in 55⁃64 years old group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the prevalence and the mean teeth of PD and LOA between urban and rural areas. The mean teeth of PD in 35⁃44 and 55⁃64 years old groups were significant higher in the male than the female. The prevalence and the mean teeth with LOA were both significant higher in the male than the female. Conclusion The periodontal diseases indications are common in 35⁃74 years old people and most necessary at the age of 55⁃64 in Guangdong. The periodontal health may have extensive influence on oral health status in the middle⁃aged and the elder population in Guangdong.

Objective To explore the caries status of permanent teeth among 12⁃15⁃year⁃old population in Guang⁃ dong Province, and to provide information support for oral health care. Methods A cross⁃sectional survey was carried out among 7 680 urban and rural residents in Guangdong Province. Subjects were from four different age groups (aged 12, 13, 14 and 15), with 1 920 people in each group. An equal⁃sized stratified multistage randomly sampling was used, with a gender ratio of half to half in each group. According to the criteria of clinical dentition examination of the fourth national oral health survey, the crown caries of permanent teeth in the whole mouth were recorded using CPI probe. And then the prevalence, the mean DMFT (decayed⁃missing⁃filled tooth), the filled rate were calculated. Results The preva⁃ lence of crown caries in the groups of aged 12, aged 13, aged 14, aged 15 were 43.07%, 45.31%, 49.69%, 52.86%, re⁃ spectively. The mean DMFTs were 1.06, 1.13, 1.38, 1.59, respectively. The filled rates were 20.19%, 21.50%, 22.86%, 21.33%, respectively. The prevalence and the mean DMFT increased with age (P < 0.001), and both were higher than that in 2005. There were significant differences in the prevalence and the mean DMFT between urban and rural areas and between male and female (P < 0.001). Conclusion According to the criteria of the mean DMFT in 12⁃year ⁃old population of WHO, the severity of caries of permanent teeth in Guangdong was regarded as "very low". But the severity was higher than that in 2005, and the filled rate was low.

Objective To investigate the current status of caries on permanent teeth in a population of 55⁃74⁃year⁃ old in Guangdong Province, thus to provide scientific basis for the establishment of oral health care policies in Guang⁃ dong. Methods An equal⁃sized stratified multi⁃stage randomly sampling design was applied to obtain representative sample groups consisted of 288 Guangdong residents each, aged at either 55⁃64 or 65⁃74 years old, with a gender ratio of half to half. The caries on the crowns and roots of permanent teeth were assessed according to "The Guideline for the 4th National Oral Health Survey"; thereafter the prevalence and mean DFT (decayed and filled tooth) of permanent teeth were calculated. Results In the population of 55⁃64⁃year⁃old, the prevalence of crown caries was 77.08%, with a mean DFT of 2.94, and a filled rate of 21.87%; while the prevalence of root caries was 59.38%, with a mean DFT of 1.82, and a filled rate of 9.18%; and the prevalence of residual roots was 46.18%. In the population of 65⁃74⁃year⁃old, the prevalence of crown caries was 81.25%, with a mean DFT of 3.45, and a filled rate of 16.40%; while the prevalence of root caries was 63.19%, with a mean DFT of 2.34, and a filled rate of 9.18%; and the prevalence of residual roots was 50.35%. In the population of 55⁃64⁃year⁃old, the prevalence and the mean DFT of crown caries were higher in female when compared to male. And the mean DFT of root caries were higher in countryside when compared to the urban oppo⁃ nents. In the population of 65⁃74⁃year⁃old, the female had higher mean DFT score in crown caries than that in male. And the prevalence of caries of root and mean DFT of root caries were higher in countryside than that in the urban oppo⁃ nents. Conclusion There was a high level of crown and root caries in Guangdong adults, while the filling rate was low, most of the involved teeth were not filled.

Objective To investigate the current status of caries on permanent teeth in adult population at the age of 35⁃44 years old in Guangdong Province, thus to provide scientific basis for the establishment of oral health care policies in Guangdong. Methods An equal⁃sized stratified multi⁃stage randomly sampling design was applied to obtain represen⁃ tative sample groups consisted of 288 Guangdong residents each, aged at 35⁃44 years old, with a gender ratio of half to half. The caries on the crowns and roots of permanent teeth were assessed according to The Guideline for the 4th National Oral Health Survey; thereafter the prevalence and mean DFT (decayed and filled tooth) of permanent teeth were calculat⁃ ed. The data obtained were analyzed using SAS9.2 package. Results In 35⁃44 year ⁃old population, the prevalence of crown caries was 71.18%, with a mean DFT of 2.76, and a filled rate of 36.78%; while the prevalence of root caries was 28.47%, with a mean DFT of 0.66, and a filled rate of 4.23%. The prevalence of caries of crown and root and mean DFT of crown caries were higher in countryside when compared to the urban opponents. And female had higher prevalence and mean DFT score in crown and root caries when compared to male. However, the mean DFT score of root caries in urban was almost the same as that in countryside. Conclusion There was a high level of crown caries in Guangdong. Although the prevalence of root caries is low, most of the involved roots was not filled.

Objective To investigate the status of tooth caries of 6⁃8 years old school children in Zhongkai Hi⁃Tech Zone of Huizhou city, and to provide scientific data for prevention and treatment on caries. Methods Referring to the Guideline for the 3rd National Oral Health Survey, the dental caries status of 1⁃2 grade students in 32 primary schools were investigated, and the data were analyzed by SPSS 14.0 statistical software. Results The prevalence rate of decid⁃ uous teeth caries in 4 390 children was 67.4% , and the DMFT was 3.94; The eruption rate of the first molars was 81.5%, with the prevalence rate of caries was 24.3%, and the DMFT was 0.448. The rate of caries for 8 years old chil⁃ dren is higher than in 6⁃7 years old children (P < 0.001). Conclusion There is a high caries rate in children in Zhong⁃ kai Hi⁃Tech Zone of Huizhou, so oral health education, primary teeth caries treatment, and fissure sealant of permanent teeth should be strengthened.

The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between the DMFT (Decayed, Missing, Filling Teeth) index of 12-year-old children from the Southeast region of R. Macedonia and the concentration of fluorine in drinking water from the populated areas where children live. Material and methods: A total of 129 children from 2 central and 2 regional primary schools were enrolled in the examination, and the DMFT index was determined in these children. They live in 2 different cities and 2 different villages. Four water samples were taken from the examined area to determine the fluorine concentration by the electrochemical method using the pH / ISE meter-Thermo-Orion with a special F-electrode (Thermo Orion Ion Plus Fluoride Electrode) at the Institute for Public Health. Spearman's method was used to determine the correlation between the specified variables. Results: The total number of children in the examined sample was 129, of whom 70 (54.3%) were male and 59 (45.7%) were female. The average DMFT index in this group of children was 1.94, with a standard deviation of ± 2.5. Maximum concentration of fluorine in drinking water of 1.36 ppmF was determined in the village Bansko, and 0.36 ppmF in the village Murtino, while the minimum (0.08 ppmF) in the city of Strumica. Correlation of the DMFT index in 12-year-old children from the Southeast region and the concentration of fluorine in the drinking water had a negative, indirect correlation, with the value of the coefficient r = - 0.1655. Conclusion: The correlation between the DMFT index and the concentration of drinking water is a negative, indirect correlation, and statistically, this correlation is highly significant (p, Целта на оваа студија беше да се утврди корелацијата помеѓу КЕП (Кариес, Екстракција, Пломба) индексот на 12-годишни деца и концентрацијата на флуорот во водата за пиење од населените места каде што децата живеат. Материјал и методи: Во испитувањето беа опфатени 129 ученици од 2 централни и 2 подрачни основни училишта, на кои им се одреди КЕП индексот. Децата живеат во градот Струмица и 3 различни села. Деветнаесет примероци на вода беа земени од испитуваната област за да се одреди концентрацијата на флуор со помош на електрохемиски метод користејќи го јонометарот (pH/ISE meter-Thermo-Orion) со специјална Ф-електрода (Thermo Orion Ion Plus Fluoride Electrode) на Институтот за јавно здравје. За одредување на корелацијата помеѓу одредените варијабли беше користен Spearman-овиот метод. Резултати: Вкупниот број деца во испитуваниот примерок изнесуваше 129, од кои 59 (45,7%) беа од женски и 70 (54,3%) од машки пол. Просечниот КЕП индекс кај оваа група деца изнесуваше 1,94, со стандардна девијација од ±2,5. Максимални концентрации на флуор во водата за пиење од 1,36 ppmF беа утврдени во селото Банско и од 0,36 ppmF во селото Муртино, додека минимални (0,08 ppmF) во градот Струмица. Корелацијата помеѓу вредноста на КЕП индексот кај децата на возраст од 12 години од Југоисточниот регион и концентрацијата на флуорот во водата за пиење постоеше негативна, индиректна корелација, со вредност на коефициентот r =-0,16. Заклучок: Корелацијата помеѓу КЕП индексот и концентрацијата на водата за пиење е негативна, индиректна корелација, и оваа корелација е статистички значајна (p˂ 0,05).

This study examined edentulism (total absence of natural dentition) trends among adults’ users of public oral health care in Victoria, Australia and factors associated with these trends. The sample comprised 13,578 dental clients of public oral health care services, collected between July 2008 and June 2009, from which data were complete. The group of edentulous clients represented 6.8% of all clients. Older participants were more likely to be edentulous (OR = 3.95, 95% CI 3.53–4.43). By language spoken at home, those who spoke English were more likely to be edentulous than those who spoke other languages (OR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.02–1.63). Aboriginal clients were more likely to be edentulous than non-Aboriginal clients (OR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.15–4.27). By region of residence, clients living in rural locations were more likely to be edentulous than those living in urban regions (OR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.32–1.78). The full model explained 16.8% of the variance in being edentulous. Findings in edentulism were lower than what was reported by the National Survey of Adult Oral Health. However, despite this trend, significant variations existed across urban and rural locations. Innovative public health programs and services are essential to prevent inequalities in oral health diseases and conditions for rural populations.

The Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, was designated as a World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Primary Oral Health Care (POHC) in 2011. This article aimed to describe the following: (1) the background for this nomination, (2) the WHO Collaborating Centre for POHC, its terms of reference and 5 activities, (3) the primary health care concept as it was established in Alma-Ata, (4) the oral health situation in Kuwait and in the Middle-East region and, finally, (5) how POHC policy should be implemented in Kuwait and this region. It can be concluded that, because the caries experience is very high in Kuwait and in the other countries of the Eastern Mediterranean region, good POHC programmes should be designed and implemented in this region. The Faculty of Dentistry will strengthen its research tradition and as a WHO Collaborating Centre for POHC will try to collect information and experience from POHC in this region and exchange ideas between POHC experts in this region on how these programmes could be further developed. This will happen according to the terms of reference and activity plans of the WHO Collaborating Centre for POHC approved by the WHO Global Oral Health Programme.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the methods used to identify national mean DMFT scores for 12-year-old children in all the Member States of the European Union and European Economic Area, and in 11 other European countries. Methods: The most recent national mean DMFT scores were accessed from the World Health Organisation Oral Health CAPP and the Council of European Chief Dental Officers databanks. A literature search was then performed to access the reports of the studies that had produced these DMFT scores, cited on these databanks. The reports were then analysed to determine: the year in which the survey/study that produced the score took place, the year the results were published, the geographical area (national, regional or local) covered, the number of children examined, how many examiners took part, how they were trained and calibrated, and the criteria used for the detection of caries. Results: Data and information from 43 European countries were accessed. The years when the studies were performed ranged from 1990 to 2014. There were doubts over the representativeness of some samples. A wide range of different methods were used. Examiner training and calibration were very variable both in terms of duration and reported inter and intra-examiner consistency. There were important variations in the criteria employed for the detection of caries. Conclusions: These findings support the view that most of current national caries data for DMFT levels in 12-year-old children are not comparable across Europe.

Introducción: La Fluorosis dental es un problema de salud bucal que se puede presentar en diferentes grados de severidad según la exposición a fluoruros durante la formación dental, la OMS recomienda hacer vigilancia de este problema en la población. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia y severidad de fluorosis dental, en niños de 12 y 15 años de edad, que asistieron a consulta odontológica durante el año 2014 a la ESE Hospital San Rafael del Municipio de Andes (Antioquia). Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de 400 registros de los niños de 12 y 15 años que asistieron a consulta odontológica durante el año 2014; de los cuales 192 fueron reportados como casos de Fluorosis dental, y habían sido examinados con base en los criterios del índice de Deán, mediante inspección visual de las superficies vestibulares de doce dientes. Se estimaron las prevalencias y niveles de severidad de fluorosis dental por edad, sexo y zona de residencia. Resultados: La prevalencia de fluorosis dental fue de 48%, siendo las formas muy leve y leve las más frecuentes con el 30%, mientras que la fluorosis moderada se encontró en el 16% y la severa en el 2%. Conclusiones: La alta prevalencia de fluorosis dental en los niños de 12 y 15 años del municipio de Andes, indica la necesidad de hacer vigilancia del problema, así como implementar medidas orientadas al control del riesgo de fluorosis dental en la población. Introduction: Dental fluorosis is a problem of oral health that occurs in varying degrees of severity depending on exposure to fluoride during tooth formation, the WHO recommends monitoring this problem in the population. Objetive: To determine prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in children, who visited to the dentist's office during 2014 at the ESE Hospital San Rafael in Andes municipality (Antioquia). Materials and methods: Descriptive, retrospective study of four hundred records of children aged 12 and 15 who visited to the dentist's office during 2014; of which 192 were reported as cases of dental fluorosis, and had been examined by visual inspection of labial surfaces in twelve teeth, according the Dean index. The prevalence and severity levels of dental fluorosis by age, sex and area of residence were estimated. Results: The prevalence of dental fluorosis was 48%, being the most frequent very mild and mild forms with 30%, while moderate fluorosis was 16% and severe 2%. Conclusions: The high prevalence of dental fluorosis in children aged 12 and 15 of Andes municipality, indicate the need to continue monitoring the problem and to implement measures aimed at controlling the risk of dental fluorosis in the population.

Contains fulltext : 110822.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) To obtain the caries experience and, plaque accumulation severity and pit and fissure morphology in first permanent molars in 7-8 children in Wuhan, as a reasonable prediction of caries risk and preventive attention in the future, a convenient sample of five primary schools in the vicinity of the Wuhan University School and Hospital of Stomatology was drawn. Two calibrated examiners orally examined all present grade 2 children in the classroom, using standard caries plaque and tooth morphology criteria. Dental caries was scored at enamel (D-2) and dentine (D-3) for tooth and surface level. Independent variables were age, gender and school. Data analysis used analysis of variance and t-test. The sample comprised 1 043 7- and 8-year-olds. The prevalence of dental caries in permanent dentition was 8.7% and in primary dentition, 68.7%. Mean Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth/S (DMFT/S) scores were 0.11 and 0.14, respectively. Mean dmft/s scores were 2.8 and 5.0. The d-component constituted 75% of the d(3)mft index, while enamel carious lesions constituted 36% of the total number of carious lesions (d(2,3)-component). Prevalence of medium and deep pits and fissures was 84.6%. Prevalence of medium and severe plaque accumulation was 67.4%. Prevalence of dental caries in the deciduous and permanent dentitions of 7- to 8-year-old children was high. Deep pits and fissures in high caries risk children should be sealed. International Journal of Oral Science (2012) 4, 157-160; doi:10.1038/ijos.2012.34; published online 15 June 2012

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de fissuras labiopalatais no município de Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, Brasil, em crianças nascidas entre 01/01/1999 e 31/12/2004. Foram considerados a faixa etária, tipo de fissura, sexo e raça da criança, além do estado civil, grau de escolaridade e procedência da mãe do portador na época do parto. Deste modo, foram verificados os prontuários de pacientes inscritos em serviços de referência em tratamento de anomalias craniofaciais, com o objetivo de selecionar os nascidos e/ou domiciliados no município de Campos dos Goytacazes. Após seleção inicial, foi realizada busca no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC), definindo o universo do estudo, a saber: nascidos vivos entre 1999 e 2004, cujas mães eram residentes em Campos dos Goytacazes. Neste período, o número de nascidos no município, por residência da mãe, foi de 46.707, dos quais 63 possuíam algum tipo de fissura labiopalatal, representando uma prevalência de 1,35 casos por 1000 nascidos vivos. A análise dos dados revelou que 55,6% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino. Os tipos de fissuras mais encontrados foram o de lábio e palato e o de palato isolado (34,9% cada). Embora a raça branca tenha representado 61,3% dos indivíduos estudados, o percentual de casos por raça não diferiu estatisticamente em relação à distribuição de nascidos na população. Com relação à mãe do portador, a maior parte das mães era solteira ou casada, possuindo como característica o baixo grau de escolaridade. The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of oral clefts in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ/Brazil, in children born from January 01, 1999 to December 31, 2004. Age group, cleft type, sex and race of the child were considered, as well as the marital status, education and origin of the child's mother at the time of birth. In this manner, the records of patients enrolled in reference services for treatment of craniofacial anomalies in the cities of Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ), Rio de Janeiro (RJ) and in Bauru (SP) were reviewed with the purpose of selecting those whose birth and/or residence was in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes, within the target period. After the initial selection, a search in the ISLB was conducted to define the universe of the study, which was: finding the children who were born alive between 1999 and 2004 whose mothers were living in Campos dos Goytacazes. In this period, using as a reference the mother's residence, the number of children born in the city was of 46,707, of which 63 had cleft lip with or without cleft palate, representing a prevalence of 1.35 cases in every 1,000 live births. The analysis of the data revealed that 55.6% of the patients were male; the most common type of cleft was isolated cleft palate and cleft lip and palate (34.9%); 61.3% of the cases were white children but the percentage of cases within each race did not differ statistically in relation to the distribution of births in the population; most of the mothers were single or married with little education.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de fissuras labiopalatais no município de Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, Brasil, em crianças nascidas entre 01/01/1999 e 31/12/2004. Foram considerados a faixa etária, tipo de fissura, sexo e raça da criança, além do estado civil, grau de escolaridade e procedência da mãe do portador na época do parto. Deste modo, foram verificados os prontuários de pacientes inscritos em serviços de referência em tratamento de anomalias craniofaciais, com o objetivo de selecionar os nascidos e/ou domiciliados no município de Campos dos Goytacazes. Após seleção inicial, foi realizada busca no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC), definindo o universo do estudo, a saber: nascidos vivos entre 1999 e 2004, cujas mães eram residentes em Campos dos Goytacazes. Neste período, o número de nascidos no município, por residência da mãe, foi de 46.707, dos quais 63 possuíam algum tipo de fissura labiopalatal, representando uma prevalência de 1,35 casos por 1000 nascidos vivos. A análise dos dados revelou que 55,6% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino. Os tipos de fissuras mais encontrados foram o de lábio e palato e o de palato isolado (34,9% cada). Embora a raça branca tenha representado 61,3% dos indivíduos estudados, o percentual de casos por raça não diferiu estatisticamente em relação à distribuição de nascidos na população. Com relação à mãe do portador, a maior parte das mães era solteira ou casada, possuindo como característica o baixo grau de escolaridade.The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of oral clefts in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ/Brazil, in children born from January 01, 1999 to December 31, 2004. Age group, cleft type, sex and race of the child were considered, as well as the marital status, education and origin of the child's mother at the time of birth. In this manner, the records of patients enrolled in reference services for treatment of craniofacial anomalies in the cities of Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ), Rio de Janeiro (RJ) and in Bauru (SP) were reviewed with the purpose of selecting those whose birth and/or residence was in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes, within the target period. After the initial selection, a search in the ISLB was conducted to define the universe of the study, which was: finding the children who were born alive between 1999 and 2004 whose mothers were living in Campos dos Goytacazes. In this period, using as a reference the mother's residence, the number of children born in the city was of 46,707, of which 63 had cleft lip with or without cleft palate, representing a prevalence of 1.35 cases in every 1,000 live births. The analysis of the data revealed that 55.6% of the patients were male; the most common type of cleft was isolated cleft palate and cleft lip and palate (34.9%); 61.3% of the cases were white children but the percentage of cases within each race did not differ statistically in relation to the distribution of births in the population; most of the mothers were single or married with little education.

Background: Periodontitis is multifactorial in nature. The various determinants of periodontal disease are age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, and risk factors including tobacco usage and oral hygiene status. However, there is inconsistent epidemiological data on the periodontal status of subjects living in high-fluoride areas. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of dental fluorosis on the periodontal status using community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN), as a clinical study. The purpose of this study is to determine the periodontal status using CPITN index in a population aged between 15 and 74 years residing in the high-fluoride areas of Davangere district. The possible reasons for the susceptibility of this population to periodontal disease are discussed. Materials and Methods: 1029 subjects, aged between 15 and 74 years suffering from dental fluorosis were assessed for their periodontal status. Clinical parameters recorded were OHI-S to assess the oral hygiene status, Jackson′s fluorosis index to assess the degree of fluorosis and CPITN index to assess the periodontal status where treatment need was excluded. Results: Gingivitis and periodontitis were more common in females (65.9% and 32.8%, respectively) than in males (75.1% and 24.2%, respectively). Periodontitis was significantly more common in females. As the age advanced from 15 to 55 years and above, gingivitis reduced from 81.0 to 42.9% and periodontitis increased steadily from 18.0 to 57.1%, which was significant. Periodontitis was high in subjects with poor oral hygiene (81.3%), compared to those with good oral hygiene (14.5%), which was significant. As the degree of fluorosis increased, severity of gingivitis reduced and periodontitis increased, i.e., with A degree fluorosis, gingivitis was 89.4% and periodontitis 8.5%, but with F degree fluorosis the former was 64% and the latter 35.8%, which was statistically significant. Conclusion: The results suggest that there is a strong association of occurrence of periodontal disease in high-fluoride areas. The role of plaque is well understood in contrast to the effect of fluorides on periodontal tissues. It goes a long way to reason out fluoride as an important etiological agent in periodontal disease.

Este é um estudo de revisão que sistematiza achados de pesquisas sobre exposições ocupacionais e seus efeitos na saúde bucal, destacando a importância dos dados epidemiológicos no planejamento de programas de saúde bucal do trabalhador. Existem relatos de associação potencial entre exposições ocupacionais e alterações bucais; entretanto, são escassos os estudos sobre as condições de saúde bucal dos trabalhadores em países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil. Entre as exposições ocupacionais presentes na literatura odontológica, observa-se uma predominância de estudos sobre substâncias ácidas e também exposições relacionadas com o açúcar, como a poeira de açúcar. As alterações bucais podem manifestar-se tanto nos tecidos duros (cárie, erosão dental, etc.) como nos tecidos moles (lesões da mucosa oral, doenças periodontais, etc). Por outro lado, observa-se que os programas de saúde bucal do trabalhador, quando existem, muitas vezes não consideram as especificidades dessa parcela da população que, além de exposta aos fatores de risco mais conhecidos das principais doenças bucais, está submetida a outros fatores relacionados ao ambiente de trabalho. Assim, considera-se relevante a discussão sobre a necessidade de maior produção de conhecimento nessa área, de capacitação de recursos humanos e de implementação de programas mais efetivos, baseados nos princípios da vigilância em saúde do trabalhador.This study is a review of published research findings in occupational exposures and their impact on oral health, emphasizing the relevance of epidemiological studies in the planning of workers' oral health programs. There are some studies reporting potential association between occupational exposures and oral diseases; nevertheless, there are few studies concerning workers oral health conditions in developing countries, as Brazil. In current dental literature related to occupational exposures, there are more publications about acid substances and sugar related exposures, as sugar dust. Oral diseases could arise both in hard tissues (caries, dental erosion) and soft tissues (oral mucous lesions, periodontal diseases, etc). On the other hand, the few existing workers oral health programs don't take into consideration specificities of population not only exposed to main oral health etiologic factors, but also submitted to other risk factors related to work environment. Therefore, it is important to discuss the need of producing more knowledge in this area, capacitating human resources and implementing more effective programs, based on worker's health surveillance.

Since the early 1990s, there has been heated debate critically reflecting on social epidemiology. Yet, very little of this debate has reached oral epidemiology. This is no more noticeable than in the field of oral health inequalities. One of the significant achievements of social oral epidemiology has been the persistent documentation of social patterning of oral disease. Nevertheless, where social oral epidemiology has fallen down is going beyond description to explaining these patterns. Thinking how and in what way things happen, not just in relation to oral health inequalities but also more broadly, requires a more creative approach which links to scholarship outside of dentistry, including the work from critical epidemiologists to that within the social sciences. The aim of this review study is to provide a critical commentary on key aspects of more general epidemiological debates in order to inform and develop social oral epidemiology theory and methodology. In the first section, ‘Where are we now?’, six key debates are reflected upon: (i) analysis of variance versus analysis of causes, (ii) the fallacy of independent effects, (iii) black box thinking, (iv) theory and the understanding of mechanisms, (v) individualization of risk and (vi) the meaning of ‘social’. In the second section, ‘Where to next?’ we draw on a number of fundamental issues from within the social science literature in order to highlight possible channels of future inquiry. Our overriding goal throughout is to facilitate a critical engagement in order to improve understanding and generate knowledge in relation to population oral health.

Objective: To examine the association between children's clinical oral health status and their residential location using the latest available data (2009) and to ascertain whether poor oral health among rural children is related to being Indigenous, having less access to fluoridated water or being of lower socioeconomic status (SES), than children from urban areas. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting and participant: Data were collected on 74467 children aged 5-12 years attending school dental services in Australia (data were not available for Victoria or New South Wales). Main outcome measures: Clinical oral health was determined by the mean number of permanent teeth with untreated caries, missing and filled permanent teeth, and the mean decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth index (DMFT) of 8 to 12-year-old-children and the mean number deciduous teeth with untreated caries, missing and filled deciduous teeth, and the mean decayed, missing and filled deciduous teeth index (dmft) of 5-10-year-olds. Results: The multivariable models that included coefficients on whether the child was Indigenous, from an area with fluoridated water and SES, were controlled for age and sex. The mean DMFT of 8-12-year-old children and the mean dmft of 5-10-year-old-children were significantly higher in rural areas compared with urban centres after accounting for Indigenous status, fluoridated water and SES. Conclusion: Children's oral health was poorer in rural areas than in major city areas. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Medicina Dentária A doença periodontal (DP), de acordo com a Academia Americana de Periodontia (AAP), é uma doença inflamatória crónica, que afeta os tecidos da gengiva e do osso encarregados de sustentar as peças dentárias; em meados do século XX, acreditava-se que todas as espécies de bactérias no biofilme bacteriano tinham igual capacidade de causar doença, mas a proporção de espécies de bactérias específicas responsáveis DP só foi estabelecida entre 1960 e 1970; segundo aos dados da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), o 90% da população mundial sofre de esta doença; e a periodontite é o estágio mais avançado tendo muitos fatores que produzem a destruição progressiva do ligamento periodontal e o osso alveolar. Em Portugal, este problema assume particular gravidade dado que durante muitas décadas, a saúde oral não esteve acessível a toda a população, mas atualmente, é inquestionável a necessidade de programas nacionais que contemplem a promoção da Saúde Oral (SO), e a prevenção e tratamento das Doenças Orais (DO), que contribuam significativamente na melhora da Saúde Geral das populações. Estudos epidemiológicos utilizados na atualidade, encontram-se na procura de detectar placa, cálculo e hemorragia gengival, como indicadores da doença e, admite-se que os dois primeiros fatores são essenciais para promover a iniciação e a progressão da DP, com todas as tentativas para tomar referências e poder medir e repetir medições para avaliar a evolução da DP, criaram-se os índices periodontais para ter uma forma de detectar a prevalência da DP em populações. Em 1982 a OMS preconizou o CPITN (Communite Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs), o qual foi desenvolvido com propósito de ser o índice que avaliasse de forma rápida e simples a condição periodontal, mas tempo posteriormente para IPC (Índice Periodontal Comunitário); hoje amplamente aceite. Devido à necesidade da procura de novas medições com fim de observar os valores de incidência da DP em diferentes populações; o presente trabalho foi desenhado para determinar a “Prevalência da doença periodontal em uma população de utentes em cuidados de saúde primários inscritos na Unidade Saúde Familiar Espinho (USF) ”. Foi desenvolvido um estudo observacional, transversal e analítico no período entre Abril e Junho de 2014. A população foi constituída por 100 utentes inscritos na USF de Espinho, seleccionados aleatoriamente de entre os utentes que recorriam a consulta de Medicina Geral e Familiar. Objectivos  Determinar a Prevalência da Doença Periodontal nos utentes vigiados na USF de Espinho.  Determinar a associação entre a doença periodontal com outros factores individuais (sexo, higiene oral, hábitos tabágicos, utilização de prótese dentária). Resultados Observou-se que 80% da população possui doença periodontal, e em relação ao género, a doença encontra-se distribuida em 57% no género feminino, e 23% no género masculino. A profundidade à sondagem em 88% dos indivíduos examinados indicou que o 41% possui medidas de sondagem entre 4-5 mm, e 16% de ≥6 mm. Por outro lado, o 42% possuia uma perda de inserção a partir da junção esmalte-cimento entre 0-3mm, o 35% entre 4-5mm e por último o 23% apresentou uma perda de inserção entre 6-8 mm. O hábito de higiene oral foi representado com o 90% da população que realiza a higiene oral diária, e a distribuição observada do edentulismo, foi representada pelo 69% de indivíduos com edentulismo parcial, e o 12% com edentulismo total. Conclusão Apesar da alta prevalência de DP (80%) para este grupo de estudo, onde>50% da população possuem bolsas periodontais estabelecidas com perda de inserção de mais de 4 mm, um nível considerado da população realiza a higiene oral diária. Além disso, sendo a taixa de edentulismo parcial que lidera com o 69%, podemos concluir que com uma percentagem tão elevada de DP e classificando a maioria dos pacientes com algum tipo de edentulismo; para haver pouca quantidade de dentes examinados existe uma grande quantidade de dentes com DP. The periodontal disease (PD), with agreement with the American Academy of Periodontology, is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the tissues of the gums and the bones in charge of sustaining dental parts; in the mid-twentieth century it was accepted that all the species of bacteria in dental plaque had the same capacity to cause disease; however, the proportion of bacterial species that was specifically responsible for PD was establish between 1960 and 1970. According to data from the World Health Organization (WHO), 90% percent of the world population suffers from this disease. The periodontitis is the most advanced stage, having many factors that produce progressive damage to periodontal ligaments and alveolar bones. In Portugal, this problem has reached a particular level of severity as the general population did not have accessibility to dental care for many decades. Although, recently there is no doubt that there have been national programs that promote oral health, as well as the prevention and the treatment of oral diseases (OD); these programs have contributed significantly to the improvement to the overall health of the population. Epidemiological studies currently used demand the detection of plaque, tartar, and hemorraging in the gums as indicators of disease and it is assumed that the first two factors are essential in the development and progress of a PD. With all the attempts to take references to be able to measure and evaluate the evolution of a PD, an index has been created to have a method to detect the prevalency of PD among the population. In 1982 the WHO recommended the CPITN (Community Peridontal Index of Treatment Needs), which was created with the purpose of being the index to rapidly evaluate the simple periodontal conditions. After time the organization would change into the now widely accepted ICP (Communal Periodontal Index). Due to the new medical necessities to provide observation of the impact levels of PDs in different populations; the current work is designed to determine the “Prevalence of periodontal disease among the population of health care clients subscribed to USF de Espinho. Materials and Methods An observational study was held transversely and analytically in USF Espinho between April and June of 2014. The population was made up of 100 clients subscribed to USF Espinho, and were randomly selected. Objectives  Determine the prevalence of periodontal disease among the observed population in USF Espinho  Determine the association of periodontal disease and other individual factors (gender, oral hygiene, smoking habits, etc.) Results It was observed that 80% of the population has periodontal disease, and in relation to gender, the disease is found distributed in 57% in females and 23% in males. The probing depth in 88% of pacients surveyed indicated that 41% of survey measures has between 4-5 mm, and 16% for ≥ 6 mm. On the other hand, 42% possessed an insertion loss from the cement-enamel junction between 0-3mm, 35% between 4-5mm and finally 23% exhibited an insertion loss between 6-8 mm. The habit of oral hygiene was represented with 90% of the population that performs daily oral hygiene, and the observed distribution of edentulism was represented by 69% of individuals with partial edentulism, and 12% with complete edentulism. Conclusion Despite the high prevalence of PD (80%) for this study group, where >50% of the population have established periodontal pockets with insertion loss of more than 4 mm, a level considered of the population performs daily oral hygiene. Furthermore, with a percentage of partial edentulous leading with 69%, we can conclude that with such a high percentage of DP and classifying the majority of patients with any type of tooth loss; to be little amount of teeth examined, there is a lot of teeth with PD.

Aspectos como los niveles económicos, los hábitos de tabaco y de higiene, son relacionados continuamente como factores de riesgo de la enfermedad periodontal. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar en un colectivo de personas mayores de 55 años, el estado periodontal y la influencia de algunos factores asociados. En una muestra (n=209) de sujetos mayores de 55 años que asistieron a la clínica de adultos de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, se realiza una encuesta y un examen clínico, previa calibración intraexaminador. Con una edad media de 68,3 años (±7,7) y una participación mayor de varones (51,7%), se registró un Índice Periodontal Comunitario (IPC) de 2,31 (±0,89). Con un edentulismo total del 10%, se observan unos niveles de enfermedad periodontal moderada (n=188 sujetos válidos) que presentan asociaciones estadísticas (p

Introducción y objetivo: La construcción de línea de base de los indicadores de experiencia de caries dental a nivel local, de acuerdo con las directrices de las metas globales en salud bucal propuestas por la OMS, es una prioridad para las autoridades de salud. El propósito de este estudio fue establecer los indicadores línea de base de experiencia y prevalencia de caries dental en dentición permanente, en niños de 12 años de edad del municipio de Andes. Materiales y métodos: se examinaron 164 niños/as, que asistieron a consulta odontológica, en un periodo de un año, en quienes se evaluó la presencia de caries cavitacional en dentina y caries limitada al esmalte dental, con base en algunos criterios del sistema ICDAS. Se calcularon la prevalencia y experiencia de caries dental, y los índices CPO-D y SiC. Resultados: El 60,4% de los niños tenía experiencia de caries (CPO-D>0), el promedio del CPO-D clásico y modificado fue 1,6±1,7 y 1,7±1,8, respectivamente. El índice significante de caries fue 3,7±1,2. Conclusión: El municipio de Andes cumplió con la meta 1 del Plan Nacional de Salud pública, sin embargo, el SiC evidencia la concentración del problema de caries dental en una parte de los niños/as de 12 años de edad; situación que debe explorarse con estudios en mayor profundidad.

Apical periodontitis (AP) is an inflammatory lesion around the apex of a tooth caused by bacterial infection of the pulp canal system. AP appears radiographically as a radiolucent periapical lesion (RPL). The elective treatment for teeth with AP is root canal treatment (RCT). No study is available about the frequency of RPL and RCT in patients with inherited coagulation disorders (ICD). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of RPL and RCT in patients with ICD and control subjects. In a cross-sectional study, the radiographic records of 58 patients with haemophilia A, haemophilia B or von Willebrand's disease (study group) and 58 control subjects were examined. The frequency of RPL and RCT was assessed using digital panoramic radiographs and the Periapical Index. RPL in one or more teeth was found in 67.2% of patients with ICD and in 48.3% of control subjects (odds ratio = 2.20; P = 0.038). At least one RCT was found in 34.5% and 65.5% of subjects in the study and control groups respectively (odds ratio = 0.28; P = 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that subjects with ICD had RPL with higher likelihood than control subjects (odds ratio = 7.4; P = 0.0005). Patients with ICD disorders showed a significantly higher prevalence of RPL and lower frequency of RCT than control patients. © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. PMID: 23320531 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Objetivo: Avaliar os aspectos epidemiológicos e fatores clínicos da avulsão de dentes permanentes. Material e Método: A amostra do estudo era composta por 170 pacientes (261 dentes avulsionados) atendidos no Serviço de Urgência Odontológica da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Goiás, entre os anos de 2000 e 2008. As seguintes informações foram retiradas dos registros odontológicos de cada paciente: gênero, idade, fator etiológico, distribuição sazonal, grupo dentário, número de dentes avulsionados, reimplante, estágio de desenvolvimento radicular, meio de transporte, período extra-bucal, presença de dano adicional ao dente, tipo de tratamento e o tipo de complicação pós-traumática. O tratamento estatístico analisou os dados frente à distribuição de frequência e qui-quadrado. O nível de significância foi de p

Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in a population aged 40 years and older in Sivas and to determine the relationship between oral mucosal lesions and age, sex, denture type, length of denture use and denture cleaning methods. Material and Methods: A total 552 subjects (396 male, 156 female) represented the study population. A questionnaire was completed regarding their age, sex, length of denture use, denture cleaning methods and denture satisfaction and a systematic oral examination was done. Results: The oral mucosal lesions observed in this study were as follows: fissured tongue 7.9%, hairy tongue 23%, leukoplakia 3.3%, cigarette associated melanosis 9%, angular chelitis 0.4%, fibroepithelial polyp 3,3%, lichen planus 1.8%, frictional keratosis 7.8%, aphtous ulcer 2.9%, geographic tongue 1.2%, nicotine stomatitis 0.7%, prosthetic stomatitis 5.6%, epulis fissuratum 2.5% and flabby ridge 7.9%. The prevalences of hairy tongue and leukoplakia were found to be statistically significant in smokers (p, Amaç: Sivas’ta yaşayan 40 yaş ve üzeri bireylerde ağız mukozası lezyonlarının yaygınlığını belirlemek ve bu lezyonların yaş, cinsiyet, sigara kullanımı, protez kullanım süresi, protez hijyen alışkanlıkları gibi unsurlar ile arasındaki bağlantıyı tespit etmektir. Gereç ve yöntem: Toplam 552 (396 erkek, 156 kadın) birey çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Bu bireylere yaş, cinsiyet, protez kullanım süresi, protez hijyen alışkanlıkları ve protez memnuniyeti konusunda bir anket uygulandıktan sonra sistematik olarak ağız muayeneleri yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Ağız mukozası lezyonlarından fissürlü dil % 7.9, kıllı dil % 23, lökoplaki % 3.3, sigara içimine bağlı olarak oluşan melanozis % 9, angular şelitis % 0.4, fibroepiteliyal polip % 3.3, liken planus % 1.8, friksiyonel keratozis % 7.8, aftöz ülser % 2.9, coğrafik dil % 1.2, nikotin stomatitis % 0.7, protez stomatiti % 5.6, epulis fissuratum % 2.5 ve mesnetsiz kret % 7.9 oranında tespit edilmiştir. Sigara içen bireylerde tespit edilen lökoplaki ve kıllı dil görülme oranının içmeyenlere göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı şekilde farklı olduğu belirlenmiştir (p

Purpose: To evaluate oral conditions in visually impaired individuals at the Paraíba Institute of the Blind. Methods: This observational and transversal study analyzed 80 users of the institute. Participants were given a clinical evaluation encompassing DMFT (index of decayed, missing and filled teeth), SOHI (Simplified Oral Hygiene Index) and SPR (Simplified Periodontal Registry) and the occurrence of oral manifestations. Results: The DMFT index showed that the group is large and more expressive in adult age. The Oral Hygiene Index indicated a deficiency in this group. The most frequent periodontal finding was gingivitis, but children exhibited a healthy periodontium. Oral manifestations and a significant number of injuries to the anterior teeth were also observed, including gingival hyperplasia, severe dental crowding, aphthous ulcerations, bottle caries, fistula, fissured tongue, dental erosion and marked gum recession. Conclusion: The studied population seems to show an increase in the DMFT index with age. Poor oral hygiene may be present due to the lack of visualization of the act of brushing. Gingivitis is the most prevalent periodontal condition, indicating the need for programs to encourage the promotion of oral health. Key words: Individuals with visual impairments; diagnosis; clinical pathology Objetivo: Avaliar a condição bucal e a ocorrência de manifestações orais em deficientes visuais assistidos no Instituto dos Cegos da Paraíba, Brazil, uma vez que estes usualmente associam a cavidade bucal apenas ao seu aspecto funcional. Metodologia: Estudo observacional e transversal. A amostra foi constituída por 80 usuários do referido instituto, os quais foram examinados clinicamente, avaliando-se os índices CPOD, SOHI (Índice de Higiene Oral), SPR bem como a ocorrência de manifestações bucais. Resultados: O índice CPOD mostrou-se elevado e mais expressivo na faixa etária adulta. O SOHI apresentou-se deficiente. A condição periodontal mais frequentemente encontrada foi a gengivite, porém as crianças exibiram um periodonto saudável. Quanto às manifestações orais, além de um número expressivo de traumatismos em dentes anteriores, também foram observados: hiperplasia gengival, apinhamento dentário severo, ulcerações aftosas, cáries de mamadeira, fistula, língua fissurada, desgastes dentários acentuados e recessão gengival. Conclusão: A população em estudo parece exibir um caráter cumulativo associando-se o índice CPOD ao fator idade; higiene oral deficiente, podendo esta ser justificada pela falta de visualização do ato de escovação; e gengivite como condição periodontal mais frequente, indicando a necessidade de programas de incentivo à promoção de saúde bucal.

Purpose: To record the prevalence of dental caries in 3-13 year-old children and test the association of presence of caries with some social and behavioral factors. Methods: Cross-sectional design. Data were collected from the Cariology Clinics’ database of the Federal University of Paraíba, in João Pessoa, Brazil, for the period between 2005 and 2008. A total of 410 dental charts were selected, and the children were divided into 3 age groups (G1: 3-5 year-old, n=111; G2: 6-9 year-old, n=165; and G3: 10-13 year-old, n=134). Data were collected from the dental records on clinical examination to compute dmf-t and DMF-T indexes, oral hygiene habits, diet, and socio-economic factors. Chi-square tests and Fisher’s exact tests at the 5% level of significance were used for statistical analysis. Results: Dental caries prevalence was: G1(dmf-t: 2.38±3.27; DMF-T: 0.02±1.49); G2(dmf-t: 2.97±3.12; DMF-T: 0.72±1.26); G3(dmf-t: 0.89±1.73; DMF-T: 2.65±3.00). About 32.7% of the children were caries-free. For the oral health habits most subjects reported toothbrushing three or more times daily (44.8%), without assistance (61.9%), and no use of dental floss (73.1%). The majority of children (97%) reported consumption of sugar between meals. Family income and education were associated with dental caries. Conclusion: The results suggest a high prevalence of caries disease in the sample and specific association with some socioeconomic and behavioral risk factors. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi registrar a prevalência de cárie em crianças de 3 a 13 anos e testar sua associação com alguns fatores sociais e comportamentais. Metodologia: Estudo transversal. Os dados foram coletados do banco de dados da Clínica de Cariologia da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, no período entre 2005 e 2008. Um total de 410 prontuários foram selecionados e as crianças foram distribuídas em 3 grupos conforme faixa etária (G1: 3-5 anos, n=111; G2: 6-9 anos, n=165; e G3: 10-13 anos, n=134). Os dados foram obtidos de exame clínico para cálculo dos índices CEO-d e CPO-D, e entrevista de hábitos de higiene bucal, dieta e fatores socioeconômicos. A análise estatística utilizou testes de Qui-quadrado e de Fisher ao nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A prevalência de cárie dentária foi de: G1(ceo-d: 2,38±3,27 e CPO-D: 0,02±1,49); G2(ceo-d: 2,97±3,12 e CPO-D: 0,72±1,26); G3(ceo-d: 0,89±1,73 e CPO-D: 2,65±3,00). Aproximadamente 32,7% das crianças apresentavam-se livres de cárie. Em relação aos hábitos de higiene bucal, a maioria relatou escovar seus dentes três ou mais vezes (44,8%), sem ajuda dos pais (61,9%), e 73,1% não usavam fio dental. O consumo de alimentos com açúcar entre as refeições foi relatado por 97% das crianças. Renda familiar e escolaridade paterna constituíram fatores de risco para a presença da doença cárie. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem alta prevalência da doença cárie na amostra estudada e associação específica com alguns fatores sociais e comportamentais de higiene bucal.

Editorial. Pobreza y dependencia. Arellano G., Leylan A. Trabajos de Investigación Comparación de las presiones ejercidas por las bases de dentaduras completas elaboradas con acrílico de termocurado y microondas sobre el soporte mucoso. Comparison of pressures put by the bases of elaborate complete dentures with thermocured acrylic and microwaves on the mucous support. Pérez, Alejandra; Martínez, Herminia; Bustillos, Lorena Análisis de la respuesta electroquímica de una aleación de Ni-Cr usada en odontología ante el fenómeno corrosivo y sus posibles implicaciones clínicas. Electrochemical response analysis of a ni-cr alloy used in dentistry against corrosive phenomenon and its possible clinical implications. Velazco de Maldonado, Gladys; Weinhold, Elkis y Cova N., José Luis Gestión docente de los recursos didácticos como factor de calidad educativa en la Clínica Integral del Adulto. Teacher’s didactical recourses management as educational quality factor at the dentistry faculty integral Clinic for Adults. Aguilera de Simonovis, Natalia Relación entre la arteria maxilar interna y las ramas del nervio mandibular. Variantes anatómicas. Relationship between the internal maxillary artery and the mandible nerve branches. Anatomic variants. Iglesias H., Paulina; Moreno de A., Mireya y Gallo B., Antonio Lesiones de los tejidos blandos de soporte en pacientes portadores de dentaduras totales. Los Nevados, estado Mérida. Injuries on support soft tissues in patients carrying total denture. los nevados, Mérida State. Rodríguez, Vanessa; Arellano G., Leylan A.; Zambrano V., Reinaldo E. y Roldán, María T. Diseño de Material Educativo Computarizado sobre el Sistema Estomatognático fundamentado en el Sistema 4mat®. Computerized educational materials design on stomatognatic system based on the 4mat® system. Pabón Márquez, Ambrosio Preconceptos sobre el odontólogo y la consulta odontológica por parte de niños de séptimo grado en una institución rural en el estado Trujillo, Venezuela. Preconceptions on dentist and dentist appointments by seventh grade school kids at a rural institution in Trujillo state, Venezuela. Flores, Marco y Perdomo, Bexi J. Reporte de Caso Granuloma piogénico gravídico. Gravidic pyogenic granuloma. Velazco, Nelly; González, Érica, Quiñónez, Belkis Trabajo de Revisión Las WebQuest: Una propuesta metodológica para el uso de las tecnologías de la información desde una perspectiva educativa. WebQuest: a methodological suggestion for the use of information technologies from an educational perspective. Noguera, Gustavo A. y Gottberg de Noguera, Estela Lo que debemos saber sobre control de infección en el consultorio dental. What we should know about infection control in the dentist office. Molina Barreto, Manuel; Castillo Cáceres, Leonel; Arteaga A., Susana; Velasco, Nelly; González, Sair; Bonomie, Justo y Dávila B., Lorena Selección y configuración de la cámara digital para fotografía clínica. Parte 1: Fotografía clínica extraoral. Selection and configuration of a digital camera for clinical photography. Part 1: extra oral clinical photography. Roa C., Rosmi M.; Miranda M., Sonia A.; Chidiak T., Rosalyn; Moreno B., María V. y Rodríguez M., Antonio Jesús El proceso de integración docente, asistencial y de investigación en la práctica odontológica de América Latina. The process of teaching, assistential and research integration in odontological practice in latin america. Zambrano V., Reinaldo E. 31-36 leylan_are@yahoo.es, leylan@ula.ve reizam@cantv.net semestral Nivel analítico

Este é um estudo de revisão que sistematiza achados de pesquisas sobre exposições ocupacionais e seus efeitos na saúde bucal, destacando a importância dos dados epidemiológicos no planejamento de programas de saúde bucal do trabalhador. Existem relatos de associação potencial entre exposições ocupacionais e alterações bucais; entretanto, são escassos os estudos sobre as condições de saúde bucal dos trabalhadores em países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil. Entre as exposições ocupacionais presentes na literatura odontológica, observa-se uma predominância de estudos sobre substâncias ácidas e também exposições relacionadas com o açúcar, como a poeira de açúcar. As alterações bucais podem manifestar-se tanto nos tecidos duros (cárie, erosão dental, etc.) como nos tecidos moles (lesões da mucosa oral, doenças periodontais, etc). Por outro lado, observa-se que os programas de saúde bucal do trabalhador, quando existem, muitas vezes não consideram as especificidades dessa parcela da população que, além de exposta aos fatores de risco mais conhecidos das principais doenças bucais, está submetida a outros fatores relacionados ao ambiente de trabalho. Assim, considera-se relevante a discussão sobre a necessidade de maior produção de conhecimento nessa área, de capacitação de recursos humanos e de implementação de programas mais efetivos, baseados nos princípios da vigilância em saúde do trabalhador. This study is a review of published research findings in occupational exposures and their impact on oral health, emphasizing the relevance of epidemiological studies in the planning of workers' oral health programs. There are some studies reporting potential association between occupational exposures and oral diseases; nevertheless, there are few studies concerning workers oral health conditions in developing countries, as Brazil. In current dental literature related to occupational exposures, there are more publications about acid substances and sugar related exposures, as sugar dust. Oral diseases could arise both in hard tissues (caries, dental erosion) and soft tissues (oral mucous lesions, periodontal diseases, etc). On the other hand, the few existing workers oral health programs don't take into consideration specificities of population not only exposed to main oral health etiologic factors, but also submitted to other risk factors related to work environment. Therefore, it is important to discuss the need of producing more knowledge in this area, capacitating human resources and implementing more effective programs, based on worker's health surveillance.

Este é um estudo de revisão que sistematiza achados de pesquisas sobre exposições ocupacionais e seus efeitos na saúde bucal, destacando a importância dos dados epidemiológicos no planejamento de programas de saúde bucal do trabalhador. Existem relatos de associação potencial entre exposições ocupacionais e alterações bucais; entretanto, são escassos os estudos sobre as condições de saúde bucal dos trabalhadores em países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil. Entre as exposições ocupacionais presentes na literatura odontológica, observa-se uma predominância de estudos sobre substâncias ácidas e também exposições relacionadas com o açúcar, como a poeira de açúcar. As alterações bucais podem manifestar-se tanto nos tecidos duros (cárie, erosão dental, etc.) como nos tecidos moles (lesões da mucosa oral, doenças periodontais, etc). Por outro lado, observa-se que os programas de saúde bucal do trabalhador, quando existem, muitas vezes não consideram as especificidades dessa parcela da população que, além de exposta aos fatores de risco mais conhecidos das principais doenças bucais, está submetida a outros fatores relacionados ao ambiente de trabalho. Assim, considera-se relevante a discussão sobre a necessidade de maior produção de conhecimento nessa área, de capacitação de recursos humanos e de implementação de programas mais efetivos, baseados nos princípios da vigilância em saúde do trabalhador. This study is a review of published research findings in occupational exposures and their impact on oral health, emphasizing the relevance of epidemiological studies in the planning of workers' oral health programs. There are some studies reporting potential association between occupational exposures and oral diseases; nevertheless, there are few studies concerning workers oral health conditions in developing countries, as Brazil. In current dental literature related to occupational exposures, there are more publications about acid substances and sugar related exposures, as sugar dust. Oral diseases could arise both in hard tissues (caries, dental erosion) and soft tissues (oral mucous lesions, periodontal diseases, etc). On the other hand, the few existing workers oral health programs don't take into consideration specificities of population not only exposed to main oral health etiologic factors, but also submitted to other risk factors related to work environment. Therefore, it is important to discuss the need of producing more knowledge in this area, capacitating human resources and implementing more effective programs, based on worker's health surveillance.

Editorial. Envejecimiento. ¿Deletéreo o beneficioso?. ¿Aging. Destructive or Beneficial? Salinas, Pedro José Violencia doméstica contra la mujer en pacientes femeninas del Ambulatorio Belén. Mérida. Venezuela. Domestic violence against the woman in feminine patients of the Belén Ambulatory Hospital. Mérida, Venezuela. Rivas de Mora, Sileny Percepción de los docentes sobre el maltrato infantil en la educación básica de la ciudad de Mérida, Venezuela. Teachers’ perception of child abuse in basic (primary) school in Mérida city, Venezuela. Salinas, Pedro José Campos, Nilda Caries dental y necesidades de tratamiento en escolares de dos zonas de la región nor-occidental de Venezuela. Dental caries and treatment needs in schoolchildren located in the northern area of the Venezuelan country. Morón Borjas, Alexis Rivera Velásquez, Luís Rojas de Rivera, Fanny Leptina y hormonas tiroideas en niñas con diferentes diagnósticos nutricionales y su relación con la menarquia. Leptin and thyroid hormones in girls with different nutritional diagnosis and their relationship with menarche. Marín de López, Gladis López, Zioma Bishop, Walter Molina Viana, Zarela Hernández Yánez, Leonor La progresión de la enfermedad renal y su tratamiento actual. Una revisión. The progression of renal disease and its present treatment. A review. Rondón Nucete, Miguel Rondon Guerra, Ana Verónica Villarreal, Yadira Colecistestomía laparoscópica versus colecistectomía abierta o tradicional. Resultados de una serie de 442 pacientes. Laparoscopic versus open or traditional cholecystectomy. Results of 442 patients. Torres Dugarte, Carlos Geovanny Spinetti R., Demian Uso del misoprostol en la prevención de la hemorragia posparto. Use of misoprostol to prevent postpartum haemorrhage. Morón B., Eduardo Chirinos, Liberio Morón Borjas, Alexis Santana, Yrma Prevalencia de celulitis facial de punto de partida odontológico de acuerdo con el grupo etario, sexo y estatus socioeconómico, en pacientes pediátricos, en el Hospital "Joel Valencia Parparcén", 1997-2000. Prevalence of odontogenic facial cellulitis according to age, sex and socioeconomic group, in pediatric patients, in the "Joel Valencia Parpacén" Hospital, Petare, Venezuela, 1997-2000. Flores, María G. Guerrero, María del V. Salinas, Perla R. González, Maury El trabajo en redes en el sector salud. The network in the health sector. Castillo Trujillo, David J. Lista de los Postgradosde la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Los Andes. List of Postgraduate Coursesat the Faculty of Medicine of the University of The Andes. 15-20 almoron@luz.edu.ve semestral Nivel analítico

Situaciones de salud bucal en personas adultas mayores: problemas y desafíos. El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar el estado de salud bucal, las prácticas de autocuidado, la calidad de las prótesis y el uso de los servicios de salud de las personas adultas mayores que asisten a clubes de interacción social. Mediante un estudio de prevalencia se investigó a 234 personas adultas mayores de ambos sexos. Todos ellos provenientes de 15 clubes estratificados por condiciones geográficas y sociales del entorno donde se localizan los clubes. Los principales resultados del estado de salud bucal fueron: a) El 53% de las personas adultas mayores estudiadas han perdido la totalidad de sus dientes y el 38,4% con pérdida dental parcial que requiere de rehabilitación protésica para satisfacer la capacidad masticatoria. b) De las personas que conservan al menos un diente en boca, la caries activa es prevalente en el 77,7% y las periodontopatías en el 52,9% de esta población y el 83,5% tiene un deficiente control de la placa dental. c) El 63,9% de las prótesis superiores y en el 74,2% de las prótesis inferiores necesitan ser reacondicionadas o renovadas por prótesis bien concebidas. Se concluye que el estado de salud bucal de las personas adultas mayores estudiadas en la presente investigación, puede ser catalogado como un relevante problema de salud pública. La acumulación de daños por problemas buco-dentales de la población estudiada requiere de una ampliación de cobertura por parte de los servicios de salud, así como de las acciones de educación para la salud, que contrarresten los factores de riesgo de las enfermedades odontológicas y estomatológicas prevalentes en la población. Situation of oral health in elderly people: problems and challenges. The goal of the investigation is to identify the condition of oral health on elderly people. The research was developed by the recognition of personal oral health care, also evaluating the quality of dental prosthesis and the use of dental medical services on elderly people who attends clubs of social interaction in Costa Rica. The inquiry was developed through a prevalence study with the participation of 234 elderly people, male and female. All the participants are active members of 15 social clubs. The groups-or social clubs- where stratified by geographic and social conditions, related with the surroundings conditions, especially location. The results reveled by the investigation are: a) From the studied population elderly people, 53% has been lost the totality of their teeth, 38,4% has partial dental loss that requires a rehabilitation dental prosthesis for satisfy the chew capacity, b) From the elderly people who conserve a tooth at least, the active decay is prevalent in 77,7% and 52,9% have periodontal illness, 83,5% have a deficient control of the dental plaque, c) The evaluation of dental prosthesis results are that 63,9% of the superior dental prosthesis and 74,2% of the inferior dental prosthesis, need repairmen or being replaced. The most relevant conclusion of the research is elderly people oral healthcare can be catalogued as serious problem of public health. The accumulation of injuries by oral and dental problems reveled on the research, indicates that elderly adults require an expansion of dental medical service as well as preventing education actions of reduce the factors of risk of the oral diseases and stomatology prevalence in the elderly population.

Se ha realizado un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal sobre la patología (pseudopatología) lingual observada en el Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Bucofacial de la Facultad de Odontología de la UCM y se han comparado los resultados con otros estudios similares. De un total de 1313 historias clínicas revisadas, 54 (4,11%) presentaron una o varias alteraciones linguales. La lengua geográfica fue la entidad más frecuentemente encontrada, en un 2,13% de los pacientes, seguida de la lengua fisurada, 1,07%, y de la hipertrofia de las papilas foliadas con un 0,53%. Las condiciones englobadas en el grupo de pseudopatología, son entidades muy próximas a la normalidad, con un diagnóstico que se solapa en ocasiones con lenguas sanas. El diagnóstico se produjo en un 27,8% de los casos de forma casual, no siendo el motivo de consulta del paciente al acudir al Departamento. A descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study based on the lingual pathology (and pseudopathology) observed in the Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Dental School, Universidad Complutense, Madrid has been performed, and the results have been compared with other similar surveys. From 1313 clinical histories reviewed, 54 (4,11%) presented one or more lingual alterations. The most frequently found condition was geographic tongue, 2,13% of the patients; followed by fissured tongue, 1,07% and foliate papilae hypertrophy 0,53%. The lingual conditions included in the pseudopathology group are entities very close to normality, and the diagnosis frequently overlaps with healthy tongues. In 27,8% of the cases the diagnosis was fortuitous, with the lesion not being the cause of consultation.

Texto completo: acesso restrito. p. 238–245 Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-12-06T12:50:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Isabel Pereira Vianna.pdf: 107218 bytes, checksum: fe42b891d270e5fdf5f5ac62246e6a04 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Flávia Ferreira (flaviaccf@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-02-19T19:10:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Isabel Pereira Vianna.pdf: 107218 bytes, checksum: fe42b891d270e5fdf5f5ac62246e6a04 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-19T19:10:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Isabel Pereira Vianna.pdf: 107218 bytes, checksum: fe42b891d270e5fdf5f5ac62246e6a04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 Background This study examines the hypothesis that acid mist or mixtures of acid mists and acid gases are associated with ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa. Methods All 665 active male workers of a metal processing factory were the study population. Semi-quantitative measures of exposure were estimated from a job exposure matrix constructed with industrial hygienist scoring and job titles. Ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa were identified with standardized clinical dental exams. Results Past exposure to acid mists were positively associated with ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa but only among workers without lip sealing (age- and alcohol consumption-adjusted prevalence ratio (PR), PRadjusted¼3.40; 90% CI: 1.48–7.85). Also in this worker group, the mixture of acid mists and acid gases was associated with ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa limited to exposure in the past (PRadjusted¼2.83; 90% CI: 1.12–7.17). Conclusions There is a positive association between acid mist or mixtures of acid mists and acid gases and ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa only in the absence of lip sealing. The evidence of a chronic rather than acute irritative process suggests a possible step on the etiology of oral malignancies, which needs investigation. Am. J. Ind. Med. 45:238– 245, 2004. 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Texto completo: acesso restrito. p. 238–245 Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-12-06T12:50:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Isabel Pereira Vianna.pdf: 107218 bytes, checksum: fe42b891d270e5fdf5f5ac62246e6a04 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Flávia Ferreira (flaviaccf@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-02-19T19:10:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Isabel Pereira Vianna.pdf: 107218 bytes, checksum: fe42b891d270e5fdf5f5ac62246e6a04 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-19T19:10:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Isabel Pereira Vianna.pdf: 107218 bytes, checksum: fe42b891d270e5fdf5f5ac62246e6a04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 Background This study examines the hypothesis that acid mist or mixtures of acid mists and acid gases are associated with ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa. Methods All 665 active male workers of a metal processing factory were the study population. Semi-quantitative measures of exposure were estimated from a job exposure matrix constructed with industrial hygienist scoring and job titles. Ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa were identified with standardized clinical dental exams. Results Past exposure to acid mists were positively associated with ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa but only among workers without lip sealing (age- and alcohol consumption-adjusted prevalence ratio (PR), PRadjusted¼3.40; 90% CI: 1.48–7.85). Also in this worker group, the mixture of acid mists and acid gases was associated with ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa limited to exposure in the past (PRadjusted¼2.83; 90% CI: 1.12–7.17). Conclusions There is a positive association between acid mist or mixtures of acid mists and acid gases and ulcerative lesions of the oral mucosa only in the absence of lip sealing. The evidence of a chronic rather than acute irritative process suggests a possible step on the etiology of oral malignancies, which needs investigation. Am. J. Ind. Med. 45:238– 245, 2004. 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological aspects and clinical factors associated with avulsion of permanent teeth. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 261 avulsed teeth of 170 patients seen in the Dental School of the Federal University of Goiαs, Brazil, from 2000 to 2008. Result: The highest incidence was found among boys (71.18%) aged 6-15 years (61.18%). The main etiologic factors were falls (51.76%) and traffic accidents (29.41%). Most cases occurred in autumn (March to June; 31.18%) and winter (June to September; 27.65%). Most avulsed teeth were the maxillary central incisor (62.45%), followed by the maxillary lateral incisor (21.46%). A high proportion (67.23%) of injured teeth had a completely formed root apex. Replantation was used to treat 119 teeth (45.59%) in 86 patients. Most replantations were delayed (89.08%). Thirty-eight teeth (31.93%) were stored in dry media. Periodontal healing was found in 41 teeth (34.45%), inflammatory root resorption, in 44 (36.97%) and replacement root resorption, in 22 (18.49%). The most frequent treatments for replanted teeth were endodontic treatment and temporary filling of the root canal with calcium hydroxide (58.92%) and endodontic treatment and definitive root canal filling (26.89%). Conclusion: The epidemiological and clinical aspects of tooth avulsion in this study were similar to those reported in other studies. The number of replantation was low, the number of teeth stored in non-physiological conditions was high, and replantation was often delayed.