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This paper aims to investigate the equivalent of Epicurus’ πρόληψις, the second criterion of the Epicurean Canonic (DL X 31 = fr. 35 Usener), in Lucretius’ De rerum natura (DRN). Taking stock of the several occurrences of the Latin terms notitia and notities in the six books of the poem, I show that Lucretius’ view about preconception remains faithful to Epicurus’ πρόληψις, and that the poet does not endorse a less empiricist position than his Master because of some influence of the Stoic ἔννοια. To this end, I will also briefly address an important case in which πρόληψις, albeit not clearly mentioned, plays an essential role, namely the prolepsis of the deity (DRN V 1169–1182). Finally, I explain how Lucretius can be of some help in grasping the controversial relationship between the criterion of πρόληψις and that of ἐπιβολὴ τῆς διανοίας (animi inectus/iactus), showing in which way the poet seems to consider the latter as a criterion of truth in its own right.

Based on a number of provisions of aesthetics and film semiotics, the article interprets the structural features of the attractions of screen civilization and analyzes their varieties in the context of serial art products that reveal their structural and receptive specifics. The attraction has its deep reflection in the mental structure. The attraction appears as an external manifestation of the phantasm. The attraction, like phantasm, resonates on the basis of the difference of several episodes with which it is connected by the relation of causality. Art “produces the phantasm theatrically” (according to G. Deleuze), bringing the quasi-event from the depths of the psychic to the surface, into the symbolic space of artistic fiction. Phantasm is an internal resonance of the two series, while an attraction appears as an external manifestation and effect of the difference between the causal series (visual/narrative; rational/emotional; singular/universal, fictional/real, presence/absence). Based on the disjunctive synthesis of these series, an attraction occurs in films and comic books on foot of the ultimate (limiting the space for fiction) and the transcendent, going beyond the screen limitations, canceling the conventional barriers for fiction. A locomotive rushing into the auditorium from the cinema screen is an example of an attraction that is considered in the screen civilization as an attractive and sensational element of an artistic program. Such a cinema attraction is addressed almost exclusively to the eye, and for its success the resonance is important, which is provided by the predominance of the visual over the narrative. The juxtaposition, going back to André Gaudreault’s semiotics, between a cinematic attraction (in which the visual component is almost unchallenged) and that of films (filmique), in which the narrative might have a chance for revenge, reveals an interesting response in the culture of the modern series. A film attraction appears as a result of the constructive interaction of visual perceptions and creative interpretations of the plot, shaped by the recipients themselves. It is assumed that a cliffhanger, which is often used in the series, can be such an attraction. In the modern storytelling, the art of creating and maintaining intrigue is endowed with fundamental importance. The attraction of the series is aimed at the continuation, at the teaser of the next episode, which should look as attractive as possible and seem to be an artistic product absolutely mandatory for consumption. The techniques and practices developed for these purposes become systematically updated in the media space, which nowadays is literally “infected with cliffhangers”. Основываясь на ряде положений эстетики и киносемиотики, статья предлагает интерпретацию структурных особенностей аттракционов экранной цивилизации и анализ их разновидностей в контексте сериальной художественной продукции, обнаруживающей свою структурную и рецептивную специфику. Аттракцион имеет свое глубинное отражение в психической структуре и предстает в виде внешнего проявления фантазма. Аттракцион, как и фантазм, резонирует на основе различия нескольких серий, с которыми он связан отношением каузальности. Искусство осуществляет «театрально-сценическое производство фантазма» (по Ж. Делезу), выводя квазисобытие из глубин психического на поверхность, в знаковое пространство художественного вымысла. Фантазм — внутренний резонанс двух серий, аттракцион же предстает в качестве внешнего проявления и эффекта различия каузальных серий (визуальное/нарративное; рациональное/эмоциональное; сингулярное/универсальное, вымышленное/реальное, присутствие/отсутствие). На основе дизъюнктивного синтеза указанных серий аттракцион в кино и комиксах возникает из предельного (ограничивающего пространство для фикции) и запредельного, выходящего за экранные ограничения, отменяющего условные преграды для художественного вымысла. Локомотив, устремляющийся в зрительный зал с киноэкрана, является примером аттракциона, который в экранной цивилизации рассматривается в качестве притягательного и сенсационного элемента художественной программы. Такой киноаттракцион обращен почти исключительно к глазу и для его успешности важен резонанс, который обеспечен преобладанием визуального над нарративом. Восходящее к киносемиотике Андре Годро противопоставление кинематографического аттракциона (в котором практически безраздельно царит визуальное) фильмовому (filmique), в котором нарратив мог бы иметь шансы на реванш, обнаруживает небезынтересный ответ в культуре современных сериалов. Фильмовый аттракцион предстает в качестве результата конструктивного взаимодействия визуальных восприятий и творческих интерпретаций сюжета, которые выстраивает сам реципиент. Представляется, что таким аттракционом может быть используемый в сериалах клиффхэнгер. Искусство создания и поддержания интриги наделяется в современном пространстве повествования принципиальной важностью. Аттракцион сериала нацелен на продолжение, на анонсируемый последующий фрагмент произведения, который должен казаться реципиенту максимально привлекательным и художественной продукцией совершенно обязательной для потребления. Разработанные для указанных целей приемы и техники становятся систематически актуализируемыми в медийном пространстве, буквально «зараженном клиффхэнгером».

The paper discusses the methodological potential of narratology that extends beyond the boundaries of traditional poetics taking the text of Volodymyr Vynnychenko’s short story "Hey you, little barrell..." as a case study. G.Genette’s definitions of the basic categories of narratology, such as story, discourse, anachronies, narrator’s types and functions, narrative distance and focalization are discussed. First and foremost, categories and paradigms introduced by G. Genette increase the possibilities of literary analysis. For example, there is no concept of a subject of vision (a focalizer) in traditional poetics. The paradigm of narrative perspective (focalization) developed by G. Genette is very important for studies of the narratives, besides, the narrative technique of modernism without this category is incomprehensible at all. Traditional poetics does not pay enough attention to anachrony, considering it together with other "off-plot elements", although analepsis and prolepsis are neither discursive nor descriptive. G.Genette presents detailed classification of analepsises and prolepsises, that determines the functionality of the analysis in context. Secondly, the paper clarifies, that the method of G. Genette’s narratology is not limited to tracing narrative categories as elements – it is also about their constant interrelation, i.e. the narrative model of the stories. Vynnychenko’s short story is analyzed in terms of correlations between telling, showing and talking, as well as displays of character’s discourse and attributive discourse. The artistic viability of anachronies (analepses and prolepses) is examined in the compositional and semantic aspects. The paper focuses on some specific features of Vynnychenko’s narrative style, such as dominance of mimesis over diegesis, as well as narrative distance and the author’s self-elimination by means of focalization (both the internal and external one) that are typical for modernist writing., У статті на прикладі аналізу оповідання "Гей, ти, бочечко..." В.Винниченка простежено методологічні можливості наратології, які виходять за рамки традиційної поетики. Розглянуто визначення Ж.Женеттом основних категорій наратології: історії та дискурсу, анахроній, видів і функцій наратора, наративної дистанції та фокалізації. Насамперед запроваджені Ж. Женеттом категорії та парадигми розширюють можливості літературознавчого аналізу. Наприклад, у традиційній поетиці немає поняття на позначення суб’єкта бачення (фокалізатора). Розроблена Ж. Женеттом парадигма наративної перспективи дуже важлива для дослідження наративів, крім того, без цієї категорії оповідна техніка модернізму є взагалі незбагненною. Недостатньо уваги традиційна поетика приділяє анахроніям, розглядаючи їх разом з іншими "позасюжетними елементами", хоча аналепсис і пролепсис не є ані дискурсивними, ні описовими. Ж. Женетт подає детальну класифікацію аналепсисів і пролепсисів, яка визначає функціональність аналізу в контексті. З’ясовпно, що женеттівський метод наратології не зводиться до визначення наративних категорій як елементів: ідеться також про їх стійке співвідношення, тобто наративну модель розповідних текстів. В аналізованому оповіданні з’ясовано співвідношення telling, showing і talking, вияви персонажного й атрибутивного дискурсу. Простежено в композиційному й семантичному аспектах художню доцільність задіяних письменником анахроній (аналепсисів і пролепсисів). Досліджено такі особливості оповідної манери В.Винниченка, як перевага мімезису над дієгезисом, а також характерні для модернізму наративну дистанцію й самоусунення автора завдяки фокалізації (внутрішньої і зовнішньої).

International audience; Conversely to many other woody perennial crops, the Vitis vinifera grapevine does not display self-supporting and limited-in-space aerial architectures, but rather develops extended shoot systems relying on external mechanical supports. This behavior results from both structural factors, i.e. stem anatomy, bud and phytomer organisation, and also specificities in the modulation of primary growth and branching, i.e. phyllotaxis, apical dominance and acrotony. To mitigate the most limiting biological properties for cultivation, the grapevine domestication need a range of practices to facilitate plant management and improve agronomic performances. The structure and the functioning of the shoot system regulate not only the potential of biomass accumulation and source/sink balance and but also the canopy microclimate with effects on fruit quality and organ fungus susceptibility. This paper reviews the main biological processes and management practices that regulate grapevine shoot system architecture and development, revisiting the associated terminology.

In this text, I will present a list of the passages in Laertius’ text (by examining the terminology used by Epicurus and by Laertius) that deal with linguistic questions. The two letters of Epicurus to Herodotus (and to Menoeceus) and the opinions of Laertius are taken into consideration. These passages will be examined together in order to propose interpretations of their meaning. I will argue that language is an ambiguous tool by nature (poetic) and is not for Epicurus a means for understanding reality. I will interpret the relation of language to the theory of perception, arguing that for Epicurus language is disconnected from the process of judgment and represents, in particular, an association with a prior judgment., Dans cet article, je vais présenter dans une espèce de liste les passages dans le texte de Laërce (en examinant la terminologie employée par Épicure et par Laërce) qui traitent des questions linguistiques. Sont pris en considération les deux lettres d’Épicure à Hérodote (et à Ménécée) et les opinions de Laërce. Ces passages seront examinés entre eux afin de proposer des interprétations sur leur signification. Je vais argumenter que la langue est un outil amphisémique par nature (poétique) et elle ne constitue pas pour Épicure un moyen pour la compréhension de la réalité. Je vais interpréter la relation de la langue avec la théorie de la perception (et compréhension), en argumentant que pour Épicure elle est déconnectée du processus de jugement et elle représente notamment une association avec un jugement préalable.

Based on the extraordinary profusion of marks of intensity in L’histoire de Manon Lescaut et du chevalier des Grieux, we will analyse the different communicative functions of intensi!cation in Prévost’s novel based on its inscription in a speci!c discursive context, so as to end the relationship between such linguistic operation and several, more speci!c narrative strategies. Thus, it will be examined the relationship with the register of the pathetic that crosses the XVIII century literary genres, as well as the semantic-pragmatic values of the intensive consecutive construction and the effects of “genericity” noted by Adam (2011) in relation to other discursive genres. To conclude, it will be analysed the intensi!cation strategies in the novel, destined to capture the interest of the reader and to generate humorous situations. : Nous prenons comme point de départ l’extraordinaire profusion des marques d’intensité insérées dans L’histoire de Manon Lescaut et du chevalier des Grieux a!n d’analyser leurs différentes fonctions communicatives en tenant compte de leur inscription dans un contexte discursif déterminé pour étudier ensuite leur rôle dans quelques stratégies narratives spéci!ques. Nous nous intéressons d’abord à la relation entre l’intensité et le registre pathétique qui traverse les genres littéraires au XVIII siècle, puis aux valeurs sémantico-pragmatiques de la construction consécutive intensive et aux effets de généricité signalés par Adam (2011) pour d’autres genres de discours. Finalement, nous analysons les stratégies d’intensi!cation mises en œuvre dans le roman a!n de capter l’intérêt du lecteur et de générer des situations plutôt humoristiques.

This thesis looks into Epicurus regardless of the Epicureans, in order to emphasize (part I) the fact that he did not claim to propound a scientific theory of nature, but to make it possible by building upon our practical relation to the world : we think the living in so far as we ourselves are living in contact with the surrounding reality by way of need. This one makes us understand our being in the world in the whole form of the prolepsis which becomes a reality throughout successive patterns, from the whole, the atoms and the void, to the casual realities among which we live. In a periodeia found in the Letter to Herodotus and Book XXV of the treatise On nature, and then on the scale of the three Letters, the Key Doctrines and the Vatican Sayings, we move from the tropos pathologikos to the tropos aitiologikos, from the indestructibility of the whole, which provides our non-contradictory relation to the world, to the indestructibility of the philia which grants us the divine blessedness inasmuch as we do not loss sight of our practical reality. The fragments of Book XXV (part II) make it possible to understand the qualitative leap from the necessities which constitute our generated reality (apogegennemenon), to a soul which freely reacts upon the necessities of our present reality about to be generated (apogegennemenon) : we perceive ourselves, in that henceforth aetiological discourse, as causes among causes, without necessity transcending these necessities, and without clinamen. Part III investigates the reasons (be it historical circumstances, the stoic polemic, or other) why this materialism, grounded on practice, which gives the Hellenistic oikoumene a political link in the form of a genuine philia, was lost by the Epicureans, for the profit of dogmatic and so called scientific tendencies (Lucretius), and even the philosophical diversion of the indestructible philia into the restricted circle of friends, among others.; Cette thèse étudie Épicure indépendamment des épicuriens, pour souligner (partie I) que le philosophe ne prétendait pas proposer une théorie scientifique de la nature, mais en créer les conditions de possibilité en se fondant sur notre rapport pratique au monde : nous pensons le vivant en tant que nous-mêmes des vivants au contact de la réalité environnante par le biais du besoin. Celui-ci nous fait appréhender notre présence au monde sous la forme globale de la prolepse qui s’actualise dans des modèles successifs depuis le tout, les atomes et le vide jusqu’aux réalités causales où nous vivons. En une periodeia lisible dans la Lettre à Hérodote et le Livre XXV du traité De la nature, puis à l’échelle des trois Lettres, des Maximes et des Sentences, on passe ainsi du tropos pathologikos au tropos aitiologikos, de l’indestructibilité du tout, posée par notre rapport non-contradictoire au monde, à l’indestructibilité de la philia qui nous confère la félicité divine pour autant que nous ne perdions pas de vue notre réalité pratique. Les fragments du Livre XXV (partie II) permettent de comprendre le saut qualitatif des nécessités constitutives de notre réalité engendrée (apogegennèmenon), à une âme réagissant librement aux nécessités de notre réalité présente, en cours d’engendrement (apogennômenon) : nous nous appréhendons, dans ce discours désormais étiologique, comme causes au sein des causes, sans qu’il y ait de nécessité transcendant ces nécessités vivantes, et sans clinamen. La partie III examine pour quelles raisons (conditions historiques, polémique stoïcienne, …) ce matérialisme, fondé sur la pratique, offrant à l’oikoumenè hellénistique une authentique philia comme lien politique, a été perdu de vue par les épicuriens au profit, entre autres, de tendances dogmatiques « scientistes » (Lucrèce), voire du dévoiement philosophique de l’indestructibilité de la philia dans le cercle restreint des amis.

This thesis looks into Epicurus regardless of the Epicureans, in order to emphasize (part I) the fact that he did not claim to propound a scientific theory of nature, but to make it possible by building upon our practical relation to the world : we think the living in so far as we ourselves are living in contact with the surrounding reality by way of need. This one makes us understand our being in the world in the whole form of the prolepsis which becomes a reality throughout successive patterns, from the whole, the atoms and the void, to the casual realities among which we live. In a periodeia found in the Letter to Herodotus and Book XXV of the treatise On nature, and then on the scale of the three Letters, the Key Doctrines and the Vatican Sayings, we move from the tropos pathologikos to the tropos aitiologikos, from the indestructibility of the whole, which provides our non-contradictory relation to the world, to the indestructibility of the philia which grants us the divine blessedness inasmuch as we do not loss sight of our practical reality. The fragments of Book XXV (part II) make it possible to understand the qualitative leap from the necessities which constitute our generated reality (apogegennemenon), to a soul which freely reacts upon the necessities of our present reality about to be generated (apogegennemenon) : we perceive ourselves, in that henceforth aetiological discourse, as causes among causes, without necessity transcending these necessities, and without clinamen. Part III investigates the reasons (be it historical circumstances, the stoic polemic, or other) why this materialism, grounded on practice, which gives the Hellenistic oikoumene a political link in the form of a genuine philia, was lost by the Epicureans, for the profit of dogmatic and so called scientific tendencies (Lucretius), and even the philosophical diversion of the indestructible philia into the restricted circle of friends, among others.; Cette thèse étudie Épicure indépendamment des épicuriens, pour souligner (partie I) que le philosophe ne prétendait pas proposer une théorie scientifique de la nature, mais en créer les conditions de possibilité en se fondant sur notre rapport pratique au monde : nous pensons le vivant en tant que nous-mêmes des vivants au contact de la réalité environnante par le biais du besoin. Celui-ci nous fait appréhender notre présence au monde sous la forme globale de la prolepse qui s’actualise dans des modèles successifs depuis le tout, les atomes et le vide jusqu’aux réalités causales où nous vivons. En une periodeia lisible dans la Lettre à Hérodote et le Livre XXV du traité De la nature, puis à l’échelle des trois Lettres, des Maximes et des Sentences, on passe ainsi du tropos pathologikos au tropos aitiologikos, de l’indestructibilité du tout, posée par notre rapport non-contradictoire au monde, à l’indestructibilité de la philia qui nous confère la félicité divine pour autant que nous ne perdions pas de vue notre réalité pratique. Les fragments du Livre XXV (partie II) permettent de comprendre le saut qualitatif des nécessités constitutives de notre réalité engendrée (apogegennèmenon), à une âme réagissant librement aux nécessités de notre réalité présente, en cours d’engendrement (apogennômenon) : nous nous appréhendons, dans ce discours désormais étiologique, comme causes au sein des causes, sans qu’il y ait de nécessité transcendant ces nécessités vivantes, et sans clinamen. La partie III examine pour quelles raisons (conditions historiques, polémique stoïcienne, …) ce matérialisme, fondé sur la pratique, offrant à l’oikoumenè hellénistique une authentique philia comme lien politique, a été perdu de vue par les épicuriens au profit, entre autres, de tendances dogmatiques « scientistes » (Lucrèce), voire du dévoiement philosophique de l’indestructibilité de la philia dans le cercle restreint des amis.

Prolepsis tristis (Walker, 1854) (Figure 14) Genus distribution in Mexico. Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Sinaloa and Sonora (Papavero 2009). Species distribution in Mexico. Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, and Nayarit (Papavero 2009). New records. Oaxaca * (Dominguillo), Puebla *, and Tabasco * (Huimalquillo). Material examined. MEXICO: Oaxaca, Dominguillo 19 km SSE de Cuicatlán [Tropical Deciduous Forest], 17°38.907′ N, 96°54.703′ W, 760 m, 20/ix/1998, E. Ramírez (1♂ EBCC); same data, except: 23/ vi/1998, E. González (1♀ EBCC); San Pedrito Chicozapotle 4 km SSE de Cuicatlán [Tropical Deciduous Forest], 17°46.331′ N, 96°56.671′ W, 670 m, 16/x/1998, E. González (1♀ EBCC); 30 km SSE de Cuicatlán [Tropical Deciduous Forest], 17°36.489 N, 96°55.996 W, 1220 m, 21/ix/1998, E. Ramírez (1♂ EBCC). Puebla, Carretera Cuautla-Huajuapan, 31/viii/1990, A. Cadena and L. Cervantes (1♀ CNIN). Tabasco, Huimanguillo, Laguna Limones, 20/viii/1982, H. Mendoza (1♀ CNIN)., Published as part of Estrada, Alejandro & Nápoles, Jesús Romero, 2020, New distribution records of Asilidae (Insecta: Diptera) for Mexico, pp. 1-13 in Insecta Mundi 2020 (783) on page 6, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5458908, {"references":["Papavero, N. 2009. Catalogue of the Neotropical Diptera: Asilidae. Neotropical Diptera 17: 1 - 178."]}

Resumen Existen otros criterios de verificabilidad científica, inscritos en la cultura de distintas naciones indígenas. Tomamos como caso de estudio el “observatorio astronómico muisca”, Colombia, y otras investigaciones etnológicas recientes sobre las principales cosmologías del mundo. Sostenemos que las ciencias ambientales fundadas en aquellos criterios pueden mejorar su capacidad de agencia institucional, pues permiten constituir ciencias transescalares en coordinación con objetivos descoloniales del saber. Otros criterios de verificabilidad y sus diálogos con el pensamiento descolonial son realmente posibles en el marco de una filosofía materialista de enfoque vitalista. A la luz de lo anterior, se argumenta que las prolepsis y las operatividades de las proposiciones científicas (institucionalizadas) son criterios seguros de evaluación de la “validez” (a escalas subglobales) y de la “verdad” del mundo (a escala global), especialmente cuando se trata de explicar/intervenir sus problemas ambientales. Abstract There are other criteria of scientific verifiability, inscribed in the culture of different indigenous nations. We took as a study case the “Muisca Astronomical Observatory” in Colombia, and other recent ethnological research on the world’s main cosmologies. We hold the idea that the environmental sciences, based on those criteria, can improve their capacity as an institutional agency since they allow trans-scalar sciences to be constituted in coordination with decolonial objectives of knowledge. Other verifiability criteria and their dialogues with decolonial thinking are actually possible within the framework of a materialistic philosophy of vitalist approach. In the light of the above, it is argued that the prolepsis and operability of scientific (institutionalized) propositions are safe criteria for assessing “validity” (at subglobal scales) and “truth” of the world (on a global scale), especially when it comes to explaining/intervening their environmental problems.

Ce travail à comme intention discuter une compréhension concernant la des critères pour la compréhension de la phýsis. Sa gnosiologie a comme intention prouver que c'est dans les sensations (aí­sthesis) où la connaissance se donne lieu. C'est par les sensations que nous pouvons valider ce que nous connaissons. Dans le processus cognitif de l'homme avec la réalité, Epicure présente la valeur des affections comme critère de vérité, en rendant possible à la personne d"™émettre des jugements et des significations. De plus, autre élément fondamental dans sa gnosiologie rapporte à la prolépsis ou aux anticipations qui sont responsables des élaborations intelectives formulées par la personne connaissant. Finalement, en ce qui concerne le processus cognitif la participation de l'âme (psyché), comme instrument qui rend possible la projection de ces étapes de la connaissance humaine au degré le plus élevé de la connaissance. Este trabalho tem como propósito discutir uma compreensão acerca dos critérios para a compreensão da phýsis apresentada por Epicuro. A sua gnosiologia tem como propósito evidenciar que é nas sensações (aí­sthesis) onde se origina o conhecimento. É pelas sensações que podemos validar o que conhecemos. No processo cognitivo do homem com a realidade, Epicuro apresenta o valor das afecções como critério de verdade, possibilitando ao indiví­duo emitir juí­zos e significados. Ademais, outro elemento fundamental na sua gnosiologia refere-se í s prolépsis ou antecipações que são responsáveis pelas elaborações intelectivas formuladas pelo indiví­duo cognoscente. E, por fim, no que se refere ao processo cognitivo a participação da alma (psyché) como instrumento que possibilita a projeção dessas etapas do conhecer humano ao grau mais elevado do conhecimento.

Case, agreement, and A-movement dependencies across finite clause boundaries, such as Hyperraising (to subject or object) or Long-Distance Case or Agreement [LDA], are available in many typologically diverse languages. The research on such dependencies typically distinguishes between cross-linguistically restricted true A-dependencies across finite clauses, and generally available binding-like A′-dependencies as found in Prolepsis. In this paper, we investigate both types of configurations in parallel and refer to this as the A-domain. Since the diagnostics to distinguish A-configurations vary across languages and often cannot be compared directly, we define four characteristic properties: (A) whether the construction is restricted by matrix predicate selection, (B) whether movement in the embedded clause is involved, (C) whether the dependency shows locality restrictions (in particular, A-Minimality), and (D) whether there are semantic restrictions on the relevant DP. By combining different values of the characteristic properties, we show, differently from previous approaches, that the A-domain does not simply consist of two types of configurations, but that the empirical landscape represents a continuum of five A-constructions. We suggest a theoretical implementation of our empirical findings, which is built on a predicational relator phrase above the embedded CP and propose that, in some of the constructions, these two projections fuse into one. We employ a minimalist probing approach which relies on differences in the base-generated position of the relevant DP (matrix clause, high in the embedded clause, argument position in the embedded clause), differences in the feature composition of the embedded C (a plain A′-head, or a bundled predicational C head involving composite A/A′ probes), a composite probe hierarchy yielding three types of feature-dependencies of composite probes, and, resulting from that, different probing mechanisms (conjunctive satisfaction, dependent satisfaction, and independent satisfaction). Lastly, this paper also contributes methodological tools for disentangling constructions of the A-domain.

The article represents an incursion into the space of the narratology. The aim of the article is to present the conceptions of the most reputable narratologists about the way of building and functioning of the story as an act, that is on the basis of the novelistic discourse. The author of the article analyses the way the critics of the novels deconstruct the story phenomenon as narratological representations. The following concepts are being analysed: time, duration, order, voice, perspective (the author G. Genette); narrative role (the author C. Bremond); point of view (the author J. Lintvelt); reader and narratee (the author U. Eco); text and script (the author R. Barthes). The analysed concepts can be used in the process of studying the prose, in general, and of the novel, in particular.

Prolepsis – or the narrative manoeuver consisting of narrating or evoking a future event in advance – is a concept borrowed from literary theory that has been used in Psychology for studying the contribution of culture and meaning to development. Cole applies the notion of prolepsis to upbringing insofar as parents’ imagined goals vis-à-vis their offspring guide their educational childrearing, thus channelling the child’s present towards the parents’ imagined future. This view coincides with cultural psychology in that humans are considered as future-oriented beings, constructing cultural tools that mediate the way we interpret the world and act within it. Drawing from this theoretical framework, this paper applies the notion of prolepsis to collective memory in order to examine how imagined futures are brought into the present by means of particular ways of reconstructing the past, thus mobilizing collectives towards certain political goals. Along these lines, the narrative, pragmatic and normative dimensions of collective memory are discussed. The paper concludes with some reflections on the role of politics of imagination in promoting different ways of relating past, present and future.

Although proleptic abstraction is a distinctive characteristic of literary art (and of rhetorical art in particular), it also had profound effects on the history of the figurative arts. This is especially relevant with regard to the classical and medieval ages when it rises to the rank of a consolidated representative technique. The term prolepsis (from the Greek prólepsis, derived from prolambánõ: “I take first”), signifies a specific instrument of descriptive manipulation which, by subverting the actual space-time distances, permits the anticipation of what in reality, according to an orthodox logical/syntactical scheme, should follow or which, in any case, could not be reasonably perceived because it is otherwise located. It is no coincidence that the artists of the past seem to have employed prolepsis on the occasions when they intended to subordinate the naturalistic exigencies to the content and/or didactic objectives. That is, whenever they sought a more dynamic and open expressive means, having perceived the limits that are implicit in a two-dimensional representation. Proleptic representations summarise both qualities, because they are in fact true and proper “ante litteram” hyper-drawings which, not by chance, have been recovered and reinvented by contemporary architects most suited to communicative experimentation., img journal, No 1 (2019): Manifesto

In one of the first analyses of its kind, this chapter examines how the tools and heuristics of narratology (the study of narrative) might enhance the study of anticipation. It assesses whether narratological insights into the ways in which stories narrate and readers read might enable us to tell better stories about the future and at the same time to become better readers of the possible worlds that such stories anticipate. Investigating the theory and praxis of anticipation across a broad temporal range of possible (fictional) and actual (real) world models and narratives (from antiquity to postmodernity), it scopes some of the pitfalls and possibilities opened up by treating the future as “storied.” It engages with the latest studies on cognitive narratology, possible world’s theories, and so-called future narratives, examining anticipatory narratives particularly relating to the environment and to the self. It argues that the stories we tell about the future, including our future selves, must be open, multi-linear, and multidimensional in order to avoid anticipatory backshadowing, which forecasts the future as a continuation of the past and present.

The present article investigates the notion of prólepsis (πρόληψις) in the philosophy of Epicurus from the terms employed by Diogenes Laertius in paragraph 33 of the 10th book of Life and doctrines of the illustrious philosophers. The term prólepsisis a neologism of Epicurus, as Cicero put it, and that, to explain it convincingly, Diogenes Laertius resorted to other terms consolidated in the philosophical tradition: katálepsis, dóxa orthé, énnoia and katholikè nóesis. According to Epicurus, prólepsis is a mnemonic retention (μνήμη) formed empirically from what affects the senses (αἰσθήσεις) and consists of several experiences experienced in the course of time, that is, a plurality of experiences that left marks (τύποι) in the psykhé to be actuated by the understanding (διάνοια) whenever necessary. Much to its philosophy, prólepsis, as the second “criterion of truth” (κριτήρια τῆς ἀληθείας), guarantees the passage of the sensibility to the understanding, thus legitimizing the capacity to produce “confirmed” (μαρτύριον) knowledge. O presente artigo investiga a noção de prólepsis (πρόληψις) na filosofia de Epicuro a partir dos termos empregados por Diógenes Laércio no parágrafo 33 do 10º livro de Vida e doutrinas dos filósofos ilustres. O termo prólepsis é um neologismo de Epicuro, como afirmou Cícero, e que, para explicá-lo convincentemente, Diógenes Laércio recorreu a outros termos consolidados na tradição filosófica: katálepsis, dóxa orthé, énnoia e katholikè nóesis. Segundo Epicuro, a prólepsis é uma retenção mnêmica (μνήμη) formada empiricamente a partir do que afeta os sentidos (αἰσθήσεις) e constitui-se de diversas experiências vivenciadas no decurso do tempo, isto é, de uma pluralidade de experiências que deixaram marcas (τύποι) na psykhé, vindo a ser acionadas pelo entendimento (διάνοια) sempre que necessárias. Muito cara à sua filosofia, a prólepsis como o segundo “critério da verdade” (κριτήρια τῆς ἀληθείας) garante a passagem da sensibilidade ao entendimento, legitimando assim a capacidade de produção de conhecimento “confirmado” (μαρτύριον).

Erinys’ Mortal Venom: The Poetic Expression of Emotions in Silius Italicus’ "Punica" (Books I–V) Negative emotions are used to construct and develop the plot in the first five books of Silius Italicus’ Punica. Dark, irrational forces, i.e. madness, cruelty and suffering, are hostile to the cosmic order and bring chaos to the epic world. The narrator employs pathos, hyperbole, irony, sarcasm and paradox. The scenes of bad emotions penetrate the longer ekphrases and the descriptions of the fall of Saguntum. The epic language abounds in passionate emotions and gives a foretaste of the later uncommonly atrocious events. Famous imperatores, such as Paulus, Fabius and Maximus suffer, but they will renew Rome and ensure its eventual victory.

Tarkastelen tässä tutkielmassa Lost-draamasarjassa (USA 2004–2010) esiintyvää informaation piilottamista. Esittelen sarjasta poimimieni esimerkkien avulla niitä kerronnan keinoja, joiden avulla sarja viivyttää tiedon paljastamista katsojalle. Pohdin myös piilottamisen ongelmia sekä etuja. In this thesis I examine the hiding of information in the drama series Lost (USA 2004–2010). With examples from Lost I explain the narrative devices used in the series to delay the disclosure of information. I also contemplate the pros and cons of such hiding.

Tiresias es el primer personaje del Ciclo tebano que, a pesar de sufrir una metamorfosis-castigo (la ceguera), no muere ni padece indicios de futura desgracia (Brisson 1976; 1997). Sus profecías se constituyen en prolepsis que luego respaldan y expanden el narrador y el desarrollo de los sucesos, sustentando así la unidad del Ciclo tebano y evidenciando su cumplimiento. En efecto, tales profecías no solo desencadenan los episodios de Narciso y Penteo sino la totalidad del Ciclo (Fantham 2004:40). Nos proponemos mostrar que, al legitimar el saber del adivino, el narrador ovidiano guía al lector hacia una simpatía por el augur y le otorga, en consecuencia, mayor credibilidad y autoridad en el marco de la configuración del dios Baco. Tiresias no presenta, pues, argumentos en contra de los cultos báquicos, que finalmente se imponen (4.605-606) y confieren sentido a la totalidad del Ciclo. Tiresias is the first character of the Theban Cycle, who despite of having endured the metamorphosis-punishment (blindness) stays alive and does not show any sign of future misfortune (Brisson 1976; 1997). His prophecies result in prolepsis that later are backed up and expanded by the narrator and the developing of the events supporting in this manner the unity of the Theban Cycle, and making clear the prophecies become true. Indeed, the prophecies not only result in the episodes of Narcissus and Pentheus but in the entirety Cycle (Fantham 2004:40). We are ready to demonstrate that legitimizing the wisdom of the fortune-teller the Ovidian narrator guides the reader to feel affection for the augur, and consequently gives him more credibility and authority in the frame of configuration of the god Bacchus. Then, Tiresias does not present arguments against Bacchus worships, which are finally imposed (4.605-606) and confer sense to the entirety of the Cycle. Fil: Milovich, Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad; Argentina

Literary scholars and English teachers will recognize the word prolepsis as a term describing the moment in a short story or novel when the reader becomes fully cognizant of past, present, and future events all in one instant. This is a moment of heightened insight, transcending historical sedimentation. " A proleptic moment is any experience " of a text that shifts the reader/viewer/listener outside of " linear segmentation of time and creates a holistic understanding of the past, present, and future simultaneously " (Slattery, 2013, p. 305). Prolepsis is the moment when all of the events of the narrative coalesce. The proleptic experience may unfold in the opening pages of a novel like the progressive moment of currere, as in Faulkner's (1929/1990) The Sound and the Fury. Or, perhaps the proleptic experience is a regressive currere or climax at the end of a film or narrative that is self-evident but not comprehended, as in Murder on the Orient Express. As a literary device, often called a " flash forward, " the narrative is taken forward in time to show events that are expected to occur, or that have already occurred in the future, even though the main part of the narrative is further back in the past. Prolepsis as literary analysis foreshadowed the emergence of currere in curriculum theory in the 1970s. Currently, literary analysis can be useful for deepening our understanding of time and context in curriculum studies. Prolepsis is the synthetical moment of Pinar and Grumet's (1976) currere.

The article is devoted to the analysis of functions of prophetic dreams in fiction. The aim of the paper is to consider the dream in the works of the modern Ukrainian literature through the prism of their proleptic potential. The classifica-tions of dreams by literary critics, existing in the scientific discourse, were investigated. We proposed to call such dreams as proleptic, because the main function of mystical dreams in a fiction is a look in the future, a hint of future development of events. In turn, proleptic dreams are distinguished depending on the content into premonition dreams (relate to the future fate of the characters) and prophetic dreams (mainly have religious content, predict the fate of mankind in general and important historical events). The dreams of the main character of the novel by V. Danylenko «Love in Baroque style» Kolyadevych are premonition dreams depending on the content. Function of proleptic dreams is to keep the reader in suspense reconciling gradually with the idea of inevitable mystic death of the protagonist, which is the denouement of the novel. The novel of V. Shevchuk «Crossword puzzle», which is generally rational, acquires the mystical moods through the dreams of the protagonist. The mystical connection between him and his girlfriend is mani-fested through the implementation in life episodes from Dmytro’s dream. The dominant motif of the dreams in both novels is a solving a crossword puzzle (real and imaginary) by the characters that turns into solving of mystical puzzle of love, life and death., Статья посвящена анализу функций вещих сновидений в художественных произведениях. Исследованы имеющиеся классификации литературных сновидений в научном дискурсе. Учитывая эти классификации, пред-ложено номинировать как пролептическое такое литературное сновидение, которое содержит намек на дальнейшее развитие событий. Проанализирован потенциал сновидений в романах В. Даниленко «Любовь в стиле барокко» и В. Шевчука «Кроссворд». Главные герои обоих произведений видят сны, помогающие им разгадывать кроссворд – мистические загадки любви, жизни и смерти. Выяснено, что эти сновидения по содержанию являются пролептическими снами-предчувствиями, используя которые нарратор создает ми-стический модус текста., Статтю присвячено аналізу функцій віщих сновидінь у художніх творах. Досліджено наявні класифікації літературних сновидінь у науковому дискурсі. Ураховуючи ці класифікації, запропо-новано номінувати як пролептичне таке літературне сновидіння, котре містить натяк на по-дальший розвиток подій. Проаналізовано потенціал сновидінь у романах В. Даниленка «Кохання в стилі бароко» і В. Шевчука «Кросворд». Головні герої обох творів бачать сни, що допомагають їм розгадувати кросворд – містичні загадки кохання, життя і смерті. З’ясовано, що ці сновидіння за змістом є пролептичними снами-передчуттями, використовуючи які, наратор творить містич-ний модус тексту

Bulletin, Der Zweck dieser Betrachtung besteht darin, dass die Benutzung der Landungsmatte beim Kunstturnen vom Standpunkt der kinästhesiologischen Bewegungslehre des Sports aus betrachtet werden soll. Dafür wurden die folgenden Analysen gemacht ; -das Vorzeigen einige Beispiele für die Benutzung der Landungsmatte. -die kinästhesiologischen Bewegungsanalyse über die ”Prolepsis“ und die Benutzung der Landungsmatte. Daraus konnten wir einige fruchtbaren Vorschläge zur Benutzung der Landungsmatte beim Kunstturnen.

In oral and written narrative ‘telling events by arranging in order’ is related to time. In epic narrative, there is not an entirely parallels between the time sequence of narration and the time sequence of story. Because in narrative time, running ‘forward’ and ‘back’, in other words ‘analepsis’ and ‘prolepsis’ is unavoidable. These time deviations occur because of two time axises’ different qualities. In epic narration, the time of breathing gets opportunity to return past time even it happens rarely. The epic Koroglu, which belongs to Van Kyrgyzs will be studied in this research. İt may be considered that Koroğlu Epic of Van Kyrgyzs is the Kyrgyz adapted type of a Turkmen variant. This epic narration, in addition to being not published work, hasn’t been researched both in linguistic and narrative point of view. And also it is a rich material in respect to its narrative features because it is full of analepsis and prolepsis which occur depending on breathing time. Sözlü veya yazılı edebiyat anlatılarında olayları “sıralayıp anlatmak” zamanla sıkı sıkıya bağlantılıdır. Destan anlatılarında anlatı zamanı sıralaması ve öykü zamanı sıralaması arasında tamamen bir paralellik söz konusu olamaz, zira anlatı zamanında “öne” ve “geriye” “koşuşturmalar”, yani gerileme ve önceleme kaçınılmazdır. Böyle zaman sapmaları iki zaman ekseninin farklı tabiatlarından kaynaklanmaktadır. Destan anlatılarında “seyrek de olsa geçmiş zamana geri dönme fırsatını nefes alma zamanı sağlar”. Çalışmada Van’da yaşayan Kırgızlara ait Köroğlu destanı anlatı bilimsel zaman bakımından incelenecektir. Destan, daha önce yayımlanmamış bir eser olmasının yanında hem dilbilimsel hem de anlatı bilimsel bakımdan henüz araştırma konusu olmamıştır. Ayrıca, anlatım özelliği bakımından nefes alma zamanına bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan gerileme ve önceleme örneklerine sıkça rastlanmasıyla da zengin bir malzemedir.

Narrative texts often aim to generate suspense, or similar type of involvement, in order to enhance plot developments through the delay or withdrawal of explicit information, or the use of unreliable characters. There are also cases, however, in which the flow of narrative progression is deliberately broken and punctuated by anticipatory elements that introduce, hint at or suggest future events, situations, and characters. My aim in this paper is to examine how a wide range of proleptic, cataphoric and other elements can function as creative anticipatory structures for the construction of fictional discourse, and I will focus on a recent diasporic novel, How to Fight Islamist Terror from the Missionary Position by Tabish Khair (2012), which extensively, almost obsessively, employs such devices. Functioning as clues that intersect narratorial levels and call for attention paradoxically à rebours, anticipatory structures are often realised via the use of different items such as mental process verbs, deictic shifts and split selves. The textual effects they generate significantly contribute to the presentation of the narrator’s point of view, but also allow the author to address loaded questions, for example the ideological mixing of the ‘threat’ and the ‘token’ of otherness in our anxious postmodern age. From a methodological point of view, I will adopt and adapt a range of different tools from the fields of postcolonial studies, stylistics, narratology and pragmatics to investigate Khair’s novel.

International audience; The notion of dialogism can be defined as the orientation of discourse towards other instances of discourse. The Russian semiotician,Mikhail Bakhtin, in his research on this topic, focused on a specific dialogic relationship -- the anticipated response of the recipient. In otherwords, as a speaker progresses through his/her own speech, he/she imagines the discursive reactions of his/her recipient. He/sheinteracts dialogically with these reactions in order firstly to reply in advance to questions and objections the recipient might formulate andsecondly to rectify any fallacious conclusions that he/she might draw.The purpose of the present article is to analyze this dialogic relationship, which we call anticipative interlocutive dialogism, specificallyin order to describe the linguistic markers through which it is realized. We shall distinguish three linguistic forms of anticipativeinterlocutive dialogism according to the way the ‘‘anticipated reply’’ ascribed to the recipient is treated: prolepsis, integration, ellipsis.

Description and modelisation of growth and development of appletree (Malus x domestica Borkh.). I. Most probable structure of young tree. Based on the observation of all or, at least, a large number of shoots growing on unpruned apple trees, cv. Cox's Orange Pippin and Jonagold grafted on EM9, an original codification system has been conceived. It allows to locate and identify quickly and unequivocally any shoot or growth. From a comprehensive collection of such codified observations, the most probable structure of young one to five year old trees has been established, with the amount and characters of the different observed shoot types. Both varieties display very similar gross structures, despite minor differences in form, flowering mode and productivity. The development of the trees occurs in two phases. The first one builds up a frame composed by the trunk and several storied sets of branches. Flowering is rather strictly alternate during this phase. The second one consists in the reinforcement of the branches by axillary growth, but even more by sympodial branching due to increasing and repeated terminal flowering. This basic structure provides a reference to appreciate changes in tree development brought about by rootstock, fruit load or training practices.

General abstract: This round table is a new installment in the series of round tables devoted by the Société d’Études Anglaises Contemporaines to recent British literature and follows in the steps of the SÉAC 2013 symposium on contemporary British literature (Ebc 45) and of a first round table (2013, Ebc 47). The present round table focuses on recent titles that offer different insights into fiction’s relation to the present, in direct link with the central topic of the present issue. Abstract for this section: The Pure Gold Baby is the latest in a series of novels in which Margaret Drabble examines ‘biological destiny’ both figuratively, as a metaphor for social determinism, and literally, as a locus for intergenerational questions. Yet the novel disables the predictive power of genetics by silencing the medical voice. Although a genetic anomaly determines the main character’s fate, it is never identified: the ‘pure gold’ child Anna does not answer to any known category, she cannot be classified and her future cannot be predicted. The narrative is thus built upon a central lack of diagnosis, in both the medical and taxonomical senses of the word, pre-empting the prolepsis it would entail. This paper examines the metaphorical implications of this lack, in a novel which refuses to diagnose the society it describes. I argue that this refusal is an attempt to resist the taxonomical drift in Drabble’s narration, and to weaken the ‘readability’ of her portrait of Britain., Cette table ronde poursuit le travail amorcé lors du symposium de 2013 consacré par la SÉAC aux évolutions récentes de la littérature Britannique (Ebc 45) et la table ronde qui conclut le colloque d’automne de la SÉAC en 2013 (Ebc 47). Cette présente table ronde présente des textes en lien direct avec le sujet de ce numéro, qui revisitent les liens de la littérature avec son présent. Résumé de cette section: The Pure Gold Baby est le dernier d’une série de romans dans lesquels Margaret Drabble explore la notion de « destinée biologique ». A la fois thème et métaphore, le déterminisme génétique lui permet d’interroger les rapports entre les générations, mais aussi les déterminismes sociaux de ses personnages. Son dernier roman désamorce toutefois la prédiction médicale. Alors qu’une anomalie génétique détermine la vie du personnage principal, celle-ci ne sera jamais identifiée : l’enfant « en or », Anna, ne correspond à aucune catégorie existante. Le récit se fonde ainsi sur une absence de diagnose, au sens médical comme au sens taxinomique. Cet article présente les implications métaphoriques de cette absence dans un roman qui refuse de diagnostiquer la société qu’il examine. Ce refus est interprété ici comme une résistance à la tendance taxinomique caractéristique des romans de Drabble, qui cherche ainsi à affaiblir la « lisibilité » de son portrait de la Grande-Bretagne contemporaine.

El propósito de esta tesina es ampliar los conocimientos sobre la narrativa de Dulce Chacón al analizar cómo la aplicación de técnicas narrativas en La voz dormida refuerza la impresión trágica y triste de la muerte de Hortensia, una de las protagonistas de la novela. Para llevar a cabo el objetivo se ha identificado las técnicas narrativas más frecuentes e importantes para la presentación de los sucesos relacionados con la trama de Hortensia. El análisis demuestra que La voz dormida tiene una organización minuciosamente planificada donde diferentes partes de la novela contribuyen a la historia narrada con funciones narratológicas específicas. Técnicas narrativas como la focalización, la analepsis, la prolepsis, el cambio del ritmo de la narración, la inclusión de textos intercalados y la repetición aquí juegan un papel importante y de esta manera las técnicas narrativas son un factor fundamental para la impresión trágica y triste creada por la muerte de Hortensia.

There are many reasons to study a particular language. One might study a language to learn to speak that language in order to be able to communicate with native speakers or conduct business. One can study a language to learn about the culture of the people or understand their literature and poetry. One can study the grammar of a language to understand the structure of that language and compare it to the structure of other languages It is this last reason that motivates the following discussion.

Alors que toutes les langues romanes connaissent les deux types de topicalisation à gauche : le topique suspendu (HT, dans les propositions principales) et la dislocation gauche (LD, dans les propositions principales et les subordonnées), quelques dialectes occitans (et peut-être quelques dialectes italiens) se distinguent en présentant aussi un topique suspendu enchâssé. Cet article met en évidence les difficultés soulevées par les analyses antérieures, notamment celle de Sauzet (1989) qui suppose qu’un rôle prédicatif spécifique légitime ce type de topique et celle de Lahne (2005) qui postule que le topique n’est pas enchâssé. Nous montrons que, en Occitan, la tête fonctionnelle la plus à gauche (FORCE° de Rizzi 1997) porte un trait (déclaratif) fort qui attire le DP topicalisé dans la périphérie gauche de la proposition. La force de ce trait est ainsi paramétrée, ce qui permet de faire des prédictions typologiques intéressantes. Occitan Topicalisation Strategies Though Romance languages are rather uniform in that they display two types of left-sided topicalizations: Hanging Topic (HT, main clauses) and Left Dislocation (LD, main and embedded clauses), some Occitan (along with some Italian) dialects depart from this pattern and allow for HT to be embedded. We point out the drawbacks of the theories where such topics are taken to be licensed by a specific predicative role (Sauzet 1989) or not to be embedded (Lahne 2005), and show that Occitan leftmost functional head (Rizzi’s 1997 FORCE°) is endowed with a strong feature attracting topical DP (possibly a declarative feature). The strength of this feature is parameterized and makes interesting typological predictions.

In his article "Blanchot's Impossible Kafka" Antoine J. Polgar challenges Maurice Blanchot's theory of the impossibility and futility of writing as applied to Kafka's struggles with the demands of writing and life. Polgar questions Blanchot's claims on the basis of close readings of the texts of Kafka's texts and explores traces of correspondence between the life and the texts yet unmentioned in Kafka scholarship. Referring to Blanchot's focus on survival as a metaphor for writing in a meta-commentary on the writer's facticity and the contingency to which literary creation is consigned, Polgar comments on the intense bio-critical interest — which the scholar is cautioned against and often ignores — in Kafka's lived experience. According to Polgar, if "the disaster" is the truth outside literature, Blanchot's theory that the impossibility of writing defines a philosophy of writing is a thought lacking in equivalence.

Un tipo de prolepsis, utilizado frecuentemente en Argonáuticas, es el discurso-programa en el cual un personaje anticipa la narración posterior. De esta manera funciona el relato de Fineo como guía de navegación para los Argonautas. Con el ineludible modelo de los relatos de viajes de Odisea, esta narración interna guarda una relación especular con la obra que la contiene y conlleva una cuasi-identificación entre narrador interno y narrador principal. Este artículo tiene como objetivo el análisis de los niveles narrativos en este relato, para mostrar el modo en que esa técnica anticipatoria funciona en el poema en un nivel metaliterario. One type of prolepsis, frequently used in the Argonautica, is the programmatic speech in which a character anticipates the subsequent story. In this manner works the story of Phineus as navigation guidance for the Argonauts. With the inevitable model of travel stories of Odyssey, this internal narrative keeps a mirror-relationship with the work that contains it and carries a quasi-identification between internal narrator and main narrator. This article aims to analyze the narrative levels in this story, to show how this anticipatory technique works in the poem on a metaliterary level. Fil: Llanos, Pablo Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudio sobre Cultura y Sociedad; Argentina

The two parts of the article analyse the possibilities of a functional interpretation, in terms of the theme-rheme devision, of ancient texts. The author discusses examples from Classical Greek and Latin as well as New Testament Greek, especially their word order, grammatical and lexical features. On this basis he proposes an analytical approach to the description of the linguistic values connected on some degree with the communicative structure of these examples. The contextual procedures of indicating markers of thematic or rhematic elements of the sentences in question should be compared with conclusions drawing on the grammatical and semantic observations on the sentence constituents. The determination of theme and rheme exponents must be made – depending on the language – by verifying the means of coding information structure, relevant to the given language, text type, and time of its composition. A complete description of these means should be proceeded by detailed investigation of, for example, in the case of Ancient Greek: standard and contrastive word order, initial positions of utterances (including semantic description of items involved in these positions), functions of the particles, conjunctions, articles, adverbs, personal pronouns, anaphors et al., syntactic and semantic roles of the constituents, etc. The second part of this article considers information status and value of Greek prolepsis. The author distinguishes morphological, syntactic and lexical prolepsis. The last two types are discussed using examples from Medea by Euripides and the Gospel of St. John. The first example represents syntactic prolepsis, the second one – lexical. Neither the pronoun ἡ μ ᾶ ς ‘we’ from Medea , nor the noun φοιν ί κων ‘palm branches’ from St. John’s Gospel are thematic as claimed by some researches. Both syntactic and lexical prolepsis are components of a different level of utterances than the material one. The author postulates to consider them as rhematic rather than thematic. Prolepsis functions like quotation which comments on the whole utterance.

La influyente historiografía filosófica del siglo XIX no reconoció en el epicureísmo una filosofía política digna de estudio. A partir del análisis de las Máximas Capitales y de textos de Hermarco, Polístrato y Lucrecio el artículo pretende mostrar que los epicúreos desarrollaron una relevante teoría política que entroncaba con dos tradiciones: el naturalismo jonio y la reformulación socrática de la filosofía como la verdadera política. En la instauración de la justicia mediante pactos y su continuidad en el lenguaje a través de la prolepsis de lo justo vieron un hallazgo que ofrecía al hombre la seguridad requerida para la satisfacción de los deseos naturales necesarios y su supervivencia. No obstante, el posterior surgimiento de temores y deseos vanos e insaciables y la consiguiente infelicidad del hombre hicieron de la filosofía, que la propia seguridad de la ciudad hace posible, el ámbito en el que se ha de buscar la felicidad. The influential 19th century philosophical historiography did not recognize in Epicureanism a political philosophy worthy of study. Based on an analysis of the Principal Doctrines and texts of Hermarchus, Polystratus and Lucretius, this paper aims to show that Epicureans developed a relevant political theory that connected two traditions: the Ionian naturalism and the Socratic reformulation of philosophy as the only true politics. In the establishment of justice through covenants and its continuity in the language through the prolepsis of what is just, they saw a finding that offered man the required security to satisfy his necessary natural desires and his survival. However, the subsequent emergence of fears and vain and insatiable desires, and the consequent unhappiness of man, made philosophy the field where happiness can be found, by virtue of the safety the city provides. L’influente historiographie philosophique du XIXème siècle n’a pas reconnu dans l’épicuréisme une philosophie politique digne d’être étudiée. En partant de l’analyse des Maximes Capitales et de textes d’Hermarque, Polistrate et Lucrèce, cet article prétend montrer que les épicuriens ont développé une théorie politique qui relie deux traditions: le naturalisme ionien et la reformulation socratique qu’a fait de la philosophie la vraie politique. Dans l’instauration de la justice au moyen de pactes et sa continuité dans le langage à travers de la prolepse de ce qui est juste, ils ont fait une découverte capable de fournir à l’homme la sécurité dont il a besoin pour satisfaire ses désirs naturels et sa survie. Cependant, le jaillissement postérieur de craintes et de désirs vains et insatiables, et l’infélicité de l’homme que s’ensuit, ont fait de la philosophie, que seule la sécurité de la cité rend possible, l’espace dans lequel il faut chercher le bonheur.

Este artigo se ocupa em averiguar os termos com os quais Cícero, Lucrécio e Diógenes Laércio buscaram tornar compreensível a prólêpsis de Epicuro. Cícero forneceu os termos antecipatio, praenotio e informationem; Lucrécio, notitia, exemplare et vestigia, a fim de dar voz e expor entre os latinos a doutrina do epicurismo. Diógenes Laércio indicou os termos katalêpsis, dóxa, énnoia, hypólêpsin, com os quais, segundo ele, os próprios epicuristas tentaram explicitar a prólêpsis de Epicuro. Por fim, o artigo expõe a opinião de alguns comentadores contemporâneos. This article discusses the terms in which Cicero, Lucretius and Diogenes Laertius sought to make sense of the prólêpsis of Epicurus. To give voice to and to divulge among Latin speakers the doctrine of Epicureanism, Cicero furnished the terms antecipatio, praenotio, and informationem, and Lucretius provided notitia, exemplare, and vestiga. Diogenes Laertius presented the terms katalêpsis, dóxa, énnoia, and hypólêpsin, with which, he says, the Epicureans tried to explain the prólêpsis of Epicurus. The article also discusses the views of some contemporary commentators.

The present study aims to analyze Sylvie Germain’s works of fiction through the concept of ‘waiting’. Our interest was aroused by the internal articulation of her first novels. Its dependence on a proleptic network is symptomatic not only of the establishment of a pact that constantly confronts the reader with new expectations, but also of the author’s effort – conscious or not – to keep a good grip on the story. Despite the fact that the writer does not develop a theory around the notion of ‘waiting’ or make it the core of her writing, contexts built around it are plentiful in the narrative. The title of the dissertation anticipates our double perspective on Sylvie Germain’s novels, i.e.textual and diegetic. The whole is organized around a ternary structure. The first part focuses on establishing a poetics of waiting based on an abundance of pre-texts, on the highly dense paratextual apparatus, as well as on the use of anticipation by an infusion of details, which creates an echo effect against the diegesis. The second part of our analysis questions the multiple manners in which the characters live in waiting, psychologically as well as physiologically. Whatever its form, waiting remains atemporal experience. The last part offers a panorama of the time perceptions it engenders. Upon reaching the end of our research, we hope to have offered a synthesis around a concept that constantly escapes the rules, as well as to have approached time related aspects rarely discussed so far in relation to Sylvie Germain’s fiction., La présente étude se donne pour but d'analyser l’œuvre romanesque de Sylvie Germain par le biais du concept d'attente. Notre intérêt a été suscité par l'articulation interne des premiers livres, tributaire de la subtile mise en place d'un réseau proleptique qui est symptomatique non seulement de l'instauration d'un pacte, à la suite duquel le lecteur esquisse son horizon d'attente, mais également d'un effort que l'auteur déploie –consciemment ou non – afin de garder une bonne emprise sur le récit. Si l'écrivain ne développe pas de théorie autour de l'attente et n'en fait pas le pivot de son écriture, les récits abondent en situations qui sont sous-tendues par elle. Le titre de la thèse rend compte des deux niveaux auxquels nous avons interrogé la production romanesque de Sylvie Germain, à savoir textuel et diégétique. Le tout s'organise à partir d'une structure ternaire dont le point de départ est l'ébauche d'une poétique de l'attente reposant principalement sur des avant-textes, sur un appareil paratextuel très dense et sur l'emploi d'anticipations par infusion de détails qui créent un effet d'échos et de correspondances par rapport au développement diégétique. La deuxième partie de notre analyse interroge les multiples manières dont l'attente est vécue par les personnages, psychiquement aussi bien que physiologiquement. Quelle que soit sa forme, l'attente reste une expérience temporelle. La dernière partie de notre étude esquisse un panorama des perceptions du temps à travers cette expérience vécue. Au terme de notre travail, nous espérons avoir réussi un exercice de synthèse à partir d'un concept qui échappe aux règles, ainsi qu'une incursion dans le champ de la temporalité peu abordé par rapport à cette œuvre.

In his famous work The Rhetoric of temporality, Paul de Man alluded to William Wordsworth as «one of the few poets who can write prolectically about his own death and speak, as it were, from beyond their own graves». My paper explores this kind of prolectic writing about death: cases in which authors write about themselves as if they were already dead. I analyze texts of three major poets of the second half of the 20th Century: Jaime Gil de Biedma, José Ángel Valente and Alfonso Costafreda -members of the so called Generación del 50 in Spanish Poetry. My aim is to think about the philosophical implications of these fictional attempts of writing about death confronted to Heidegger's remark about the impossibility of experiencing one's death. This article contributes to clarify how experience of death in Late Modern Poetry is related to a more lucid approach to finitude once all kind of eschatological or metaphysical projections have entered a deep crisis., Altre Modernità, N° 4 (2010): La morte e i suoi riti nella cultura contemporanea

14 pp.; Pragmatic hierarchisation of utterances precedes their syntactic construction. Topicalization and Focalization do not follow from dislocations. Prosodic and psycholinguistic, as well as structural facts, confirm this conclusion.

14 pp.; Pragmatic hierarchisation of utterances precedes their syntactic construction. Topicalization and Focalization do not follow from dislocations. Prosodic and psycholinguistic, as well as structural facts, confirm this conclusion.

Pragmatic hierarchisation of utterances precedes their syntactic construction. Topicalization and Focalization do not follow from dislocations. Prosodic and psycholinguistic, as well as structural facts, confirm this conclusion.

An interpretation of Letter to Herodotus 72-73, where Epicurus discusses the problem of our experience of time.

It is a pleasure for me to dedicate this study to Miguel Pérez Fernández, to whom students of the Hebrew language in its various phases owe their lasting gratitude. I am grateful to my friends Wido van Peursen and Mervyn Richardson for their useful remarks on an earlier draft of this article. 1. G. Khan, Studies in Semitic Syntax (London Oriental Series 38; Oxford 1988)., Against a recent suggestion that 4Q252 1.4 בו ביום ההוא ‘on that day’ is a case of prolepsis or anticipatory pronominal agreement in Qumran Hebrew, the present study contends that the evidence for the suggestion is rather weak. An examination of Qumran Hebrew calendrical phraseology shows that בו refers to a preceding phrase, whereas ביום ההוא constitutes the beginning of the next sentence. The two other alleged instances of prolepsis in Qumran Hebrew (4QRPc 12b iii 2 כאשר צוהו יהוה את מושה and 11QT 66.4 מצאה האיש את האשה ) also prove to be highly uncertain., Recientemente ha sido sugerido que 4Q252 1.4 בו ביום ההוא ‘en aquel día’ sea un caso de prolepsis, o concordancia pronominal anticipadora, en el Hebreo de Qumrán. El presente estudio afirma, al contrario, que esta proposición carece de prueba concreta. Tras un análisis de la fraseología calendaria de Qumrán el sintagma בו resulta referirse a lo que precede, mientras ביום ההוא constituye el principio de la frase siguiente. Los otros dos presuntos casos de prolepsis en el Hebreo de Qumrán (4QRPc 12b iii 2 כאשר צוהו יהוה את מושה y 11QT 66.4 מצאה האיש את האשה ) también se muestran muy inciertos.

In the paper, an examination is made of prolepsis in ancient Greek, concentrating on its grammatical and prosodic structure. The feature is analyzed not as a stylistic curiosity, but as a syntactically anacoluthic construction, which demonstrates a transitional phase in the development of finite subordination, when an expansion in the transitivity of reporting verbs was taking place. The proleptic element is interpreted as a 'building block' in the inter-clausal link, functioning syntactically in both clauses. The study is structural rather than historical, but a developmental sequence is inferred from the features of proleptic and other accusative constructions observed in Homeric and classical texts.

MA (African Languages), North-West University, Mahikeng Campus In the Apartheid South Africa, repression and the heightening of the Blacks' struggle for political emancipation, prompted artists to challenge the system through their music, oral poetry and writing. Most produced works of protest in English to reach a wider audience. This led to the general misconception that literatures in the indigenous languages of South Africa were insensitive to the issues of those times. This study seeks firstly to put to rest such misconception by proving that there is commitment in these literatures as exemplified in the poetry of S.F. Motlhake. Motlhake not only expresses protest against the political system of the time, but also questions some religious and socio-cultural practices and institutions among his people. The study also examines his selected works as genuine poetry, which does not sacrifice art on the altar of propaganda. Masters