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Ernst BOESCH gehört zu den bedeutenden Psychologen des 20. und frühen 21. Jahrhunderts. Seine seit den 1950er Jahren unternommenen Bemühungen um die Entwicklung einer "symbolischen Handlungstheorie" führten ihn zum Entwurf einer originellen Kulturpsychologie, die er auf der Grundlage seiner (Forschungs-)Erfahrungen in Thailand entwickelte und sodann an immer neuen Fragestellungen und Gegenständen bewährte. Im Beitrag wird dargelegt, dass BOESCHs jahrelange kulturelle Fremdheitserfahrungen der entscheidende Anlass für theoretische und methodische Innovationen waren. Persönliche Begegnungen und expansive Lernerfahrungen, die ihn sukzessive Thai sprechen und eine zuvor völlig unvertraute kulturelle Lebensform kennenlernen ließen, waren die lebensweltliche Voraussetzung für seine wissenschaftlichen Erträge und Innovationen. Diese existenzielle Basis führte BOESCH in der empirischen Forschung, Begriffs- und Theoriebildung zu einer relationalen Hermeneutik, in der jede allzu scharfe Unterscheidung zwischen Forschungssubjekt und -objekt merklich gelockert ist. Nachdem dies dargelegt wurde, werden einige weitere Prinzipien und bleibende Stärken, aber auch Schwächen und – nicht zuletzt methodische – Defizite dieser handlungstheoretischen Kulturpsychologie erörtert., Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, Vol. 24 No. 2 (2023): Social Worlds, Arenas, and Situational Analyses: Theoretical Debates and Practical Research Experiences

Komunikācija un mediju studijas Informācijas un komunikācijas zinātnes Communication and Media Studies Information and Communication Sciences Maģistra darba sastāvā ir divas galvenās daļas – teorētiskā un empīriskā. Teorētiskajā daļā apkopots materiāls par naratīva analīzi, rāmēšanas teoriju, reģionālo mediju specifiku, klimatu un klimata pārmaiņām kā tādām, kas iekļauj jaunākos atklājumus un pētījumus par tām. Empīriskā daļa fokusējas uz četru reģionālo mediju (“Druva”, “Bauskas Dzīve”, “Ventas Balss”, “Dzirkstele”) rakstu analīzi, kas atlasīti pēc noteiktas atslēgas vārdu kopas, lai atklātu dominējošos naratīvus. Empīriskajā daļā arī lasāmi interviju pārskati. Pētījuma objekts ir reģionālie mediji, un pētījuma priekšmets – klimata pārmaiņu naratīvi un rāmējums. Maģistra darba pamatā ir pārliecība, ka Latvijas reģionālajos medijos novērotie naratīvi par klimata pārmaiņām saka, ka Latvija iestājas pret klimata pārmaiņu progresēšanos un tiecas uz atbildības līmeni un labklājību, kā arī tas, ka reģionālie mediji klimata pārmaiņas pārsvarā nerāmē. Pētījuma tēma ir aktuāla, jo klimata pārmaiņas radikāli mainījušas un maina mūsu ikdienu, uzskatus, paradumus, biznesa vidi un citas jomas. Pateicoties medijiem un saturam tajos sabiedrībai ir labāks priekšstats par situācijas nopietnību, labāks priekšstats par Zaļā Kursa dzīves stilu Mediji spēlē lielu lomu tajā, kur virzīsies sabiedrības nostāja, uzskati un apņemšanās. Pētījuma mērķis ir atklāt dominējošos naratīvus (to uzbūvi un atšķirības starp tiem) par klimata pārmaiņām Latvijas reģionālajos medijos (“Druva”, “Bauskas Dzīve”, “Ventas Balss”, “Dzirkstele”) laika posmā no 2021. gada novembra līdz 2022. gada aprīlim. Pēc veiktā pētījuma iegūtajiem datiem var tikt secināts, ka reģionālie mediji ziņas un publikācijas rāmē, bet salīdzinoši maz. Vairāk tiek domāts pie naratīva, kas starp visiem medijiem dominē, ka Latvija tiecas uz korporatīvu atbildību un ilgtspēju, pielāgojas un pilda Eiropas Savienības noteiktās prasības un tiecas uz klimata neitralitāti. Reģionālo mediju redaktoru un intervētās ekspertes nostāja attiecībā pret klimata pārmaiņu politiku Latvijā ir negatīva vai intervētie nav ar to iepazinušies gana daudz, lai komentētu. Naratīvi tiek plānoti un veidoti konstanti attiecībā par to, kas reģionam aktuāls klimata kontekstā, pētījuma rezultāti to apstiprina, jo tematikas ziņā, katrs reģions raksta vairāk par viņiem nozīmīgām klimata problēmām. Master’s thesis has two main parts – theoretical and empirical. In the theoretical part there is a compilation of narrative analysis, news framing theory, regional media specifics, climate and climate change as such, including explanation, description about some new discoveries and research about it. Empirical part focuses on four Latvian regional media (“Druva”, “Bauskas Dzīve”, “Ventas Balss”, “Dzirkstele”) publication analysis, which were selected by specific group of key words. In the empirical part there is also an overview on the done interviews. Research object is set to be regional media, and subject – climate change narratives and framing. This thesis is based on belief that the narratives observed in Latvian reginal media say that Latvia stands against climate change progressing and stives towards responsibility and welfare, also on the belief that selected reginal media mostly hasn’t framed climate change in their publications. This research is topical, because climate change has radically changed and still is changing our everyday, beliefs, habits, business environment and other. Thanks to media and their content society has a better understanding about the seriousness of the situation, better understanding about the Green Course and has the information about everything they can do to adapt to the Green Course. Media has a big role in which direction the society’s beliefs, demands and commitment will be going. The aim of this thesis is to find out what are the dominating narratives in Latvian regional media (their differences and structure) in the time period of November 2021 till April 2022. After the analysis it can be concluded that selected media frames climate change but relatively little. More is thought about narrative, which between all media dominates that Latvia aims to corporative responsibility and sustainability, adapts and fulfils requirements set by European Union and strives towards climate neutralization. The position of regional media editors and the interviewed expert in relation to the climate change policy in Latvia is negative or the interviewees are not familiar enough with it to comment. Narratives are planned and created constantly regarding what is relevant for the region in the context of climate, the results of the study confirm this, because in terms of subject matter, each region writes more about climate problems that are important to them.

Writing a research paper is one of the major activities in educational institutions. In order to promote quality, the research writing process should be considered. This study aims to explore the specific research part where the students have difficulty writing the research paper. Identifying the weakest point can lead to the success of the research writing process. This study made an assessment of the competency level of the research students in writing their research paper. It utilized the quantitative descriptive method and followed the purposive sampling technique, wherein the lead researchers and writers were chosen as respondents in the study. Data revealed that females dominated the number of research leaders, and showed that the experimental research design was preferred by the research students. Moreso, it was revealed that students had difficulty in citing related literature and studies; writing the research questions in the Statement of the Problem; interpreting data; and formulating the research title. The recalibration of the research curriculum and integration of research parts with other subjects are recommended., {"references":["Al-Saadi, Z. (2020). Gender differences in writing: The mediating effect of language proficiency and writing fluency in text quality. Cogent Education, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2020.1770923","Birion, J.C., De Jose, E.G., Dayrit, B.C., & Mapa, C.C. (2005). Thesis and dissertation writing without anguish. Valenzuela City: Mutya Publishing House, Inc.","Brew, A. (2007). Research and teaching from the students' perspective. In: International policies and practices for academic enquiry: An international colloquium: Marwell: Winchester, UK.","Cordeiro, C., Castro, S.L., & Limpo, T. (2018). 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What strategies have been proposed to address (prevent) therapeutic misconception? How do these refer to main stakeholders: research subjects, investigators, institutional policies, advocacy communities Justification: “Therapeutic misconception” was originally described by Paul Appelbaum in 1982 and introduced as a bioethical issue in 1987. In general, it describes a subject’s perception that there is personal benefit from participating in research, followed by the subject’s denial of or inability to evaluate the disadvantages that stem from the nature of the research process itself. In the years since, theories about the causes of therapeutic misconception have centered on the physical, emotional, and mental state of the subject; education level and cognitive capacity; and information dissemination and informed consent practices. This systematic review looks at what strategies have been suggested to address therapeutic misconception, and to which of the major stakeholders they are directed: research subjects, investigators, institutional policies, or patient advocacy communities.

The publication aims to analyze public security and public order in conceptual and institutional terms as an analytical category of security sciences. The legislator defines neither public security nor public order. So far, they have been treated mainly as categories of administrative law. It is therefore important to assign them analytical content in the new scientific discipline. The research results allowed for the presentation of the thesis that public security and public order are mainly connected with protection against pathological phenomena occurring in the public space, which are minimized by institutions established to ensure it. These categories should constitute the research field (subject) of the security sciences. The research problem formulated in the form of the question: How are public security and public order treated in definitional and institutional terms? The problem was solved based on a critical analysis of the literature. The paper uses theoretical research methods, including analysis of literature and phenomena occurring in society and inference – as a cognitive factor of the subject of analysis. A critical analysis of the literature on this issue played a large role in the cognitive process.

Purpose of Review The objective of this scoping review was to examine the range of published evidence on recruitment approaches and outcomes of US adolescents and young adults (AYA) ages (18–29 years) into human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–related behavioral research studies during the past 10 years. Recent Findings Implementation of effective behavioral research strategies among HIV at-risk and infected AYA is key to ending the HIV epidemic and necessitates successful recruitment strategies. Summary A comprehensive search was executed across four electronic databases. Of the 1697 identified studies, seven met inclusion criteria with six of these seven directed to HIV prevention. Most studies used online recruitment as part of a hybrid strategy, and combined field-based/in-person and online methods. Recruitment strategies and outcomes, resources and compensation, procedures for consent, and timelines varied among all seven studies. Our results highlight the need for development of recruitment models in alignment with behavioral strategies aimed to treat and prevent HIV among US AYA.

At an international level it is recognised that urban noise has serious and negative public health impacts. This leading editorial and the special issue it accompanies seeks to broaden this agenda. An important goal for Cities & Health is to give ear to new urban health topics, methods and collaborations. In doing so this paper presents the topic of urban sound and health from several unique angles. At its core, we deliberately move the focus beyond noise levels, as measured by decibels, and harm to health through the stress of relentless background noise. Instead, we focus on the concept of soundscape, a more qualitatively nuanced research subject of enquiry. The paper serves as an introduction to soundscape and health from several distinct disciplinary positions and lays a good intellectual foundation for the twenty-two papers published in this special issue. We hope that through a soundscape approach we can encourage fresh thinking about urban sound, including how people perceive and relate to their sonic environments, and show how sound can contribute to health. We believe that this approach can provide a collaborative platform for sound artists, sound technologists, urbanists and local people to work together with public health and create healthier urban environments. Publisher's Version

* “Chó bò” is the approximate Vietnamese homonym for “trouble.” Bluntly translated, “chó~bò” is a “dog~cow” or “dog~crawl.” This absurdist linguistic joke for many Vietnamese people learning English represents a capacity to make trouble. This PhD thesis comprises original research and artistic work made with my family. As people from the Vietnamese diaspora, our experiences are formed by dispersals and estrangements as settler-colonists in Australia. Our daily encounters in the realms that this thesis is focused – contemporary art, academia, and family enterprise, are folded into distinct systems of colonial power and violence. I often make work with my family in video-performance and the documentary medium. Our inter-generational, political, and language differences add to the conceptual complexity of what it means to collaborate, make art, produce archives, and confront our position as recent settler-colonisers in Australia. This thesis aims to address how our artistic collaborations utilise linguistic and archival approaches to articulate the systemic racism we encounter as people from a refugee background, but who are also embedded in the colonial infrastructures of our new home. Aligning with thinkers including Gloria Anzaldúa and her critique of coloniality, to Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak and Hito Steyerl on minoritarian forms of translation, and Sara Ahmed on racism in the university - this thesis describes how collaborations with my family can trouble the contradictions of colonial power enacted on our human relationships. Reconnecting with individual members of my family through art, I have gained a better understanding of my language and culture, as well as finding important artistic and political connection to my peers. Collaborating with my family has forced me to rub against the researcher-participant/research subject binary, the archival visibility of being invisible, the rhetoric of institutional inclusion, and the weight of being displaced and displacing colonisers on this continent. The work we have produced together methodologically uncovers and critiques the opaque confrontations of institutional power, racism, and colonial violence embedded in the everyday. As a family, we continue to make uncomfortable pronunciations like “chó bò,” producing the epistemic trouble needed to face the colonial realities of our resettlement. ARTWORK WEBSITE: https://chobotrouble.com/

We teach and practice ethical behavior with all clinical and research activities. Notably, we are well educated to treat the subjects participating in research studies with high ethical standards. However, the ethics of interacting with colleagues, or with junior faculty members, are neither well defined nor taught. Dealing with junior faculty has parallels to dealing with vulnerable research subjects such as children, mentally or physically challenged groups, prison inmates or army recruits. Like any other vulnerable population, lower-ranking faculty members are often at the mercy of department chairs or other higher-ranked faculty members. Herein we present some potentially unethical or unfair examples related to academic research. Our goal is to educate the academic community of conceptual paths and to prevent similar untoward occurrences from happening in the future. Unethical behaviors related to sexual misconduct have already been described elsewhere and are not included in this manuscript. © 2020 Janket SJ et al.

This study aims to determine the development of Tropical Fauna Journal Zoo Indonesia which includes article distribution, patterns of authorship and fauna research subject at issue in 1983-2014. This study uses informetricsanalysis of all articles in the journal. The results showed: (1) the distribution of articles on every volume published by Zoo Indonesia have increased with the last number is six articles on each volume to its publication; (2) authorship patterns show the dominant by single author of 46,08%; and (3) research subjects that most discussed is about arthropods amounted to 30,41%. The conclusion is Zoo Indonesia on his way continuously tries to improve its quality as a scientific journal by a system of e-journal and also continue to fix both physically and editorial system aspects in it.

Introduction Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder type I (BD-I) can affect patient autonomy and capacity to consent to participate in research. Other variables associated with the autonomy of patients must be explored in order to improve the quality of the currently available tools. Objective To evaluate the relationship between insight and the capacity to consent to participate in research in patients with BD-I and schizophrenia. Methods A cross-sectional and longitudinal study was conducted with 120 subjects (40 subjects with schizophrenia, 40 with BD-I, and 40 healthy controls). The tools used were the Scale Assessment Insight-Expanded (SAI-E) and the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Treatment (MacCAT-CR), which was first adapted culturally, and its validity and reliability assessed. The results obtained on each scale were compared and the association between them were evaluated. Results There is a direct correlation between the capacity to consent to research, measured using the MacCAT-CR tool, and the degree of insight, measured using the SAI-E scale, with an effect size of 1.3 for BD-I and 2.03 for schizophrenia. Conclusions The results suggest that there is a correlation between the degree of insight and the capacity to consent to research in subjects with schizophrenia and BD-I. Insight should therefore be included as a relevant variable to assess the capacity to consent, and future studies should include it when researching on or designing new tools which aim at a greater respect of patient autonomy. © 2016 Asociación Colombiana de Psiquiatría

Bölgesel Kalkınma Ajansları (BKA’lar), yerel potansiyeli harekete geçirerek ekonomik kalkınmaya katkıda bulunmak üzere kurulan örgütlerdir. Dünyada ilk BKA, 1929 yılındaki ekonomik kriz (Büyük Bunalım) sonrasında ABD’de kurulan Tennessee Vadisi Yönetimi’dir (TVA). Türkiye’de ise BKA’lar, 2006-2009 döneminde kurulmuştur. Çalışmanın amacı, Türkçe literatürde BKA’ların hangi yönlerden ve hangi araştırma yöntemleri ile incelendiğini ortaya koymaktır. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi tekniği ile yapılan çalışma, BKA’lara ilişkin kitap, makale, rapor, doktora ve uzmanlık tezinden oluşan 44 tane eseri kapsamıştır. Bu eserler, amacı, yöntemi ve sonucu bakımından özetlenmiş; ele alınan konu ve uygulanan yöntem bakımından sınıflandırılmış ve genel bir değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda BKA’ların ekonomik, siyasal ve sosyal yönlerden; nicel ve nitel araştırma yöntemleri ile karma yöntem araştırmaları temelinde incelendiği tespit edilmiştir. Söz konusu çalışmalar arasında konuyu ekonomik yönlerden (% 56) ve nitel araştırma yöntemleri (doküman analizi, % 63,5) ile inceleyen araştırmalar öne çıkmıştır., Regional Development Agencies (RDAs) are organizations these were established to contribute to economic development by mobilizing local potential. The first RDA in the world is the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) that was established after economic crisis (Great Depression) in 1929 in USA. RDAs were established during the 2006-2009 period in Turkey. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that RDAs were examined which ways and which research and methods in Turkish literature. The study of document analysis techniques of qualitative research methods work has involved 44 units consisting of books, articles, reports, doctoral and expertise dissertation on RDAs. These works summarized of purpose, method and terms; with classified in terms of the issues dealt and methods applied and evaluated in general. Analysis indicated that RDAs have economic, political and social aspects; these were determined on the basis of the examination quantitative and qualitative research methods with mixed methods research. In the mentioned studies it was determined that the researches which are examined with economic aspects (56 %) and qualitative research methods (document analysis, 63,5 %) are highlighted.

The aim of this article is to problematize the social and emotional dimensions of the research process, guided by the following questions: How can we understand our own implication in the research process, in situations of personal interaction, as well as in terms of wider relationships of power? How do we balance the relationship with the research participants so that we as researchers and as feminists establish trust in our interactions, and act in an accountable way in relation to our research participants? And, what is the role of emotions in this context: can we reach a deeper understanding of these complex processes by paying attention to contradictions when subjective desires and collective goals are not in agreement, for example? Este artículo emerge como parte de un proyecto de investigación, y un trabajo de campo en curso, en donde se exploran visiones, estrategias y prácticas dentro del feminismo activista en Suecia. Poniendo foco en las tensiones y contradicciones desarrolladas durante el trabajo de campo, en este artículo se problematiza acerca de dimensiones a nivel social y emocional conectadas a tópicos de investigación. A traves de una discusión acerca de nuestra participación, dentro del trabajo de campo, desde un punto de vista sujetivo y de poder, en este artículo se sugiere que un acercamiento al sujeto a investigar, y lo que de esa relación se pueda aprender, puede esta prueba implicitamente significar, una contribución a una desestabilización de las relaciones poder, en la producción de conocimientos. Este artigo emerge de um projeto de investigação em curso que tem como objetivo explorar as visões, estratégias e práticas no seio do ativismo feminista na Suécia. Centrando- se nas tensões e conflitos que emergiram no trabalho de campo, o artigo problematiza as dimensões sociais e emocionais da investigação feminista. Tomamos como ponto de partida uma conceptualização das nossas interações com as/os participantes como relações subjetivas e relações de poder, e sugerimos que uma reflexão mais aprofundada sobre o sujeito de investigação, e sobre o que ela/e pode aprender na relação com o objeto de investigação, permite problematizar os pressupostos implícitos e investimentos emocionais das/os investigadoras/es, contribuindo assim para a desestabilização das relações de poder na produção de conhecimento. Special Issue: Feminist Perspectives on Methodology and Epistemology: Debates, Challenges and Dilemmas Feminist critique, feminist resistance, feminist hopes

Based on an ongoing research project in which we explore practices, strategies and visions within feminist activism in a Swedish context, this paper emerges from experiences during fieldwork with feminist activist groups. Focusing on tensions and contradictions encountered during fieldwork, this article problematizes the social and emotional dimensions of research. Through a discussion of our interactions with the research participants as subjective relationships and as relationships of power, this article suggests that a closer engagement with the research subject, and with what she can learn from the relationship with the research object, can challenge researchers’ implicit assumptions and emotional attachments, contributing to a destabilization of power relations in knowledge production. Este artículo emerge como parte de un proyecto de investigación, y un trabajo de campo en curso, en donde se exploran visiones, estrategias y prácticas dentro del feminismo activista en Suecia. Poniendo foco en las tensiones y contradicciones desarrolladas durante el trabajo de campo, en este artículo se problematiza acerca de dimensiones a nivel social y emocional conectadas a tópicos de investigación. A traves de una discusión acerca de nuestra participación, dentro del trabajo de campo, desde un punto de vista sujetivo y de poder, en este artículo se sugiere que un acercamiento al sujeto a investigar, y lo que de esa relación se pueda aprender, puede esta prueba implicitamente significar, una contribución a una desestabilización de las relaciones poder, en la producción de conocimientos. Este artigo emerge de um projeto de investigação em curso que tem como objetivo explorar as visões, estratégias e práticas no seio do ativismo feminista na Suécia. Centrando- se nas tensões e conflitos que emergiram no trabalho de campo, o artigo problematiza as dimensões sociais e emocionais da investigação feminista. Tomamos como ponto de partida uma conceptualização das nossas interações com as/os participantes como relações subjetivas e relações de poder, e sugerimos que uma reflexão mais aprofundada sobre o sujeito de investigação, e sobre o que ela/e pode aprender na relação com o objeto de investigação, permite problematizar os pressupostos implícitos e investimentos emocionais das/os investigadoras/es, contribuindo assim para a desestabilização das relações de poder na produção de conhecimento.

One of the terms to be fulfilled by each subject, on whom (in our country) clinical research is conducted, is mandatory insurance from damage against health that may be caused by the research. This sort of insurance is elaborated by the author through analysis of regulation of following issues: what is an insured case; what is the legal nature of insurance contracts; what is the duration of insurance and responsibility if insurance obligation is not fulfilled. In the concluding part of the paper, the author proposes method to amend and supplement existing legal regulations.

Taking human experimentation into account, this work aims at estimating a policy designed to reduce transaction costs that are related to the protection system of patients' rights, with both a normative and positive approach. On the one hand, considering a sample of European countries as counterfactual, an empirical analysis is performed in order to estimate the impact of a national law aimed at harmonizing the procedure to obtain opinions on clinical trials. On the other hand, an alternative law, which might be able to favor the exchange between pharmaceutical companies and patients, is proposed. Assuming that the competitiveness of the national protection system is based on the time required to obtain an authorization for an experimental activity, pharmaceutical clinical research should be positively affected by a reform of the current law. However, there is also evidence of a wasted opportunity to optimize the governance of the national protection system.

Taking human experimentation into account, this work aims at estimating the relationship between transaction costs, which are related to the protection system of patients' rights, and localization of pharmaceutical industry's testing phase. Assuming that the competitiveness of the protection system is based on the time required to obtain an authorization or an experimental activity, pharmaceutical clinical research should be positively affected by a process aimed at internalizing the review process, if efficient. By analyzing said system with operational research, this paper concludes suggesting the potentiality of a competitive system of reviewers, that is to say, the efficiency of that internalization process is performed by medical centers in which the experimental treatments are proposed to subjects.

Taking human experimentation into account, this work aims at estimating a policy designed to reduce transaction costs that are related to the protection system of patients' rights, with both a normative and positive approach. On the one hand, considering a sample of European countries as counterfactual, an empirical analysis is performed in order to estimate the impact of a national law aimed at harmonizing the procedure to obtain opinions on clinical trials. On the other hand, an alternative law, which might be able to favor the exchange between pharmaceutical companies and patients, is proposed. Assuming that the competitiveness of the national protection system is based on the time required to obtain an authorization for an experimental activity, pharmaceutical clinical research should be positively affected by a reform of the current law. However, there is also evidence of a wasted opportunity to optimize the governance of the national protection system.

This article is part of a series of papers examining ethical issues in cluster randomized trials (CRTs) in health research. In the introductory paper in this series, we set out six areas of inquiry that must be addressed if the CRT is to be set on a firm ethical foundation. This paper addresses the first of the questions posed, namely, who is the research subject in a CRT in health research? The identification of human research subjects is logically prior to the application of protections as set out in research ethics and regulation. Aspects of CRT design, including the fact that in a single study the units of randomization, experimentation, and observation may differ, complicate the identification of human research subjects. But the proper identification of human research subjects is important if they are to be protected from harm and exploitation, and if research ethics committees are to review CRTs efficiently. We examine the research ethics literature and international regulations to identify the core features of human research subjects, and then unify these features under a single, comprehensive definition of human research subject. We define a human research subject as any person whose interests may be compromised as a result of interventions in a research study. Individuals are only human research subjects in CRTs if: (1) they are directly intervened upon by investigators; (2) they interact with investigators; (3) they are deliberately intervened upon via a manipulation of their environment that may compromise their interests; or (4) their identifiable private information is used to generate data. Individuals who are indirectly affected by CRT study interventions, including patients of healthcare providers participating in knowledge translation CRTs, are not human research subjects unless at least one of these conditions is met.

Розглянуто сутність сучасних підходів щодо визначення предмета дослідження історико-правових засад кримінально-виконавчої політики. The essence of modern approaches to defining the subject of research historical and legal foundations of penal policy are analysed.

The starting point in the article is the philosophy of science by Paul K. Feyerabend. The author discusses possible consequences of accepting and applying that project in the humanities. In his critical analysis he shows that a preferred vision of science – the one that applies and emphasizes such values as: freedom, pluralism, diversity, humanism, free choice, individualism, subjectivity, irony – is actually a scientific and political program reflecting the paragon of the liberal democracy. The solutions proposed in the field of humanities are a projection of socio-political demand. Hence, paradoxically, modern openness of the humanities, abolition of the inner barriers and divisions, blending of genres etc. may meet that demand. Punkt wyjścia w artykule stanowi filozofia nauki Paula K. Feyerabenda. Autor zastanawia się nad tym, jakie mogłyby być konsekwencje przyjęcia i stosowania owego projektu w humanistyce. W krytycznej analizie wskazuje, iż preferowana wizja nauki – aplikująca i akcentująca takie postawy i wartości jak: wolność, pluralizm, różnorodność, humanizm, możliwość wyboru, indywidualizm, podmiotowość, ironia – jest w istocie programem naukowo-politycznym odzwierciedlającym ideał demokracji liberalnej. Postulowane na gruncie humanistyki rozwiązania są projekcją społeczno-politycznego zapotrzebowania. Paradoksalnie więc współczesne otwarcie humanistyki, znoszenie wewnętrznych granic i podziałów, mieszanie gatunków etc może służyć takiemu zapotrzebowaniu.

Para llevar a cabo una administración segura de los recursos hídricos, la mejor forma es protegerlos contra la contaminación; para este fin, uno de los métodos más utilizados es, sin lugar a duda el estudio de la vulnerabilidad de acuíferos. En este sentido, considerando el incremento acelerado de fuentes potencialmente contaminantes en el valle de Toluca, así como la ausencia total de herramientas de protección del acuífero, se definió el objetivo de este trabajo, el cual consistió en evaluar el estado de vulnerabilidad del Curso Alto del Río Lerma, perteneciente al Estado de México, mediante la aplicación combinada del método de análisis de vulnerabilidad DRASTIC y la modelación numérica con VisualMODFLOW. En primera instancia, y tras el análisis de la información disponible (geología, edafología e hidrogeología), se confecciono un mapa de vulnerabilidad mediante la metodología DRASTIC, con el apoyo de los sistemas de información geográfica en formato vectorial, mediante la superposición de polígonos, permitiendo incorporarle atributos a cada elemento de los diferentes parámetros que utiliza dicha metodología, sin embargo, diferentes autores siguen desarrollando la metodología en formato raster (mallas). El mapa de vulnerabilidad original fue adecuado mediante el uso de la modelación numérica, la cual consistió en delimitar nuevas áreas a proteger, considerando la contaminación que en ellas podrían generarse ya que de alcanzar el acuífero podrán, en un plazo igual o menor a 50 años, deteriorar la calidad de importantes fuentes de abastecimiento de agua subterránea del territorio.Finalmente, se obtuvieron dos mapas de vulnerabilidad, uno generado por la metodología DRASTIC, que de manera general permitirá el ordenamiento adecuado de las actividades potencialmente contaminantes del territorio, así como, el análisis de riesgos de dichas actividades, así como otro mapa que permite, además, realizar una protección complementaria de áreas específicas, las cuales se seleccionaron de acuerdo al interés socioeconómico que tienen en la zona de estudio.

La popularidad de los perímetros de protección de pozos como herramienta importante en la protección de las aguas subterráneas para el consumo humano, incluyendo por supuesto las aguas minerales embotelladas, a aumentado considerablemente en los últimos años, viéndose reflejada en numerosos documentos de diverso alcance, destacándose frecuentemente que no todos los métodos de delimitación de perímetros de protección de pozos dan resultados satisfactorios. En este sentido, el objetivo principal del presente trabajo fue, delimitar de la forma más precisa posible, el perímetro de protección alrededor de una importante fuente de agua mineral para embotellar, ubicada en el acuífero Margarita, región central de Cuba. En la delimitación se utilizaron dos de los métodos de más amplio uso internacional, el analítico, en cuatro de sus variantes y el numérico, mediante el modelo VisualMODFLOW. Se muestra como bajo las condiciones analizadas (acuíferos heterogéneos, anisotrópicos y de extensión local), los resultados entre ambos métodos pueden diferir en más del 100%, siendo varias las causas que provocan tales diferencias, entre las que destacan, la influencia de la recarga por las precipitaciones y el aporte de agua subterránea de las partes del acuífero que se ubican por debajo de la máxima profundidad del pozo. Se presenta además un mapa de gestión de los recursos hídricos subterráneos del área de estudio, donde se establece como y donde deben explotarse los recursos de aguas subterráneas, sin que se afecte las dimensiones calculadas del perímetro de protección, ni el caudal de explotación del pozo de mayor importancia. Finalmente, se proponen adecuaciones en las variantes utilizadas del método analítico, las cuales pueden mejorar considerablemente los resultados alcanzados bajo las condiciones hidrogeológicas analizadas. De cualquier forma, se subraya las grandes limitaciones que presenta el método analítico para delimitar los perímetros de protección de pozos en las condiciones analizadas y las potencialidades ilimitadas que para este fin, poseen los modelos numéricos.