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Drought is one of the main abiotic stresses responsible for reducing crop yields worldwide. In hybrid rice production, cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) displays an alternative plan for producing high-yielding hybrid rice depending on the hybrid vigor. Kinetin (Kin) has an essential role during the early phase of grain setting by regulating cell division, assimilate flow, and osmotic modification under water deficit. Growth, floral, and yield-related traits were evaluated in two CMS lines under five irrigation intervals and two concentrations of the phytohormone kinetin. Our study was conducted to explore the effects of irrigation intervals (continuous flooding (CF), irrigation every six (I6), nine (I9), twelve (I12), and fifteen (I15) days, and kinetin exogenously applied (control, 15 mg L−1, and 30 mg L−1) on growth, floral, and yield-related traits. Growth traits (i.e., number of leaves (NOL), days to complete leaf number (DCLN), days to heading (DTH, 50%), flag leaf area (FLA), and plant height (PH)), floral traits (i.e., duration of spikelet opening (DSO), panicle length (PL), spikelet opening angle (SOA), and panicle exertion (PE)), and seed yield traits (i.e., seed set (SS), panicle weight (PW), seed yield (SY), harvest index (HI), and number of fertile panicles per hill (NFP)) in two CMS lines. Implementation of kinetin displayed the highest significant and positive values for all growth, floral, and yield-related traits when compared to the control (average of applied irrigation intervals). Applying 30 mg L−1 kinetin positively enhanced the growth traits (i.e., NOL, FLA, and PH with 4.1%, 5%, and 3%, respectively), floral traits (i.e., PL, PE, SOA, and DSO with 5.4, 5.7, 5.9, and 5.4%, respectively), and yield-related traits (i.e., PW, SS, SY, HI, and NFP with 22%, 17%, 14%, 14.5%, and 15%, with the same sequence) compared to non-treated plants. Consequently, exogenous foliar spray of kinetin could be an effective process in minimizing the harmful effects (the reduction in PW, SS, SY, HI, and NFP recorded 41%, 61%, 45%, 30%, and 48%, respectively, under I15 conditions when compared to CF) of water deficit in hybrid rice and increasing seed production.

Leaf scald, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Monographella albescens, is one of the main threats to rice (Oryza sativa L.) around the world. This disease decreases yields in rice by up to 30% because of dead leaf tissue, damaged seeds, and sterile flowers. Currently, there is limited knowledge about the molecular mechanisms involved in rice plant resistance against this pathogen. For this purpose, six commercial cultivars of rice were primarily screened for M. albescens infection and development. Dasht and Salari were found to be the most resistant and susceptible to M. albescens infection, respectively. The plants were kept in a greenhouse at 29 ± 2°C during the day and 26 ± 2°C at night with a relative air humidity of 85 ± 5%. Forty-five days after sowing, the plants with three biological replications were inoculated by transferring a PDA disc (0.3 cm2) containing M. albescens mycelia to the middle third of the 7th, 8th, and 9th completely open leaves. The leaves were collected 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hai. Leaf samples were also collected from the non-inoculated plants (0 h) to serve as controls. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) showed rapid induction and significant accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) responsive genes such as lipoxygenase (LOX), allene oxide synthase 2 (Aos2), jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase 1 (JMT1) and ACC synthase 1 (ACS1) in the resistant Dasht cultivar after infection with M. albescens. Furthermore, the transcripts of salicylic acid (SA) responsive phenyl alanine ammonia lyase 1 (PAL1) and nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1) genes were induced in the incompatible interaction. The activities of the defense enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX) and glutathione reductase (GR) increased strongly in Dasht in response to M. albescens infection. In addition, there was an increase in the H2O2 levels in the leaves of the Dasht cultivar during the infectious period of M. albescens associated with the enhancement of catalase (CAT) activity as well as higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). This is the first study on the interaction between rice and M. albescens at the molecular level. It can contribute to understanding how rice responds to pathogen infection, as well as assist with future research plans of molecular breeding regarding the tolerance to leaf scald disease.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as regulators of plant development and multiple stress responses. Here we demonstrate that the rice miR171b-SCL6-IIs module regulates the balance between blast resistance, grain yield, and flowering. miR171b-overexpressing rice plants (OX171b) displayed increased rice blast resistance accompanied with enhanced defense responses and late heading, whereas blocking miR171b expression in rice (MIM171) led to greater susceptibility to blast disease, associated with compromised defense responses and early heading. Either overexpressing or silencing of miR171b significantly affected plant height and number of filled seeds per panicle (seed-setting rate), resulting in decreased grain yield. miR171b targets SCL6-IIa, SCL6-IIb, and SCL6-IIc, whose expression was suppressed in OX171b but increased in MIM171. Mutants of SCL6-IIa, SCL6-IIb, and SCL6-IIc all displayed phenotypes like that of OX171b, including markedly increased blast disease resistance, slightly decreased grain yield, and delayed flowering. Amounts of miR171b increased gradually in leaves during the vegetative stage but decreased gradually in panicles during the reproductive stage, whereas SCL6-IIs displayed the reverse expression pattern. Together, these results suggest that the expression of miR171b was time- and space-dependent during the rice growth period and regulated the balance between rice blast disease resistance, grain yield, and flowering via SCL6-IIs, and that appropriate accumulation of miR171b is essential for rice development.

Rice false smut (RFS) is a destructive disease of rice worldwide caused by Ustilaginoidea virens. Nevertheless, there is a lack of efficient and stable artificial inoculation method to simulate the natural infection of U. virens, which is an important factor limiting further research on the pathogen. The purpose of this study was to establish an artificial inoculation method, which can simulate the natural infection process of U. virens without destroying the panicle sheath structure of rice. In this research, rice plants were inoculated by soaking roots at the seedling stage, spraying at the tillering stage, injecting at the booting stage, and again spraying at the flowering stage to determine the appropriate artificial inoculation time. Meanwhile, the panicle sheath instillation method and the injection inoculation method were compared. The results show that stages 6 to 8 of young panicle differentiation are an important period for U. virens infection. There were no significant differences in the mean rates of infected panicles, mean rates of infected grains, and maximum infected grains per panicle between the two inoculation methods. However, the frequency of RFS ball occurrence at the upper part of the panicles was significantly higher on the spikelets inoculated by the injection method than that of spikelets inoculated by natural infection and panicle sheath instillation. Therefore, panicle sheath instillation method was more similar to the natural infection of U. virens in the field. This research exhibited an innovative artificial inoculation method for identification of U. virens pathogenicity and evaluation of rice resistance against RFS.

Introduction: Correct assessment of evapotranspiration fluctuations in different meteorological scenarios plays an important role in the optimal management of water resources. Probability analyzes with different probabilities of occurrence can increase flexibility in decision making and increase the reliability of decisions. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important agricultural products in the world. Although rice is cultivated in a wide range of climatic and geographical conditions, it is vulnerable to changes in environmental conditions. Planting management, design of irrigation systems, and suitable irrigation cycle for optimal production are important issues for sustainable production. Materials and Methods: The study area includes the northern region of Iran, i.e. the provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan, which is the main rice-growing area in Iran. Changes in rice evapotranspiration in three different cultivation dates with four different occurrence probabilities of 75, 50, 25 and 10%, was calculated using the FAO Penman-Monteith equation and meteorological data with a statistical period of 30 years (2020- 1990). Also, the average rice crop coefficient at different stages of growth in 10-day periods was estimated based on the Weibull model. These probabilities represent the probable limits of the expected values of evapotranspiration in different scenarios of low, normal, high, and very high evapotranspiration years. Results and Discussion: The results showed a relatively constant difference of 1 to 2 mm between different rice cultivation histories in the major rice cultivation areas of Gilan and Mazandaran in normal to very high evapotranspiration years. In the years of low evapotranspiration, the water requirement was significantly different from the normal, high and very high evapotranspiration years, which decreased from east to west. This difference was approximately 30% higher in Golestan province as compared with other areas. In the early planting situation relative to the late planting situation in the major western and central coastal areas, there was a 10% decrease in water consumption. At the scale of the whole growing season in Gorgan, evapotranspiration in different conditions of planting date was on average 20% (1300 cubic meters) more than the main regions of Gilan and Mazandaran. In case of timely planting, the net irrigation requirement in very high evapotranspiration years was about 2000 cubic meters per hectare more than the normal years. In years with high evapotranspiration, late planting increased the net irrigation requirement by more than 210 mm compared to different planting dates in Gorgan. According to the obtained results, the largest difference between evapotranspiration values during normal and very high evapotranspiration years was in the late planting situation. Therefore, it seems that late planting causes a significant increase in water consumption in the high evapotranspiration years. Consequently, it is better to avoid rice cultivation when the rice growing season is anticipated to be warm. Conclusion: Evapotranspiration, as one of the main components of the hydrological cycle, had a significant role in proper irrigation planning and water resources management. The results underline the importance of estimating the rice evapotranspiration to avoid appreciable yield loss under extreme conditions.

Using the cross-validation approach, strategies for estimating biophysical parameters are still pre-operational with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. In this regard, the Joint Experiment for Cr...

The agricultural sector plays an important role in a developing country that covers all economic life because it can become the main source of national income. Efforts that must be avoided are to avoid crop failure, one of the things that cause crop failure is that there is no match with the right planting period at the time of planting. So the purpose of this research is to build a decision-making system in the form of a system for determining planting time based on the traditional Aceh farming system. The process developed with information technology in the decision-making method using Mamdani fuzzy logic based on the Graphic User Interface by involving several criteria including the calculation of the month in the Hijri year, the calculation of days, the calculation of the time of planting, and the level of rainfall. So that when starting the process of planting rice traditionally, farmers with this system can choose the best time to grow crops in rice farming. This study used 40 samples as test data obtained from several villages in South Aceh Regency. The results of the study after testing, several classifications become decisions where the results that show very right are 2 respondents or 5%, exactly 16 respondents or 40%, less precise as many as 10 people or 25% and inaccurate as many as 12 people or 30%. This study used 40 samples as test data obtained from several villages in South Aceh Regency. The results of the study after testing, several classifications become decisions where the results that show very right are 2 respondents or 5%, exactly 16 respondents or 40%, less precise as many as 10 people or 25% and inaccurate as many as 12 people or 30%. This study used 40 samples as test data obtained from several villages in South Aceh Regency. The results of the study after testing, several classifications become decisions where the results that show very right are 2 respondents or 5%, exactly 16 respondents or 40%, less precise as many as 10 people or 25% and inaccurate as many as 12 people or 30%.

Agriculture is one of the major revenue-producing fields and a source of livelihood in India. On the largest regions in India, rice is cultivated as an essential food. It is observed that rice crops are strongly affected by diseases, that causes major loses in agriculture sector. Plant pathologists are searching for an accurate and reliable diagnosis method for rice plant disease. The machine learning has been used effectively in various areas of crop remote sensing, particularly in the classification of crop diseases. At present time, deep learning is a hot research topic for crop disease identification. In this research, we developed an efficient rice plant disease detection method based on convolution neural network approach. This paper focuses mainly on three well known rice diseases, namely, leaf smut and brown spot caused by fungus and bacterial leaf blight caused by bacteria. This article proposes an effective approach for recognition and identification of rice plant disease based on size, shape and color of lesions in the leaf image. The proposed model applies Otsu’s global thresholding technique to perform image binarization to remove background noise of the image. The proposed method based on fully connected CNN was trained using 4000 image samples of each diseased leaves and 4000 image samples of healthy rice leaves, to detect the three rice diseases. The analysis of result shows that the proposed fully connected CNN is fast and effective approach, which provides an accuracy of 99.7% on the dataset. This accuracy is significantly higher than that for existing plant disease recognition and classification approaches.

Pringsewu Regency is one of the districts in Lampung Province which is the result of the expansion of Tanggamus Regency. Pringsewu Regency consists of 8 (eight) subdistrict areas including Pardasuka Subdistrict, Ambarawa Subdistrict, Pagelaran Subdistrict, Pringsewu Subdistrict, Gading Rejo Subdistrict, Sukoharjo Subdistrict, Banyumas Subdistrict, and Adiluwih Subdistrict. Most of pringsewu regency is also used as rice fields, but the area of land used as rice fields is still under moorland. The area of land used for rice fields is 12,197 ha or 19.51% but the pringsewu agricultural service often receives reports of pest outbreaks, but pest monitoring is not controlled. These pests cause many farmers to lose money / fail to harvest. To overcome the above problems, an information system is needed that can map pest-prone areas based on the subdistrict area in Pringsewu Regency. This geographic information system is designed and created using PHP and MySQL programming languages and with google map plugins intended to the pringsewu agricultural service to help monitor cases of rice crop pests in pringsewu. The geographical information system of pest mapping in rice plants in pringsewu, it can be concluded that pest data information on rice plants in pringsewu can be seen in the form of geographical information systems by searching for pest data on google maps of fire available on the geographical information system of pest mapping on rice plants in pringsewu

This research was conducted based on the condition of fulfilling the food needs of the region, which was currently not being carried out with the distribution pattern and weak institutional Strengtening at the farmer level, so that its utilization was not yet efficient in exploitation especially on suboptimal land. Based on this, the main objective of this study was to formulate a model for the development of food crop agricultural areas on suboptimal land oriented to farmer corporations. This research used qualitative methods but the relevant mathematical formulas were still used. From the result of the analysis, an applicative program for the development of agricultural areas based on farmer corporation in Ogan Ilir Regency was compiled, which was based on a political, technocratic approach, integration of top down policy-bottom up planning and participatory. The recommended program group was divided into programs for optimizing the availability of production inputs, developing rice cultivation and supporting infrastructure, controlling pests and diseases of rice plants, improving and empowering farmer institutions, improving and increasing farmers' knowledge and skills, improving harvest and post-harvest, improving marketing, improvement of supporting infrastructure, and development of capital. The location for the development and implementation of the program was focused on the districts of Muara Kuang, Pemulutan, Lubuk Keliat, Indralaya and Pemulutan Selatan.

Riau is one of a lowland rice producing provinces. One of the pests that can reduce rice productivity is the golden snail (Pomacea canaliculata L.). The solution for controlling the golden snail (P. canaliculata L.). Pest uses environmentally friendly control techniques, namely botanical pesticides of gadung tubers. This study aims to obtain a concentration of the extract of gadung tuber flour (Dioscorea hispida Dennst) which is effective in controlled the attack of golden snails (P. canaliculata L.) in lowland rice plants. This research was conducted experimentally using completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of five treatments and four replications, in order to obtain 20 experimental units. The treatments consisted of concentrations of gadung tubers extract, namely 0 g.l-1, 25 g.l-1, 50 g.l-1, 75 g.l-1, and 100 g.l-1. Observations included the initial dst time to snail death, lethal time 50 (LT 50), daily total mortality, and behavior changes in behavior. The results showed that the application of 100 g.l concentration of gadung tuber extract treatment caused the highest total mortality of golden snails (P. canaliculata L.) of 74.99%, but it was not effective yet in controlling the golden snail pest because it was not able to kill the golden snail above 80%.

Plants acclimate to fluctuations in light conditions by adjusting their photosynthetic apparatus. When the light intensity exceeds, an unbalanced excitation of the two photosystems occurs. It results in reduced photosynthetic efficiency. Photosystem II (PSII) is the most susceptible and dynamically regulated part of the light reactions in the thylakoid membrane. Non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ) is one of the short-term photoprotective mechanisms, which consist of the number of components. The strongest NPQ component — qE is localized in the PSII antenna and induced in plants by lumen acidification, the activation of the pH sensor PsbS, and the conversion of the violaxanthin to zeaxanthin within the xanthophyll cycle. Here, I present data that characterizes the role of the PsbS protein in organization of PSII structural components in isolated PSII-enriched membranes. The preparations were isolated from wild-type (WT) and PsbS-less (PsbS-KO) mutant rice plant. Based on the obtained results, the PSII-enriched membranes from WT and PsbS-KO differ as in the level of lipids, also in carotenoids. I conclude that the PsbS-dependent changes in membrane fluidity in PsbS-KO mutant plants compensated with increased lipid level in mutant plants.

Magnaporthe oryzae is the causal agent of rice blast disease resulting in yield losses in rice-growing regions worldwide, particularly in Vietnam. Up-regulation of osa-miR7695 was observed in blast resistant rice cultivars in comparison with blast non-resistant rice cultivars. The OsNramp6 gene is a target for osa-miR7695, and considered a factor involved in rice immunity but scant evidence has demonstrated systematic expression profiles of OsNramp6 transcript variants involving M. oryzae susceptibility and resistance of rice plants. In this study, a real-time qPCR (qRT-PCR) approach was used to evaluate the expression levels of eight OsNramp6 transcript variants in various Vietnamese rice cultivars. Results indicated that OsNramp6.1 and OsNramp6.4 transcript variants showed decreased expression levels at 24 hpi in M. oryzae resistant rice cultivars and vice versa in the rice group of M. oryzae resistance, suggesting that both could be used as potential markers for discrimination between blast resistant and non-resistant Vietnamese rice cultivars. Identification of potential microRNAs in rice that contribute to the regulation of OsNramp6 transcripts-mediated facilitation of infection by M. oryzae has still to be confirmed for elucidating their roles in rice immunity against M. oryzae.

Indonesia is one of the countries with the population majority of farming. The agricultural sector in Indonesia is supported by fertile land and a tropical climate. Rice is one of the agricultural sectors in Indonesia. Rice production in Indonesia has decreased every year. Thus, rice production factors are very significant. Rice disease is one of the factors causing the decline in rice production in Indonesia. Technological developments have made it easier to recognize the types of rice plant diseases. Machine learning is one of the technologies used to identify types of rice diseases. The classification system of rice plant disease used the Convolutional Neural Network method. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a machine learning method used in object recognition. This method applies to the VGG19 architecture, which has features to improve results. The image used as training and test data consists of 105 images, divided into training and test images. Parameter testing using epoch variations and data augmentation. The research results obtained a test accuracy of 95.24%.

This experiment aims to determine the effect of various concentrations of liquid fertilizer plus silica combined with N, P, and K inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of rice plants (oryza zativa). The trial was conducted in July 2018 to November 2018 in the Ciparanje experimental garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, Sumedang. The method used is Randomized Block Design (RBD) which consists of ten treatments with three replications; Treatment (A) Control, (B) standard NPK, (C) Plus Silica Liquid Fertilizer, (D) ¼ NPK + Silica Plus Liquid Fertilizer, (E) ½ NPK + Silica Plus Liquid Fertilizer, (F) ¾ NPK + Liquid Fertilizer Silica Plus, (G) NPK + Silica Plus Liquid Fertilizer, (H) ¾ NPK + ¼ Silica Plus Liquid Fertilizer, (I) ¾ NPK + ½ Silica Plus Liquid Fertilizer, (J) ¾ NPK + ¾ Silica Plus Liquid Fertilizer. The results showed that there was an effect of silica fertilizer on the growth and number of tillers after rice 8 MST. The treatment of F (¾ NPK + Liquid Fertilizer Plus Silica) gave the highest value to the yield of rice plants with the results of 53.31 gr of crop.

Rainfall and temperature are essential climate parameters that determine crop yield variability at a regional level. The purpose of this study is to analyse the impacts of climate variability on the Kharif rice crop in the Punjab regions, Pakistan for the period of 1979–2018. Skewness and kurtosis, standardization, and Mann–Kendall methods were used to measure the effects of climate variability on Kharif rice yield over the Punjab regions, Pakistan. As compared to other regions, high variability in rice yield is found in the Sargodha region. Results revealed that high maximum and minimum temperatures were noticed in all investigated regions of Punjab. More variation in minimum temperature is detected than the maximum temperature in the Central region. The regions in Southern and Western Punjab were mostly influenced by maximum temperature. Mean temperature shows a significant negative relationship to rice yield during a vegetative phase in the Gujranwala and Rawalpindi regions. The maximum temperature has a negative significant effect on the plant establishment resulting in a reduction in the number of rice plants during the tillering and stem elongates stages in Bahawalpur and Sargodha regions. In the Gujranwala and Multan regions, high maximum temperature increases the floral initiation in the rice plant which reduces the rice grain weight in the heading and flowering stages. The minimum temperature declares a significant negative effect on the Kharif yield of rice in the Gujranwala, Faisalabad, and Multan zones during the re‐plantation stage. Rainfall has a significant positive impact on rice yield during the re‐plantation and tillering stages in the Lahore, Sargodha, and D.G. Khan regions, respectively. In other regions, rainfall indicates an insignificant effect in the re‐plantation stage. Overall, rainfall indicates significant effects in re‐plantation and tillering stages in the Lahore, Sargodha, and D.G. Khan zones. The outcomes of the research indicate how the regional variability in rainfall and temperature affects Kharif rice yield in Punjab, Pakistan.

Microbial symbioses can mitigate drought stress in crops but harnessing these beneficial interactions will require an in-depth understanding of root microbiome responses to drought cycles. Here, by detailed temporal characterization of root-associated microbiomes of rice plants during drought stress and recovery, we find that endosphere communities remained compositionally altered after rewatering, with prolonged droughts leading to decreased resilience. Several endospheric Actinobacteria were significantly enriched during drought and for weeks after rewatering. Notably, the most abundant endosphere taxon during this period was a Streptomyces, and a corresponding isolate promoted root growth. Additionally, drought stress disrupted the temporal dynamics of late-colonizing microorganisms, permanently altering the normal successional trends of root microbiota. These findings reveal that severe drought results in enduring impacts on rice root microbiomes, including enrichment of taxonomic groups that could shape the recovery response of the host, and have implications relevant to drought protection strategies using root microbiota.

The Covid-19 pandemic has impacted the people of Malasan Hamlet, Ketitang Village, Juwiring District, Klaten Regency, Central Java. The impact experienced by youth in the area appeared in the form of layoffs by companies. The objective of Innovillage Program is to be a community service program aimed to explore and utilize the potential of Dusun Malasan to improve the standard of living of the village community through empowering youth organizations. The youth organization, which consists of young people in Dusun Malasan accompanied by Telkom University, are trained as peer mentors and disseminators. Youth organizations as peer mentors are responsible for the production and testing of their processed liquid organic fertilizers. Karang Taruna as a disseminator conducts training activities or production workshops and procedures for using liquid organic fertilizers to farmer groups. Karang Taruna also conduct commercialization training to farmer groups. The raw materials to be used are raw materials that are easily found in this area, namely, cow dung and banana trees. Based on the results of testing the POC concentration on the height of rice plants, it was shown that POC spraying with a concentration of 0.6% was able to increase plant height after 30 days of planting. Meanwhile, spraying 0.4% and 0.6% POC on 60-day-old plants showed only a slight difference in height. In addition, giving POC with a concentration of 0.2% was able to increase the number of tillers at the age of 30 and 60 days. After conducting training on the production and marketing of POC in Karang Taruna, Dusun Malasan, more than 85% of the members of the Youth Organizations were able to practice the POC production and marketing process.

The sprayer is one of the equipments that is often used in agriculture, especially in rice plants to control pests and diseases. The use of the nozzle rod on the electric sprayer still uses hands resulting in the spray distance on the rice being not constant. To answer this problem, the researcher will create an innovative robotic hand holding the nozzle rod on an electric sprayer that will direct the nozzle rod constantly. Servo MG996r as a rectifier of the motion of the nozzle stem which will determine the distance and area of ​​spraying on rice. To achieve maximum dispersion in rice with a 4:1 legowo system with a servo rod length of 50 cm and a spacing between rice of 25 cm, the servo must move forward and backward at an angle of 110° - 180° which can be seen on the LCD and the distance of the nozzle rod on the object can be up and down to 38 cm and up 24 cm from the starting position. The results obtained by the robotic hand holding the nose bridge can work optimally.

Potassium (K) fertilizers have been widely used to promise agricultural production, yet rice (Oryza sativa L.) showed healthy growth for long periods under K-deficient conditions. These findings im...

Aim: To study the influence of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations on the carbon and nitrogen assimilation patterns in rice plants. Methodology: Rice (Oryza sativa) plants were placed in Open Top Chambers (OTCs) and exposed to elevated levels of CO2. The treatments consisted of three levels of CO2 (398, 550 and 750 µmol mol-1) and three levels of nitrogen (0, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) and replicated five times in completely randomized design. Results: Leaf nitrogen was significantly reduced by 10.6 % and 6.5 % during later stages in rice plants exposed to CO2 @ 750 µmol mol-1 and 550 µmol mol-1, respectively over the ambient CO2. Rice plants under elevated CO2 did not exhibit any variations in Nitrate Reductase activity in leaves in comparison to ambient CO2 at tillering stage. Interestingly, NRase activity in leaves decreased at flowering stage whereas NRase activity in roots increased at same stage. The highest mean nitrogen values (0.58, 0.89 and 1.35 %) were observed in Camb (ambient CO2 concentration) and the lowest values (0.51, 0.80 and 1.27 %) in C750 in roots, straw and grains, respectively. Elevated CO2 @ 750 µmol mol-1 significantly increased the above ground biomass (straw and grain) by 15.6 and 40.1 %, respectively, over the ambient CO2 of 398 µmol mol-1. Interpretation: Elevated CO2 enhanced the grain productivity but affected the quality of rice grains. Thus, excessive nitrogen fertilization above the current recommendation is necessary for future high CO2 environments.

Lombok upland rice is one of the cultivars that have the potential as a genetic source. However, Lombok upland rice is almost rarely found. Therefore, conservation was carried out through morphological characterization to provide genetic information. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of six Lombok upland rice cultivars, namely, Reket Putek Bulu, Reket Putek Buntung, Reket Bireng Bulu, Reket Bireng Buntung, Pare Beaq Sapit, and Beaq Ganggas. A completely randomized design was used, consisting of these six Lombok upland rice cultivars as treatments. Two superior cultivars were also used for comparison. The study revealed sufficient divergence for various qualitative and quantitative traits. Pare Beaq Sapit and Beaq Ganggas shared common morphological characters, and both were tall plants. The auricle and ligule colors of Reket Bireng Bulu were different from those of the other cultivars. Reket Putek Buntung had the latest flowering and harvesting age. Reket Putek Bulu and Reket Bireng Buntung had a high number of productive tillers. Six cultivars of Lombok upland rice were characterized to have morphological diversity, so that they are expected to be used as genetic material in rice plant breeding, thereby developed to avoid extinction.

Phytoalexin production has been extensively studied using multiple methods. However, this is the first report on the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) to detect diterpenoid phytoalexins in fungal-infected Thai rice plants. In this study, we successfully detected diterpenoid phytoalexins in RD6 Thai rice (Oryza sativa). Detection of phytoalexin production and distribution can be used to indicate the resistance properties of RD6 rice to blast disease. First, rice leaves were infected with Magnaporthe oryzae before analysis with MALDI-MSI. Results revealed 5 types of phytoalexins detected on leaf tissue, including momilactone-A (m/z 353.17), momilactone-B (m/z 369.16), phytocassane-A, D, or E (m/z 355.18), phytocassane-B (m/z 373.19) and phytocassane-C (m/z 357.20). MSI data correlated with the results from the MALDI-MS of rice leaf extraction. Finally, the structure of momilactone-A, phytocassane-A, D, or E and phytocassane-C was also determined using the MS/MS technique. Overall, MALDI-MSI is a useful and reliable technique for phytoalexin detection, representing new opportunities for agricultural applications in the future.

Research on rice plant breeding to get superior black rice varieties with tender rice texture can be carried out by crossing Black Rice and Mentik Wangi variety. The rice lines derived from a crossing of these two varieties have recently reached the F6 line. The texture of rice is distinguished by the amylose content. The lower of the rice amylose, the more tender of the rice texture, and vice versa. This study aimed to find out the profile of amylose content and the grains morphology of the lines that will be developed as waxy pigmented rice. Analysis of amylose content was carried out using iodine-colorimetry methods. The quantification of amylose was measured based on the regression of the standard amylose curve. The results showed that all the F6 lines had the potential to be developed as waxy pigmented rice. Based on the Kruskall Wallis test, there was a variance in the amylose profile average of the eight genotypes. In terms of grains morphology, the line 482-17-7 and 482-17-18 had a combination colour between the two parents. In addition, there was a significant difference in grains size between the genotypes and the grain size of all lines were classified in the medium size. F6 lines resulted from the crossing between Black Rice and Mentik Wangi are recommended to be used as superior varieties of waxy pigmented rice.

Magnaporthe oryzae, causative agent of the rice blast disease, is a major concern for the loss in yield of rice crop across the globe. It is known for its characteristic melanised dome-shaped appressorium containing a dense melanin layer. The melanised layer is of considerable importance as it is required to generate turgor pressure for initiating peg formation, consequently rupturing the plant cuticle. Various virulence factors play an important role in the disease progression as well as pathogenesis of the fungus. Some of the proteins encoded by virulence genes are associated with signalling, secondary metabolism, protein deprivation, defence responses and conidiation. The purpose of this review is to describe various fungal virulence determinants and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms that are involved in progression of the disease. Besides, the recent molecular approaches being employed to combat the rice blast have also been elaborated.

Rice is the main rice crop which is used as the staple food of most Indonesians. Rice production in Indonesia cannot be separated from inorganic fertilizers which have a bad impact on the environment, so it is necessary to carry out a revolution, one of which is the SRI method. The addition of FAA organic matter originating from fish sorted by fishermen which have no selling price is used as a substitute for inorganic fertilizers. This study aims to determine the effect of FAA application on growth and N uptake in rice plants using the SRI method and to determine the best dose of the effect of FAA application on growth and N uptake in rice plants using the SRI method. This research was conducted in December 2019 - April 2020 at the Greenhouse of the Agroecotechnology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru. The design used was a one-factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with treatment f0 (control / without FAA application), f1 (1 mL FAA / L), f2 (3 mL FAA / L), f3 (5 mL FAA / L) , and f4 (7 mL FAA / L). The treatment was repeated 5 times, to obtain 25 experimental units. Observation parameters in the study were plant height, number of tillers, and N uptake of rice leaves. The results showed that the application of FAA with a dose of 1 mL FAA / L was able to increase the height of rice plants by 5.5%, produced an average number of tillers of 14 tillers, and was able to increase nitrogen uptake by 9.6% in rice plant leaves.

The rice plant for Indonesia, especially in Lombok, is considered unique, not only as a production crop but also as a sacred plant. From the process of planting to harvesting, this plant is treated specially with rituals with religious nuances. This study aims to describe the socio-cultural symptoms of local rice domestication rituals among traditional farmers in Lombok. Based on this description, it is hoped that the views, knowledge, values, and rules will become the reference for the behavior of the rural Sasak people as growers of local rice types. The approach used to achieve this goal is a phenomenological approach. Primary data of this study were obtained through in-depth interviews (structured and non-structured to informants) and participatory observation. The results showed that the local rice domestication ritual is a form of awareness of the cultural-religious views of the local community by combining local knowledge and religious knowledge (Sufistic teachings, as represented in the mantra of planting rice and the concept of pare anak iwoq or orphan rice in pare pemol or rice starter/marker) as a manifestation of the awareness of the Supreme Being and the cosmos. This awareness of the Supreme Being and the universe becomes a reference for local farmers in their behavior, especially in agriculture. With these two types of consciousness, they are guided and directed toward safety, security, and balance.

Silika diketahui dapat menginduksi ketahanan tanaman terhadap adanya infeksi patogen. Penelitian yang dilakukan memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh berbagai sumber silika dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan ketahanan tanaman padi terhadap R. Solani. Sumber silika terdiri atas kontrol (tanpa sumber silika), abu sekam padi, abu jerami padi, pasir silika, dan silika hidrofilik (SiO2). Variabel yang diamati terdiri atas komponen pertumbuhan (tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, jumlah anakan, panjang akar, bobot segar akar), komponen patosistem (masa inkubasi, intensitas penyakit, laju infeksi, AUDPC), serta komponen biokimiawi dan struktural (kandungan saponin, kandungan tannin, kandungan fenol total, tebal epidermis, kerapatan stomata). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemberian silika dari beberapa bahan dengan dosis 961,8 Kg/ha belum mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman, namun mampu mendukung perkembangan akar dan daun. Sementara itu, pemberian silika dari beberapa bahan mampu meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman padi terhadap patogen R. solani, meskipun demikian silika tidak mampu menekan masa inkubasi. Abu jerami padi mampu meningkatkan berbagai macam variabel pertumbuhan seperti jumlah daun, panjang akar, bobot segar akar serta mampu meningkatkan kandungan senyawa fenolik dan ketebalan epidermis daun padi, namun belum mampu menekan patogen R. solani. SiO2 mampu menekan perkembangan penyakit hawar pelepah, yaitu mampu menekan masa inkubasi hingga 5,5 hari, laju infeksi yang rendah sebesar 0,0418/hari, dan intensitas penyakit yang tergolong rendah yaitu 9,26%.

Crop growth is one of the most important parameters of a crop and its knowledge before harvest is essential to help farmers, scientists, governments and agribusiness. This paper provides a novel demonstration of the use of freely available Sentinel-2 data to estimate rice crop growth in a single year. Sentinel 2 data provides frequent and consistent information to facilitate coastal monitoring from field scales. The aims of this study were to modify the rice growth vegetation index to improve rice growth phenology in the coastal areas. The rice growth vegetation index 2 is the best vegetation index, compared with 11 vegetation indices, plant height and biomass. The results demonstrate that the coefficient of rice growth vegetation index 2 was 0.83, has the highest correlation with plant height. Rice growth vegetation index 2 is more appropriate for enhancing and obtaining rice phenology information. This study analyses the best spectral vegetation indices for estimating rice growth.

Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2) often reduces nitrogen (N) content in rice plants and stimulates tillering. However, there is a general consensus that reduced N would constrain rice tillering. To resolve this contradiction, we investigated N distribution and transcriptomic changes in different rice plant organs after subjecting them to eCO2 and different N application rates. Our results showed that eCO2 significantly promoted rice tillers (by 0.6, 1.1, 1.7, and 2.1 tillers/plant at 0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha−1 N application rates, respectively) and more tillers were produced under higher N application rates, confirming that N availability constrained tillering in the early stages of growth. Although N content declined in the leaves (−11.0 to −20.7 mg g−1) and sheaths (−9.8 to −28.8 mg g−1) of rice plants exposed to eCO2, the N content of newly emerged tillers on plants exposed to eCO2 equaled or exceeded the N content of tillers produced under ambient CO2 conditions. Apparently, the redistribution of N within the plant per se was a critical adaptation strategy to the eCO2 condition. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that eCO2 induced less extensive alteration of gene expression than did N application. Most importantly, the expression levels of multiple N‐related transporters and receptors such as nitrate transporter NRT2.3a/b and NRT1.1a/b were differentially regulated in leaf and shoot apical meristem, suggesting that multiple genes were involved in sensing the N signal and transporting N metabolites to adapt to eCO2. The redistribution of N in different organs could be a universal adaptation strategy of terrestrial plants to eCO2.

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of seeds dressing in the initial establishment of irrigated rice and in the tolerance to herbicides when submitted to low temperatures. The study comprehended two experiments, where the first stage was realized at the Laboratory of Seeds and Technology of the Plants Science Department of the Federal University of Pelotas. Experiment 1: Effect of different seed dressings under the physiologic potential of irrigated rice seeds and experiment 2: Effect of the seeds dressing in the initial establishment of irrigated rice in different sowing seasons in field. The treatment with dietholate and the combining of dietholate + fipronil + carboxina + tiram, negatively influenced the germination and the vigor tests in both temperatures, decreasing the physiologic performance of rice seeds in lab. When taken to field, the seeds dressing did not influence the analyzed factors, being dependent of the herbicide applying and the sowing season. Besides presenting phytotoxicity, the rice plants presented detoxification power from the herbicide, being possible to analyze this fact, since there was higher number of tillers, resulting in higher number of panicles resulting in higher productivities.

The objective of this work was to study the effect of foliar boric acid (BA) or sodium borate (SB) sprays on rice plants subjected to high daytime temperature. The established treatments were the f...

The aim of this study was to determine the level of S. coarctata pest attack on rice plants applied with B. bassiana bioinsecticide and chicken manure. The research was conducted in Musi Rawas Regency from January to May April 2017. The identification of arthropods was carried out at the Pest and Disease Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Musi Rawas University. This study used an experimental method with a factorial randomized block design (RBD), which consisted of 2 treatment factors and was repeated 3 times. The results of the analysis of diversity showed that the application of bioinsecticide (B) and the treatment of manure (K) had a very significant effect on the observation of the level of damage due to S. coarctata attacks, while the interaction between the application of bioinsecticide and manure had no significant effect. The lowest level of damage was found in treatment B1 which was 3.87% and the highest was in treatment B0 which was 6.42%. For the treatment of livestock manure, the lowest level of damage was K1, namely 4.3% and the highest level of damage was K3 treatment, namely 5.24%. Whereas for treatment interactions, the lowest level of damage was found in the B1K1 combination, namely 3.37% and the highest in the B0K3 treatment combination, namely 7.4%. Keywords: bioinsecticide, chicken manure, Scotinophora coarctata

Silicon is an enzyme stimulator that promotes signaling for the production of antioxidant, osmoprotective compounds and attenuates interference in photosynthesis in rice plants subjected to water deficit. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible effects of silicon as a stress reliever in rice plants grown from seeds treated with dietholate under of water deficit conditions. The experimental design was fully randomized with three replicates, 144 experimental units consisting of pots containing 4.4 pounds soil, and a 3x2x2x4 factorial arrangement: three soil water conditions (50% and 100% of soil water retention capacity and water blade of 5.0 cm); two cultivars (IRGA 424 RI and Guri INTA CL); two sources of Si (sodium and potassium metasilicate); and four Si rates (0; 4.0; 8.0 and 16 g L-1). Silicon boosted stomatal density; induced an increase in the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) under both water deficit and optimal conditions, boosting photosynthesis; and increased effective quantum yield of PSII and levels of total dry mass. Thus, silicon attenuated the effects of water deficit in plants grown from seeds treated with dietholate.

Agricultural practices have continued to make substantial addition to the natural radionuclides contents of cultivated soil, thus leading to elevated levels and consequent transfer to plants. The present study thus assess the levels of 238U, 232Th and 40K, related radiological hazards and their transfer to rice grains in cultivated paddy soil of College of Agricultural Sciences (CAS) campus of Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria. Topsoil soil samples were collected before planting (BP), after planting (AP) and during harvesting (DH) stages and were analyzed for the activity concentrations of the radionuclides using NaI(TI) detector. The activity concentrations of the radionuclides in the soil during the harvesting stage are of significant magnitude than the other stages which follows this order of DH > BP > AP for 232Th and DH > AP > BP for both 238U and 40K. The weighted average activity concentrations of the radionuclides in the rice indicated this order 40K > 232Th > 238U, which are within bearable limits of UNSCEAR and therefore radiologically safe for consumption. The radionuclides transfer factors indicated higher values for 40K in this order of 40K > 238U > 232Th, implying higher tendencies of 40K uptake by the rice plant. The evaluated soil radiological hazard indices predicted a radiological risk to exposed farmers only during harvesting.

A study was conducted to find out electrical and manual energy use pattern in post harvest rice processing operation in modern rice Plant at Hisar district of Haryana. Planting capacity of rice Plant is 200 tons per day and Plant operated 20 hours in one day. The processing operation adopted in modern rice Plant viz, parboiling, drying, polishing & dehusking, sorting & grading and packaging. In processing of rice, modern rice Plant utilized total electrical and manual energy were 64965.5 and 987.84 MJ/day. It was found that the electrical energy consumption of Plant in parboiling 10010.88, drying 16663.80, polishing & dehusking 22936.32, sorting & grading 14445.09 and packaging 1054.18 MJ/day were required. Operation wise manual energy used during the parboiling & drying 235.2, polishing & dehusking 188.16, sorting & grading 94.08 and packaging 470.40 MJ/day.

The diseases in plants pose a devastating impact on initiating safety in the production of food and they can lead to a reduction in the quantity and quality of agricultural products. In most cases, plant diseases lead to no grain harvest. Thus, an automatic diagnosis of plant disease is highly recommended for determining agricultural information. Several techniques are devised for plant disease detection wherein deep learning is preferred due to its effective performance. Novel deep learning is presented to spot disease from rice crop images. Here, the rice plant image undergoes pre-processing to remove noise and artifacts contained in the image. Then, the segmentation is performed with Segmentation Network (SegNet) to produce segments. The segments are further adapted for extracting statistical features, convolution neural network (CNN) features and texture features. These features are employed for plant disease detection wherein the deep recurrent neural network (Deep RNN) is utilized. The Deep RNN is trained with the proposed RideSpider Water Wave (RSW) algorithm. The proposed RSW is devised by integrating RWW in Spider monkey optimization. The proposed RWS-based Deep RNN provides superior performance with the highest accuracy of 90.5%, maximal sensitivity of 84.9% and maximal specificity of 95.2%.

The effort of human creativity in the field of hydraulics in overcoming the problem of irrigation, one of which is using floodgates. The discharge from the floodgates needs to be adjusted to the water needs of the plant. However, due to the long design process, the computer aided design of sluice on tertiary irrigation channels is needed in order to be able to set the optimum dimensions and output discharges of crops water needs with fast design time. The tool used in the form of a computer device with Ms Excel and AutoCAD software and materials used were secondary data, that is water needs of local varieties of rice plants in Mangkung, Rambitan, NTB on an area of 50 ha. The data’s then calculated and the largest discharge is 0.12 m3/s with plant evapotranspiration of 5.10 mm/day and 6.43 mm/day of effective rainfall, meanwhile the smallest is 0.02 m3/s with plant evapotranspiration of 3.17 mm/day and 3.47 mm/day of effective rainfall. The dimensions of the steel sluice gates obtained are width of sluice gate 0.40 m, height of sluice gate is 0.80 m with an estimated cost of making Rp 7,547,000 per one sluice. The dimensions of the GFRP sliding sluice gates are width of sluice gate 0.50 m, height of sluice gate is 0.75 m with an estimated construction cost of Rp 7,547,000 per one sluice.

Many things affect the increase in rice production, starting from the use of superior seeds, fertilizing the right target, proper irrigation, controlling pests and diseases, and so on. One way that farmers can choose is by planting lowland rice with the Jajar Legowo system. The main objective of the Jajar Legowo system is to increase the plant population by adjusting the spacing and manipulating the location of the plants, as if the rice plants were on the edge (edge crops). This study analyzes the effect of age, formal education, length of farming, land area, number of family dependents, land ownership, irrigation and income on the adoption of the Jajar Legowo planting system in Barumun Tengah District, Padang Lawas Regency. In this study, samples were taken as many as 120 lowland rice farmers who applied the Jajar Legowo planting system and those who did not apply the Jajar Legowo planting system. The data obtained through the distribution of questionnaires were processed using logistic methods and logit methods with SPSS tools. The results of this study indicate that the variables age, formal education, length of farming, land area, number of family dependents and land ownership status do not partially significantly increase the adoption of lowland rice farmers using the jajar legowo planting system technology innovation in Barumun Tengah District, Padang Lawas Regency. Irrigation and income variables have a significant effect on partially increasing the adoption of lowland rice farmers using the Jajar Legowo planting system technology innovation in Barumun Tengah District, Padang Lawas Regency. Keywords: Rice Production, Jajar Legowo, Farmers, Planting Systems, Adoption.

Presently, the field of Internet of Things (loT) has been employed in diverse applications like Smart Grid, Surveillance, Smart homes, and so on. Precision Agriculture is a concept of farm management which makes use of IoT and networking concepts to improve the crop health. Recognition of diseases from the plant images is an active research topic which makes use of machine learning (ML) approaches. This paper introduces an effective rice plant disease identification and classification model to identify the type of disease from infected rice plants. The proposed method aims to detect three rice plant diseases such as Bacterial leaf blight, Brown spot, and Leaf smut. The proposed method involves a set of different processes namely image acquisition, preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification. At the earlier stage, IoT devices will be used to capture the image and stores it with a cloud server, which executes the classification process. In the cloud, the rice plant images under preprocessing to improvise the quality of the image. Then, fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering method is utilized for the segmentation of disease portion from a leaf image. Afterwards, feature extraction takes place under three kinds namely color, shape, and texture. Finally, probabilistic neural network (PNN) is applied for multi-class classification. A detailed experimental analysis ensured the effective classification performance of the proposed method under all the test images applied.

Consumption of mercury-contaminated rice could pose a potential health risk to humans. In this study, total mercury (THg) concentrations in various parts (roots, stems, leaves, and grains) of rice plant (Oryza sativa) collected from Sekinchan, Selangor, Malaysia were analysed for risk assessment. The THg concentrations in collected samples were analysed by Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA-80). The mean concentrations found in plant parts were as follows: root, 47.01±0.42 µg/kg; stem, 6.43±1.77 µg/kg; leaf, 26.25±4.71 µg/kg; grain, 2.64±0.42 µg/kg. THg distribution in rice plants was roots > leaves > stems and grains. The mean THg concentration in grain (2.64±0.42 µg/kg) was below the maximum permitted proportion stipulated by Malaysian Food Regulation 1985 (50.0 µg/ kg). The estimated weekly intake (EWI) of THg through rice was 0.07±0.01 µg/kg bw/ week for 60 kg adult, below the provisional tolerable weekly intakes (PTWI) as suggested by JECFA indicating unlikely to cause impairment of public health due to consumption of rice planted in this region. However, periodical monitoring of mercury pollution in Selangor area is crucial because mercury contamination in crops could jeopardize food safety and security

Much empirical data obtained across taxa is necessary to evaluate how variation in migratory costs and benefits can play a role in shaping the phenotypic and genetic patterns of reproductive investment between populations. Reproductive resources are allocated to both the size and number of eggs, and females may vary their allocation to each of these traits in response to increased movement capacity. In central regions of Japan, the rice plant skipper Parnara guttata guttata migrates in a southwesterly direction every year during late summer and early autumn (‘migratory’ population), but this migration is not observed in populations in southern or parts of western Japan (‘resident’ population). If migratory costs and benefits vary between these populations, they may cause their reproductive strategies to differ. Moreover, migration combined with a shift of reproductive allocation that evolved in one generation may influence the flight ability and patterns of reproductive allocation in the other generation in which migration has not evolved. In this study, a common-garden experiment was conducted to compare reproductive traits (egg size and number of eggs), flight ability and body size between these populations under two daylength regimes, at which different forms of adult P. g. guttata emerge. Under both daylength regimes the female adults of migratory populations had greater flight ability and tended to lay a greater number of eggs, which were on average smaller than the eggs laid by resident population females. A population-level difference in reaction norm elevation for flight ability and number of eggs was detected, but no interactions between population and daylength. The effects of the energetic cost of flight, adaptive constraints (e.g., genetic correlations and trade-offs), and the optimal strategy may explain the difference between populations of this species in the patterns of reproductive allocation to egg size and number of eggs.

The rice stalk stink bug, Tibraca limbativentris Stål, is an important rice pest in Brazil, causing significant damage to rice plants and consequently yield losses, with a high invasive potential in Mexico and USA. The male-produced sex pheromone of this species was recently identified as a 7:3 mixture of (3S,6S,7R)-1,10-bisaboladien-3-ol (1) and (3R,6S,7R)-1,10-bisaboladien-3-ol (5) (a.k.a. zingiberenols). The aim of this study was to evaluate field responses of T. limbativentris females to the racemic mixture and stereoisomers of 1,10-bisaboladien-3-ol, including the male-produced sex pheromone. The results obtained in two rice-producing areas of Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina) showed that traps baited with the main component 1 alone, the racemic mixture, and a mixture of 1 and 5 were attractive to females of T. limbativentris. The minor component 5 was unable to attract females when used alone. The results indicate that the sex pheromone of T. limbativentris and racemic mixture of 1,10-bisaboladien-3-ol were equally attractive to co-specific females in rice fields, and they could be a tool to incorporate in rice stalk stink bug management programs.