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Der Konsum von Zucker ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten stark angestiegen (Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft, 2019). Gleichzeitig wächst die Zahl der Menschen, die von ernährungsbedingten Erkrankungen wie Adipositas und Diabetes betroffen sind (Timmis et al., 2020, WHO, 2017c). Darüber hinaus ist bekannt, dass die kognitive Leistung im Zuge einer zuckerreichen Ernährung leidet (Beilharz et al., 2014) und dass Schlaf, der für die kognitive Leistung und insbesondere die Gedächtnisbildung sehr wichtig ist (Diekelmann und Born, 2010), Wechselwirkungen mit dem Zuckerkonsum zeigt (Schmid et al., 2007, Jalilolghadr et al., 2011). Kognition, Energiestoffwechsel und Schlaf hängen also zusammen, aber die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen sind nur unvollständig aufgeklärt. Ziel dieser tierexperimentellen Studie war es vor diesem Hintergrund, die Auswirkungen einer zuckerreichen Diät auf die Gedächtnisleistung und das Schlafverhalten und mögliche Zusammenhänge zu untersuchen. Hierzu wurden C57BL/6J-Mäuse acht Wochen lang mit Standardnahrung und Wasser oder aber mit Standardnahrung und Zuckerlösung (30% Saccharose) ernährt. Zu Beginn des Versuchs, nach vier und nach acht Wochen zuckerreicher Diät wurden EEG- und EMG-Signale abgeleitet, um das Schlaf-/Wachverhalten über 24 Stunden sowie, am Ende der Studie, in den drei Stunden der Konsolidierungsphase (d.h. des Behaltensintervalls) zweier Gedächtnistests zu analysieren. Diese Gedächtnistests zur Untersuchung des Lernverhaltens umfassten die Erkennung von Objekt-Ort-Assoziationen (OPR-Test, object place recognition) und die Erkennung vertrauter Objekte (NOR-Test, novel object recognition). In diesen Tests wird durch Austauschen beziehungsweise Verschieben von Objekten das Gedächtnis der Mäuse für Objekte bzw. für räumliche Konstellationen getestet. Die Analyse der EEG- und EMG-Daten ergab, dass durch die zuckerreiche Ernährung im untersuchten Zeitraum keine relevante Veränderung der Schlafarchitektur zwischen Kontroll- und Saccharose-Gruppe zu beobachten war. Im Verhaltenstest zur Objekt-Erkennung (NOR) zeigte sich eine signifikant verzögerte Wiedererkennung bekannter Objekte, d.h. eine verschlechterte Gedächtnisleistung in der Gruppe der zuckerreich ernährten Mäuse. Beim OPR- Test zeigte sich keine signifikante Veränderung. Das Gedächtnis für Objekte bzw. die Objekt-Erkennung wird also durch eine zuckerreiche Ernährung negativ beeinflusst. Eine Beeinträchtigung der Objekt-Erkennung durch zuckerreiche Ernährung entspricht vergleichbaren Befunden. Dass der Schlaf im Behaltensintervall des Gedächtnistests unverändert blieb, steht im Einklang mit Beobachtungen, dass die Schlafarchitektur trotz milder kognitiver Defizite, wie auch hier beschrieben, nicht unbedingt verändert ist, und deutet an, dass die beobachtete Gedächtnisverschlechterung nicht primär von Veränderungen von Schlafparametern herrührt. Andere Studien fanden auch eine Beeinträchtigung des räumlichen Gedächtnisses unter zuckerreicher Ernährung, die hier nicht beobachtet wurde. Da die Mäuse hier im Rahmen des OPR-Versuchs einen relativ kleinen Anteil des Behaltensintervalls schlafend verbrachten, Schlaf aber wichtig für die Bildung des räumlichen Gedächtnisses ist, könnte dies die vorliegenden Ergebnisse beeinflusst haben. Den Zusammenhang zwischen zuckerreicher Diät, Schlaf und der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit gilt es in weiteren Studien am Tier sowie am Menschen zu erforschen. Damit könnten weitere Erfolge in der Diagnostik und Therapie der Folgeerkrankungen des Zuckerkonsums erreicht und eine breitere Aufklärung über die gesundheitlichen Risiken einer zuckerreichen Ernährung betrieben werden.

Hintergrund: Im Jahr 2020 erblickten in Österreich 5700 Neugeborene zu früh das Licht der Welt. Frühgeborene erleben ab dem Zeitpunkt der Geburt, aufgrund ihrer Unreife, viele schmerzhafte Nadelpunktionen. Frühgeborene können nicht ausreichend verbale Äußerungen zu ihrem Schmerzempfinden von sich geben. Es benötigt diplomiertes Gesundheits- und Krankenpflegepersonal, welches die Schmerzen wahrnimmt, richtig interpretiert und zur Schmerzlinderung beiträgt. Da medikamentöse Therapien häufig zu Nebenwirkungen führen, benötigt es nicht-pharmakologische Interventionen zur Schmerzlinderung. Es bedarf einer Übersicht über den derzeitigen Forschungsstand zu diesem Thema.Forschungsfrage: Welchen Effekt erzielt die Gabe von abgepumpter Muttermilch im Vergleich zur Gabe einer Zuckerlösung während Nadelpunktionen bei Frühgeborenen hin-sichtlich des Schmerzes?Methode: Zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfrage der hier vorliegenden Bachelorarbeit, wurde eine strukturierte Literaturrecherche in den Datenbanken Pubmed, CINAHL und Cochrane durchgeführt. Weiters wurde per Handsuche in Google Scholar und in den einzelnen Referenzenlisten nach Literatur gesucht. 203 Treffer konnten erzielt werden, wovon sechs Studien am Ende des Studienselektionsprozesses eingeschlossen werden konnten. Durch den Bewertungsbogen der EMED-Methode für quantitative Studien, konnten die eingeschlossenen Studien auf ihre Qualität geprüft werden. Ergebnisse: In allen sechs inkludierten Studien wurden die Schmerzwerte der Frühgeborenen, welche durch die PIPP-Skala oder durch die PIPP-R-Skala erfasst wurden, betrachtet. Drei der eingeschlossenen Studien zeigen signifikant niedrigere Schmerzwerte bei den Frühgeborenen, welche die Zuckerlösung erhielten, auf. Eine Studie weist eine signifikant größere Schmerzlinderung bei den Frühgeborenen auf, welche Muttermilch verabreicht bekamen. Weitere zwei Studien zeigen keinen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen der Gabe von Muttermilch und der Gabe einer Zuckerlösung bezüglich der Schmerzlinderung. Schlussfolgerung: Muttermilch sowie Zuckerlösungen sind sichere nicht-pharmakologische Interventionen zur Schmerzlinderung. Besonders die Eigenheiten der Muttermilch und die Kombination mit anderen nicht-pharmakologischen Interventionen gehören in der Zukunft weiterhin erforscht.Schlüsselwörter: Frühgeborene, Muttermilch, Saccharose, Dextrose, Schmerz Background: In 2020, 5700 newborns in Austria were born prematurely. Premature babies experience many painful needle punctures from the time of birth, due to their immaturity. Since premature babies are unable to express their feelings of pain verbally, they need qualified nurses who perceive when babies are in pain, interpret it correctly and contribute to pain relief. Since drug therapies often lead to side effects, non-pharmacological interventions are required for pain relief. The administration of breast milk or a sugar solution relieves a premature babies pain during needle punctures. An overview of the current state of research on this topic is needed.Research question: What effect does the administration of expressed breast milk achieve in terms of pain compared to the administration of a sugar solution during needle punctures in premature babies?Methods: To answer the research question of this bachelor thesis, a structured literature search was carried out in Pubmed, CINAHL and Cochrane. Furthermore, a manual search was performed in Google Scholar and in the individual reference lists for literature. 203 hits were obtained, of which six studies were included at the end of the study selection process. The valuation of the included studies was performed by using an evaluation form by the EMED-method for quantitative studies.Results: In all six included studies, the pain scores of premature infants as measured by the PIPP scale or the PIPP-R scale were considered. Three of the included studies showed significantly lower pain levels in premature babies who received the sugar solution. One study showed significantly greater pain relief in premature infants who were given breast milk. Another two studies show no significant difference in pain relief between the administra-tion of breast milk and the administration of a sugar solution. Conclusion: Breast milk and sugar solutions are safe non-pharmacological interventions for pain relief. Particularly the characteristics of breast milk and the combination with other non-pharmacological interventions require further research.Keywords: premature, breast milk, sucrose, dextrose, pain Birgit Draxl Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers Bachelorarbeit FH JOANNEUM 2022

Aufgrund der Liberalisierung des EU-Zuckermarktes wird der Erh��hung der Ausbeute von Saccharose aus Zuckerr��ben in Form von Wei��zucker eine immer gr����ere Bedeutung bei der Optimierung des Produktionsprozesses zugerechnet. Es ist das Ziel dieser Arbeit, den Einfluss der verschiedenen Nichtsaccharosestoffe auf Kinetik und Thermodynamik von technischen Saccharosel��sungen besser zu verstehen und Methoden und Vorgehensweisen aufzuzeigen, mit welchen vorhandene Kristallisationsanlagen, insbesondere im sogenannten Nachproduktbereich der Zuckerfabrik, hinsichtlich der Leistungsf��higkeit und des vorhandenen Optimierungspotentials bewertet werden k��nnen. Hierf��r werden zun��chst die in der Zuckertechnologie gel��ufigen Berechnungsmethoden zum Erhalt der f��r die Kristallisation wichtigen Stoff- und Prozessgr����en kritisch hinterfragt und allgemein g��ltigen physikalisch-chemischen Grundgleichungen gegen��bergestellt. Auch die gel��ufigen analytischen Methoden der praktischen Betriebskontrolle werden einer kritischen Betrachtung unterzogen. Es werden verbesserte Methoden pr��sentiert, mit welchen es m��glich ist, L��slichkeitsdaten und Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeiten von Saccharose in technischen L��sungen experimentell zu bestimmen. Die L��slichkeit von technischen L��sungen, welche w��hrend der zwei Zuckerr��benkampagnen 2018/2019 und 2019/2020 aus Fabriken verschiedener europ��ischer L��nder genommen wurden, werden zusammen mit einer ausf��hrlichen Analyse der Nichtsaccharosezusammensetzung dargestellt. Es wird untersucht, welche Nichtsaccharosestoffe f��r eine erh��hte oder verringerte Saccharosel��slichkeit in technischen L��sungen verantwortlich sind. Weiter wird untersucht, ob die Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit von technischen L��sungen mit einem nat��rlichen hohen pH-Wert sich aufgrund des hohen pH-Werts ver��ndert, beziehungsweise, ob durch eine Konditionierung des pH-Werts der technischen L��sungen eine Ver��nderung der Kristallwachstumsgeschwindigkeit in diesen L��sungen zu erreichen ist., The EU sugar market liberalization shifts the goal of the process optimization more and more towards an increase of the white sugar yield and a minimization of the sugar loss in the sugar beet. The aim of this work is to deliver a better understanding of the influence of non-sugar substances on the kinetics and thermodynamics of technical sucrose solutions and to provide methods and instructions to evaluate the performance and to find optimization potential of existing crystallization plants, especially in the so called after-product strike of the sugar factory. The commonly used mathematical methods of the sugar technology to compute the necessary process data for the sucrose crystallization are critically scrutinized and compared to generally valid basic physical and chemical equations. The common analytical methods of practical operational control are also subjected to this evaluation. This work presents improved methods to determine solubility data and crystallization rates of sucrose in technical solutions. The solubility of technical solutions which were taken during the two sugar beet campaigns 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 from factories in different European countries are presented together with a detailed analysis of the non-sucrose composition of these solutions. The non-sucrose substances responsible for increased or decreased sucrose solubility in technical solutions are investigated. Furthermore, it is examined whether the crystallization rate of technical solutions with a high natural pH value is slowed down due to the high pH value and whether it is possible to change the crystal growth rate in these solutions by conditioning the pH value.

Einleitung: Bis zum Ende der 80er – Jahre sind Ärzte/innen und Forscher/innen davon ausgegan-gen, dass Frühgeborene in den ersten Lebensmonaten keine Schmerzen empfinden. Diese Annahme konnte jedoch durch weitere Forschungen widerlegt werden. Denn Schmerzreize können bereits ab der Geburt des Kindes vernommen werden und das Schmerzreizleitungssystems eines Frühgeborenen für Monate bis hinzu Jahren ungüns-tig beeinflussen und Entwicklungsstörungen hervorrufen. Die vorliegende Bachelorarbeit wird zunächst auf die pflegerischen Maßnahmen zur Schmerzreduktion und anschlie-ßend auf die Auswirkungen der sogenannten „Känguru Methode“ auf die Eltern einge-hen. Zum Schluss soll eine Handlungsempfehlung bezogen auf die Dosierung von Sac-charose für die pflegerische Praxis gegeben werden. Methodik: Diese Arbeit wurde anhand einer systematischen Literaturrecherche in ausgewählten Datenbanken wie Sciencedirect, CINAHL, PubMed, Springer Link und Google Scholar verfasst. Darüber hinaus wurden ausgewählte Studien zur Beantwortung der For-schungsfragen herangezogen. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse zeigen auf, dass die Anwendung von pflegerischen Maßnahmen, insbe-sondere die Inkubatorabdeckung, das Facilitated Tucking, die Känguru Methode, die Saccharosegabe und das weiße Rauschen, schmerzreduzierende Wirkungen auf Früh-geborene auf einer NICU im Rahmen von prozeduralen Eingriffen wie die venöse oder periphere Probennahme, erbrachten. Zusätzlich konnte festgestellt werden, dass neben der Schmerzreduktion es zur Stabilisation der Vitalparameter wie z.B.: der Sp02 oder der HF kommt. Der Allgemeinzustand z.B.: die körperliche Wahrnehmung und die Ent-wicklung eines Frühgeborenen, verbessert sich. Die präzise Wahl, auf Basis von vor-handenem Wissen, der schmerzreduzierenden Maßnahmen seitens der Pflegeperson spielt hierbei eine wichtige Rolle. Die Anwendung der Känguru Methode empfinden El-tern als eine effektive Methode dem Kind emotional näher zu kommen und das Gefühl die elterliche Verantwortung gerecht zu werden. Aufgrund der mangelnden Studienlage kann noch keine exakte Maximaldosis bezüglich der Gabe von Saccharose bei Frühge-borenen auf einer NICU empfohlen werden. Es kann jedoch mit dem vorhandenen Wis-sen eine genaue Differenzierung hinsichtlich einer Anfangsdosierung erfolgen. Schlussfolgerung: Die Schmerzreduktion bei Frühgeborenen, sollte im Rahmen des pflegerischen Arbei-tens auf einer NICU, als ein sehr wichtiger Aspekt erachtet werden. Aus präventiver Sicht können durch die Anwendung von schmerzreduzierenden Maßnahmen Konsequen-zen im Erwachsenenalter, wie z.B.: Konzentrationsstörungen verhindert werden. Pfle-gepersonen nehmen bei der Gabe bzw. Anwendung der schmerzreduzierenden Maß-nahmen, sowie bei der Anleitung der Eltern eine Schlüsselrolle ein. Introduction: Until the end of the 1980s, doctors and researchers assumed that premature babies did not feel pain in the first months of life. However, this assumption has been disproved by current research studies. This is because pain stimuli can already be perceived from the birth of the child and can have an unfavorable influence on the pain stimulus con-duction system of a premature baby for months to add years and cause developmental disorders. This bachelor thesis will first deal with the nursing measures for pain reduc-tion and then with the effects of the so-called "kangaroo method" on the parents. Fi-nally, a recommendation for action based on the dosage of sucrose for nursing practice will be given. Methodology: This paper was written based on a systematic literature search within selected data-bases such as Sciencedirect, CINAHL, Springer Link, PubMed and Google Scholar. Se-lected studies were used to answer the research questions. Results: The results indicate that the use of nursing interventions, specifically incubator cover-age, facilitated tucking, the kangaroo method, sucrose administration, and white noise, produced pain-reducing effects on preterm infants in a NICU during procedural inter-ventions such as venous or peripheral sampling. Additionally, it was found that besides pain reduction, there is a stabilization of vital signs such as the Sp02 or the HF. The general condition e.g.: the physical perception and the development of a premature baby, improves. The precise choice, based on the existing knowledge, of pain-reducing measures on the part of the nurse plays an important role. Parents perceive the appli-cation of the kangaroo method as an effective method to get emotionally closer to the child and to feel the parental responsibility. Due to the lack of knowledge in this specific field, no exact maximum dose can yet be recommended regarding the administration of sucrose to preterm infants in a NICU. However, with the available knowledge, an exact differentiation can be made regarding an initial dosage. Conclusio: Pain reduction in premature infants should be considered a very important aspect of nursing work in a NICU. From a preventive point of view, the application of pain-reducing measures can prevent consequences in adulthood, such as concentration dis-orders can be prevented. Nurses take a key role in the administration or application of pain-reducing measures, as well as in guiding parents.

Orientadores: Jaime Aparecido Cury, Claudia de Mattos Bellato Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba Resumo: A cárie dental é uma doença biofilme-dependente e os carboidratos fermentáveis são considerados os fatores ambientais chaves envolvidos na iniciação e desenvolvimento desse processo. Algumas hipóteses baseadas na estrutura, composição e cinética dos íons no biofilme têm sido sugeridas para explicar a maior cariogenicidade do biofilme dental formado na presença de sacarose. Dentre estas, a expressão diferencial de proteínas bacterianas e presença ou ausência de proteínas salivares no biofilme formado na presença e ausência de sacarose tem sido sugerida. Essa tese é composta de dois artigos. O primeiro discute o papel da sacarose na formação do biofilme dental cariogênico e o segundo avalia as proteínas do biofilme formado in situ na presença da sacarose. Entre as várias hipóteses para explicar a menor concentração de íons no biofilme, a hipótese da ausência de proteínas ligadoras de cálcio no biofilme formado na presença de sacarose parece explicar esse fenômeno. No segundo estudo, proteínas ligadoras de cálcio foram identificadas somente no biofilme formado na ausência de sacarose, o que ajudaria a explicar a alta concentração de cálcio na sua matriz. Proteínas de origem bacteriana também foram identificadas e a maioria está associada com funções de manutenção do metabolismo energético, síntese de aminoácidos, tradução e proteínas relacionadas ao estresse. Diferentes proteínas de resposta ao estresse foram expressas nas duas condições avaliadas, sugerindo respostas específicas de adaptação para o biofilme formado na presença e ausência de sacarose. Nossos resultados mostram que a caracterização e estudo da função da proteína no biofilme dental podem ajudar a elucidar importantes aspectos envolvidos na iniciação e desenvolvimento da cárie dental Abstract: Dental caries is a biofilm-dependent oral disease, and fermentable dietary carbohydrates are the key environmental factors involved with its initiation and development. Some hypotheses based on the structure, composition and ion kinetic aspects of biofilm have been suggested to explain the cariogenicity of biofilm formed in the presence of sucrose. Among them, the differential expression of bacteria proteins and the presence and absence of salivary proteins in biofilm formed in the presence and absence of sucrose has been suggested. Thus, this thesis was comprised by two manuscripts. The first discusses the role of sucrose in cariogenic dental biofilm formation and the second evaluates the proteins from biofilm formed in situ in the presence of sucrose. Among the hypotheses to explain the low inorganic concentration in the biofilm, the absence of calcium-binding proteins in biofilm formed in the presence of sucrose can help explain it. In the second study, calcium-binding proteins were identified only in biofilm formed in the absence of sucrose and help explain the higher calcium concentration in biofilm matrix. Proteins from oral microorganisms were also identified and most of them were associated to housekeeping functions, such as energy metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, translation and stress-related proteins. Different stress-responsive proteins were expressed in the two conditions evaluated, suggesting specific adaptive-response in biofilms formed in the presence and absence of sucrose. Our results show that the characterization and the study of protein function in dental biofilm help explain important aspects involved with the initiation and development of dental carles Doutorado Cariologia Doutor em Odontologia

Natural rubber is an important industrial raw material and is commercially produced by rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis). The sucrose transporter HbSUT3 plays an essential role in rubber production. Its expression in latex (cytoplasm of rubber-producing laticifers) is induced by bark treatment with Ethrel, an ethylene releaser, and the inducing effect correlates well with Ethrel-stimulated rubber yield increase. However, the mechanisms of ethylene induction on HbSUT3 expression are not known. Here, five Ethylene Response Factor (ERF) genes were identified from the cDNA library of Hevea latex by yeast one-hybrid screening with the promoter of HbSUT3 gene as bait. As revealed in a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) protoplast transient expression system, these HbERFs were mainly localized in the nucleus and four of them exhibited apparent transactivation activity. Of the five HbERF genes, HbERF-IXc4 was the most frequently screened in yeast one-hybrid, accounting for 65% of the ERF clones obtained. Moreover, among the five HbERFs, HbERF-IXc4 showed the strongest transactivation capacity when expressed in tobacco protoplast, the highest transcript abundance in latex and a close expressional correlation with its target gene, HbSUT3, in response to the Ethrel treatment. Taken together, our results indicate that ERFs, especially HbERF-IXc4, are critically involved in the activation of HbSUT3 expression in latex after Ethrel treatment on Hevea bark, and thus the stimulated latex yield.

Orientador: Antonio José Gomez Cobo Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica Resumo: A hidrogenólise da sacarose é uma reação química de interesse industrial, uma vez que os produtos obtidos, sob a forma de glicóis e polióis, podem ser empregados em diversos setores produtivos, tais como indústrias farmacêuticas e de alimentos. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a preparação de catalisadores de Ni e Ru suportados em carvão ativado, destinados à hidrogenólise da sacarose em meio aquoso. Para tanto, catalisadores com uma fração mássica total de 5 % de metal foram preparados através dos métodos de impregnação incipiente e úmida, a partir de soluções aquosas de precursores clorados. Antes das impregnações, o suporte de carvão ativado comercial foi submetido a um tratamento químico com solução aquosa de KOH. Os sólidos preparados por meio da impregnação incipiente foram reduzidos a 473 K (200 ºC), sob fluxo de H2. Por sua vez, a impregnação úmida foi conduzida a 353 K (80 ºC), para diversos valores de pH, sendo a redução dos catalisadores realizada com formaldeído ou NaBH4. Os sólidos foram caracterizados através das técnicas de adsorção de N2 (método de B.E.T.), titulação de Boehm, titulação potenciométrica, espectroscopia de fotoelétrons excitados por raios X, microscopias eletrônicas de varredura e de transmissão, difratometria de raios X e redução à temperatura programada. Os desempenhos catalíticos na reação de hidrogenólise da sacarose foram conduzidos num reator Parr do tipo "slurry", à temperatura de 523 K (250 ºC) e sob pressão de H2 de 5,0 MPa (50 atm), utilizando-se uma massa de 5 g do catalisador. Os resultados revelam que os catalisadores de Ni/C preparados por impregnação úmida são mais ativos e seletivos a 1,2 propanodiol que os preparados via impregnação incipiente. A impregnação úmida também leva a catalisadores de Ru/C seletivos, que se mostram mais ativos que os preparados por impregnação incipiente. Contudo, a impregnação incipiente permite obter catalisadores igualmente seletivos, sendo que, em ambos os casos, o tratamento do suporte com KOH tem um efeito marcante no aumento do rendimento de 1,2 propanodiol Abstract: The sucrose hydrogenolysis is a chemical reaction of industrial interest, since the obtained products, under the form of glycols and polyols, can be employed in different production sectors such as pharmaceutical and food industries. The present work aims to study the preparation of Ni and Ru catalysts supported on activated carbon, for the sucrose hydrogenolysis in aqueous media. For this purpose, catalysts with a total fraction of 5 wt % of metal were prepared by the methods of incipient and wet impregnation from aqueous solutions of chlorinated precursors. Before impregnation, the support of activated carbon was subjected to a chemical treatment in an aqueous solution of KOH. The solids prepared by incipient impregnation were reduced at 473 K (200 °C) under H2 flow. In its turn, the wet impregnation was conducted at 353 K (80 °C), for various pH values, being the catalysts reduction performed with formaldehyde or NaBH4. The solids were characterized by the techniques of N2 adsorption (B.E.T. method), Boehm titration, potentiometric titration, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electronic microscopies, X ray diffraction and temperature programmed reduction. The catalytic performances for the sucrose hydrogenolysis were conducted in a Parr reactor of slurry type at temperature of 523 K (250 ° C) under H2 pressure of 5.0 MPa (50 atm), employing a catalyst mass of 5 g. The results reveal that the Ni/C catalysts prepared by wet impregnation are more active and selective for 1,2 propanediol than those prepared via incipient impregnation. The wet impregnation also leads to selective Ru/C catalysts, which are more active than those prepared by incipient impregnation. However, the incipient impregnation achieves also to selective catalysts, being that in both cases, the support treatment with KOH has a marked effect on increasing the yield of 1,2 propanediol Doutorado Sistemas de Processos Químicos e Informática Doutora em Engenharia Química

The accelerated increase in energy consumption by human activity has generated an increase in the search for new energies that do not pollute the environment, due to this, microbial fuel cells are shown as a promising technology. The objective of this research was to observe the influence on the generation of bioelectricity of sucrose, with different percentages (0%, 5%, 10% and 20%), in papaya waste using microbial fuel cells (MFCs). It was possible to generate voltage and current peaks of 0.955 V and 5.079 mA for the cell with 20% sucrose, which operated at an optimal pH of 4.98 on day fifteen. In the same way, the internal resistance values of all the cells were influenced by the increase in sucrose, showing that the cell without sucrose was 0.1952 ± 0.00214 KΩ and with 20% it was 0.044306 ± 0.0014 KΩ. The maximum power density was 583.09 mW/cm2 at a current density of 407.13 A/cm2 and with a peak voltage of 910.94 mV, while phenolic compounds are the ones with the greatest presence in the FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) absorbance spectrum. We were able to molecularly identify the species Achromobacter xylosoxidans (99.32%), Acinetobacter bereziniae (99.93%) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (100%) present in the anode electrode of the MFCs. This research gives a novel use for sucrose to increase the energy values in a microbial fuel cell, improving the existing ones and generating a novel way of generating electricity that is friendly to the environment.

Aims: To study the metabolic effects of fructose, glucose and saccharose in a moderate dose by analyzing changes of blood indicators, pancreas inflammation, liver fat accumulation and intestinal microbiota in normal Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Subjects and methods: Six-week-old rats were assigned to four groups (n = 10), which were gavaged with normalsaline (Con), glucose dissolved in normal saline (Glu), saccharose-glucose dissolved in normal saline (Sac), and fructose dissolved in normal saline (Fru) for 20 weeks. Results: No significant differences in body weight and blood parameters including total cholesterol (TC), total triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), lipase (LPS) and free fatty acid (FFA) among the Con, Glu, Sac and the Fru group. The fructose can significantly (P < 0.05) decrease fasting and postprandial blood glucose increase compared to glucose, and the risk of pancreas inflammation and liver fat accumulation induced by fructose is lower than glucose in rats. We found there were no significant differences in intestinal microbial diversity. At the family level, rats in the Glu group had a relatively higher abundance of Peptostreptococcaceae and rats in the Fru group had a relatively higher abundance of Bacteroidaceae. Moreover, the proportions of Peptostreptococcaceae romboutsia and Staphylococcus lentus in the Glu group were significantly higher than in the Fru group, while the proportions of Lachnospira; Lachnospiraceae blautia, Bacteroides and Cellulosilyticus in the Fru group were significantly higher than in the Glu group. The concentration of isobutyric acid was relatively lower in all the sugar treated groups than in the Con. A significant decrease in isobutyric acid was found on comparing the Fru group to the Con group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Fructose, glucose and sucrose made no significant changes on rats in body weight, blood indicators, organ index and bacterial diversity. Moreover, fructose can potentially attenuate fasting and postprandial blood-glucose increase, pancreas inflammation and liver-fat accumulation when compared to glucose in mild doses. The relative abundance of six kinds of bacterial genera was found significantly different between rats fed on fructose and glucose.

Die wichtigste Rohstoffbasis der chemischen Industrie sind fossile Rohstoffe wie Erdöl, Erdgas und Kohle. Allerdings werden durch die Verbrennung fossiler Rohstoffe Treibhausgase emittiert, die hauptverantwortlich für die globale Erwärmung sind. Die Verwendung klimafreundlicherer Edukte, wie nachwachsende Rohstoffe, soll zukünftig zu einer Reduzierung der Emissionen beitragen. Die aus Zuckerrüben und Zuckerrohr gewonnene Saccharose gilt als geeigneter Rohstoffkandidat und kann zur Herstellung einer Vielzahl von zuckerbasierten Plattformchemikalien genutzt werden. Bislang ist die Produktion zuckerbasierter gegenüber fossilbasierten Chemikalien häufig nicht wettbewerbsfähig, da das Verhältnis von Zuckerpreis zu Erdölpreis zu hoch ist. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war daher die Analyse des ökonomischen Potentials von Zucker als nachwachsenden Rohstoff für die chemische Industrie unter verschiedenen Rahmenbedingungen bis 2040. Als Bewertungsmaßstab für das ökonomische Potential von Zucker wurde der Weltzuckerpreis und das Verhältnis von Weltzuckerpreis zu Erdölpreis verwendet. Zur Klärung der Fragestellung wurde ein systemdynamisches Marktmodell für Zucker (SacchSim) entwickelt und für verschiedene Szenarien bis 2040 angewandt. Durch die Verknüpfung der Methoden System Dynamics und Szenariotechnik konnte eine Untersuchung der zukünftigen Preisentwicklungen mit dem Fokus auf Ursache Wirkungsbeziehungen und Rückkopplungsbeziehungen innerhalb des Zuckersystems, welches stark durch äußere Einflüsse geprägt ist, ermöglicht werden. Als Fazit aus den Szenariountersuchungen lässt sich festhalten, dass aufgrund der Entwicklungen des Weltzuckermarktes, wesentlich bedingt durch die Entwicklungen des Zucker- und Ethanolmarktes in Brasilien, die chemische Industrie mit steigenden Preisen für den Rohstoff Zucker bis 2040 rechnen muss. Demgegenüber stehen die Ergebnisse, dass sich das Verhältnis von Zucker- zu Erdölpreis auf Kohlenstoffbasis in den Regionen Nordamerika, China und Europa verbessert. Zuckerbasierte Verfahren werden relativ gesehen zu erdölbasierten Verfahren im Vergleich zu 2019 wirtschaftlicher. Ob die mit SacchSim aufgeklärte Verbesserung des relativen ökonomischen Potentials von Zucker ausreichend ist, damit ein zuckerbasiertes Verfahren absolut gesehen wirtschaftlich konkurrenzfähig zu einem vergleichbaren fossilbasierten Verfahren sein kann, kann durch Szenarioanalysen der Wirtschaftlichkeit hinsichtlich der Produktionskosten überprüft werden. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit exemplarisch am Beispiel für die Kunststoffe PET, Bio-PET und PEF dargestellte Technologiebewertung mit SacchSim lässt sich auf andere zuckerbasierte Verfahren übertragen und kann als Grundlage für weitere wissenschaftliche Forschungsarbeiten dienen.

The consumption of sugar and in particular fructose has increased considerably in recent decades. Fructose is the main constituent of fruits and vegetables. The consumption of fruit juices has also increased. Several studies show an association between fructose consumption and liver diseases such as non alcoholic fatty liver. The aim of this thesis is to conduct a literature review of the latest meta-analysis that study the link between fructose consumption and non alcoholic fatty liver disease. The conclusion of this thesis shows that high fructose consumption leads to non alcoholic liver steatosis., La consommation de sucre et en particulier de fructose a considérablement augmenté durant les dernières décennies. La consommation de jus de fruits a elle aussi augmenté. Plusieurs études montrent une association entre la consommation de fructose et les maladies du foie comme la stéatose hépatique non alcoolique. L’objectif de cette thèse est de réaliser une revue de la littérature sur les dernières méta-analyses qui étudient le lien entre la consommation de fructose et la stéatose hépatique non alcoolique. La conclusion de cette thèse montre qu’une consommation élevée de fructose entraîne une stéatose hépatique non alcoolique.

Received: August 11th, 2020 ; Accepted: December 28th, 2020 ; Published: January 15th, 2021 ; Correspondence: irynaivanova2017@gmail.com The level of sugars content in sweet cherry fruit depends on many factors. However, the decisive influence of weather factors is noted. In view of this, the issue of predicting the sugars content in sweet cherry fruit depending on the share of weather factors is relevant for further improvement of transportation technology, storage and processing. It has been established that according to sugars content and to the variability of their formation the most perspective from the technological point of view were varieties: Zabuta (12.47%), Dachnytsia (15.60%), Krupnoplidna (14.35%). Low and medium variabilities of the selected varieties according to the investigation years were established (Vр = 8.6%–13.0%). It has been shown that weather conditions had dominating effects on sugars accumulation for all varieties groups irrespective of the ripening period. According to the results of a two-factors dispersion analysis it is expedient to prognosticate the sugars content in sweet cherry fruits by medium values for a particular group of sorts but not for each pomological sort. In the course of the work the average and strong correlation dependence between 14 weather factors (Хі, i = 1..14) and the sugars content for sweet cherries of early, medium, and late ripening period (|𝑟𝑌𝑗𝑋𝑖 | ≥ 0.55, 𝑖 = 1. .14, 𝑗 = 1. .3) were defined. The ranges of share of weather factors participation that have the maximum influence on sugars fund formation in sweet cherry fruit are established (∆𝑖 9.50% to 30.99%) . Based on regression analysis, it is substantiated that the sugars accumulation in sweet cherry fruit, regardless of the ripening period, is most influenced by weather conditions of the blossoming period, the last month of fruit formation and thermal parameters and humidity index at the stage of fruit picking.

Soluble sugars and starch dosings from wood and root of vine is important to quantify the carbon contained in the plant. Different extraction and dosing methods do exist for each kind of sugar. Each of them has some advantages and inconvenients. Some solvents are very efficient for dosing soluble sugars but give some inhibitions when dosing ; others are toxic and carcinogenic. The solvents that do not inhib the dosing of soluble sugars involve starch loose which is the main form of sugar stocking in the plant. This study allows to compare several soluble sugar extraction solvents (ethanol, mix ethanol-water and only water) on wood and roots of the vine. For the samples extracted by the ethanol-water solvent, different purification techniques were tested (filtration, adding of PVP and / or chloroform) in order to find the easiest, the rapidest and the best fitted method adapted for our samples and our dosing method. To conclude, the ethanol-water extraction followed by a purification with PVP adding was the best method to dose soluble sugars without starch loose in the woods and roots of vine., Choix d'une méthode d'extraction et de purification pour le dosage des sucres solubles et de l'amidon dans les tissus ligneux de la vigne.Résumé. Le dosage des sucres solubles et de l’amidon dans des bois et racines de vigne est important pour quantifier l’état carboné de la plante. Il existe différentes méthodes d’extraction et de dosage pour ces différents sucres qui ont chacune leurs avantages et leurs inconvénients. Certains solvants sont très efficaces pour l’extraction des sucres solubles mais entrainent des inhibitions lors de leur dosage, d’autres sont toxiques et cancérigènes. Les solvants qui n’inhibent pas les dosages des sucres solubles entrainent une perte d’amidon, qui est la forme majoritaire de stockage des sucres dans les organes de réserve de la vigne. L’étude menée ici a permis de comparer plusieurs solvants d’extractions des sucres solubles (éthanol, mélange éthanol-eau et eau seule) sur des échantillons de bois et de racines de vigne. Sur les échantillons extraits par le solvant éthanol-eau, différentes techniques de purification (filtration, ajout de PVP et/ou de chloroforme) ont été testées afin de trouver la méthode la plus simple, la plus rapide et la plus adaptée à nos échantillons et à notre méthode de dosage. Au final, l’extraction éthanol-eau suivie d’une purification par ajout de PVP s’est révélée la solution optimale pour doser les sucres solubles sans perte d’amidon dans les bois et racines de vigne.

Einleitung: „Alle Kinder, inbegriffen früh geborene oder voll ausgetragene Babies, haben Anrecht auf angemessene Massnahmen der Schmerzlinderung und Schutz vor Unwohlsein. Wohlbefinden bedeutet mehr als die Abwesenheit von physischen Leiden.“ (EACH-Charta, 2016, p. 11) Diese Literaturarbeit beschäftigt sich mit nichtmedikamentösen pflegerischen Maßnahmen, die bei Frühgeborenen vor schmerzhaften Interventionen, wie Fersenstichen oder Venenpunktionen, angewendet werden können. Methodik: In dieser Literaturarbeit wird der aktuelle Wissensstand anhand von Forschungsfragen beschrieben und kritisch bewertet. Um Literatur zu identifizieren wird eine systematische Literaturrecherche in Onlinedatenbanken wie PubMed© oder Google Scholar© getätigt. Eingeschlossen wurde Literatur aus den Jahren 2015-2020 oder ältere, die dem aktuellen Forschungsstand entspricht. Ergebnisse: Als nichtmedikamentöse Interventionen zur Schmerzreduzierung bei Frühgeborenen vor Fersenstichen und Venenpunktionen werden unter anderem Swaddling, Facilitated Tucking, die Haut-zu-Haut-Kontakt, Massagen, Stillen, Nicht-Nutritives Saugen und Zuckerstoffe, wie Glucose, Saccharose und Dextrose beschrieben. Zahlreiche Studien bestätigen die schmerzreduzierende Wirkung von Muttermilch und Glukose und Saccharose. Schlussfolgerung: Es bedarf einem vertiefenden Fachwissen der Pflegepersonen, um einerseits das Schmerzgeschehen der Frühgeborenen zu beurteilen aber auch nichtmedikamentöse Maßnahmen zur Schmerzreduzierung vor schmerzhaften Interventionen einzusetzen. Introduction “All children, including premature and full-term babies, are entitled to adequate pain relief and should be protected from discomfort. Wellbeing means more than the absence of physical suffering.” (EACH CHARTA, 2016, p. 14) This literature research deals with non pharmacological nursing measures that can be applied to premature infants before painful interventions such as heel lances or venipunctures. Methodology In this literature research the current state of research is described and critically evaluated using research questions. In order to identify relevant literature, a systematic literature search in online databases such as PubMed© or Google Scholar© is carried out. Included was literature from the years 2015-2020 or older, which corresponds to the current state of knowledge. Results Swaddling, facilitated tucking, the skin-to-skin method, massages, breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking such as glucose and sucrose are described as non pharmacological interventions for pain relief in premature infants before heel lances and venipunctures. Numerous studies confirm that glucose, sucrose and dextrose have an analgesic effect during heel lances. Conclusion The nurses must have in-depth specialist knowledge in order to assess the pain experienced by premature babies and also to use non pharmacological measures to reduce pain before painful interventions.

The tango was more used at floriculture as arrangements filling, and the study of postharvest plant is essential to prolong the life. The aim of this study was to inflorescences of post-harvest conservation Solidagocanadensis, reated with different concentrations of saccharose and citric acid in a maintenance solution. Treatments consisted of a control with distilled water three concentrations (2.0; 4.0 e 6.0 g L-1) of saccharose and three concentrations (0; 0.5; 1.0 e 1.5 g L-1) of citric acid. The stems were placed in containers and stored at 22 ± 2 ° C for 12 days. The results were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the effect of the treatments, when significant, by Test F. The means were compared by Tukey test (p≤0.05). When differences between treatments were greater than the sum of the standard deviation, the result was considered significant. The use of saccharose maintenance solution provides better results when compared to the use of citric acid, because it the addition of this sugar in the solution contributed in reducing the loss of water thus leaving the more turgid stems, less chlorophyll degradation and consequently staining the stems and to maintain the flowers closed for longer while preserving the decorative life for up to 12 days of storage.

This report discusses the easy and cheap preparation of SnCl2 exchanged Brønsted acidic Amberlyst-15 ion exchange resin prepared by ion exchange of an aqueous SnCl2 solution at room temperature. The prepared materials were tested in the conversion of sugars, being glucose, fructose and saccharose to 5-HMF at low temperature conditions (120 °C) and high sugar concentrations (30 wt. %). Materials showed activity in the conversion of glucose, fructose and saccharose. The effect of the repeating exchange procedures on the catalytic performance was studied under batch and continuous flow conditions. The physicochemical properties of the Amberlyst materials were characterized by various techniques, among them NH3-TPD, N2 physisorption and XRF experiments. The superior stability over 120 h and the selectivity towards 5-HMF of the SnCl2 exchanged Amberlyst material under continuous flow conditions was partially attributed to a reduced concentration of the total acid site concentration, preventing products to react further towards poorly defined humin-type products.

submitted by: Alexander Wieland, Bsc. Literaturverzeichnis: Blatt 65-70 Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Masterarbeit, 2019 (VLID)5028749

International audience; The human gut microbiome plays an essential role in maintaining human health including in degradation of dietary fibres and carbohydrates further used as nutrients by both the host and the gut bacteria. Previously, we identified a polysaccharide utilization loci (PUL) involved in sucrose and raffinose family oligosaccharide (RFO) metabolism from one of the most common Firmicutes present in individuals, Ruminococcus gnavus E1. One of the enzymes encoded by this PUL was annotated as a putative sucrose phosphate phosphorylase (RgSPP). In the present study, we have in-depth characterized the heterologously expressed RgSPP as sucrose 6 F-phosphate phosphorylase (SPP), expanding our knowledge of the glycoside hydrolase GH13_18 subfamily. Specifically, the enzymatic characterization showed a selective activity on sucrose 6 F-phosphate (S6 F P) acting both in phosphorolysis releasing alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate (G1P) and alpha-D-fructose-6-phosphate (F6P), and in reverse phosphorolysis from G1P and F6P to S6 F P. Interestingly, such a SPP activity had never been observed in gut bacteria before. In addition, a phylogenetic and synteny analysis showed a clustering and a strictly conserved PUL organization specific to gut bacteria. However, a wide prevalence and abundance study with a human metagenomic library showed a correlation between SPP activity and the geographical origin of the individuals and, thus, most likely linked to diet. Rgspp gene overexpression has been observed in mice fed with a high-fat diet suggesting, as observed for humans, that intestine lipid and carbohydrate microbial metabolisms are intertwined. Finally, based on the genomic environment analysis, in vitro and in vivo studies, results provide new insights into the gut microbiota catabolism of sucrose, RFOs and S6 F P.

Spatial variability evaluation of qualitative attributes can be used as an excellent strategy to design forms of intervention that result in better crop profitability for some agricultural crops, for example, sugarcane. Based on the assumption that qualitative attributes of sugarcane present spatial variability and their distributions along the stems are uniform in different varieties, this study aimed to evaluate the distributions of the qualitative parameters of different sugarcane varieties and the spatial variability of these attributes in a commercial field. Samples of nine varieties were collected for laboratory quality analysis, and the Brix parameter was analyzed by a digital refractometer. The analysis of variance, the Tukey test, and geoestatistcs were the statistical analyses applied to the dataset. The maps were generated using 91 sample results from the laboratory analysis of the 16.6 ha field. It was found that, in the harvest period, there was no significant difference in Brix content along the sugarcane stems. Therefore, we can conclude that the Brix content along the sugarcane stems does not change in the harvesting period, and the ideal sampling size to better represent the factors affecting sugarcane qualitative attributes is six points per hectare.

For the first time, a novel approach has been developed to fabricate 3D nanoporous Graphene for desalination application. The new approach consists of reducing Graphene Oxide in the presence of saccharose using hydrothermal and microwave combustion routes. The synthesized 3D nanoporous Graphene provides a higher specific surface area than other 3D Graphene synthesized in different ways reported in literatures. In desalination applications, the salt rejection capacity is considerably higher than activated carbon or different carbon-based materials. The filtered solution conductivity has two orders lower than the feeding solution and stays in the acceptable drinking water range. This excellent result can be explained by the remaining oxygen functional groups, the defects formed during the reduction process, the large specific surface area, and the nanopore of the obtained 3D nanoporous Graphene.

Fermentation is a critical step in the processing of high quality cocoa; however, the biochemistry behind is still not well understood at a molecular level. In this research, using a non-targeted approach, the main metabolomic changes that occur throughout the fermentation process were explored. Genetically undefined cocoa varieties from Trinidad and Tobago (n = 3), Costa Rica (n = 1) and one clone IMC-67 (n = 3) were subjected to spontaneous fermentation using farm-based and pilot plant controlled conditions. Samples were collected daily, and acetone/water/acetic acid (70/29.5/0.5%) extracts were obtained and measured using a UPLC-ESI+-Q-Tof-MS system. Analysis of pre-processed data, applying a PLS-DA model, highlighted significant differences between the three fermentation periods, observed at 0–2, 3–4 and 5–6 days, respectively. Among the most discriminating metabolites, sucrose, flavanols such as (epi) catechin, procyanidin dimers and trimers, anthocyanins and oligopeptides ranging in size from 3 to 12 amino acids were tentatively identified. In general, flavanols and sugars tended to decrease throughout fermentation, whereas most oligopeptides increased to maximal levels after 3 to 4 days of fermentation and decreased thereafter. These results shed new insight into cocoa fermentation optimization strategies and may also contribute to the development of novel alternatives for cocoa processing based on biochemical and functional values. UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA)

The presente study had as finality to evaluate the germination of cedar seeds in vitro in PDA culture media. The experiment was realized on the Vegetable Biotechnology laboratory of FACC – Faculdade de Concórdia/SC. For the procedure, 200g of english potato were used, put on boiling process for 20 minutes in 1L of distilled water, next, the broth of this solution was used. 20g of saccharose ans 12g of agar were added on it, pH adjusted in 5,8, and 8mL distributed on test tubes, totalizing 40 tubes taken to autoclaving process along with tweezers, distilled water and others, immersed for 75 minutes in sodium hypochlorite (2,5% v/v), and after that the inoculation process on the culture media was realized. The feature evaluated on this experimente was the possible germination of cedar seeds in PDA culture media. The cultures were mainteined on growing room with controled temperature of 25 ± 2ºC, under photoperiod of 16 hours, provided by fluorescente lamps Philips TDL (22.3 µmol.m-².s-¹) and relative humidity of 70%. The results demonstrated 80% of seeds germination. Yet, it’s interesting to work with PDA culture media for cedar seeds germination.

U ovom radu ispitivan je utjecaj dodatka različitih količina (5, 10 ili 20 %) disaharida (saharoze i trehaloze) na antioksidacijsku aktivnost vanilina tijekom skladištenja od 12 mjeseci pri sobnoj temperaturi. Rezultati su uspoređivani s rezultatima za kontrolni uzorak odnosno s otopinom vanilina bez dodatka šećera. Antioksidacijska aktivnost je određena primjenom ABTS, DPPH i CUPRAC metoda. Vrijednosti dobivene CUPRAC metodom su niže od vrijednosti dobivenih DPPH i ABTS metodama. Antioksidacijska aktivnost uzoraka tijekom skladištenja povećala se u odnosu na početne uzorke. Modelne otopine s dodatkom šećera imale su manju antioksidacijsku aktivnost od otopine vanilina. Povećanjem udjela dodanog šećera, bez obzira na tip šećera, antioksidacijska aktivnost se linearno povećala primjenom DPPH metode. Primjenom CUPRAC i ABTS metode u otopinama trehaloze utvrđeno je linearno smanjenje antioksidacijske aktivnosti, a u otopinama s dodatkom saharoze linearno povećanje s povećanjem udjela dodanog šećera. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju važnost odabira sastojaka prilikom formuliranja prehrambenih proizvoda obzirom da njihove interakcije mogu utjecati na antioksidacijsku aktivnost proizvoda. The aim of this research was investigation of the influence of different amounts (5, 10 or 20%) of disaccharides (saccharose and trehalose) on antioxidant activity of vanillin during storage for 12 months at room temperature. The results were compared with the results for the control sample, vanillin solution without the addition of sugar. The antioxidant activity was determined by ABTS, DPPH and CUPRAC methods. Values obtained from CUPRAC were lower than values obtained by DPPH and ABTS methods. Antioxidant activity of the samples increased during storage in regards to the initial sample. The sugar-containing solutions had lower antioxidant activity than the vanillin solution. By increasing amount of added sugar, despite of the type of sugar, antioxidant activity increased when the DPPH method was used. Using the CUPRAC and ABTS method in trehalose solutions, linear decrease of antioxidant activity was determined, while in solutions with saccharose addition linear increase occurred with increase of added sugar. Results of this research indicated importance of formulation of food products, since selected ingredients through interactions could affect antioxidant activity of the product.

U radu su ispitivani modelni sustavi ksantan/saharoza i ksantan/trehaloza s dodatkom vanilina. Ispitivana je antioksidacijska aktivnost modelnih sustava te utjecaj tipa šećera na antioksidativnu aktivnost vanilina u modelnim sustavima te parametri teksture. Osim toga, ispitivan je i utjecaj skladištenja na antioksidativnu aktivnost vanilina u modelnim sustavima. Antioksidativna aktivnost određena je DPPH, ABTS i CUPRAC metodom. Utvrđeno je da modelni sustav ksantan/trehaloza ima veću antioksidativnu aktivnost. DPPH metodom utvrđena je najveća antioksidacijska aktivnost, a CUPRAC metodom najmanja. Tijekom skladištenja antioksidativna aktivnost sustava se je smanjila. Od parametara teksture određeni su čvrstoća, elastičnost i adhezija. Modelni sustav ksantan/saharoza imao je veće vrijednosti ispitivanih parametara u odnosu na sustav ksantan/trehaloza. Tijekom skladištenja od 12 mjeseci utvrđeno je smanjenje parametara u oba sustava. The model system xanthan/saccharose and xanthan/trehalose with the addition of vanillin were investigated in this work. The antioxidant activity of model system has been tested alongside with testing the influence of various types of sugar on the antioxidant activity of vanillin in model systems. Furthermore, texture parameters and the influence of the system's storage have also been evaluated. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, ABTS and CUPRAC method. It has been noted that the model system xanthan/trehalose had higher antioxidant activity. The highest antioxidant activity has been found using the DPPH method and the lowest has been found using the CUPRAC method. During the storage, antioxidant activity decreased. Hardness, elasticity and adhesion were evaluated among textural parameters. Model system xanthan/saccharose had higher values of all parameters in comparison to xanthan/trehalose system. During 12 months storage all parameters decreased in both model systems.

Among alpha-transglucosylases from Glycoside-Hydrolase family 70, the Delta N-123-GB-CD2 enzyme derived from the bifunctional DSR-E from L. citreum NRRL B-1299 is particularly interesting as it was the first described engineered Branching Sucrase, not able to elongate glucan polymers from sucrose substrate. The previously reported overall structural organization of this multi-domain enzyme is an intricate U-shape fold conserved among GH70 enzymes which showed a certain conformational variability of the so-called domain V, assumed to play a role in the control of product structures, in available X-ray structures. Understanding the role of functional dynamics on enzyme reaction and substrate recognition is of utmost interest although it remains a challenge for biophysical methods. By combining long molecular dynamics simulation (1 mu s) and multiple analyses (NMA, PCA, Morelet Continuous Wavelet Transform and Cross Correlations Dynamics), we investigated here the dynamics of Delta N-123-GB-CD2 alone and in interaction with sucrose substrate. Overall, our results provide the detailed picture at atomic level of the hierarchy of motions occurring along different timescales and how they are correlated, in agreement with experimental structural data. In particular, detailed analysis of the different structural domains revealed cooperative dynamic behaviors such as twisting, bending and wobbling through anti- and correlated motions, and also two structural hinge regions, of which one was unreported. Several highly flexible loops surrounding the catalytic pocket were also highlighted, suggesting a potential role in the acceptor promiscuity of Delta N-123-GBD-CD2. Normal modes and essential dynamics underlined an interesting two-fold dynamic of the catalytic domain A, pivoting about an axis splitting the catalytic gorge in two parts. The comparison of the conformational free energy landscapes using principal component analysis of the enzyme in absence or in presence of sucrose, also revealed a more harmonic basin when sucrose is bound with a shift population of the bending mode, consistent with the substrate binding event.

Temperatura skladiščenja krompirja je ključna za ohranjanje kakovosti z vidika vsebnosti škroba in prisotnosti enostavnih sladkorjev. V diplomskem delu smo obravnavali vpliv dveh temperaturnih režimov (4 °C, 8 °C) skozi obdobje 41 dni pri štirih različnih sortah ('Désirée', 'Pšata', 'KIS Sora', 'KIS Krka'). Pri 4 °C smo opazili sortno občutljivost. Ena najbolj občutljivih sort je bila 'KIS Krka' z vidika ohranjanja vsebnosti škroba. Pri tej sorti se je razgradilo največ škroba v saharozo, glukozo in fruktozo. Najmanj občutljiva sorta je bila 'Désirée'. Vsebnost škroba pri 'KIS Krki' se je skozi obdobje skladiščenja pri 4 °C znižala za 13 %, enostavni sladkorji so narasli, in sicer saharoza za kar 200-krat, glukoza in fruktoza za 14-krat. Pri sorti 'Désirée' se je vsebnost škroba pri skladiščni temperaturi 4 °C skozi obdobje znižala za 21 %, saharoza je narasla za 14-krat, glukoza za 2.2-krat in fruktoza za 2.4-krat. Na podlagi rezultatov diplomskega dela smo ugotovili, da je najprimernejša temperatura skladiščenja 8 °C, kot bolj tolerantna slovenska sorta z vidika slajenja se je izkazala sorta Sora. The storage temperature of the potato is of key importance for maintaining quality in terms of the starch content and the presence of simple sugars. In the presented diploma thesis, we analysed the influence of two temperature regimes (4 C, 8 C) over a period of 41 days in four different potato varieties ('Désirée', 'Pšata', 'KIS Sora', 'KIS Krka'). By analysing the conversion of starch to single sugars, a significant difference in sensitivity to low temperatures was observed among the varieties at 4°C. One of the most sensitive varieties was 'KIS Krka' from the point of view of maintaining the content of starch over the period of sampling. In this variety, most starch is degraded into sucrose, glucose, and fructose at 4°C. The starch content decreased by 13% over the storage period at 4°C simple sugars increased by 200-fold, glucose and fructose by 14-fold. The least sensitive variety was 'Désirée'. For the 'Désirée' variety, the starch content decreased by 20.6% over the storage period at a storage temperature of 4°C, sucrose increased by 14-fold, glucose by 2.2-fold, and fructose by 2.4-fold. Based on the presented results, we found that the most suitable storage temperature for potatoes is 8°C. The most tolerant Slovenian varieties from the viewpoint of sweetening was 'Sora'.

Isoglucose, also known as high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), is used in the food industry as a substance to sweeten processed foods such as soft drinks, creams, cakes, confectionery, yogurts etc. The Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) has been asked by various parties whether these sweeteners, which contain a high proportion of the free monosaccharide (simple sugar) fructose, pose a particular risk to health as compared to other sweeteners such as sucrose (household sugar, beet sugar, cane sugar). Isoglucose contains variable amounts of the simple sugars glucose and fructose in unconnected forms. This means that the two sugars are present as monosaccharides. In comparison, sucrose also contains glucose and fructose, but in this case the sugars are present in a connected form in a ratio of exactly one-to-one as a disaccharide. In the variants of isoglucose that are frequently used at the present time, the two monomers glucose and fructose are present in roughly comparable amounts; with respect to the fructose level, the difference as compared to sucrose is relatively low. In this case, it can be expected that there are no differences or no significant differences between isoglucose and sucrose from a nutritional perspective and that their health assessments are thus also similar. However, the prerequisite for this is that the intake level of added sugars does not increase significantly overall. If isoglucose variants with a significantly higher proportion of fructose are to be added to processed foods, it must be pointed out that the consumption of high amounts of fructose can have adverse effects on the metabolism. In concrete terms, it can contribute to metabolic syndrome as well as lipometabolic disorders, fatty liver, obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2. In addition, there are known intolerances to fructose. It is considered scientifically proven that regular excessive consumption of sugar added to foods (including added fructose) is detrimental to health and should be reduced. Consumers should ensure that their daily intake of added sugar does not exceed 10 % of their total daily intake of energy from food, including beverages. The consumption of added sugar should be even lower if possible. Therefore, an adult with energy requirements of approximately 2000 kilocalories should not consume more than 6 - 12 teaspoons of added sugar per day from all food, including beverages. Link: https://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/349/isoglucose-and-sucrose-household-sugar-can-be-assessed-similarly-in-terms-of-the-potential-to-damage-health.pdf

This work was supported by the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), France. We thank Christophe Delhomme, Philippe Denis, Philippe Lhoste and Arlette Cissoire for animal management and Nordine Hafnaoui for technical assistance; Little is still known about brain protein synthesis. In order to increase our knowledge of it, we aimed to modulate brain protein synthesis rates through aging, variations in nutritional state (fed state vs. fasted state), high sucrose diet and micronutrient supplementation. Four groups of 16 month-old male rats were fed for five months with a diet containing either 13% or 62% sucrose (wheat starch was replaced with sucrose), supplemented or not with rutin (5 g kg-1 diet), vitamin E (4×), A (2×), D (5×), selenium (10×) and zinc (+44%) and compared with an adult control group. We measured cerebellum protein synthesis and hippocampus gene expression of antioxidant enzymes, inflammatory cytokines and transcription factors. We showed that cerebellum protein synthesis was unchanged by the nutritional state, decreased during aging (-8%), and restored to the adult level by micronutrient supplementation. Sucrose diet did not change protein synthesis but reduced the protein content. Micronutrient supplementation had no effect in sucrose fed rats. Hippocampus gene expressions were affected by age (an increase of TNF-α), sucrose treatment (an increase of IL-1β and IL-6), and micronutrient supplementation (a decrease of heme oxygenase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, TNF-α, and Nrf2). We noted that cerebellum protein synthesis and hippocampus TNF-α gene expression were modulated by the same factors: they were affected by aging and micronutrient supplementation and unchanged by feeding and by high sucrose diet.

In presented paper, influence of temperature, precursor concentration and different hydroxides on properties of activated carbon obtained from saccharose were investigated. The samples were prepared by hydrothermal treatment and activated using KOH, NaOH and LiOH. Two saccharose concentrations (0.5, 1.0 mol/dm3) and three temperatures (160, 200, 240 ºC) were changed in hydrothermal treatment. Activation processes were performed at 750 ºC under N2 atmosphere. Samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffractometry, elemental analysis, N2 adsorption-desorption measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy and thermal analysis. The obtained samples were tested for potential application in dyes removal from water solutions. У представљеном раду испитани су утицај температуре, концентрације полазног материјала и различитих хидроксида на својства активираних угљеничних материјала добијених из сахарозе. Узорци су припремљени хидротермалним третманом и активирани помоћу KOH, NaOH и LiOH. Две различите концентрације воденог раствора сахарозе (0,5 1,0 mol/dm3) и три температуре (160, 200, 240 ºC) су примењене у хидротермалном третману. Процеси активације су изведени на 750 ºC у атмосфери азота. Узорци су карактерисани рендгендском дифрактометријском анализом, елементарном анализом, адсорпционо-десорпционим мерењем азота, инфрацрвеном спектрометријом са Фуријеовом трансформацијом, скенирајућом електронском микроскопијом и термијском анализом. Добијени узорци су такође тестирани за потенцијалну примену у уклањању боја из водених раствора.

Die Phloem beladenden Saccharosetransporter verschiedener Spezies wurden mittels immunhistochemischer Untersuchungen zunächst in zwei unterschiedlichen Zelltypen lokalisiert. Bei Vertretern der Nachtschattengewächse – Tomate (LeSUT1), Kartoffel (StSUT1) und Tabak (NtSUT1) – wurden die SUC2/SUT1 Transportproteine in den Siebelementen lokalisiert (Kühn et al., 1997; Barker et al., 2000; Reinders et al., 2002). Die SUC2/SUT1 Transportproteine von Arabidopsis thaliana und Plantago major wurden dagegen in den Geleitzellen des Siebelement-Geleitzell Komplexes nachgewiesen (Stadler et al., 1995; Stadler & Sauer, 1996). Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, mit einem Antiserum gegen den Mittelloop von NtSUT1 diese unterschiedlichen Lokalisierungen der SUC2/SUT1 Saccharosetransporter zu überprüfen. Mit dem neu hergestellten αSolSUT1-Antikörper konnte der Saccharosetransporter auch in Tabak, Kartoffel und Tomate in den Geleitzellen detektiert werden. Da dieses Ergebnis den vorherigen Veröffentlichungen widersprach, wurden zahlreiche Kontrollen durchgeführt, die die Spezifität des neuen Serums belegten. Zudem wurde hinterfragt, wie es zu den unterschiedlichen Lokalisierungen kommen konnte. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Fixierung der Präparate entscheidend ist. Mit einer Ethanol-Eisessig Fixierung konnten auch mit dem anti-StSUT1 Antiserum (Kühn et al., 1997) die Geleitzellen markiert werden. Der Grund für die unspezifischen Markierungen in den Siebelementen ist offenbar ein in zahlreichen Kaninchen-Präimmunseren vorhandener Antikörper gegen ein unbekanntes, siebelementspezifisches Epitop. Neben der Lokalisierung des SUC2/SUT1 Saccharosetransporters in den Geleitzellen konnte eine weitere bisher nicht veröffentlichte Lokalisierung im Xylemparenchym detektiert werden. Am deutlichsten sind dabei die Xylemparenchymstrahlen markiert, die direkt an große, bereits lignifizierte Xylemgefäße angrenzen. Die Hypothesen, dass Saccharosetransporter für die Versorgung der Xylemzellen mit Zucker zur Bildung von Cellulose und zur Lignifizierung zuständig sind oder dass ein retrival von Saccharose aus dem Xylemsaft bewerkstelligt wird, konnten nicht belegt werden. Auch weisen die aktuellen Daten nicht auf eine Funktion des Transporters bei der Verteilung der Saccharose zwischen dem ab- und adaxialen Phloem hin. Allerdings weist die unterschiedlich starke Markierung von ab- und adaxialem Phloem auf unterschiedliche Funktionen beider Gewebe hin. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl das innere als auch das äußere Phloem in Richtung Wurzel transportiert, wohingegen das adaxiale Phloem ausschließlich für den Transport in in Richtung SAM zuständig ist. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit befasste sich mit der Herstellung und Genotypisierung der Quadrupel knock out Pflanze Atsuc1,3,8,9 und deren phänotypischer Analyse. Bei der morphologischen Betrachtung konnte kein Unterschied zum WT festgestellt werden. Bei der Betrachtung des Wurzelwachstums zeigte die Mutante auf Medium mit 5% Saccharose jedoch eine signifikant höhere Anzahl an Seitenwurzel. Zudem zeigten die Mutantenkeimlinge auf saccharosehaltigen Platten eine verstärkte Bildung von Anthocyanen. Dieser Phänotyp ist bereits für AtSUC1 beschrieben, jedoch war in der Mehrfachmutante der Phänotyp stärker ausgeprägt. Unter Einfluss von Kälte zeigten sowohl die Atsuc1-4 Mutante als auch die Quadrupelmutante einen Wachstumsvorteil gegenüber dem WT auf saccharosehaltigen Medien. Phloem loading sucrose transporters of different species had been immunolocalized in different cell types. SUC2/SUT1 type transport proteins of solanaceous plants as tomato (LeSUT1), potato (StSUT1) and tobacco (NtSUT1) had been immunolocalized in sieve elements (Kühn et al., 1997; Barker et al., 2000; Reinders et al., 2002). In contrast SUC2/SUT1 type transport proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana and Plantago major were localized in companion cells of the sieve element-companion cell complexe (Stadler et al., 1995; Stadler & Sauer, 1996). The aim of this work was to investigate the different localization data with a new antiserum against the NtSUT1 middle loop. With the new αSolSUT1 antiserum also in tomato, potato and tobacco labeling of companion cells could be obtained. Due to the contradictory results numerous control experiments were performed to confirm the specifity of the new antiserum. Additionally, it was challenged to investigate the reason for the contradictory results. One cause was found in a difference in fixation technique. With ethanol/acidic acid fixation also the anti-StSUT1 antiserum used in Kühn et al., (1997) labeled companion cells instead of sieve elements. One explanation for the unspecific labeling is that many rabbit preimmune sera contain antibodies that recognize an unknown epitope in sieve elemets. Among localization of SUC2/SUT1 type transport proteins in companion cells an unexpected labeling in xylem parenchyma cells was observed. Strongest labeling was seen in parenchyma cells showing direct contact to lignified xylem vessels. The hypothesis that SUC2/SUT1 proteins play a role in providing xylem vessels with sucrose for lignification processes or have a retrieval function for xylem sap sucrose has not be proven. There is also no evidence for a function in exchange of sucrose between ab- and adaxialen phloem. However, the different abundance of SUT1 proteins in ab- and adaxialen phloem suggests specific physiological roles for these tissues. It has been shown that in both phloems transport is directed to the root whereas only the adaxial phloem is responsible for bulk flow directet to the shoot. The second topic of this work focused on the establishment, characterization and analysis of quadrupel knock out plants Atsuc1,3,8,9. A morphological examination did not yield any difference of this line to the WT. However, in root growth experiments on medium containing 5% sucrose the mutant exhibited a significantly higher number of lateral roots. Moreover the mutant showed less accumulation of anthocyanin on sucrose containing media. This phenotype was already reported for Atsuc1, but seems to be more pronounced for the multiple mutant. Under cold stress on sucrose containing media both the quadrupel mutant and the atsuc1-4 plants exhibited a growth benefit in contrast to the wild type plants.

This work focuses on the alterations of lipid membrane phase behavior upon interaction with hydrophobic and hydophilic molecules. One major aspect of this thesis is the employement of environment sensitive probes to obtain information on the lipid bilayer packing by means of confocal spectral imaging and fluorescence spectroscopy. Our results show that polystyrene, a commonly found plastic in ocean wastes, has the ability to disrupt the lipid bilayer phase behavior and has a competitive interaction with cholesterol. The presence of high concentration of sugars, relevant in the field of biopreservation, has been found to alter the lipid bilayer packing and a new thermodynamics model has been proposed to complement the experimental results. Finally, the effects of an amphiphilic cholesterol-grafted polymer on model membrane was investigated, providing insight into potential new lipid therapeutic strategies.; Ce travail concerne l’altération du comportement de phase de membranes lipidiques lors de leur interaction avec des molécules hydrophiles ou hydrophobes. L’utilisation de sondes moléculaires de fluorescence sensibles à leur micro-environnement constitue un aspect majeur de ce travail. Les techniques de spectroscopie de fluorescence et de microscopie confocale ont été mises à profit pour l’étude du comportement de ces sondes, donnant accès au degré de compacité et d’ordre dans les membranes.Nos résultats montrent que le polystyrène, un plastique rencontré de façon commune dans les régions polluées des océans, présente la capacité de modifier le comportement de phase des membranes lipidiques, entrant notamment en compétition avec le cholestérol.Nous avons montré que la présence élevée de sucres, tel que l’on peut le rencontrer dans certaines situations relevant de la bio-préservation, a pour effet de rompre la qualité de compaction des lipides, et nous avons proposé un nouveau modèle thermodynamique pour interpréter nos résultats.Enfin, les effets sur la membrane de l’incorporation d’un polymère amphiphile comportant un cholestérol greffé ont été étudiés, dans le cadre de l’élaboration de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques à base de lipides.

This work focuses on the alterations of lipid membrane phase behavior upon interaction with hydrophobic and hydophilic molecules. One major aspect of this thesis is the employement of environment sensitive probes to obtain information on the lipid bilayer packing by means of confocal spectral imaging and fluorescence spectroscopy. Our results show that polystyrene, a commonly found plastic in ocean wastes, has the ability to disrupt the lipid bilayer phase behavior and has a competitive interaction with cholesterol. The presence of high concentration of sugars, relevant in the field of biopreservation, has been found to alter the lipid bilayer packing and a new thermodynamics model has been proposed to complement the experimental results. Finally, the effects of an amphiphilic cholesterol-grafted polymer on model membrane was investigated, providing insight into potential new lipid therapeutic strategies.; Ce travail concerne l’altération du comportement de phase de membranes lipidiques lors de leur interaction avec des molécules hydrophiles ou hydrophobes. L’utilisation de sondes moléculaires de fluorescence sensibles à leur micro-environnement constitue un aspect majeur de ce travail. Les techniques de spectroscopie de fluorescence et de microscopie confocale ont été mises à profit pour l’étude du comportement de ces sondes, donnant accès au degré de compacité et d’ordre dans les membranes.Nos résultats montrent que le polystyrène, un plastique rencontré de façon commune dans les régions polluées des océans, présente la capacité de modifier le comportement de phase des membranes lipidiques, entrant notamment en compétition avec le cholestérol.Nous avons montré que la présence élevée de sucres, tel que l’on peut le rencontrer dans certaines situations relevant de la bio-préservation, a pour effet de rompre la qualité de compaction des lipides, et nous avons proposé un nouveau modèle thermodynamique pour interpréter nos résultats.Enfin, les effets sur la membrane de l’incorporation d’un polymère amphiphile comportant un cholestérol greffé ont été étudiés, dans le cadre de l’élaboration de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques à base de lipides.

RESUMEN En Venezuela es prioridad rescatar las papas nativas por representar un gran alimento y un valioso recurso genético. Pero, desafortunadamente estas papas fueron desplazadas por variedades comerciales introducidas y las pocas semillas existentes están degeneradas y reutilizadas en continuos ciclos de siembra, No obstante, estandarizar las condiciones del cultivo aséptico es garantía de “semillas” rehabilitadas con mejor calidad fitosanitaria. Se planteó, entonces investigar el efecto de distintas concentraciones de nitratos y sacarosa en la propagación in vitro de variedades venezolanas ̀̀Cucubaʹ ̀̀Arbolona Negraʹ y ̀̀Rosadaʹ. Segmentos uninodales fueron cultivados e incubados en fotoperíodo de16 horas de luz (76 μmol m-2 s-1) y temperatura 19º C ± 1. Fue implementado el diseño estadístico factorial, estableciendo tres tratamientos partiendo del medio básico Murashige & Skoog (MS), sólido. Hubo un efecto significativo entre los tratamiento, al menos una de las medias es diferente a las otras, para las tres variedades la mayor inducción de crecimiento ocurrió, al modificar MS aumentando sus concentraciones de nitrato de amonio a 1,98 g L-1, nitrato de potasio 2,28 g L-1y bajando sacarosa a 20 g L-1, los vástagos desarrollaron 5,82 cm. de longitud promedio y las raíces 3 cm. Mientras, el MS (tratamiento control), presentó vástagos de 2,94cm. longitud promedio y sin enraizar. Entre las variedades ̀̀Cucuba´ obtuvo el mayor crecimiento. Posteriormente, las vitroplántulas resultantes, tratadas en MS líquido, con sacarosa al 8 % fueron inducidas a producir microtubérculos a los 90 días. Obteniendo así resultados prometedores para la propagación in vitro de las papas nativas. ABSTRACT The recovery of native potato varieties is a current priority in Venezuela, given their value as a genetic resource of high nutritional quality. Unfortunately, native potato varieties were progressively replaced by exotic commercial, varieties. To date, the limited existing germplasm of native potato varieties is impoverished and of low quality, due to its continual reutilization in crop cycles. Nevertheless, efforts can be made to recover and standardize the production of quality propagules under adequate sanitary conditions. The aim of this study was to assay the effect of varying concentrations of nitrates and saccharose in tissue culture media of three Venezuelan varieties "Cucuba", "Arbolona Negra" and "Rosada". Unimodal segments were planted and incubated using a photoperiod of 16 h light (76 μmol photon m-2 s-1) at 19 ± 1 ºC. The experiment was designed following a standard factor analysis, consisting of three treatments, parting from the basic Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium and data were submitted to an multifactor ANOVA. Our findings indicate significant statistical differences amongst all of the treatments assayed, confirming that all of the varieties reached maximum physiological response under increasing concentrations of nitrates. Such was the case with 1.98 g L-1 ammonium nitrate and 2.28 g L-1 potassium nitrate using a concentration of saccharose 20g L-1. Mean shoot and root lengths under optimal concentrations were 5.82 cm and 3.0 cm, respectively. In contrast, MS basic culture media represented the treatment of least growth induction; yielding un rooted shoots of a mean length of 2.94 cm. Of these three native varieties, "Cucuba" proved to have the highest growth rates. All of the Vitroplantlets were then transferred to liquid MS media, with a saccharose concentration of 8 %, originating microtubers after 90 days. We conclude that these findings may be of use for massive in vitro production of native potato varieties.

Complex studies of optimum quantitative and qualitative composition of carbohydrates and amino acids necessary for gonadotropines activity stabilization were the aim of our investigations. This was determined by biological active substances - saccharose, L- lysine which stabilizes gonadotropins activity for longer use while preserving activity. As a result of the studies we found out that during 6 weeks of incubation at 40 0 ɋ, the activity of hCG was the highest in the samples with 50 and 75 mg/sm3 of saccharose. Concentration of the hormone was high at 8 week of the incubation in the group of samples with 75 mg/sm3 of saccharose. In the series of hCG samples with 10 mg/sm3 of L - lysine, the activity of hormone was 54% during 8 weeks. Compatible adding of 10 mg/cm3 of L-lysine + 75 mg/sm3 of saccharose provided the best stabilization gonadotropin activity.

Improving sucrose yield is one of the main objectives of sugarcane breeding. Splitting this complex trait into yield components should make this task easier, as each component may be influenced in its own way by environmental factors and by genetic background. Abiotic conditions experienced by sugarcane across its cropping areas differ in many respects; among them, water availability and photo-thermal conditions particularly affect sucrose yield formation. In this study, sucrose yield was divided into seven component traits and studied in a panel of 155 sugarcane accessions phenotyped at two sites under contrasting photo-thermal conditions: one in low altitude and the other in higher altitude. The accessions were hybrids developed during the last century and representing the worldwide cultivated genetic diversity. The proportion of Saccharum spontaneum genome in the genome of each accession was estimated by analyzing the genetic structure of the panel associated with two outgroups formed by 19 S. spontaneum and 29 S. officinarum accessions genotyped with 419 DArT markers and using a Bayesian clustering method implemented in STRUCTURE software. A K = 2 number of clusters clearly separated S. spontaneum from S. officinarum , while the estimated proportions of the S. spontaneum genome in the genome of hybrid accessions ranged from 0.5 to 0. Multivariate mixed model of log transformed yield components was adjusted to estimate each component's contribution to sucrose yield genetic variance, taking into account interrelationships among components. Each component's contribution to sucrose yield variance was site-dependent. On the low altitude site with high photo-thermal conditions, stalk section was the main contributor to yield variance, while on the high altitude site with low photo-thermal conditions, stalk height was the main contributor. A linear regression showed that the estimated proportion of S. spontaneum genome in the hybrids’ genome had significant effects on sucrose yield and its components. These effects also varied with the site: under low altitude conditions, the estimated proportion of S. spontaneum genome in the hybrid's genome exerted a significant negative effect on sucrose yield, whereas no significant effect was found under high altitude conditions. These results suggest that both efforts toward introgression and selection on yield components for sugarcane breeding purposes should depend on the targeted cropping environment.

Determination of sugars, especially in fruit juices, is very significant bearing in mind their nutritive importance and the increased demands in food control, especially for fractions of carbohydrates in fresh products. Home-made juices as 'functional food' are in the focus of scientific attention because of the expansion of industrial manufacturing of fruit juices and importance of monoand disaccharides stability for the products quality. In this work determination of content of basic sugars in fruit juices, by applying a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), was performed. Content of glucose, fructose and saccharose was analysed in currant, cherry, peach, apricot and strawberry juices as well as in home-made cherry and apricot syrups. Quantification was based on comparison of chromatograms of standard solutions of saccharose, glucose and fructose with our samples. With isocratic elution applied temperature was 90˚C, water as a mobile phase and column Nucleogel Sugar Ca, refractometric detection was applied. The obtained results showed that concentrations of gucose, fructose and saccharose vary in the range 3,149-38,405 g/100 mL, 1,931-30,851 g/100 mL and 0,670-6,072 g/100 mL, respectively. Concerntrations of glucose and fructose do not exhibit significant variations in juices however, they are ten times higher in syrups. In all samples, juices and syrups, concentrations of saccharose do not differ significantly, except for one syrup sample where much lower content could be explained with possible enzymatic decomposition. Određivanje šećera u voćnim sokovima je veoma važno, imajući u vidu njihov nutritivni značaj, ali i povećane zahteve u kontroli hrane kada su u pitanju pojedine frakcije ugljenih hidrata u sveže pripremljenim proizvodima. S obzirom na to da postoji porast industrijske proizvodnje voćnih sokova i značaj stabilnosti monoi disaharida za kvalitet proizvoda, domaći sokovi, kao funkcionalna hrana, postaju sve značajniji. U ovom radu je analiziran sadržaj osnovnih šećera u voćnim sokovima i sirupima kućne izrade primenom visokoefikasne tečne hromatografije (HPLC). Analiziran je sadržaj glukoze, fruktoze i saharoze u sokovima od ribizle, višnje, breskve, kajsije i jagode, kao i u sirupima od višnje i kajsije. Određivanje se zasnivalo na poređenju hromatograma rastvora standarda šećera i naših uzoraka. Uz izokratsko eluiranje analiza je izvođena pri temperaturi od 90 ˚C. Sa vodom kao mobilnom fazom i kolonom Nucleogel Sugar Ca, primenjena je refraktometrijska detekcija. Analizom je pokazano da sadržaj glukoze, fruktoze i saharoze varira u rasponu 3,149-38,405 g/100 ml, 1,931-30,851 g/100 ml i 0,670-6,072 g/100 ml, respektivno. Sadržaj glukoze i fruktoze se ne razlikuje značajno između sokova, a u sirupima je za deset puta veći. Sadržaj saharoze takođe se ne razlikuje značajno među ispitivanim uzorcima, osim u jednom sirupu zbog najverovatnije enzimske razgradnje ovog šećera.

In the municipality of San Carlos the panela agroindustry is the most important agricultural sector, in the economic, in the generation of employment and in food security. The varieties of sugar cane obtained by Cenicaña represent alternatives of competitiveness and productivity for the Colombian panelero sector. The present research evaluated agronomically and in yield in a Cimpa sugar mill type, ten varieties of sugar cane, in two localities of the municipality of San Carlos, Antioquia, in a design of complete blocks at random, with two replicates. In four rows of six meters in length, 10 buds were sown by furrow. With an average of three cutting cycles, the variables studied were tons of cane per hectare, tons of panela per hectare, industrial yield (%) and industrial quality. The varieties CC 93-4418, CC 93-3817, CC 93-3895 and CC 92-2154 exceeded in 40, 34, 30 and 21 tons of cane and 7, 6, 5 and 5 tons of panela, respectively, to the yields obtained by the control Co 421. The industrial yield fluctuated between 11 and 13%, the control was 12%. These four varieties have good characteristics of pH, concentration of soluble solids, saccharose and reducing sugars. These results are replicable and acceptable for most of the producing areas of the department of Antioquia. En el municipio de San Carlos la agroindustria panelera es el sector agrícola más importante, en lo económico, en la generación de empleo y en la seguridad alimentaria. Las variedades de caña de azúcar obtenidas por Cenicaña representan alternativas de competitividad y productividad para el sector panelero de Colombia. La presente investigación evaluó agronómicamente y en rendimiento en trapiche tipo Cimpa, diez variedades de caña, en dos localidades del municipio de San Carlos, Antioquia, en un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con dos repeticiones. En cuatro surcos de seis metros de largo, se sembraron 10 yemas por surco. Con un promedio de tres ciclos de corte, las variables estudiadas fueron, toneladas de caña por hectárea, toneladas de panela por hectárea, rendimiento industrial (%) y calidad industrial. Las variedades CC 93-4418, CC 93-3817, CC 93-3895 y CC 92-2154 superaron en 40, 34, 30 y 21 toneladas de caña y 7, 6, 5 y 5 toneladas de panela, respectivamente, a los rendimientos obtenidos por el testigo Co 421. Los rendimientos industriales fluctuaron entre 11 y 13%, el testigo fue del 12%. Estas cuatro variedades presentan buenas características de pH, concentración de solidos solubles, sacarosa y azucares reductores. Estos resultados son replicables y asumibles para la mayoría de las de zonas productoras del departamento de Antioquia.

In the municipality of San Carlos the panela agroindustry is the most important agricultural sector, in the economic, in the generation of employment and in food security. The varieties of sugar cane obtained by Cenicaña represent alternatives of competitiveness and productivity for the Colombian panelero sector. The present research evaluated agronomically and in yield in a Cimpa sugar mill type, ten varieties of sugar cane, in two localities of the municipality of San Carlos, Antioquia, in a design of complete blocks at random, with two replicates. In four rows of six meters in length, 10 buds were sown by furrow. With an average of three cutting cycles, the variables studied were tons of cane per hectare, tons of panela per hectare, industrial yield (%) and industrial quality. The varieties CC 93-4418, CC 93-3817, CC 93-3895 and CC 92-2154 exceeded in 40, 34, 30 and 21 tons of cane and 7, 6, 5 and 5 tons of panela, respectively, to the yields obtained by the control Co 421. The industrial yield fluctuated between 11 and 13%, the control was 12%. These four varieties have good characteristics of pH, concentration of soluble solids, saccharose and reducing sugars. These results are replicable and acceptable for most of the producing areas of the department of Antioquia. RESUMEN En el municipio de San Carlos la agroindustria panelera es el sector agrícola más importante, en lo económico, en la generación de empleo y en la seguridad alimentaria. Las variedades de caña de azúcar obtenidas por Cenicaña representan alternativas de competitividad y productividad para el sector panelero de Colombia. La presente investigación evaluó agronómicamente y en rendimiento en trapiche tipo Cimpa, diez variedades de caña, en dos localidades del municipio de San Carlos, Antioquia, en un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con dos repeticiones. En cuatro surcos de seis metros de largo, se sembraron 10 yemas por surco. Con un promedio de tres ciclos de corte, las variables estudiadas fueron, toneladas de caña por hectárea, toneladas de panela por hectárea, rendimiento industrial (%) y calidad industrial. Las variedades CC 93-4418, CC 93-3817, CC 93-3895 y CC 92-2154 superaron en 40, 34, 30 y 21 toneladas de caña y 7, 6, 5 y 5 toneladas de panela, respectivamente, a los rendimientos obtenidos por el testigo Co 421. Los rendimientos industriales fluctuaron entre 11 y 13%, el testigo fue del 12%. Estas cuatro variedades presentan buenas características de pH, concentración de solidos solubles, sacarosa y azucares reductores. Estos resultados son replicables y asumibles para la mayoría de las de zonas productoras del departamento de Antioquia.

Based on direct sucrose conversion, the bacterium Burkholderia sacchari is an excellent producer of the microbial homopolyester poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). Restrictions of the strain’s wild type in metabolizing structurally related 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) precursors towards 3HV-containing polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) copolyester calls for alternatives. We demonstrate the highly productive biosynthesis of PHA copolyesters consisting of 3-hydroxybuytrate (3HB) and 4-hydroxybutyrate (4HB) monomers. Controlled bioreactor cultivations were carried out using saccharose from the Brazilian sugarcane industry as the main carbon source, with and without co-feeding with the 4HB-related precursor γ-butyrolactone (GBL). Without GBL co-feeding, the homopolyester PHB was produced at a volumetric productivity of 1.29 g/(L•h), a mass fraction of 0.52 g PHB per g biomass, and a final PHB concentration of 36.5 g/L; the maximum specific growth rate µmax amounted to 0.15 1/h. Adding GBL, we obtained 3HB and 4HB monomers in the polyester at a volumetric productivity of 1.87 g/(L•h), a mass fraction of 0.72 g PHA per g biomass, a final PHA concentration of 53.7 g/L, and a µmax of 0.18 1/h. Thermoanalysis revealed improved material properties of the second polyester in terms of reduced melting temperature Tm (161 °C vs. 178 °C) and decreased degree of crystallinity Xc (24% vs. 71%), indicating its enhanced suitability for polymer processing.

A computer-aided engineering approach recently enabled to deeply reshape the active site of N. polysaccharea amylosucrase for recognition of non-natural acceptor substrates. Libraries of variants were constructed and screened on sucrose allowing the identification of 17 mutants able to synthesize molecules from sole sucrose, which are not synthesized by the parental wildtype enzyme. Three of the isolated mutants as well as the new products synthesized were characterized in details. Mutants contain between 7 and 11 mutations in the active site and the new molecules were identified as being a sucrose derivative, named erlose (alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 4)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 2)-beta-D-Fructose), and a new malto-oligosaccharide named panose (alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 6)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 4)-alpha-D-Glucose). These product specificities were never reported for none of the amylosucrases characterized to date, nor their engineered variants. Optimization of the production of these trisaccharides of potential interest as sweeteners or prebiotic molecules was carried out. Molecular modelling studies were also performed to shed some light on the molecular factors involved in the novel product specificities of these amylosucrase variants.

Treball Final de Grau. Grau en Psicologia. Codi: PS1048. Curs acadèmic 2016/2017 En la actualidad, los trastornos de conducta alimentaria están recibiendo una notoria atención, pues cada vez son más frecuentes y aparecen en edades más tempranas. Este consumo disparatado de grasas y azúcar está relacionado con una falta de control de la conducta. Además la ingestión de dichos nutrientes, por lo general, produce diversos efectos sobre la fisiología, el cerebro y el comportamiento. Lo más destacable de dicho consumo, es la alimentación a base de atracones, es decir, el consumo de grandes cantidades de comida en un corto período de tiempo. Es por lo que debido al creciente consumo, la exposición al azúcar en la que nos encontramos, los problemas de salud que refleja y los patrones compulsivos de conducta que la sociedad está experimentado, en este trabajo se quiere investigar cómo y de qué manera afecta la ingesta masiva de azúcar en nuestro cerebro. Además, precisamente porque algunos de los efectos que hace el azúcar se parecen a los que hacen las drogas de abuso, en este trabajo final de grado se quiere revisar las bases biológicas de este fenómeno, para ver si académica y científicamente existe validez para apoyar la idea de si a esta sustancia se le puede considerar un componente potencialmente adictivo o no. Nowadays, attention is being payed on eating behaviour disorders due to the increasing rates and early ages of emergence. The disproportionate consumption of fats and sugar is related to the lack of behavioural control. Furthermore, the intake of theese nutrients produce several effects on physiology, brain and behaviour. Binge alimentation (in other words, consumption of huge amount of food in short period of time) is the most remarkable. Therefore, and considering the increasing of consumption, health problems and compulsive and additive patterns found in society, it is important to heed this study. This research wants to investigate the way massive intake of sugar affects to our brain. What´s more, some sugar effects are similar to effects of drugs abuse, and that’s why many people are exposed to extended consumption of sugar. In this paper biological basis of this phenomena want to be reviewed to check the accademic or scientific value to support if this substance can be considered as a potentially adictive component or not.

Tapping and ethylene stimulation induce s the dynamic change of latex cell metabolism. Those changes under the implement of low frequency tapping systems with ethylene stimulation were investigated during the both periods ( low yield and the high yield) of the year of production. The experiment was established at Thepa Research Station, Songk hla province by using 9 - year - old rubber trees (clone RRIM 600). An experiment was arranged as One Tree Plot design, there were five treatments following T1: S/3 d1 2d/3, T 2: S/2 d2, T3: S/2 d3 ET 2.5% Pa1(1) 8/y (m), T4: S/3 d2 ET 2.5% Pa1(1) 4/y (m) and T 5: S/3 d3 ET 2.5% Pa1(1) 12/y (m). There were three replicates in each treatment. It was found that ethylene stimulation affected the responses of initial flow rate (IFR), plugging index (PI), average latex yield (AY) and sucrose content (Suc). There was a significant difference among the treatments in the both periods. After ethylene stimulation, IFR of the T3 and T5 were superior in the low yield period and showed inferior in the high yield period compared with the T1. PI rapidly decreased in the ethylene application treatments in the both periods. AY of the T3 was the highest in the low yield period and AY of the ethylene stimulation treatments was higher than non - stimulated treatments in the high yield period. Suc of the T3 only increased on the first ta pping day after stimulation in the both periods. Expression to the ethylene stimulation in the low yield period was higher than the high yield period. It was remarkable that the stimulation was effecti vely expressed during a full canopy stage. With the pos itive impact of stimulation on latex physiological parameters, latex yield under low frequency tapping could be compe nsated by ethylene application. (Resume d'auteur)

Succinic acid is a platform chemical of recognized industrial value and accordingly faces a continuous challenge to enable manufacturing from most attractive raw materials. It is mainly produced from glucose, using microbial fermentation. Here, we explore and optimize succinate production from sucrose, a globally applied substrate in biotechnology, using the rumen bacterium Basfia succiniciproducens DD1. As basis of the strain optimization, the yet unknown sucrose metabolism of the microbe was studied, using C-13 metabolic flux analyses. When grown in batch culture on sucrose, the bacterium exhibited a high succinate yield of 1 mol mol(-1) and a by-product spectrum, which did not match the expected PTS-mediated sucrose catabolism. This led to the discovery of a fructokinase, involved in sucrose catabolism. The flux approach unraveled that the fructokinase and the fructose PTS both contribute to phosphorylation of the fructose part of sucrose. The contribution of the fructokinase reduces the undesired loss of the succinate precursor PEP into pyruvate and into pyruvate-derived by-products and enables increased succinate production, exclusively via the reductive TCA cycle branch. These findings were used to design superior producers. Mutants, which (i) overexpress the beneficial fructokinase, (II) lack the competing fructose PTS, and (iii) combine both traits, produce significantly more succinate. In a fed-batch process, B. succiniciproducens Delta fruA achieved a titer of 71 g L-1 succinate and a yield of 2.5 mol mol(-1) from sucrose.

Severe leaf removal decreases storage starch and sucrose in grapevine cv. Cabernet Sauvignon fruiting cuttings and modulates the activity of key enzymes and the expression of sugar transporter genes., The work was supported by European Union Funds (INTERACT-NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000017-Linha VitalityWineON 0013), Portuguese national funds (FCT-Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology) under the Project UID/AGR/04033/2013 and the Conseil Interprofessionnel du Vin de Bordeaux (CIVB, France) under the Project CANOGRAPE N 44233. HN (SFRH/BPD/ 115518/2016) was supported by postdoctoral grant from FCT., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

U sklopu ovog istraživanja provedeno je okrupnjavanje praškaste mješavine saharoze (pomoćna tvar) i azitromicin dihidrata (djelatna tvar), primjenom tehnologije granuliranja u fluidiziranom sloju taljenjem. Eksperimenti granuliranja provedeni su primjenom dviju metoda doziranja veziva: metodom raspršivanja (engl. spray-on method) s gornjeg i donjeg položaja te in-situ metodom. Vezivna tvar korištena u okviru ovog istraživanja je gliceril monostearat (GMS). Studij fenomena okrupnjavanja u laboratorijskom mjerilu usmjeren je k pronalaženju optimalnih uvjeta provedbe procesa, načina doziranja veziva i svojstava ulaznih struja materijala koji će sinergističkim djelovanjem upravljati mikro- i mezorazinskim događajima na povoljan i željeni način te time rezultirati kolektivom postojanih okrupnjenih jedinki, granula saharoze u čiju je matricu ugrađena djelatna tvar, azitromicin dihidrat. Određene raspodjele veličina čestica ispitivanih granulata ukazuju na uspješnu fizičku pretvorbu tvari (okrupnjavanje) saharoze i djelatne tvari, azitromicin dihidrata, tijekom procesa granuliranja. Važno traženo svojstvo pripremljene mješavine za tabletiranje je ujednačenost ciljanog sadržaja djelatne tvari u matrici granula neovisno o njihovoj veličini. UV/VIS spektrofotometrijska analiza korištena je pri određivanju sadržaja djelatne tvari u ispitivanim granulatima. Određeni sadržaj djelatne tvari je zadovoljavajući u svim ispitivanim veličinskim razredima. Within this study, enlargement of powdered saccharose (excipient) and azythromycin dihydrate (active pharmaceutical ingredient) mixture using fluidized bed melt granulation has been conducted. Granulation experiments have been carried out using two binder dosing methods: spray-on method (top-spray and bottom-spray positions) and in-situ method. Binder used within this research was glyceril monostearate (GMS). Study of the enlargement phenomenon in a lab-scale is focused towards detection of process conditions, binder dosing method and formulation properties that will synergically drive micro- and meso-scale events in a favourable and desired way and therewith result in a collective of stable enlarged entities, saccharose granule in which the active substance, azithromycin dihydrate, is incorporated into the matrix. Detected particle size distributions of all tested granulates indicate a successful physical conversion (enlargement) of sucrose and active substance, azithromycin dihydrate, during granulation process. An important tabletting mixture property is uniformity of the desired active substance content, azithromycin dihydrate, in the granule matrix. UV/VIS spectrophotometric analysis has been used to determine the active substance content in all observed granulates. Determined active substance content in all size fractions proved to be satisfactory.

A porcentagem de sacarose aparente “POL” consiste em importante variável para a determinação da produção açucareira, sendo que o seu valor é distinto em diferentes cultivares, partes da planta e épocas de crescimento. O trabalho teve como objetivo comparar os valores da POL e estimar o potencial produtivo de açúcar do caldo extraído de nós e entrenós de cultivares de cana-de-açúcar ao longo do ano agrícola 2010/2011. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3x2x6, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos principais foram os cultivares de cana-de-açúcar, os tratamentos secundários as duas partes do colmo de cana e o terceiro as épocas de análises distribuídas ao longo da safra. Os cultivares SP81-3250 e RB72454 apresentaram os maiores valores de POL. De modo contrário, o RB867515 obteve resultados menos satisfatórios, apresentando menor valor da POL durante todo o período estudado, e nas duas partes do colmo. O entrenó obteve maior POL, e apresentou maior potencial de produção de açúcar quando comparado à parte do colmo representada pelo nó. Os valores de POL e o potencial produtivo de açúcar, obtidos por ambas as partes do colmo, foram crescentes ao longo da safra, e coincidiram com a época de colheita recomendada para estes cultivares. Entretanto, foi neste período que ocorreu a maior diferença entre as partes do colmo, indicando a necessidade de um melhor aproveitamento do entrenó. The percentage of saccharose apparent "POL" is an important variable for the determination of sugar production, and its value differs among the cultivars, plant parts and growth seasons. The study aimed to compare values of POL and estimate productive potential of sugar in juice extracted from nodes and internodes of the sugarcane cultivars sugar during the 2010/2011 crop season. We used the experimental design of randomized blocks in factorial scheme 3x2x6, with four replications. The main treatments were cultivars of sugarcane, the secondary treatments two parts of the stalks of sugarcane, and third the seasons of analysis distributed over the harvest. The cultivars RB72454 and SP81-3250 showed the highest values POL. Conversely, the RB867515 obtained less satisfactory results, showing lower value of POL throughout the study period, and the two parts of the stalk. The internode was greater than POL, and showed greater potential for sugar production when compared to the stalk portion represented by the node. The values of POL and the productive potential of sugar, obtained by both sides of the stalk were growing throughout the season, and coincided with the harvest season recommended for these cultivars. However, there was this period that the biggest difference between the parts of the stalk, indicating the need for a better use of the internode

Background: Echinophora platyloba DC (Apiaceae) is one of the two endemic species of Echinophora genus in Iran. It has many folkloric uses and several biological activities but there is no information about its phytoconstituents. Objective: In this work some of the secondary metabolites were isolated, purified and identified from n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from the aerial parts and root of this plant for the first time. Methods: Resulting extracts were subjected to column chromatography using EtOAc/n-hexane as eluent. Further purifications were carried out using preparative TLC and recrystallization techniques. Characterization of compounds were established using spectroscopic data (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS and FT-IR), and by comparing with the literature. Results: Stigmasterol, Sitosterol, Stigmasterol-β-D-glycoside and Saccharose were purified from these extracts and their chemical structures were characterized. Conclusion: Several phytosterols were isolated from various extracts of aerial parts and great amount of saccharose was purified from the sweet root of the plant.

The percentage of saccharose apparent "POL" is an important variable for the determination of sugar production, and its value differs among the cultivars, plant parts and growth seasons. The study aimed to compare values of POL and estimate productive potential of sugar in juice extracted from nodes and internodes of the sugarcane cultivars sugar during the 2010/2011 crop season. We used the experimental design of randomized blocks in factorial scheme 3x2x6, with four replications. The main treatments were cultivars of sugarcane, the secondary treatments two parts of the stalks of sugarcane, and third the seasons of analysis distributed over the harvest. The cultivars RB72454 and SP81-3250 showed the highest values POL. Conversely, the RB867515 obtained less satisfactory results, showing lower value of POL throughout the study period, and the two parts of the stalk. The internode was greater than POL, and showed greater potential for sugar production when compared to the stalk portion represented by the node. The values of POL and the productive potential of sugar, obtained by both sides of the stalk were growing throughout the season, and coincided with the harvest season recommended for these cultivars. However, there was this period that the biggest difference between the parts of the stalk, indicating the need for a better use of the internode A porcentagem de sacarose aparente “POL” consiste em importante variável para a determinação da produção açucareira, sendo que o seu valor é distinto em diferentes cultivares, partes da planta e épocas de crescimento. O trabalho teve como objetivo comparar os valores da POL e estimar o potencial produtivo de açúcar do caldo extraído de nós e entrenós de cultivares de cana-de-açúcar ao longo do ano agrícola 2010/2011. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3x2x6, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos principais foram os cultivares de cana-de-açúcar, os tratamentos secundários as duas partes do colmo de cana e o terceiro as épocas de análises distribuídas ao longo da safra. Os cultivares SP81-3250 e RB72454 apresentaram os maiores valores de POL. De modo contrário, o RB867515 obteve resultados menos satisfatórios, apresentando menor valor da POL durante todo o período estudado, e nas duas partes do colmo. O entrenó obteve maior POL, e apresentou maior potencial de produção de açúcar quando comparado à parte do colmo representada pelo nó. Os valores de POL e o potencial produtivo de açúcar, obtidos por ambas as partes do colmo, foram crescentes ao longo da safra, e coincidiram com a época de colheita recomendada para estes cultivares. Entretanto, foi neste período que ocorreu a maior diferença entre as partes do colmo, indicando a necessidade de um melhor aproveitamento do entrenó.

The aim of this article was the evaluation of physicochemical (pH value, ethanol content and initial worth extract) and sensory properties of beer samples. The basic sensory properties are: color, limpidity, foaming (foam stability), followed by smell and taste beer. Beer of pilsner type with various concentration of saccharose was produced. The range of pH values varied from 5.36 (sample no. 4) to 5.51 (sample no. 2). Sample no. 1 without saccharose had pH value 4.98. The initial wort extract for light beers from 11.00 to 12.99 % in samples no. 1 and 2. Sample with 50 % saccharose and sample no. 3 did not meet the requirements of legislation. The lowest content of ethanol was in sample no. 4 (4.2 %) with 50 % addition of saccharose. The highest content of ethanol was in sample no. 1 (5.12). Sensory properties were evaluated as bad in sample no. 4 in several parameters. Addition of saccharose has a negative impact on the sensory properties of beer.